Landscape and Roadmap of Future Internet and Smart Cities Hans Schaffers, Nicos Komninos, Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos, Marc Pallot, Brigitte Trousse, Esa Posio, Joana Fernadez, Hendrik Hielkema, Patrizia Hongisto, Esteve Almirall, et al.
To cite this version:
Hans Schaffers, Nicos Komninos, Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos, Marc Pallot, Brigitte Trousse, etal.. Landscape and Roadmap of Future Internet and Smart Cities. [Technical Report] 2012, pp.222. hal- 00769715
HAL Id: hal-00769715 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00769715 Submitted on 3 Jan 2013
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. A B CD EF D E E E E E F B E B E
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1 INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 OBJECTIVE AND CONTEXT OF THIS REPORT 4 1.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE EARLIER REVIEW MEETINGS 4 1.3 ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT M1 – M24 FOR DEVELOPING THE D2.1 5 1.4 OVERVIEW OF PUBLICATIONS IN THE SCOPE OF FIREBALL WP2, 2010-2012: 6 1.5 OVERVIEW OF THIS REPORT 7 2 SMART CITIES AS OPEN INNOVATION SYSTEMS FOR THE FUTURE INTERNET 8 2.1 THREE CONCEPTS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONS 8 2.2 THE INITIAL VIEW OF THE LANDSCAPE 9 2.3 URBAN VALUE CREATION SYSTEM 10 2.4 COLLABORATION MODELS IN THE URBAN VALUE CREATION SYSTEM 10 3 SMART CITIES: STATE OF THE ART AND TRENDS 11 3.1 DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION 11 3.2 STATE OF PLAY 13 3.3 TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS 15 3.4 LINKAGES ACROSS THE COMMUNITIES 18 3.5 EXPLOITING THE LINKAGES 19 4 FUTURE INTERNET INNOVATION: STATE OF THE ART AND DEVELOPMENTS 22 4.1 DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION 22 4.2 STATE OF PLAY 27 4.3 LINKAGES WITH OTHER COMMUNITIES 34 4.4 EXPLOITING THE LINKAGES 34 5 LIVING LABS FOR OPEN INNOVATION: STATE OF THE ART AND DEVELOPMENTS 35 5.1 DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION 35 5.2 STATE OF PLAY 39 5.3 TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS 41 5.4 LINKAGES WITH OTHER COMMUNITIES 41 5.5 EXPLOITING THE LINKAGES 42 6 MAPPING THE LANDSCAPE OF FUTURE INTERNET AND SMART CITIES 43 6.1 LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS 43 6.2 LANDSCAPE MAPPING BASED ON ELEMENTS 44 6.3 STRUCTURING THE SMART CITIES LANDSCAPE: A LAYERED VIEW 46 6.4 SMART CITIES LANDSCAPE DYNAMICAL CHANGE 47 6.5 A ROADMAP FOR GUIDANCE TO POLICIES AND STRATEGIES 47 7 FRAMING SMART CITIES COLLABORATION ON THE FUTURE INTERNET 49 7.1 INTRODUCTION 49 7.2 COLLABORATION AT THE STRATEGIC LEVEL 49 7.3 COLLABORATION AT THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL 50 7.4 OUTLOOK 53 8 COOPERATION FRAMEWORKS FOR OPEN INNOVATION IN SMART CITIES 54 8.1 INTRODUCTION 54 8.2 CITY AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES 56 8.3 FUTURE INTERNET EXPERIMENTATION AND LIVING LABS INTERFACES 59 8.4 EMERGING SMART CITY INNOVATION ECOSYSTEMS 61 8.5 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 65 8.6 REFERENCES 66 9 CASE STUDIES OF SMART CITIES 67 9.1 OBJECTIVES OF SMART CITY CASE STUDIES 67 9.2 CASE STUDY CHECKLIST FRAMEWORK 68 9.3 BARCELONA: FROM TRADITIONAL AGGLOMERATION TO METROPOLIS 71 9.4 THESSALONIKI: ADOPTING THE PARADIGM OF “INTELLIGENT CITY” BY PROMOTING SMART DISTRICTS 75 9.5 MANCHESTER: URBAN REGENERATION THROUGH DIGITAL DEVELOPMENT 77 9.6 HELSINKI: TOWARDS A SMART CITY CLUSTER AND USER EMPOWERED INNOVATION 80 9.7 LISBON: TOWARDS AN INTERNATIONAL HUB AND SUSTAINABLE CITY 81 9.8 OULU: A LEADING WIRELESS R&D HUB WITHIN THE GLOBAL INNOVATION ECOSYSTEM82 9.9 REMARKS ON THE CASES 84 10 SMART CITIES LANDSCAPE AND ROADMAP TOWARDS STRATEGIC COLLABORATION 85 10.1 INTRODUCTION 85 10.2 FIREBALL ACTIVITIES IN FISA ROADMAPPING WORKING GROUP 85 10.3 ROADMAP APPROACH: PAPER PREPARED FOR ECHALLENGES 2011 CONFERENCE 85 10.4 THE SMART CITIES ROADMAP 87 10.5 POLICY ROADMAP FOR SMART CITIES AND THE FUTURE INTERNET 90
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APPENDIX: SMART CITIES CASE STUDIES 104 1 SMART CITY CASE STUDY: THESSALONIKI 105 1.1 INTRODUCTION: INTELLIGENT CITIES, A NEW PLANNING PARADIGM 105 1.2 THESSALONIKI: THE TURN TOWARDS KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION 107 1.3 DIGITAL THESSALONIKI: AN EMERGING AGGLOMERATION OF APPS 109 1.4 INTELLIGENT THESSALONIKI: TOWARDS SMART INNOVATION DISTRICTS 120 1.5 GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES OF INTELLIGENT CITIES 125 2 SMART CITY CASE STUDY: OULU 129 2.1 INTRODUCTION 129 2.2 DEFINITION OF SMART CITY CONCEPT 129 2.3 DIGITAL AGENDA 130 2.4 STRATEGY 131 2.5 INNOVATION ECOSYSTEM 132 2.6 EXAMPLES OF USE OF ENVIRONMENTS 135 2.7 SMART COOPERATION 140 2.8 CONCLUSIONS 140 2.9 REFERENCES 141 2.10 OPEN UBIQUITOUS OULU: OPEN COMMUNITY TESTBED FOR URBAN COMPUTING 142 3 SMART CITY CASE STUDY: HELSINKI 152 3.1 INTRODUCTION 152 3.2 MOBILE APPLICATION CLUSTER 155 3.3 CONCLUSIONS 163 3.4 ANNEX: SOME ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON HELSINKI SMART CITY 165 4 SMART CITY CASE STUDY: BARCELONA 172 4.1 SMART CITY CONCEPT AND AMBITIONS 172 4.2 CURRENT SITUATION AND INNOVATION ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS 172 4.3 MANAGEMENT OF THE SMART CITY INITIATIVE 173 4.4 DRIVERS AND BOTTLENECKS 174 4.5 CONDITIONS ESTABLISHED 174 4.6 ASSETS / RESOURCES 174 4.7 CONCLUSION 175 5 SMART CITY CASE STUDY: LISBON 177 5.1 THE CITY OF LISBON 177 5.2 LISBON SMART CITY CONCEPT 177 5.3 LISBON SMART CITY INITIATIVES 179 5.4 LESSONS LEARNED 188 5.5 CONCLUSIONS 189 6 SMART CITY CASE STUDY: MANCHESTER 191 6.1 OVERVIEW 191 6.2 INNOVATION IN REGENERATION: A PROACTIVE APPROACH TO ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHANGE 191 6.3 DRIVING CHANGE IN MANCHESTER: FROM TELEMATICS TO A NEW DIGITAL AGENDA 193 6.4 OPEN ACCESS IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY: FROM THE LEGACY OF THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES TO AMBITIONS FOR MANCHESTER IN THE GLOBAL DIGITAL ‘PREMIERSHIP’ 195 6.5 THE MANCHESTER DIGITAL STRATEGY: FROM LOCAL DIGITAL ACTION TO THE MANCHESTER LIVING LAB 197 6.6 TOWARDS ‘SMART CITIES’: ENGAGING WITH THE FUTURE INTERNET AND THE DIGITAL AGENDA 200 6.7 CONCLUSIONS: MANCHESTER AS A FUTURE INTERNET ENABLED ‘SMART CITY’ 207
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A E EF A A D • Schaffers, H., Komninos, N., Pallot, M., Trousse, B., Nilsson, M., Oliveira, A.: Smart Cities and the Future Internet: Towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation. In: J. Domingue et al. (Eds.): The Future Internet. Future Internet Assembly 2011: Achievements and Technological Promises, pp 431 446, Springer. • Schaffers, H., Sällström, A., Pallot, M., Hernandez Muñoz, J.M., Santoro, R., Trousse, B.: Integrating Living Labs with Future Internet Experimental Platforms for Co- creating Services within Smart Cities. In: Proceedings of the ICE 2011 Conference, June 2011, Aachen, Germany. Published at IEEE Xplore. • Pallot, M., Trousse, B., Senach, B., Schaffers, H., Komninos, N.: Future Internet and Living Lab Research Domain Landscapes: Filling the Gap between Technology Push and Application Pull in the Context of Smart Cities. EChallenges e 2011 Conference Proceedings, Paul Cunningham and Miriam Cunningham (Eds.), IIMC International Information Management Corporation, 2011.
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• Komninos, N., Schaffers, H., Pallot, M.: Developing a Policy Roadmap for Smart Cities and the Future Internet. EChallenges e 2011 Conference Proceedings, Paul Cunningham and Miriam Cunningham (Eds.), IIMC International Information Management Corporation, 2011. • Pallot, M., Trousse, B., Senach, B., & Scapin, D. (2010). Living Lab Research Landscape: From User Centred Design and User Experience towards User Co- creation. Proceedings of the Living Lab Summer School, Paris, August 2010. • Pallot, M., Trousse, B., Senach, B. (2012). A Tentative Design of a Future Internet Networking Domain Landscape. To be published by Springer, in Federico Alvarez et al. (Eds.) The Future Internet, FIA 2012. • Komninos, N., M. Pallot, H. Schaffers (2012): Special Issue on Smart Cities and the Future Internet in Europe. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, April 2012, http://www.springerlink.com/content/900816112p7qmwh2/ • Bakici, T., Almirall, E., Wareham, J. (2012): Smart City Initiative: the Case of Barcelona. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, April 2012, http://www.springerlink.com/content/9318pq8q61r06345/ • Komninos, N. and P. Tsarchopoulos (2012): Toward Intelligent Thessaloniki: from an Agglomeration of Apps to Smart Districts. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, April 2012, http://www.springerlink.com/content/g350361m41tu362k/ • Carter, D. (2012): Urban Regeneration, Digital Development Strategies and the Knowledge Economy: Manchester Case Study. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, April 2012, http://www.springerlink.com/content/1l8568n024328355/ • Hielkema, H. and P. Hongisto (2012): Developing the Helsinki Smart City: The Role of Competitions for Open Data Applications. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, April 2012, http://www.springerlink.com/content/m87r542g884n2p20/ • Concilio, G., De Bonis, L., Marsh, J., Trapani, F. (2012): Urban Smartness: Perspectives Arising in the Periphéria Project. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, April 2012 http://www.springerlink.com/content/y2366371221m8145/ • Zygiaris, S. (2012): Smart City Reference Model: Assisting Planners to Conceptualize the Building of Smart City Innovation Ecosystems. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, April 2012, http://www.springerlink.com/content/p80672k75w74n679/
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Table 1. Three perspectives shaping the landscape of Future Internet and City Development
Future Internet Cities and Urban User-driven Research Development Innovation Ecosystems Actors Researchers City policy actors Living Lab managers, ICT companies Citizen platforms citizens, governments, National and EU actors Business associations enterprises, researchers as co-creators Priorities Future Internet technical Urban development User-driven open challenges (e.g. routing, Essential infrastructures innovation scaling, mobility) Business creation Engagement of citizens Resources Experimental facilities Urban policy framework Living lab facilities: Pilot environments Organisational assets methodologies & tools, Technologies Development plans physical infrastructures Policies Creation of advanced City policies to stimulate User-driven innovation and testbed facilities innovation, business and projects Federated cooperation urban development Open, collaborative Experimental research Innovative procurement innovation D E D D
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E A E F B BBA D B Box: A new spatiality of cities - multiple concepts Cyber cities, from cyberspace, cybernetics, governance and control spaces based on information feedback, city governance; but also meaning the negative / dark sides of cyberspace, cybercrime, tracking, identification, military control over cities. Digital cities, from digital representation of cities, virtual cities, digital metaphor of cities, cities of avatars, second life cities, simulation (sim) city. Intelligent cities, from the new intelligence of cities, collective intelligence of citizens, distributed intelligence, crowdsourcing, online collaboration, broadband for innovation, social capital of cities, collaborative learning and innovation, people-driven innovation. Smart cities, from smart phones, mobile devices, sensors, embedded systems, smart environments, smart meters, and instrumentation sustaining the intelligence of cities. A D E F A E D
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Fig. 1. Smart city key application areas
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Table 2. Media Internet technologies and components for Smart Cities
Solutions and Short term (2014) Mid term (2018) Longer term (2022) RTD challenges Content Media Internet Scalable multimedia Immersive management tools technologies compression and multimedia transmission Collaboration tools Crowd-based Content and context Intelligent content location content; fusion technologies objects; large scale augmented reality ontologies and tools semantic content Cloud services and City-based clouds Open and federated Cloud-based fully software content platforms connected city components Smart systems Smart power Smart systems Software agents and based on Internet of management enabling integrated advanced sensor Things Portable systems solutions e.g. health fusion; telepresence and care D F
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Table 3: User Role in FIRE and Living Labs
Future Internet Experiments Living Labs Innovation Approach Controlled experiments Both controlled and natural Observing large-scale deployment situation experiments and usage patterns User co-creation via Living Labs Federated testbeds methodologies, action research Open, cooperative innovation Object of testing Technologies, services, Validation of user ideas, prototype architectures, platforms, system applications and solutions. Testing requirements; impacts as joint validation activity Scale of testing Large-scale mainly From small to large scale Stakeholders FI Researchers (ICT industry & IT multidisciplinary researchers, academia) End-users, enterprises (large & SMEs) Objective Facilities to support research Support the process of user-driven Impact assessment of tested innovation as co-creation solutions A D E E D A D B A
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Table 4: Examples of Living Lab Initiatives Related to Smart Cities, Rural Areas and Regions
Cities and • Smart Santander (FP7-ICT, 2010). Internet services and sensor network urban areas in the city. www.smartsantander.eu • ELLIOT (FP7-ICT, 2010). Experimental Living Lab for Internet of Things. Three Living Labs are involved. http://www.elliot-project.eu/ • Periphèria (CIP ICT-PSP, 2010). Internet of Things in Smart City. www.peripheria.eu • Open Cities (CIP ICT-PSP, 2010). Public sector services. • EPIC (CIP ICT-PSP, 2010). Platforms for intelligent cities. • Apollon (CIP ICT-PSP, 2010). Domain-specific Pilots of Living Labs in cross-border networks, targeting city areas. www.apollon-pilot.eu Villages in • Collaboration@Rural – C@R (FP6-ICT, 2006-2010). Six Living Labs in rural areas Rural areas using a common service platform. www.c-rural.eu and regions • • MedLab (Interreg IVc). Living Labs and Regional Development.
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Fig. 2. Genoa smart city experiments on Smart Museum and Smart Park
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1. Kroes, N.: European Commissioner for Digital agenda, “The critical role of cities in making the Digital Agenda a reality”. Closing speech to Global Cities Dialogue Spring Summit of Mayors Brussels, 28 May 2010. 2. Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C. and Nijkamp, P.: Smart cities in Europe. Series Research Memoranda 0048. VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Economics, Business Administration and Econometrics (2009). 3. Eurocities: Strategic Policy Paper on Broadband in Cities (2010). 4. Eurocities: Cities and Innovation in Europe. Discussion paper (2010). 5. Von Hippel, E.: Democratizing Innovation. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts (2005). 6. Gibson, D.V., Kozmetsky, G. and Smilor, R.W., (Eds): The Technopolis Phenomenon: Smart Cities, Fast Systems, Global Networks. New York, Rowman & Littlefield, (1992). 7. WFSC: Smart Communities. Online, http://www.smartcommunities.org/about.htm. 8. Komninos, N.: Intelligent Cities: Innovation, knowledge systems and digital spaces. London and New York, Taylor and Francis, (2002). 9. Komninos N.: Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks. London and New York, Routledge (2008). 10.Chen-Ritzo, C.H, Harrison, C., Paraszczak, J., and Parr, F.: Instrumenting the Planet. IBM Journal of Research &. Development, 53.3, 338-353, (2009). 11.European Commission: Growing Regions, Growing Europe: Fifth progress report on economic and social cohesion. European Commission COM(2008) 371 final, (2008). 12.European Commission: Future Media Internet: Research challenges and road ahead. DG Information Society and Media, Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union (2010). 13.European Commission: Future Media Networks: Research challenges 2010. DG Information Society and Media, Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union (2010). 14.Belissent, J.: Getting clever about smart cities: New opportunities require new business models. Forrester for Ventor Strategy Professionals (2010). 15.European Commission, DG INFSO: Future Internet Research and Experimentation. September (2010). 16.Chesbrough, H. W. : Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology, Boston, Harvard Business School Press (2003). 17.O’Reilly, T., Battelle, J.: Web Squared: Web 2.0 Five Years On. Special Report, Web 2.0 Summit, Co- produced by O’Reilly & Techweb (2009). 18.European Commission, DG INFSO: Advancing and Applying Living Lab Methodologies (2010). 19.Ballon, P., Pierson, J., Delaere, S. et al.: Test and Experimentation Platforms for Broadband Innovation. IBBT/VUB-SMIT Report (2005). 20.Pallot, M, Trousse, B., Senach, B., Scapin, D.: Living Lab Research Landscape: From User Centred Design and User Experience Towards User Co-creation. Position Paper, First Living Labs Summer School (www- sop.inria.fr/llss2010/), Paris, August (2010). 21.Schaffers, H., Garcia Guzmán, J., Navarro, M., Merz, C. (Eds.): Living Labs for Rural Development. Published by TRAGSA, Madrid (2010). Download: www.c-rural.eu. 22.Porter, M.: The Competitive Advantage of Nations. Free Press, New York (1990).
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Figure 1. Gartner hype of cloud computing [8]
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F E E D C [1] Tselentis, G., Galis, A., Gavras, A., Krco, S., Lotz, V., Simperl, E., Stiller, B., Zahariadis, T. (2010). Towards the Future Internet - Emerging Trends from European Research. Retrieved from http://www.booksonline.iospress.nl/Content/View.aspx?piid=16465 [2] Schaffers, H., Komninos, N., Pallot, M., Trousse, B., Nilsson, M., Oliveira, A. (2011). Smart Cities and the Future Internet: Towards Cooperation Frameworks for Innovation. In: J. Domingue et al. (Eds.), The Future Internet, Springer, pp 431-446. [3] Townsend, A., Maguire, R., Liebhold, M., Crawford, M. (2011). A Planet of Civic Laboratories. The Future of Cities, Information and Inclusion. Institute for the Future. [4] Könnöllä, T. (2007). Innovation Roadmap: Exploring Alternative Futures of Industrial renewal. Working Paper submitted to the 2007 conference on corporate R&D, IPTS. [5] Calabrese, F., Ratti, C., Kloeckl, K. (2009). WikiCity: Real-Time Location-Sensitive Tools for the City. Handbook of Research on Urban Informatics: The Practice and Promise of the Real-Time City, 390-413 pp. Published by IGI. [6] Australian Government (2011) "Cloud computing strategic direction paper", Department of Finance and Deregulation. [7] Mell, P. and Grance, T. (2011) The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing, NIST Special Publication 800-145. [8] Gartner (2010) "Gartner's 2010 Hype Cycle Special Report Evaluates Maturity of 1,800 Technologies". [9] Townsend, A., Soojung-Kim Pang, A., and Weddle, R. (2009) "Future Knowledge Ecosystems: The Next Twenty Years of Technology-Led Economic Development", Institute for the Future, IFTF Report Number SR-12361. [10] Lemke, M. (2010) "Open innovation for future Internet enables services in 'smart' cities", CIP ICT-PSP Info Day, January, European Commission, DG Information Society and Media. [11] OECD (2008) Shaping Policies for the Future of the Internet Economy, OECD Ministerial meeting on the Future of the Internet Economy, Seoul, Korea, 17-18 June. [12] Mitchell, W., (2007), 'Intelligent cities' e-Journal on the Knowledge Society.
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[13] Chen-Ritzo, C.H, Harrison, C., Paraszczak, J., and Parr, F,. (2009), 'Instrumenting the Planet', IBM Journal of Research and Development, 53 (3), 338-353. [14] Hernández-Muñoz, J.M., Vercher, J.B., Muñoz, L., Galache, J.A., Presser, M., Hernández Gómez L. A., and Pettersson, J. (2011). Smart Cities at the Forefront of the Future Interne. In: J. Domingue et al. (Eds.), The Future Internet, Springer, pp 447-462. [15] OVUM (2011) "Is your city smart enough?", OVUM publications. [16] European Commission (2010). Future Media Networks: Research challenges 2010. DG Information Society and Media, Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union.
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Figure 1. Our strategy towards realizing the open ubiquitous city.
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Figure 2. (a) Locations of panOULU WSN ER’s around downtown Oulu; (b) panOULU WLAN AP and WSN ER installed in traffic light; (c) panOULU BT AP installed in traffic light.
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Figure 3. (a); UBI-hotspot; (b)UBI-projectors at the City Theatre.
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Figure X. panOULU Conqueror web UI’s: (a) Desktop; (b) Mobile (full UI in iPhone above, stripped down UI in Nokia N95 below).
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(a) (b) (c) Figure. (a) UBI-AMI architecture; (b) Socket sensor; (b) Mains sensor.
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D E FD E D A DE E A
E E E F E E E E A
A CA B A C D
E B E A E AA F E F B B A E B A B B • • E • D D
E E B AB AAB C
D E FD E D A DE E A
D A F E C F B AC B CB C A B A C A B F A F A AC D A B F C E E D AA • CA • A E D C DA E • D E D E E A E E A F D D D C E D D B A E D A D A A
E E B AB AAB C
D E FD E D A DE E A
B F B F E E E E B E B B A E D D C F D F F F A B B F D BB F E BB F BB BB E D D
E E B AB AAB C
D E FD E D A DE E A
E D E E CA CB B BF C A A C C E F CB A D BA B A A F A AC A CB A A CA A CB A B A F A BA B A B A A F B B CB A CAA C A F A C A BA B A D D E CE A BA C B A B C C A CEC B A A BA A A F A BA D BA B CA C C A F BA B A A CB A CB A B D A CA CAA C A BD A BA C CB A A CA B F A B B A C F CB A AC A C CEB C E B B F E B CB FAEC B A CA A C DCBAC F A B E C A A B A B A B B C F A A CB F A B CB A CB A C C A CB A A B B A B A B CB B A CA D A AC C A F A B F CBA BA B A CB A B B B C A D A C B C CB A B C B B F C E FC A B A B C C A BA F B A FC B BA B A A CB A A B C A CAA C A B F CB A C C BA F AC B B C B CB F A B CB B B C D A EA C FC A E A C B B B A C A • D • D • D E BBA AA BBA BB
E E B AB AAB C
D E FD E D A DE E A
BB F D B A F D BB B E D BB D D D BBA D BBA AAA D D A A C
A EF B E EF B EF EF B E E F E EF B B E A F A F
E E BC AB AAB C
D E FD E D A DE E A
D E F C E E B A B A AA AAA A AAA AAA C E AA AA E D F F E AA AA AA C BBA D D AA AA C
E E B AB AAB C
D E FD E D A DE E A
AAA F A AA D F F F E F • • • • • • A D A
EF F E B E E E B B E E E EF F E B
E E B AB AAB C
D E FD E D A DE E A
AA D E D E E A E D C A E AA C CB A C C B E C AC A CD B B F A A A A D C CB BF C A A B CAA C A B CB AC B B BD A BA B CB C C A F A B B CA B B E B D B B E C B B A A B C B B CB D B C BA E A A CB C CA B A C C F B A BF CA B A AAC F D F E AA B D C CFF C B A B CA B C CB C E BA C A BB A C BA CB B F A CB A A B A A C CA BC BF CA BC CB B A B A A D D A A C DCB B A B CA B BB A D A B A D B C AC BC C F EA B BB DCA B A CB F CA BC D CB CB B D B E A A B A E D D AA
E E B AB AAB C
D E FD E D A DE E A
D D F D BBA F F D • • D • E AAC AA AAA F D F AA F E AA A AA
E E BB AB AAB C
D E FD E D A DE E A
A D E D
E E E B B B EF EF E E E EF B E B A D E AA
E E AA AB AAB C
D E FD E D A DE E A
E F D E E D D D • • • • E E D • E
E E A AB AAB C
D E FD E D A DE E A
• • E • A E • F D D F • • A D E D D F • B •
E E A AB AAB C
D E FD E D A DE E A
F E E E E E E D D D
E
E E A AB AAB C
D E FD E D A DE E A
A F E D D E E E E D E E E D E
E E A AB AAB C
D E FD E D A DE E A
• • • • • E E E E E E E E E E CAA AAA E A D E E D
E E AC AB AAB C
D E FD E D A DE E A
E F E F E E C A ACDE D E D E E E D E E D C A D A B B C BA B A CBB B D BA CB D F F A BA B A BC D B EC E C C E B CB AC BC AC B C E C CA B F E A B A B C CB A A C B A A B CA C A B CA CB E C A CA D E CB A AA A A A A C C A B E • A BA F B CB CBC B C A B D BA C C DDB C CAD A ABB A DDB ABB C E C F A A DCBA CB A BA C A CB F C A A A B D CA C C D • B C A B C C CAC A A B CA B E A A A CA B A B C A CA C C D A E C C B E D BA F C CB C E C BA F A A B B AE C CB A CB AE F D B C • CE B A A B C B A BA F E A A CB A A F A A A B A F B CB B A CB C CA C C D A A B B A C CB D B B E B C C C CB B A F E C A C C
E E A AB AAB C
D E FD E D A DE E A
C F E E E E E E E D • • • D E D D E
E E A AB AAB C
D E FD E D A DE E A
• • • • • F D E E E D F D F B B AC D A E D C C A C AC D A E D C B EAD DDB E A E D C A A E C A C BC DAD C B A DA A C C B A E A C A A D B A E A AB C ACD D A D D C D C D A A C E C E D C D B BAB C
E E A AB AAB C
D E FD E D A DE E A
CA D E A A D A E D C A E D C D E B CD DA D A E D C DA B D E C D ED D D DA DCAD C D CF DCAD D D B CD D BACD D CA A DC A E D C D E A E D C ACD C B DA A C B A AB E DD A E D A D E C A A E D C D E A E D C DA DCAD A E D C D E A E D C AB DA DE D B A C A D D D C C ED ACD D A AB D C B CD A E D C D E C AB C ACD D EC AD A E A DA A E D EA DA A C A E D C DAD CA D
E E AB AB AAB C