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FIREBALL White Paper White Paper on Smart Cities as Innovation Ecosystems FIREBALL White Paper Smart Cities as Innovation Ecosystems Sustained by the Future Internet www.fireball4smartcities.eu April 2012 Status: Final Authors / Editors Hans Schaffers, ESoCE Net Nicos Komninos, URENIO Marc Pallot, INRIA 1 White Paper on Smart Cities as Innovation Ecosystems Contributors Miguel Aguas, Lisboa E-nova Esteve Almirall, ESADE Tuba Bakici, ESADE Jean Barroca, Alfamicro Dave Carter, MDDA Michel Corriou, Images & Reseaux Joana Fernandez, Lisboa E-nova Hendrik Hi elkema, Aalto University School of Economics, CKIR Anna Kivilehto, IBBT Nicos Komninos, URENIO Michael Nilsson, LTU-CDT Marc Pallot, INRIA Esa Posio, Centre of Internet Excellence Annika Sällström, LTU-CDT Roberto Santoro, ESoCE net Hans Schaffers, ESoCE Net Bernard Senach, INRIA Idália Torres, ISA Panagiotis Tsarchop oulos, URENIO Brigitte Trousse, INRIA Petra Turkama, Aalto University School of Economics, CKIR Julia Lopez Ventura, BCN 2 White Paper on Smart Cities as Innovation Ecosystems Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ....... 4 2. DRIVERS AND COMPONENTS OF SMART CITIES ................................ ................................ ....................... 7 2.1 CITIES AND COLLABORATION : THE SOCIO -ECONOMIC COMPONENT OF SMART CITIES ................................ ................. 7 2.2 INNOVATION ECOSYSTEMS AND LIVING LABS : KNOWLEDGE AND INSTIT UTIONAL COMPONENTS O F SMART CITIES ............ 8 2.3 APPLICATIONS AND SOLU TIONS FOR SMART CITI ES : THE TECHNOLOGICAL COMPONENT ................................ ........... 10 3. CITIES AND THE INTER NET: STRATEGIES TOWA RDS SMARTER CITIES ................................ ..................... 14 3.1 SETTING UP THE SMART CITY CASES STU DIES ................................................................ ................................ ... 14 3.2 BARCELONA : FROM TRADITIONAL AGGL OMERATION TO METROPOLIS ................................ ................................ .. 15 3.3 THESSALONIKI : ADOPTING THE PARADIG M OF “INTELLIGENT CITY ” BY PROMOTING SMART D ISTRICTS ......................... 19 3.4 MANCHESTER : URBAN REGENERATION TH ROUGH DIGITAL DEVELOPMENT ................................ ............................ 23 3.5 HELSINKI : TOWARDS A SMART CITY CLUSTER BUILT UPON USER EMPOWERED INNOVATION ................................ ...... 26 3.6 LISBON : TOWARDS AN INTERNATI ONAL HUB AND SUSTAINABLE CITY ................................ ................................ .... 28 3.7 OULU : A LEADING WIRELESS R&D HUB WITHIN THE GLOBAL INNOVATION ECOSYSTEM ................................ ........... 30 3.8 A FEW REMARKS FROM THE CASE STUDIES ................................................................ ................................ ..... 33 4. ASSETS AND INFRASTRUCTURES FOR SMART CITIES INNOVATION ECOSYSTEMS ................................ .. 35 4.1 THE NEED FOR COLLABOR ATION FOR DEVELOPING SMART CITY INNOVATION ECOSYSTEMS ................................ ....... 35 4.2 SMART CITY INNOVATION ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SUCH AS TESTBEDS AND LIVING LAB FACIL ITIES .............................. 36 4.3 INFRASTRUCTURES FOR SMART CITY INNOVATION ECOSYSTEMS : EMERGING EXAMPLES ................................ ........... 38 4.4 INTEGRATING LIVING LA BS AND EXPERIMENT PL ATFORM RESOURCES ................................ ................................ ... 42 4.5 COLLABORATION FOR URB AN AND REGIONAL INNO VATION AND DEVELOPMENT ................................ ..................... 44 5. BALANCING BOTTOM-UP AND TOP -DOWN: ENGAGEMENT TOW ARDS SMARTER CITIES ....................... 46 5.1 THE CURRENT POLICY CO NTEXT OF CITIES ................................................................ ................................ ....... 46 5.2 AGENDA SETTING AND RO ADMAPPING : BALANCING BOTTOM -UP AND TOP DOWN ................................ ................. 47 5.3 EXAMPLES OF ROADMAPPI NG TECHNOLOGICAL OPP ORTUNITIES FOR SMART CITIES ................................ ................ 49 5.4 AN AGENDA AND MILESTO NES TOWARDS SMARTER CITIES ................................ ................................ ................. 53 6. CONCLUSIONS AND FINA L REMARKS ................................................................ ................................ ..... 57 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................ ................................................................ ................................ .... 62 REFERENCES ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 63 3 White Paper on Smart Cities as Innovation Ecosystems 1. Introduction Larger cities of today are confronted with immense problems in terms of development, inclusion, housing, transport, climat e, infrastructure, security and many more. The current economic crisi s is ev en making it harder for cities and their citizens , neighbourhoods and businesses to realize their goals, and many cities are i n a state of decline . Smaller cities in rural areas face the implications of ageing population in combination with economic downturn 1. At the same time the city also represents a promise: a vision of freedom, creativity, opportunity and prosperity. More than half of the global population is now urban and project ions estimate that this percentage will even grow towards 70% around 2050 2. In this context, the concepts of “Smart City” in relation to the “Future Internet” represent technology driven visions and solutions. The challenge is to redefine the Smart City as an environment of innovation, empowerment and participation of citizens, businesses and other stakeholders in shaping their future, through the choices they have and decisions they make. The challenge is to focus on change and transformation towards a Smarter City in the sense of a change towards shaping a better and more participative, inclusive and empowering city, instead of imagining an ideal future vision 3. Aim of the White Paper This White Paper focuses on how European cities are currently develop ing strategies towards becoming “smarter cities” and the lessons we can draw for the future . Such strategies are based on an assessment of the future needs of cities and innovative usages of ICTs embodi ed in the broadband Internet and Internet-based applications now and foreseen for the future. These strategies are also based on a new understanding of innovation, grounded in the concept of open innovation ecosystems , global innovation chains , and on citizens’ empowerment for shaping innovation and urban development. Partly these strategies include the development of new typ es of innovation in urban areas. These new ways of innovation are characterized, firstly, by a high level of citizen involvement in co-creating Internet -based applications and services in all sectors of the economy and society; secondly, by the emergence of new forms of collaboration among local governments, research institutes, universities, citizens and businesses (e.g. Public-Private-People Partnership s). Such strategies and the resulting urban “innovation ecosystems” are becoming increasingly relevant given the urgent need to tackle growing social, economic and societal issues that cities are currently facing in a context of economic woes while simultaneously many improvement opportunities are offered to cities by new technologies and approaches to innovation. This White Paper investigates smart city strategies base d on a collection of smart city case studies and a series of workshops in which major topics regarding smart cities were discussed. The case studies aim to analyze the currently emerging strategies, policies and technological opportunities , to ident ify how the opportunities of ICTs and the future Internet are being explored , and how these can be realized in the future driving the socio-economic development of urban areas. The cases also address how cities are redefining their innovation policies and how they are starting to experiment on citizens’ involvement within the conte xt of open innovation. In this respect , the cases present 1 K. Pallagst et al. (2009), “The Future of Shrinking Cities – Problems, Patterns and Strategies of Urban Transformation in a Global Context”. 2 Scientific American, September 2011: Cities – Smarter, Greener, Better. 3 This view reflects the role of cities understood as co -creative innovation environments, as “Civic Laboratories” (see also the report “The Future of Cities, Information and Inclusion” from the Institute for the Fu ture (2011). There is also a relation with the field of science, society and technology studies addressing “social shaping of technology” and “structuration” (Giddens, Orlikowski). 4 White Paper on Smart Cities as Innovation Ecosystems lessons learned that are of interest to smart city project stakeholders from the perspective of policy development. Based on our findings , we draw conclusions and propose a roadmap towards smarter cities which aims to be of interest for all stakeholders involved. The FIREBALL Project (2010-2012) This White Paper is one of the main outcomes of the FIREBALL project (www.fireball4smartcities.eu) , a Coordination Action within the 7 th Framework Programme for ICT, running in the period 2010 -2012. The aim of this project is to bring together communities and stakeholders who are active in three areas, namely: research and
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