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Integrated Management of Arthropod Pests and Insect Borne Diseases Integrated Management of Plant Pests and Diseases Integrated Management of Arthropod Pests and Insect Borne Diseases Integrated Management of Plant Pests and Diseases Published: Volume 1 General Concepts in Integrated Pest and Disease Management edited by A. Ciancio and K.G. Mukerji ISBN 978-1-4020-6060-1 Volume 2 Integrated Management and Biocontrol of Vegetable and Grain Crops Nematodes edited by A. Ciancio and K.G. Mukerji ISBN 978-1-4020-6062-5 Volume 3 Integrated Management of Diseases Caused by Fungi, Phytoplasma and Bacteria edited by A. Ciancio and K.G. Mukerji ISBN 978-1-4020-8570-3 Volume 4 Integrated Management of Fruit Crops Nematodes edited by A. Ciancio and K.G. Mukerji ISBN 978-1-4020-9857-4 Integrated Management of Arthropod Pests and Insect Borne Diseases Edited by A. Ciancio C.N.R., Bari, Italy and K.G. Mukerji University of Delhi, India Editors Aurelio Ciancio K.G.Mukerji† Consiglio Nazionale delle University of Delhi Ricerche Dept. Botany Istituto per la Protezione delle New Delhi-110007 Piante India Via G. Amendola, 122/D [email protected] 70126 Bari Italy [email protected] ISBN 978-90-481-2463-3 e-ISBN 978-90-481-8606-8 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-8606-8 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010921597 c Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) PREFACE This is the last volume of the IPMD series. It aims, in a multi-disciplinary approach, at reviewing and discussing recent advances and achievements in the practice of crop protection and integrated pest and disease management. This last effort deals with management of arthropods, and is organized with a first section on biological control in citrus orchards, a second one on advanced and integrated technologies for insect pest management and a last section, dealing with mites and their biological control. A wide and exaustive literature already covers several aspects of chemical or biological control of insects and mites, but there is still a need for a more holistic vision of management, accounting for different problems and solutions, as they are applied or developed, in different regions and cropping systems, worldwide. In this series we attempted to fill this gap, providing an informative coverage for a broad range of agricultural systems and situations. As for the other volumes of the IMPD Series, also this book is organized in chapters mainly centered on crops, with a particular emphasis given on citrus production, which by itself covers the first section. Citrus is one of the main crops in which biological control and management of pests proved successful worldwide, and the experience gained in this field may indeed result helpful for IMP efforts deployed on other crops and/or cropping systems, in other cultivated areas. Chapters grouped in Section 2 review the advancements of the integration of insect management options with other crop problems in extensive cropping systems (i.e. pecan, Chapter 6), the application of remote sensing technologies (Chapter 7), the status of knowledge about plant defense compounds and their potentials (Chapter 8). For IPM of invasive species, Chapter 9 provides an update experience gained on the field to manage and counteract the Red Palm Weevil (RPW) in Egypt, a serious invasive pest spreading in all the mediterranean regions. Long-term technological solutions are described in Chapter 10, which deals with the extensive management of forests and park areas through aerial treatments of bacterial spores. Finally, in Section 3, an updated review about current knowledge on IPM through microbial control agents of mites is provided (Chapter 11), followed by a final chapter concerning features of predatory mites. In conclusion of this series, our sincere acknowledgements go to all the authors that provided, through their experience and dedication, a broad range of data on the management solutions thay studied and made available in different agricultural systems of the world. Thanks to their efforts, we hope we were able to contribute to spread the basic concepts related to the application of environment friendly and sustainable management practices. Our hope is that this series will result useful and helpful for interested readers and students, inspiring and supporting, at the same time, new and innovative research efforts in their daily field and laboratory work. A. Ciancio K. G. Mukerji † v CONTENTS Contributors ............................................................................................................ xv SECTION 1 - IPM IN CITRUS GROVES 1 Citrus Pest Management in the Northern Mediterranean Basin (Spain, Italy and Greece) ................................................................................ 3 Josep Anton Jacas, Filitsa Karamaouna, Rosa Vercher and Lucia Zappalà 1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 3 2. Main arthropod pests and control strategies .................................................. 6 2.1. Sampling and Monitoring ....................................................................... 6 2.2. Biological Control .................................................................................. 6 2.3. Chemical control .................................................................................. 21 References ....................................................................................................... 26 2 Main Arthropod Pests of Citrus Culture and Pest Management In Greece ........................................................................................................ 29 Filitsa Karamaouna, Panagiotis Mylonas, Dimitrios Papachristos, Dimitrios Kontodimas, Antonios Michaelakis and Eleftheria Kapaxidi 1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 29 2. Pest Status and Control Measures ............................................................... 30 2.1. The Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata ................................... 31 2.1.1. Monitoring .................................................................................. 32 2.1.2. Mass Trapping ............................................................................ 33 2.1.3. Biological Control ...................................................................... 33 2.1.4. Cultural Practices........................................................................ 34 2.1.5. Biotechnical Methods. ................................................................ 34 2.1.6. Chemical Control........................................................................ 34 2.1.7. Recommended IPM Strategies. .................................................. 36 2.2. Scale Insects ......................................................................................... 36 2.2.1. Sampling and Monitoring........................................................... 37 2.2.2. Biological Control ...................................................................... 37 2.2.3. Cultural Practices ....................................................................... 38 2.2.4. Chemical Control........................................................................ 39 2.2.5. Recommended IPM Strategies ................................................... 39 2.3. Whiteflies. ............................................................................................ 40 2.3.1. Sampling and Monitoring........................................................... 40 2.3.2. Biological Control and Cultural Practices .................................. 40 vii viii CONTENTS 2.3.3. Chemical Control........................................................................ 41 2.3.4. Recommended IPM Strategies ................................................... 41 2.4. The Citrus Leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella. ....................................... 42 2.4.1. Sampling and Monitoring........................................................... 43 2.4.2. Biological Control. ..................................................................... 43 2.4.3. Cultural Practices ....................................................................... 44 2.4.4. Chemical Control........................................................................ 44 2.4.5. Recommended IPM Strategies. .................................................. 45 2.5. Aphids. ................................................................................................. 45 2.5.1. Sampling and Monitoring........................................................... 46 2.5.2. Biological Control ...................................................................... 46 2.5.3. Chemical Control........................................................................ 47 2.5.4. Recommended IPM Strategies. .................................................. 47 2.6. The Citrus Flower Moth, Prays citri .................................................... 48 2.6.1. Sampling and Monitoring..........................................................
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