Representatives Brooks of the 63Rd and Watson of the 91St A

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05 LC 19 6627 House Resolution 943 By: Representatives Brooks of the 63rd and Watson of the 91st A RESOLUTION 1 Honoring Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, Jibreel Khazan, and the late David Richmond, 2 the "Greensboro Four"; and for other purposes. 3 WHEREAS, Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, Jibreel Khazan (whose name then was Ezell 4 Blair, Jr.), and David Richmond, who died in 1990, are the Greensboro Four, the small band 5 of African Americans who balked at the segregation era´s whites-only rules; and 6 WHEREAS, on February 1, 1960, they began a nonviolent equal rights sit-in at the 7 Greensboro, North Carolina, F. W. Woolworth lunch counter; and 8 WHEREAS, the actions of the Greensboro Four, who were all college freshmen, helped 9 reignite the civil rights movement; and 10 WHEREAS, within two months their courageous move had sparked demonstrations by 11 African Americans at lunch counters in 54 cities, including Atlanta and Savannah; and 12 WHEREAS, by July, 1960, the Woolworth in Greensboro had become integrated; and 13 WHEREAS, in 1995, a portion of the lunch counter became part of a permanent exhibit at 14 the Smithsonian National Museum of American History in Washington, D. C., and four years 15 ago a 10 foot statue of the Greensboro Four was unveiled at their alma mater, North Carolina 16 A & T State University; and 17 WHEREAS, in February, 2005, their story was remembered in an hour-long PBS 18 documentary, "February One: The Story of the Greensboro Four"; and 19 WHEREAS, it is highly appropriate to remember and honor these American heroes who as 20 young men helped to advance American democracy. H. R. 943 - 1 - 05 LC 19 6627 1 NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that 2 the members of this body honor Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, Jibreel Khazan, and the 3 late David Richmond for their enduring contributions to the American society. 4 BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Clerk of the House of Representatives is authorized 5 and directed to transmit appropriate copies of this resolution to Franklin McCain, Joseph 6 McNeil, Jibreel Khazan, and the family of David Richmond. H. R. 943 - 2 -.

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Greensboro Sit-Ins
Published on NCpedia (https://www.ncpedia.org) Home > Greensboro Sit-Ins Greensboro Sit-Ins [1] Share it now! Greensboro Sit-Ins by Alexander R. Stoesen, 2006 See also: Greensboro Four [2], Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee [3]. Joseph McNeil, Franklin McCain, Billy Smith and Clarence Henderson. Greensboro News and Record. The Greensboro [4] sit-ins of February 1960 launched the movement to integrate lunch counters and other eating establishments throughout North Carolina and the rest of the South. Sit-ins [5] had previously occurred in other places, but the Greensboro protests sparked widespread activism and media attention. The sit-ins began when four students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University [6]—Ezell A. Blair [7] (now Jibreel Khazan), Franklin E. McCain [8], Joseph A. McNeil [9], and David L. Richmond [10]—sat at the lunch counter of the Woolworth Store on Elm Street in Greensboro late on the afternoon of 1 Feb. 1960. At the time, Woolworth's only served African Americans [11] at a stand-up counter. Instead of having the students arrested for trespassing, the manager closed the lunch counter, intending to leave them stranded at closing time. The Greensboro store, one of the most profitable in the region, had a large black clientele-hence the need for prudence. However, by not filing charges, the manager left an opening for further nonviolent action. The next day, the number of demonstrators grew rapidly, and in the days and weeks that followed, sit-ins spread to other eating places in Greensboro's central business district. Some managers closed their operations, but by the end of the summer an agreement had been reached to end segregation [12] in public eating places.
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Have a Seat to Be Heard: the Sit-In Movement of the 1960S
(South Bend, IN), Sept. 2, 1971. Have A Seat To Be Heard: Rodgers, Ibram H. The Black Campus Movement: Black Students The Sit-in Movement Of The 1960s and the Racial Reconstih,tion ofHigher Education, 1965- 1972. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. "The Second Great Migration." In Motion AAME. Accessed April 9, E1~Ai£-& 2017. http://www.inmotion.org/print. Sulak, Nancy J. "Student Input Depends on the Issue: Wolfson." The Preface (South Bend, IN), Oct. 28, 1971. "If you're white, you're all right; if you're black, stay back," this derogatory saying in an example of what the platform in which seg- Taylor, Orlando. Interdepartmental Communication to the Faculty regation thrived upon.' In the 1960s, all across America there was Council.Sept.9,1968. a movement in which civil rights demonstrations were spurred on by unrest that stemmed from the kind of injustice represented by United States Census Bureau."A Look at the 1940 Census." that saying. Occurrences in the 1960s such as the Civil Rights Move- United States Census Bureau. Last modified 2012. ment displayed a particular kind of umest that was centered around https://www.census.gov/newsroom/cspan/194ocensus/ the matter of equality, especially in regards to African Americans. CSP AN_194oslides. pdf. More specifically, the Sit-in Movement was a division of the Civil Rights Movement. This movement, known as the Sit-in Movement, United States Census Bureau. "Indiana County-Level Census was highly influenced by the characteristics of the Civil Rights Move- Counts, 1900-2010." STATSINDIANA: Indiana's Public ment. Think of the Civil Rights Movement as a tree, the Sit-in Move- Data Utility, nd.
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Civil Rights Activism in Raleigh and Durham, North Carolina, 1960-1963
SUTTELL, BRIAN WILLIAM, Ph.D. Campus to Counter: Civil Rights Activism in Raleigh and Durham, North Carolina, 1960-1963. (2017) Directed by Dr. Charles C. Bolton. 296 pp. This work investigates civil rights activism in Raleigh and Durham, North Carolina, in the early 1960s, especially among students at Shaw University, Saint Augustine’s College (Saint Augustine’s University today), and North Carolina College at Durham (North Carolina Central University today). Their significance in challenging traditional practices in regard to race relations has been underrepresented in the historiography of the civil rights movement. Students from these three historically black schools played a crucial role in bringing about the end of segregation in public accommodations and the reduction of discriminatory hiring practices. While student activists often proceeded from campus to the lunch counters to participate in sit-in demonstrations, their actions also represented a counter to businesspersons and politicians who sought to preserve a segregationist view of Tar Heel hospitality. The research presented in this dissertation demonstrates the ways in which ideas of academic freedom gave additional ideological force to the civil rights movement and helped garner support from students and faculty from the “Research Triangle” schools comprised of North Carolina State College (North Carolina State University today), Duke University, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Many students from both the “Protest Triangle” (my term for the activists at the three historically black schools) and “Research Triangle” schools viewed efforts by local and state politicians to thwart student participation in sit-ins and other forms of protest as a restriction of their academic freedom.
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Congressional Record—House H572
H572 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE January 28, 2020 regulated. Ninety-nine percent of The four young men—Ezell Blair, Jr.; ing Woolworth’s and other establish- Pennsylvania was swept under these David Richmond; Franklin McCain; ments to change their discriminatory overreaching WOTUS regulations. and Joseph McNeil—were students policies. On July 26, 1960, the Wool- In addition to taking away States’ from North Carolina A&T College, now worth’s lunch counter was finally inte- authority to manage water resources, known as North Carolina A&T State grated. Today, the former Woolworth’s the 2015 WOTUS rule expanded the University. I might add that A&T now houses the International Civil Clean Water Act far beyond the law’s State University is now the largest Rights Center and Museum, which fea- historical limits of navigable waters HBCU in the country. tures a restored version of the lunch and the long-held intent of Congress. Mr. Speaker, I would also mention counter where the Greensboro Four Instead of providing much-needed clar- that Congresswoman ALMA ADAMS is a sat. Part of the original counter is on ity to the Clean Water Act, WOTUS graduate of A&T State University and display at the Smithsonian National created even more confusion. served as a college professor across the Museum of American History here in Thankfully, the negative impact of street at Bennett College for more than Washington. WOTUS was brought to an end when 40 years. On Saturday of this week, February the Trump administration repealed it The Greensboro Four students were 1, the museum will commemorate the this past fall.
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NC A&T State University
NC A&T State University State A&T NC 15 WOMEN'S BASKETBALL NNCC A&T StateState UUniversityniversity Throughout the years North Carolina A&T State University’s elite academic programs have led to pioneers in the areas of politics, media, business, engineering, sports the Armed Services. Become an Aggie and watch your goals realized. Whether it is running for president, being an executive for a pro franchise or hosting a popular television show, N.C. A&T offers tremendous opportunities for its student population. N.C. A&T has a lot to offer beyond the typical classroom setting. The large variety of student organizations, intramural sports and leadership opportunities foster excellence and make for an unforgettable and rewarding college experience. Lasting friendships are created through participation in athletics, Greek life, the A&T student newspaper (A&T Register), WNAA 90.1 FM, Blue & Gold Marching Machine, ROTC and much, much more. Unlike other campuses, where students are randomly assigned to residence halls, at N.C. A&T you can choose from 13 different halls including traditional rooms, suites, and two or four bedroom apartments. Currently, more than 4,000 students take advantage of the convenience and community of campus life. INNOVATIVE, CREATIVE AND DEDICATED N.C. A&T is the nation’s No. 1 producer of minorities with degrees in science, mathematics, engineering and technology. Aggieland is the third largest producer of African-American engineers with master’s degrees and it is a leading producer of African-American engineers with doctorate degrees. Females comprise approximately 30 percent of the students in the College of Engineering, thus ranking the college sixth in the country in the percentage of degrees awarded to women.
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A&T Four Box 0002
Inventory of the A&T Four Collection, Box 002 Contact Information Archives and Special Collections F.D. Bluford Library North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC 27411 Telephone: 336-285-4176 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.library.ncat.edu/resources/archives Descriptive Summary Repository F. D. Bluford Library Archives and Special Collections Creator Franklin McCain Ezell Blair, Jr. (Jibreel Khazan) David Richmond, Sr. Joseph Mc Neil Title “A&T Four” Box #2 Language of Materials English Extent 1 archival boxes, 121 items, 1.75 linear feet Abstract The Collection consists Events programs and newspaper articles and editorials commemorating the 1960 sit-ins over the years from 1970s to 2000s. The articles cover how A&T, Greensboro and the nation honor the Four and the sit-in movement and its place in history. They also put it in context of racial relations contemporary with their publication. Administrative Information Restrictions to Access No Restrictions Acquisitions Information Please consult Archives Staff for additional information. Processing Information Processed by James R. Jarrell, April 2005; Edward Lee Love, Fall 2016. Preferred Citation [Identification of Item], in the A&T Four Box 2, Archives and Special Collections, Bluford Library, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC. Copyright Notice North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College owns copyright to this collection. Individuals obtaining materials from Bluford Library are responsible for using the works in conformance with United State Copyright Law as well as any restriction accompanying the materials. Biographical Note On February 1, 1960, NC A&T SU freshmen Franklin McCain, David Richmond, Joseph McNeil, and Ezell Blair (Jibreel Khazan) sat down at the whites only lunch counter at the F.W.
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FEBRUARY ONE Lesson Plan Pbs.Org/Independentlens/Februaryone the Greensboro Sit-Ins: a Continuing Tradition of Nonviolent Protest
FEBRUARY ONE Lesson Plan pbs.org/independentlens/februaryone The Greensboro Sit-Ins: A Continuing Tradition of Nonviolent Protest Grade Levels: 8-12 Estimated time: Four class periods (three if you choose to assign the Assessment activity for homework) Introduction: The Greensboro Four were adamant that their lunch counter protest be nonviolent. They based this philosophy on the teachings of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mahatma Gandhi, who received much of their guidance from the teachings of Jesus as outlined in the Sermon on the Mount in the Bible’s New Testament. The success of their protest has been attributed in large part to its adherence to this nonviolent approach. Students will learn more about the philosophy of nonviolence by reading a sermon given by Dr. King, two passages about Gandhi, and some verses from the Sermon on the Mount. They will view the FEBRUARY ONE program with the goal of learning about the nonviolent approach and seeing how this technique succeeded. They will also read the letter that the Greensboro Four wrote to people who were considering participating in the sit-ins. They will conclude the lesson by imagining that they’re organizing a protest after the sit-ins and writing letters that explain the nonviolent method to people who are considering joining the protest. It would be ideal if students have a general understanding of the Civil Rights Movement before doing this lesson. Lesson Objectives: Students will: • Review some basic information about the Civil Rights Movement. • Watch an excerpt from FEBRUARY ONE which provides a historical background to the Greensboro sit-ins and introduces the protest, and consider what they might do in a situation similar in which the Greensboro students found themselves.
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1960: the Greensboro Sit
1960: The Greensboro Sit Ins When Four students sat down at a lunch counter in Greensboro, N.C., over 50 years ago, they helped re- ignite the Civil Rights Movement By Suzanne Bilyeu It was shortly after four in the afternoon when four college freshmen entered the Woolworth's store in downtown Greensboro, North Carolina. They purchased a few small items—school supplies, toothpaste—and were careful to keep their receipts. Then they sat down at the store's lunch counter and ordered coffee. "I'm sorry," said the waitress. "We don't serve Negroes here." "I beg to differ," said one of the students. He pointed out that the store had just served them—and accepted their money—at a counter just a few feet away. They had the receipts to prove it. A black woman working at the lunch counter scolded the students for trying to stir up trouble, and the store manager asked them to leave. But the four young men sat quietly at the lunch counter until the store closed at 5:30. Ezell Blair Jr., Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, and David Richmond, now known as the "Greensboro Four," were all students at North Carolina A&T (Agricultural and Technical) College, a black college in Greensboro. They were teenagers, barely out of high school. But on that Monday afternoon, Feb. 1, 1960, they started a movement that changed America. A Decade of Protest The Greensboro sit-in 50 years ago, and those that followed, ignited a decade of civil rights protests in the U.S. It was a departure from the approach of the N.A.A.C.P.
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H. Res. 1566 in the House of Representatives, U
H. Res. 1566 In the House of Representatives, U. S., July 30, 2010. Whereas, on February 1, 1960, 4 students, Joseph McNeil, Ezell Blair, Franklin McCain, and David Richmond, at- tending North Carolina Agricultural and Technical Col- lege in Greensboro, North Carolina, walked into Wool- worth’s department store to purchase school supplies and then sat down at the store’s lunch counter for coffee; Whereas they were refused service at the lunch counter and stayed seated at the counter until the store closed; Whereas when they were forced to leave the store, they still had not been served; Whereas these same students recruited other students from Bennett College for Women and Dudley High School, and after a few days of sit-ins, protestors filled almost all 66 places at Greensboro’s Woolworth’s lunch counter, at- tracting the attention of local reporters; Whereas the actions of these 4 North Carolina A&T students sparked a national sit-in movement; Whereas by the end of February 1960, there were nonviolent sit-ins in more than 30 communities in 7 States; Whereas sit-ins spread to Charlotte, Winston-Salem, Dur- ham, Raleigh, Fayetteville, and other cities in North Carolina; 2 Whereas on February 9, students at Smith University in Charlotte, North Carolina, instituted numerous sit-ins with Friendship Junior College students in Rock Hill, South Carolina; Whereas most Charlotte lunch counters and restaurants even- tually integrated their businesses; Whereas North and South Carolina students protested seg- regation in Rock Hill, South Carolina,
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Pomp and Circumstance
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Freedom on the Menu: the Greensboro Sit-Ins Lesson
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February One
February One Documentary Film Study Guide By Rebecca Cerese & Diane Wright Available online at www.newsreel.org Film Synopsis Greensboro, North Carolina, was a fairly typical Southern city in the middle of the 20th Century. The city was certainly segregated, but city officials prided themselves on handling race relations with more civility than many other Southern cities. Ezell Blair, Jr. (who later changed his name to Jibreel Khazan) was the son of an early member of the NAACP, who introduced him to the idea of activism at an early age. Ezell attended segregated Dudley High School, where he befriended Franklin McCain. Franklin, raised in the more racially open city of Washington, DC, was angered by the segregation he encountered in Greensboro. Ezell and Franklin became fast friends with David Richmond, the most popular student at Dudley High. In 1958, Ezell and David heard Martin Luther King, Jr., speak at Bennett College in Greensboro. At the same time, the rapid spread of television was bringing images of oppression and conflict from around the world into their living rooms. Ezell was inspired by the non-violent movement for independence led by Mahatma Gandhi and chilled by the brutal murder of Emmett Till. In the fall of 1959, Ezell, Franklin, and David enrolled in Greensboro’s all-black college, North Carolina A&T State University. Ezell’s roommate was Joseph McNeil, an idealistic young man from New York City. Ezell, Franklin, David, and Joseph became a close-knit group and got together for nightly bull sessions in their dorm rooms. During this time they began to consider challenging the institution of segregation.
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