Academic Journal of Entomology 10 (2): 10-18, 2017 ISSN 1995-8994 © IDOSI Publications, 2017 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aje.2017.10.18

Biological Control of Pests in Iraq: 1) an Overview of Parasitoids and Predators Research Development

Hussain F. Alrubeai

Ministry of Science and Technology, Directorate of Agricultural Research, Baghdad, Iraq

Abstract: This review consider the first attempt to retrospect biological control activities of insect pests using parasitoids and predators in Iraq from its early beginning. The technology, introduction and implementation faced and still many obstacles, the most important are nation unrest and relaying heavily upon insecticides, which constrains progress in this field. However, successful cases of biological control using parasitoids and predators within the contest of Integrated Pest Management philosophy have been reported in Iraq. The first attempt occurred in the 1980s when lab reared of the predators, Exochomus nigripennis and Dicrodiplosis manihoti, were released in the field to control mealy bug, followed by rearing and releasing of the native parasitoid, Apanteles angaleti to control carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae infesting pomegranate fruits and IPM programs of releasing the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma spp. to control Ephestia spp. in orchards and date fruit warehouses, spiny bollworm, Earias insulana and the lesser date moth, Btrachedra amydraula. Unfortunately, most of the studies in this area have been published in Arabic and are, therefore, not readily available internationally.

Key word: Biological Control Parasitoid Predator Iraq

INTRODUCTION integrates practices for economic control of pests. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic Biological control (BC), especially using injury level, taking into account economical, ecological predators and parasitoids to control pest insects, is a and social criteria. Biological control occupies an well established pest control strategy, although the use of important position in IPM project since natural enemies BC is still limited in Iraq. Agricultural entomology in Iraq are responsible for balance in the agroecosystem. started with a strong influence of synthetic pesticides Therefore, their populations should be maintained or during 1950-1960s and since then pesticides has been increased in nature by means of conservation or by widely accepted and adopted by official agencies and inoculative or inundative releases [2]. Iraqi growers. Meanwhile, the sixties of last century In Iraq, several problems (will be illustrated in depicted the first introduction of the parasitoid wasp, the last section) limit the crop area where BC is Aphelinus mali (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from employed. Mentality of relaying upon pesticides as a Egypt to control the wooly aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum magic solution is the most important element that [1]. Other cases using native and imported predators and limits the use of BC, billions of dollars have been spent parasitoids are mentioned in the section "History of on chemical pesticides in Iraq since 1960s, but not Biological Control in Iraq. allocating enough financial support to rear natural Integrated pest management (IPM) has arisen as a enemies (parasitoids and predators) in a well equipped response of the scientific community to solve problems facilities. Furthermore, there is a need to develop originating from the abusive use of chemicals. The IPM monitoring techniques in order to release natural program is defined as a broad-based approach that enemies at the right time. There are clearly obstacles

Corresponding Author: Hussain F. Alrubeai,Ministry of Science and Technology, Directorate of Agricultural Research, Baghdad, Iraq. E-mail: [email protected]. 10 Acad. J. Entomol., 10 (2): 10-18, 2017 to be overcome to enhance and encourage an increase in Orius sp.(11), Chrysoperla spp.(33), Clitostethus the use of BC in Iraq, where the biodiversity is unequaled arcuatus (12), Nephus sp.(10), Stethorus gilvifrons (14). and many BC agents are now available for use in Iraqi agriculture. Historical of Biological Control: The early stage of Because the space limitations, this review aims to biological control investigation was dominated by show the progress accomplished in the field of BC collecting observations about insect pests inflecting crop technology, focusing in this part on the utilization of damages and might be their associated parasitoids and/or parasitoids and predators, by the Iraqi scientists and predators, such efforts mostly were done by the staff of specialist since 1960s till the present time. This will Plant protection Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture. include some of the information driven from published Along with that most of the published papers at that time, Iraqi literatures, highlight of historical development stages done by natural history specialist and university staff, of biological control in Iraq, some of the successful were lists of insect species studied including applications and finally the problems and challenges parasitoids and predators [3-12] facing expansions and large implementations. During 1960s introduction of natural enemies started, the first being the aphelinid parasitoid, Aphilinus mali BC and Information Driven: It is worth mentioning that from Egypt to control the wooly apple aphid, Eriosoma literatures collected for this review provides almost and lanigerum[1]. Meanwhil, Daoud and Al-Sani [13] reported not all of published articles in Iraq, because the weakness 1st time record of this parasitoid in Iraq. It is believed that in documentation of old efforts and difficulties in the wooly aphid have been introduced to Iraq on apple obtaining even some others.Table 1and 2 illustrate lists of nursery stalks [14] and since the parasitoids is specific to most encountered parasitoids and predators identified in its host, therefore it might be introduced with its hosts on Iraq agroecosystem, showing relatively wide range of apple nursery stalks. biodiversity, which should employed efficiently in IPM The 1970s witnessed several studies on insect programs. Literatures survey show that the oldest parasitoids and predators conducted by several scientific notes documented on parasitoids were in a book researchers, especially those associated with mealy bug on date palm and their pests written by Ali Abdoul- species led to identify many of them [15-18]. During 1980s, Hussain in 1963 [3]; While, for predators the oldest paper many major activities took place dealt with primary appeared on 1919 by Holdhaus [4], who document the attempts to rear and release of parasitoids and predators, predator Adonia variegate as 1st record in Iraq. The also witnessed conducted of general surveys of natural numbers of published articles dealt with parasitoids were enemies associated with some agrosystems in Iraq ( e.g. increased gradually from eight articles during 1960-1970 cotton, corn, wheat, cucurbits, onion, citrus, date palm, until it reached 31 articles during 2001-2010 and the same apple…etc.) and initiation of satellite rearing laboratories number for 2011-2017. Almost the same trend was found for this purpose [19-25]. An example of such activity was with predators articles. The total parasitoids articles were the identification, lab rearing and field application of the 148 which dealt with 99 different parasitoid species, 86 parasitoid, Apanteles angaleti to control the carob moth, genus, 18 families, 3 orders and 2 classes which Ectomyelois ceratoniae infesting pomegranate fruit parasitized 44 different insect pest species. While, the [26,27], more light will be shed on such case in the next total predators articles were 168 that dealt with 119 section. Another development was the recognition of the different predators species, 69 genus, 22 families, 4 orders parasitoid, Bracon hebetor as a candidate for controlling and 2 classes which prayed on 60 different insect pest Ephestia spp. and other pest species, which will be species. For both, parasitoids and predators, few of subjected later to mass rearing and release, elaboration on articles were either MSc Thesis or PhD dissertation. this subject found in the next section [21, 28]. It worth Parasitoids species include 11 as new records, hence for mentioning that some attempts were made by plant predator were 26 new records. Parasitoids intensively protection officials /Ministry of Agriculture early 1970s to studied were: Apanteles angaleti ( no. of articles 14), introduce predators such as Rodalia cardinalis and Aphidophagous spp.(22), Bracon hebetor(38), Cryptolaemus montrouzieri but was unable to establish Trichogramma spp.(24), Telenomus busseolae (18). lab culture because of the luck of rearing facilities and Predators intensively studied were: Coccinella spp.(4 9), infrastructures.

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Table 1: List of identified parasitoids and their hosts found in agroecosystem of Iraq. Parasitoid Name Classification Insect Host (s) Psyttalia (=Opius) concolor Hym.: Braconidae Ceratitis capitata Aphytis mytilaspidis Hym.: Aphelinidae Parlatoria blanchardi Pseudoligosita babylonica Hym.: Trichogrammatidae Ommatissus lybicus Microthalma disjuncta Dipt.: Tachanidae Oryctes elegans Megaselia sp. Dipt.: Phoridae Jebusea hammerschmidti Dendrolalps sp Acari:Diplogynidae Jebusea hammerschmidti Hypoaspis spp., Acari: Laelapidae Oryctes elegans Exorista sp Dipt.: Tachanidae Spodoptera littoralis Dinarmus acutus Hym.: Pteromalidae Callosobrruchus spp. Aisopteromalus calandrae Hym.: Pteromalidae Callosobrruchus spp. Bruchocida orintalis Hym.: Eupelmidae Callosobrruchus spp. Eurytoma irakensis Hym.: Eurytomidae Callosobrruchus spp. Bathyplectes curculionis Hym.: Ichneumonidae Hypera postica Anastatus longicornis Hym.: Eupelmidae Cockroaches Evania spp. Hym.: Evaniidae Cockroaches Eretmocerus mundus Hym.: Aphelinidae Bemisia tabaci Cryptus inculcator Hym.: Ichneumonidae Galleria mellonella Apanteles angaleti Hym.: Braconidae Ectomyelois ceratoniae Diaeretiella rapae Hym.: Braconidae Myzus persicae Aphidius spp., Aphilinus spp. Hym.: Aphelinidae Aphid spp. Praon exsoletum Hym.: Braconidae Aphid spp. Apoleptomastix bicoloricornis Hym.: Aphelinidae Brevennia rehi Anagyrus pseudococci Hym.: Encyrtidae Nipaecoccus vastator Bracon hebetor Hym.: Braconidae Ephestia cautella, Earias insulana, Batrachedra amydraula Phanerotoma ocularis Hym.: Braconidae Batrachedra amydraula Ratzebrugiola incompleta Hym.: Eulophidae Phyllocnistis citrella Neochrysocharis formosa Hym.: Eulophidae Phyllocnistis citrella Tetrasticus sp. Hym.: Eulophidae Phyllocnistis citrella Cirrospilus sp. Hym.: Eulophidae Phyllocnistis citrella Pnigalio sp. Hym.: Eulophidae Phyllocnistis citrella Holcothorax testaceipes Hym.: Encyrtidae Phytomyza horticola Diglyphus iseae Hym. Eulophidae Phytomyza syngenesiae Spegigaster sp. nr.orobnchiae Hym.Encyrtidae Phytomyza horticola Halticoptera circulus Hym.: Pteromalidae Phytomyza horticola Cirrospilus vittatus Hym. Eulophidae Phytomyza horticola Chrysocharis pentheus Hym. Eulophidae Phytomyza horticola Chrysonotomya formosa Hym. Eulophidae Phytomyza horticola Tetrastichus strobilanae Hym. Eulophidae Phytomyza horticola Pediobius acanthi Hym. Eulophidae Phytomyza horticola Opius sp. Hym. Eulophidae Phytomyza horticola Dacnusa sp. Hym. Eulophidae Phytomyza horticola Trichogramma spp. Hym.: Trichogrammatidae Ephestia spp., Plodia interpunctella, Sesamia cretica, Earias insulana, Batrachedra amydraula,Tuta absaluta Coelichneumon sp. Hym.: Ichneumonidae Sesamia cretica Telenomus spp. Hym.Scelionidae Sesamia cretica, Eurygasterspp.,Tuta absaluta Encarsia sp. Hym.: Aphelinidae Aleuroclava jasmini Trissolcus spp. Hym. Platygastridae Eurygaster spp. Ooencyrtus sp Hym.Encyrtidae Eurygaster spp. Spalangia Hym.Pteromalidae Musca domestica Pediculaster sp. Acari: Pygmephoridae Musca domestica Trydeus sp. Acari:Tydeidae Musca domestica Mycro tronbidium Acari: Trobidiidae Musca domestica Minoetus sp Acari:Anoctidae Musca domestica Perllampus microgastri Hym:Chalcididae Laspeyresia pomonella Dibrachys cavus Hym: Pteromalidae Laspeyresia pomonella Brachymeria spp. Hym:Chalcididae Laspeyresia pomonella Habrobracon concolorans Hym.: Braconidae Tuta absaluta Proconura sp. Hym:Chalcididae Tuta absaluta Scutellista syanea Hym.Pteromalidae Ceroplases rusci Lysiphlebus confuses Hym.: Braconidae Aphis fabae

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Table 2: List of identified predators and their prey found in agroecosystem of Iraq. Predator Name Classification Prey(s) sp. Chrysopa pp. Neuro.Chrysopidae Nipaecoccus vastator, Aleuroclava jasmine, Tetranychus atlanticus, Bamisia tabasi, Thrips tabasi, Eriosoma lanigerum, Ommatissus lybicus, Tuta absaluta,all Aphid spp. Dicrodiplosis spp. Dipt.: Nipaecoccus vastator, Coccinella Cole.: Coccinellidae Parlatoria blanchardi, Aleuroclava jasmine, Bamisia tabasi,, Sesamia cretica, Ommatissus lybicus, all Aphid spp. Pharoscymnus spp. Cole.:Coccinellidae Parlatoria blanchardi Adalia spp. Cole.:Coccinellidae Parlatoria blanchardi, Aphid spp. Cybocephalus sp Cole.: Cybocephalidae Parlatoria blanchardi, Bmisia tabace & Trialeurodes rara Zicrona coerulea Hemi.: Pentatomidae Leptinotarsa decemlineata Pullus spp. Cole.:Coccinellidae Leptinotarsa decemlineata Clitostethus arcuatus Cole.:Coccinellidae Aleuroclava jasmine, Tetranychus turkestani, T. urticae,Bemisia tabaci,Thrips tabasi Pronematus sp. Acari: Tydeidae Aleuroclava jasmine, Parlatoria blanchardi Xylocoris flavipes Hemi.Anthocoridae Galleria mellonella Metasyrphus corollae Dipt.:Syrphidae Myzus persicae, Aphid spp. Adonia variegate, Bulaea lichatschovi, Cole.:Coccinellidae Aphid spp. Hippodamia sp., Synharmonia spp., Propylaea quatuordecimpunctata Sancassania sp. Acari: Acaridae Microcerotermes diversus Stethorus spp. Cole.:Coccinellidae Tetranuchus urticae, Bemisia tabaci, Aleuroclava jasmini Scolothrips sexmaculatus Thysanoptera:Thripidae Tetranuchus urticae, Bemisia tabaci Macrocheles glaber Acari: Macrochelidae Musca domestica Scymnus interruptus Cole.:Coccinellidae Sesamia cretica, Bemisia tabaci, Aphid spp. Orius albidipennis Hemi.: Anthocoridae Tetranuchus urticae, Bemisia tabaci, Thrips tabasi, Earias insulana, Aleuroclava jasmine,Tuta absaluta Melanthrips pallidior Thysanoptera:Melanthripidae Alfalfa insects & mites Exochomus flavipes Cole.:Coccinellidae Nipaecoccus vastator, Bmisia tabaci& Trialeurodes rara Naphus spp. Cole.:Coccinellidae Mealybug spp., Bmisia tabaci& Trialeurodes rara Chilocorus bipustulatus Cole.:Coccinellidae Parlatoria blanchardi Hyperaspis spp., Diomus rubidus Cole.:Coccinellidae - Pharoscymnus smirnovi, Brumus spp., Hyperaspis pumila, Lithophilus major, Cydonia vicina, Epilachnachrysomelina Thea biosoctonotata Typhlodromus sp. Acari: Phytoseiidae - Nisidiocoris tenuis Hemi.: Miridae Tuta absaluta Eupeodes corolla Dipt.: Syrphidae Aphid spp. Anthocorris sp. Hemi.:Anthocoridae Bmisia tabaci & Trialeurodes rara Deraeocoris pallens Himi.: Hemi: Miridae Ñ Bmisia tabaci& Trialeurodes rara, Aphids & thrips Geoccoris albipennis Himi.: Lygaeidae Bmisia tabaci& Trialeurodes rara Paederus fuscipc Dipt.:Staphylinidae Bmisia tabaci& Trialeurodes rara Syrphus sp. Dipt.:Syrphidae Smynthurdes betae,Dysaphis crataegi, Ammophila sp. Hym.: Sphecidae Spodoptera littoralis Euseius sp Acari:Phytoseiidae Oligonychus afrasiaticus Amblyseius sp. Acari:Phytoseiidae Oligonychus afrasiaticus Pronematus sp. Acari: Tydeidae Parlatoria blanchardi Tydeus sp. Acari: Tydeidae Parlatoria blanchardi Microtrombidium sp Acari: Trombidiidae Parlatoria blanchardi Neoacarapsis sp. Acari: Cheyletidae Parlatoria blanchardi Eutogenes sp Acari: Cheyletidae Jebusea hammerschmidti Hemicheyletia sp. Acari: Cheyletidae Jebusea hammerschmidti Spinibdella sp. Acari: Bdellidae Jebusea hammerschmidti Neotydeus Acari: Paratydeidae Phytohpagous mites spp Cunaxa sp Acari: Cunaxidae Arthropoda spp Anysits agilis Acari: Anystidae Oligonychus afrasiaticus Cybocephalus rufifrons Cole.:Cybocephalidae Parlatoria blanchardi Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Cole: Coccinellidae Nipaecoccus viridis,Planococcus citri Eutetranychus sexmaculatu Acari:Tetranychidae Oak tree insect pests Metacanthus lineatus Hemi.: Berytidae Tuta absaluta

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The second case of introduction of insect enemies’ program was stopped because of the war with Iran and was happened in 1996, when the author of the present limitation of trained technical staff. These predators were article introduced for the 1st time the egg parasitoid, able to keep the mealy bug under control for more than Trichogramma embryophagum from Turkey [29],and later three decades. However the non harmonized use of other species of this parasitoid from France, Syria and pesticides did have a great influence on the population Egypt. Such step led later on (early 2001) to established existence of the intended predators and natural enemies the first mass rearing facility for Trichogramma spp. and in general.Therefore a hot spots of mealy bug infestation Bracon hebetor at the Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission have been reported during the resent years. Nevertheless, (IAEC), Directorate of Agricultural and Biological such program opened the doors for future developments. Research (DABR) and the initiation of projects to release Another success story is that the rearing and these parasitoids to control different pest insects. releasing of the native parasitoid, Apanteles angaleti to Another effort was done by the Directorate of Plant control carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae infesting st Protection (DPP), Ministry of Agriculture (MA) during pomegranate fruits. This braconid parasitoid was 1 2002-2003 to establish mass rearing facility for recorded in Iraq in 1990 [44]. However, it was previously Trichogramma spp. and Bracon brevicornis. In addition, identified as Apanteles sp. group ulter [26]. Two field the same establishment produced, since 2006 limited releases of the lab reared parasitoid were done late 90s. quantities of the following: Ooencyrtus sp, the egg The first one showed that the parasitoid could reduced parasitoid of sunn pest, Eurygaster testedinaria and the the infestation level significantly [45]. The second trail predators, Chrysoperla sp. and Clitostethius sp. to integrated two methods of control, releasing of irradiated control dubas bug and jasmine white , respectively (inherited sterility) carob moth and the parasitoid, which (Nazar N. Hama, DPP, personal communication). led to make infestation level at its lowest ever [46]. Unfortunately, the program was stopped due to the During 80s predators research’s continue to increase destruction of the facilities in concern. especially for the Fam. Coccinellidae and many researches The next example of success will be the result of the were conducted to measure their effectiveness in IPM program of releasing the egg parasitoid, controlling different insect pests, particularly aphid Trichogramma evanescens (introduced from Egypt) and species [24]. Research activities were reduced dramatically pheromone traps in date palm orchards and commercial during 90s due to the harsh economic sanction against date warehouses at three governorates well known in date Iraq and the distraction of most infrastructures. Some fruit production, to control Ephestia spp. Infestations relative recovery was happened during 2000-2010 and [36]. The results showed the effectiveness of the mostly were concerned with survey, identification, mass parasitoid in reducing levels of fields infestations rearing and pilot field trials of natural enemies [29-35]. substantially and along with pheromone traps in date However in 2005, IPM activities enhanced again by the warehouses. Therefore, it was recommended to use the staff at the ministry of agriculture with cooperation of egg parasitoid and pheromone trap through IPM program other institutes and universities, which led to to control Ephestia spp. in orchards and follow it in date establishment of many rearing rooms and sheds. Natural warehouses instead of chemical insecticide, especially enemies from lab culture were released in several locations methyl bromide. In a related case, large scale program was and a good establishment of intended species was initiated in 2011 to control Ephestia spp. in two reported. commercial date warehouses (belongs to the Iraqi From 2010 till now, research activities witness Company for Manufacturing and Marketing Dates) using noticeable increase in number of mass rearing, pilot and the egg parasitoid, T. evanescens, the larval parasitoid, large scale trails which will be highlighted in the next Bracon hebetor and pheromone traps. Such integration section [36-42]. between the three control methods (all ecologically safe) preserved date fruits from infestations during storage Successful cases in Iraq: The first attempt occurred in the period and thus help stopping using the harmful and band 1980s when lab reared of the predators, Exochomus methyl bromide[47]. nigripennis (Coccinellidae) and Dicrodiplosis manihoti, Trichogramma principium( introduced from Syria) sp.n. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), were released in the field and B. brevicornis together [48] or T. evanescens alone to control mealy bug [1, 43]. Some lateral rearing [35] were used to control spiny bollworm, Earias insulana laboratories were established in some citrus growing in pilot field trails. The effectiveness of parasitoids Provinces to support the program. Unfortunately the released in both trails was significant compared with the

14 Acad. J. Entomol., 10 (2): 10-18, 2017 control fields. The project was stopped due to the drastic Technology Transfer: it is necessary to have reduction in areas of cotton culture by the farmers. It is effective extension services, when intend to apply worth mentioning that T. evanescens was isolated locally BC, which are unfortunately, still undeveloped in from spiny bollworm eggs [49], years after first field Iraq. Extension field days and farmer field schools release of the imported one, suggest the probable survival could be an effective mean for the demonstration of and adaptation of this parasitoid to the prevailing BC elements in the fields conditions of Iraq. Pest Monitoring: no well-defined pest monitoring Since few years ago, many projects were established methods exist, the methods employed for monitoring concentrated upon releasing Trichogramma spp. and pest populations must be compatible with the size of other biocontrol agent to suppress population of the the area. Techniques using pheromones and remote lesser date moth, Btrachedra amydraula which consider sensing will need to be developed; one of the serious insect pest infested date fruit. It was BC program: no systematic studies of insect rearing found that all release rates of both parasitoids, T. or inter- and multi-disciplinary programs existed. The evanescens and T. principium were effective in reducing few isolated BC programs were conducted by the infestations by the pest on date fruit during early individual researchers; stages of fruit maturation (hababook and chemri) during Infrastructures availability: it is of primary seasons of 2009 and 2010 [50,51]. In addition, the efficacy prerequisite to any BC program, availability of the of the egg parasitoid, T. evanescens and the bio-pesticide proper infrastructures like mass rearing facilities for bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, in reduction of the pests and natural enemies; lesser date moth, B. amydraula infestations were studied Adequate official regulation: no rules and regulations during seasons of 2011 and 2012 and the results were govern this sector including rearing, handling, encouraging, thus an IPM project was developed for this storage, quality and importation of BC agents; purpose at the Ministry of Science and Technology, Pesticides application: pesticides usages must be Directorate of Agricultural Research [39]. Meanwhile, within the context of IPM programs. Therefore, Some international projects such as improved livelihoods pesticides applications should be reduced to the of small farmer Through Integrated Pest Management and minimal level and the pesticides must be of no harm Organic Fertilization, IRAQ- ICARDA, IFAD on natural enemies; PROJECT,2011 (2009 -2013) and Harmonized Sport for Climate conditions: the instability in climate Agriculture Development USAID, 2013-2014, with conditions toward the extreme especially increasing cooperation of the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture were in temperature and decreasing in relative humidity established. Therefore, Directorate of Plant Protection presenting another challenge to BC programs. (DPP), Ministry of Agriculture and since 2010, released International cooperation: such important activity for annually Trichogramma spp. and B. brevicornis to BC, is still ineffective to large extend. Iraqi institutes control the lesser date moth [52,Nazar N. Hama (DPP) should work hard to establish programs of Personal communication,2017). The area covered by the cooperation with the relevant international and release reached 2500 hectare/ year since 2014, with regional agencies in different aspect of BC. efficiency of control ranged between 40-60% [53]. Last Comment: As life will continue, the BC research and Problems and Challenges Facing Implementing BC Pro- application programs in Iraq will goes on too, due to the grams in Large Areas in Iraq: The main problems and increasing numbers of researchers and specialists in such challenges are: programs and the continuous needs for safe and effective tools to be implemented through IPM programs. Nation unrest: Iraq suffer from political, economical and security instability especially from early 80s and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS unfortunately continues till now. These affect negatively all life aspects including scientific Special thanks to Prof. Abdul-Sattar A. Ali (Al-Anbar activities and research. Univ.) for his consultation and suggestions throughout Chemicals’ culture: Iraqi official and farmer are used this review article. I am grateful to Prof. Ibrahim J. Al- to the culture of applying agrochemicals and the Jboory (Univ. of Baghdad, College of Agriculture), farmer has no or little information BC and how to be Dr. Ayad A. Al-Taweel, Dr. Mohammed Z. khalaf, applied; Dr. Basem Sh. Hamed, Dr. Samera O. Khlywe, Mr. Assaad

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