Паразиты Чешуекрылых Семейства Волнянки (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) На Территории Приморcкого Края

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Паразиты Чешуекрылых Семейства Волнянки (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) На Территории Приморcкого Края УДК 599.773.4 Маркова Т.О., Манжела К.А. Дальневосточный федеральный университет. Школа педагогики Е#mail: [email protected] ТАХИНЫ (DIPTERA, TACHINIDAE) – ПАРАЗИТЫ ЧЕШУЕКРЫЛЫХ СЕМЕЙСТВА ВОЛНЯНКИ (LEPIDOPTERA, LYMANTRIIDAE) НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ПРИМОРCКОГО КРАЯ Приведены сведения о Тахинах (Diptera, Tachinidae) – паразитах личинок Чешуекрылых сем. Волнянки (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) в Приморском крае. Паразитами Lymantriidae является 28 видов тахин из 3 подсемейств (Exoristinae, Tachininae, Dexiinae). Ключевые слова: насекомые, двукрылые, тахины, эндопаразиты, чешуекрылые, личинка чушуекрылых, личинка двукрылых, яйца. Тахины (Diptera, Tachinidae) – группа па опасный многоядный вредитель, наносящий разитических двукрылых, которых от всех близ ущерб преимущественно хвойным породам; ких семейств отличает паразитирование в на Lymantria mathura Wik. – многоядный вредитель секомых. Личинки тахин – первичные эндопа широколиственных пород и, реже, садовопар разиты членистоногих, которые принадлежат ковых культур; Lymantria dispar L. – многояд к одиннадцати отрядам мировой фауны: ный вредитель широколиственных пород [16; Blattodea, Mantodea, Embioptera, Phasmodea, 11; 3; 2; 1 и др.]. На территории региона наблю Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, дается повреждение лесов и сильное поражение Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera [15; 24; 20; 23 крон деревьев гусеницами непарного шелкопря и др.]. Лишь для трёх родов тахин мировой фа да (Lymantria dispar L.), пик развития которых уны известно паразитирование в многоножках приходится на июнь. Необходимые условия для (Chilopоda), для одного рода – паразитирова массовых размножений опасных видов вреди ние в пауках и одного рода – в скорпионах. Для телей в крае создались в результате усиливше примитивных Tachinidae характерена отклад гося антропогенного пресса на природные лан ка умеренного количества яиц с неразвитым дшафты [18; 9 и др.]. Самки размещают яйцек зародышем на хозяина (Phasiinae отдельные ладки не на стволах, а на листьях древесных группы Exoristinae: Exoristini, Winthemiini, не растений и кустарников с крупными листьями которые Blondeliini, Eryciini, у остальных групп [18 и др.], поэтому в очагах размножения оголя наблюдается яйцеживорождение [15: 156]. ются основные медоносы, что сказывается на их Волнянки – одно из обширнейших семейств продуктивности. В регуляции численности по Чешуекрылых, из них более 30 видов встреча пуляций насекомыхвредителей заметную роль ется в Приморском крае. К специализирован играют насекомыеэнтомофаги, в том числе ным вредителям растений, периодически даю представители сем. Tachinidae [5; 7; 8; 10 и др.]. щим массовые вспышки численности, относят Задачами представленной работы явля ся следующие виды: Calliteara аbietis Den. et Schiff ются: – опасный вредитель хвойных пород; Calliteara – изучение группы Tachinidae, паразити modesta Kirby – многоядный вредитель широ рующих в личинках Lymantriidae; колиственных пород; Orgyia recens Hbn. – мно – получение данных по трофическим свя гоядный вредитель лесных, садовопарковых, зям личинок в исследуемой группе тахин и осо кормовых и технических культур; Orgyia antique бенностям их паразитохозяинных отношений L. – многоядный вредитель лесных пород, садо с чешуекрылыми в Приморском крае. вопарковых и технических культур; Theia ericae Germ. – многоядный вредитель сельскохозяй Материал и методы ственных культур; Sphrageidus similes Fuessl. – В работе использован материал, собранный многоядный вредитель широколиственных по авторами в 20072011 гг. на территории При род и садовопарковых культур; Leucoma salicis морского края: в Чугуевском районе (окр. с.с. L., Leucoma candida Stgr. – специализированные Цветковка, Новочугуевка, Ясное); в Чернигов вредители ив и тополей; Lymantria monacha L. – ском районе (окр. с.с. Высокое, Дмитриевка); ВЕСТНИК ОГУ №6 (155)/июнь`2013 155 Зоология Уссурийском районе (окр. сс. Каменушка, Кай 12. C. gnava Mg. мановка). Нами осуществлялись визуальные 13. C. laxifrons Vill. наблюдения в природе с мая по сентябрь, а так 14. C. candidae Shima. же лабораторное содержание личинок чешуек 15. Senometopia separata Rd. рылых семейства Lymantriidae для изучения Триба Goniini трофического спектра и получения сведений по 16. Zenillia libatrix Panz. личиночному питанию двукрылых. 17. Blepharipa pratensis Mg. Сбор заражённых личинок чешуекрылых и 18. Masicera sphingivora R.D. выведение из них паразитов проводились по Подсемейство Tachininae стандартной методике. Личинок волнянок пос Триба Tachinini ледней стадии находили на ветках различных 19. Tachina grossa L. растений, в основном древесных: дуб монгольс 20. T. magna GiglioTos. кий – Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. 21. T. praeceps Mg. (Fagaceae); тополь корейский – Populus koreana 22. Mikia tepens Walk. Rehd.; ива козья – Salix caprea L. (Salicaceae); Триба Linnaemyiini яблоня маньчжурская – Malus mandshurica 23. Linnaemya olsufjevi Zim. (Maxim.) Kom. (Rosaceae). 24. Linnaemya media Zim. Содержание чешуекрылых составляло око Триба Siphonini ло 4 недель, учитывая средние сроки развития 25. Actia jocularis Mesnil. паразитов: личинка питается в теле хозяина 26. Aphantorhaphopsis samarensis Vill. около 25 дней, пупарий формируется через 23 Подсемейство Dexiinae часа после выхода личинки 3 возраста, время Триба Voriini развития в пупарии составляет от 9 до 19 дней. 27. Hyleorus elatus Mg. При определении насекомых использова 28. H. takanoi Mesn. лась следующая литература: [12; 13; 14; 1; 15]. Систематика чешуекрылых и двукрылых пред За время исследований было собрано 470 ставлены по: [14; 15; 22]. экз. личинок семейства Lymantriidae, относя щихся к 5 подсемействам. Из 15 видов чешуек Результаты и обсуждение рылых 5 отнесено к массовым вредителям лес На территории Приморского края парази ных, садовопарковых и культур и карантин тами личинок волнянок является 28 видов та ным видам [1; 14 и др.]. Эти насекомые питают хин (Diptera, Tachinidae), относящихся к 17 ро ся листьями и цветками полевых, садовых куль дам, 7 трибам и 3 подсемействам – Exoristinae тур, повреждают листья яблони, груши, сливы, (18 видов, 11 родов, 3 трибы), Tachininae (8 ви огородных растений. дов, 5 родов, 3 трибы), Dexiinae (2 вида, 1 род, 1 триба) [4; 5; 7; 8; 15 и др.]. Подсемейство Arctorninae Leucoma salicis L. – 40 экз.; L. candida Stgr. – Подсемейство Exoristinae 20 экз. Триба Exoristini Подсемейство Calliterinae 1. Exorista japonica Towns. Calliteara аbietis Den.et Schiff – 30 экз.; C. 2. E. larvarum L. modesta Kirby – 20 экз. 3. E. fasciata Fall. Подсемейство Lymantrinae 4. Chetogena gelida Coq. Lymantria monacha L. – 120 экз.; L. mathura 5. C. fasciata Egg. Wik. – 30 экз.; L. dispar L. – 130 экз. 6. Parasetigena silvestris R.D. Подсемейство Nygmininae 7. Phorocera grandis Rd. Sphrageidus similes Fuessl. – 10 экз.; Euproctis Триба Eryciini subflava Brem. – 10 экз.; E. chrysorrhoea L. – 10 экз. 8. Nilea hortulana Mg. Подсемейство Orgyinae 9. N. innoxia R.D. Orgyia recens Hbn. – 10 экз.; O. antique L. – 10. Isosturmia japonica Mesn. 20 экз.; Theia ericae Germ. – 10 экз.; Telochurus recens 11. Carcelia atricosta Hert. L. – 10 экз. 156 ВЕСТНИК ОГУ №6 (155)/июнь`2013 Маркова Т.О., Манжела К.А. Тахины – паразиты Чешуекрылых семейства Волнянки кладывается на кормовое растение хо зяина и заглатывается им вместе с пи щей. В трибе Tachinini (Tachininae) сам ки откладывают яйца на хозяина, вбли зи него или на его кормовое растение, и личинка первого возраста сама отыски вает или подстерегает хозяина и прони кает в него. В трибе Voriini (Dexiinae) яйцо откладывается на хозяина или в его местообитаниях [15; 20; 25 и др.]. Согласно полученным на террито рии региона данным, расширение кру га хозяев наблюдается у тахин таких видов, как Parasetigena silvestris R.D., Carcelia atricosta Hert., Tachina grossa L. (рис. 1). Виды Exorista japonica Towns., E. fasciata Fall. и др. являются полит рофами (широкий круг хозяев в семей стве Lymantriidae); Nilea hortulana Mg. – олиготрофом (заражает хозяев – представителей нескольких родов). По полученным и литературным сведени Рисунок 1. Трофические связи личинок Tachinidae с личинками ям, часть видов является монотрофами, Lymantriidae: * – карантинные вредители; выделение жирным – выведенные авторами виды но при появлении новых данных эти соотношения могут измениться. Было выведено 4 экз. тахин подсемейства Exoristinae – Parasetigena silvestris RD. из Lymantria Заключение dispar L. (2 экз.) и Tachininae – Linnaemya olsufjevi На территории Приморского края парази Zimin из Leucoma salicis L. (2 экз.). На рисунке 1 тами личинок волнянок являются 28 видов та приведены известные в настоящее время и полу хин (Diptera, Tachinidae), относящихся к 17 ро ченные авторами сведения по трофическим свя дам 7 трибам и 3 подсемействам – Exoristinae зям Tachinidae и личинок Lymantriidae. (18 видов, 11 родов, 3 трибы), Tachininae (8 ви Для всех Tachinidae, представленных в ра дов, 5 родов, 3 трибы), Dexiinae (2 вида, 1 род, 1 боте, характерен эволюционно продвинутый тип триба). Для всех Tachinidae характерен эволю размножения – яйцеживорождение. При этом ционно продвинутый тип размножения – яйце яйцо откладывается или хозяина, или вблизи живорождение. него, или на кормовое растение. Этот способ от Авторами были подтверждены трофичес кладки яиц способствует расширению круга хо кие связи личинок чешуекрылых семейства зяев тахин [15: 156 и др.]. Откладка яиц вне хозя Lymantriidae с 2 видами тахин: Parasetigena ина сопровождается увеличением плодовитости silvestris RD. с Lymantria dispar L. и Linnaemya самок у Dexiinae до 600 яиц (Dexia Mg.), у Goniini olsufjevi Zimin
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