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The Biopolitical Otherization of North Korea: a Critique of Anti- North Koreanism in the Twilight of Neo-Liberalism and New Conservatism

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The Biopolitical Otherization of North Korea: a Critique of Anti- North Koreanism in the Twilight of Neo-Liberalism and New Conservatism University of Iowa Iowa Research Online Theses and Dissertations Spring 2010 The biopolitical otherization of North Korea: a critique of anti- North Koreanism in the twilight of neo-liberalism and new conservatism Minkyu Sung University of Iowa Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd Part of the Communication Commons Copyright © 2010 Minkyu Sung This dissertation is available at Iowa Research Online: https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/604 Recommended Citation Sung, Minkyu. "The biopolitical otherization of North Korea: a critique of anti-North Koreanism in the twilight of neo-liberalism and new conservatism." PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) thesis, University of Iowa, 2010. https://doi.org/10.17077/etd.6lx669zd Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd Part of the Communication Commons THE BIOPOLITICAL OTHERIZATION OF NORTH KOREA: A CRITIQUE OF ANTI-NORTH KOREANISM IN THE TWILIGHT OF NEO-LIBERALISM AND NEW CONSERVATISM by Minkyu Sung An Abstract Of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Communication Studies in the Graduate College of The University of Iowa 1 May 2010 Thesis Supervisor: Associate Professor Mark Andrejevic 1 ABSTRACT My main argument in this dissertation is that popular nationalism in post-war South Korea, unlike the conventional claim to it among many South Korean critical intellectuals and unification policy-makers, cannot serve as an antidote to anti-North Koreanism. On the contrary, it is problematic that the cultural politics of national identification, prescribed as an authentic critical tool of challenging anti-North Koreanism, helps program hierarchical inter-Korea relationships by exposing the South Korean public to anomalous cultural-political characteristics of North Koreans. It also does so by creating popular discourses that have reinforced unification policy agendas that frame the development of North Korea in terms that would make it amenable to the needs of transnational capitalism and the legitimacy of liberal human rights discourse. This critical endeavor claims that the critique of anti-North Koreanism cannot be successful without problematizing the idea of discontinuity that stresses there is a rupture between cold war and post-cold war forms of anti-North Koreanism. This is because any un-scrutinized presumption of the historical transition can only confuse critical interpretations of the role of national identification while thereby reinforcing policy- driven resolutions for inter-Korea sociability. Thus, I locate the significance of my work in a democratic call for South Korean critical communication and cultural studies as well as the public to effectively deconstruct the contingent discursive collaboration of national 1 identification and anti-North Koreanism that complies with transnational globalization. Abstract Approved: ____________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________ Title and Department ____________________________________ Date THE BIOPOLITICAL OTHERIZATION OF NORTH KOREA: A CRITIQUE OF ANTI-NORTH KOREANISM IN THE TWILIGHT OF NEO-LIBERALISM AND NEW CONSERVATISM by Minkyu Sung A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Communication Studies in the Graduate College of The University of Iowa 1 May 2010 Thesis Supervisor: Associate Professor Mark Andrejevic Copyright by MINKYU SUNG 2010 All Rights Reserved 2 Graduate College The University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL _______________________ PH.D. THESIS _______________ This is to certify that the Ph.D. thesis of Minkyu Sung has been approved by the Examining Committee for the thesis requirement for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Communication Studies at the May 2010 graduation. Thesis Committee: __________________________________ Mark Andrejevic, Thesis Supervisor __________________________________ David J. Depew __________________________________ Bruce E. Gronbeck __________________________________ Kembrew McLeod __________________________________ John Durham Peters __________________________________ Sonia Ryang To My Parents 2 ii It is essential to the survival of traditionalism that it should not recognize its own exclusion of unknown alternatives. Pierre Bourdieu The Attitude of the Algerian Peasant Toward Time 3 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is a project that has come out along the lines of critical voices, inquiries, and acts from the streets, archives, seminars, bars, chapels, and dining tables, in which I have always found enthusiastic endeavors to transform helplessness into hopefulness. Without advice, challenges, and encouragements from my teachers, mentors, colleagues, friends, and family, this project could never be successful. I have now realized it is never a truism. First of all, I am grateful to my teachers and mentors at Iowa and elsewhere, all of who have been and will continue to be my role models for/beyond teaching and research: Dr. Mark Andrejevic (my advisor), Dr. Bruce E. Gronbeck (my dissertation second reader), Dr. David J. Depew, Dr. Kembrew McLeod, Dr. John Durham Peters, Dr. Sonia Ryang, Dr. James Hay (at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), Dr. Seung-Hyun Kim (at Korea University, Seoul), and Dr. Sang- Jin Choi (at Kyung Hee University, Seoul). My Sahoebu friends have always been great support for my study over the years since I left Seoul. My KABF friends have been steady in inspiring confidence in my everyday life. To my international and American friends at Iowa, Young Cheon Cho, Alessandra Madella, Amit Baishya, Hsin-Yen Yang, and Jennifer Ambrose, my warm thanks for their help and thoughtful acts in a provocative era of cosmopolitan globalization. Lastly, to my wife Yoonjoo, my daughter Seohyun Hannah, and my son Yoonhyun Nikolas as well as to my four sisters, my 4 greatest thanks for their persistent support. It is my parents, Heewon Sung and Sookja Park, to whom the dissertation is dedicated. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER ONE ANTI-NORTH KOREANISM, BIOPOLITICAL OTHERIZATION, AND SOUTH KOREAN CRITICAL COMMUNICATION STUDIES ..................................................................... 1! Rethinking the Twilight of Anti-North Koreanism ......................................... 1! South Korean Critical Communication and Cultural Studies on the Politics of Anti-North Koreanism.................................................................. 14! The Contentious Space of the Biopolitical Otherization of North Korea...... 23! Rhee Syngman’s Doctrine of “the One-Nation” (Ilminjueui) and the Birth of the Communist/North Korean Species............................................. 31! The Rise of the Park Chung-hee Dictatorship and the Integration of Korean Nationalism and Anti-North Koreanism........................................... 39! The State of Emergency, the Political Crisis of Siwol Yushin and Anti- North Koreanism ........................................................................................... 48! The North Korean Human Rights Crisis ....................................................... 52! The New Conservative Uptake...................................................................... 55! Chapter Outlines ............................................................................................ 62! Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 65! CHAPTER TWO THE “TRUTH POLITICS” OF ANTI-NORTH KOREANISM: THE POST-IDEOLOGICAL CULTURAL REPRESENTATION OF NORTH KOREA AND THE CULTURAL CRITISISMS OF KOREAN NATIONALISM.......................................................................... 67! Introduction.................................................................................................... 67! Anti-North Koreanism and the Political Challenge of Popular Nationalism.................................................................................................... 71! The Immanent Criticism of the Self-Affirmation of “Authentic” North Korea.............................................................................................................. 75! The Post-Colonial Criticism of the Identity Politics of Nationalism............. 80! The Boondancheje-ron’s Countering of the Post-Colonial Criticism ........... 90! The Limit of the Dichotomous Positioning in the Post-Colonial Challenge to the Truth Politics ...................................................................... 93! 5 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 100! CHAPTER THREE THE VISUAL POLITICS OF GENDERING AND ETHNICIZING THE KOREAN NATION ................................................. 104! Unsettling Anti-North Koreanism Hiding behind Nationalism................... 104! The Normalization of Knowledge of “North Korea” in the Political Crisis ............................................................................................................ 110! Constructing the Spectacle of the Cultural Otherness of North Korea........ 112! The Ambivalent Visualization of Gendering and Ethnicizing the Korean Nation.............................................................................................. 117! The Transformational Discursive Economy of Biopolitical Otherization... 124! Conclusion ..................................................................................................
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