Generation Unit Basics
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Grid Frequency and Amplitude Control Using DFIG Wind Turbines in a Smart Grid
mathematics Article Grid Frequency and Amplitude Control Using DFIG Wind Turbines in a Smart Grid José Antonio Cortajarena 1,*, Oscar Barambones 2 , Patxi Alkorta 1 and Jon Cortajarena 3 1 Engineering School of Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country, Otaola Hirib. 29, 20600 Eibar, Spain; [email protected] 2 Engineering School of Vitoria, University of the Basque Country, Nieves Cano 12, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; [email protected] 3 Engineering School of Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country, Europa Plaza 1, 20018 Donostia, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-943-033-041 Abstract: Wind-generated energy is a fast-growing source of renewable energy use across the world. A dual-feed induction machine (DFIM) employed in wind generators provides active and reactive, dynamic and static energy support. In this document, the droop control system will be applied to adjust the amplitude and frequency of the grid following the guidelines established for the utility’s smart network supervisor. The wind generator will work with a maximum deloaded power curve, and depending on the reserved active power to compensate the frequency drift, the limit of the reactive power or the variation of the voltage amplitude will be explained. The aim of this paper is to show that the system presented theoretically works correctly on a real platform. The real-time experiments are presented on a test bench based on a 7.5 kW DFIG from Leroy Somer’s commercial machine that is typically used in industrial applications. A synchronous machine that emulates the wind profiles moves the shaft of the DFIG. -
Parametric Regression Applied for Determination of Electrical
energies Article Parametric Regression Applied for Determination of Electrical Parameters of Synchronous and Induction Generators Operating in Parallel on the Electrical Energy Repowering System Alan H. F. Silva 1,2,* , Alana S. Magalhaes 1,2 , Junio S. Bulhoes 1,2, Gabriel A. Wainer 3 and Gevanne P. Furriel 2,4 and Wesley P. Calixto 1,2,3,* 1 Studies and Research in Science and Technology Group (GCITE), Federal Institute of Goias (IFG), Goiania 74055-110, Brazil; [email protected] (A.S.M.); [email protected] (J.S.B.) 2 Electrical, Mechanical & Computer Engineering School (EMC), Federal University of Goias (UFG), Goiania 74605-010, Brazil; [email protected] 3 Visualization, Simulation and Modeling (VSIM), Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; [email protected] 4 Agroindustrial Automation and Precision Agriculture (AutoAgri), Instituto Federal Goiano (IFGoiano), Trindade 75389-269, Brazil * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.H.F.S.); [email protected] (W.P.C.) Citation: Silva, A.H.F.; Magalhaes, Abstract: The purpose of this work is to determine the values of electrical parameters of synchronous A.S.; Bulhoes, J.S.; Wainer, G.A.; and induction machines to validate electrical interactions between an induction generator and a Furriel, G.P.; Calixto, W.P. Parametric synchronous generator. The generators are connected in two ways: (i) isolated from the common Regression Applied for bus and (ii) parallel to the common bus in steady state, subject to nonlinear load. They are old Determination of Electrical and refurbished machines; thus, the parametric regression methodology is used to determine the Parameters of Synchronous and electrical parameter values. -
Circulatic Steam Generator Installation Manual
STEAM GENERATORS CIRCULATIC® STEAM GENERATORS INSTALLATION MANUAL VAPOR POWER INTERNATIONAL 551 S. County Line Rd. Franklin Park, IL 60131 P: 630.694.5500 F: 630.694.2230 VaporPower.com Revised July 2005 Bulletin No. Printed in U.S.A. TWM5-AM-2 CIRCULATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page No. List of Figures ..................................................................................................................2 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................2 1.0 Introduction .....................................................................................................................3 2.0 Lifting and Handling .........................................................................................................4 3.0 Installation .......................................................................................................................8 4.0 Mounting .........................................................................................................................9 5.0 Clearances .................................................................................................................... 10 6.0 Combustion and Ventilation Air Requirements ............................................................... 12 7.0 Stack Installation ........................................................................................................... 13 8.0 Steam Output ............................................................................................................... -
Hurst Boiler & Welding Company, Inc
Hurst Boiler & Welding Company, Inc. P.O. Drawer 530 - Highway 319 North Coolidge, Georgia 31738 877-99HURST – Toll Free 229-346-3545 – Local 229-346-3874 – Fax www.hurstboiler.com SERIES 45 STEAM BOILER (8.5- 813 HP, STEAM 15 psig) SAMPLE SPECIFICATIONS The following sample specifications are provided by Hurst Boiler & Welding Co., Inc. to assist you in meeting your customer's specific needs and application. The sample specifications are typically utilized as the base template for the complete boiler specification. Contact your local Hurst Boiler & Welding Co., Inc. authorized representative for information on special insurance requirements, special code requirements, optional equipment, or general assistance in completing the specification. 1.0 – General Boiler Specifications 1.1 - The Steam Boiler shall be Hurst Boiler & Welding Co., Inc. Series 45, hp designed for 15 psig. The maximum operating pressure shall be psig and the minimum operating pressure shall be psig. 1.2 - The boiler shall have a maximum output of Btu/hr, or horsepower when fired with oil and/or natural gas, Btu/cu-ft. Electrical power available shall be Volt Phase Cycle. 2.0 – Boiler Design 2.1 - The boiler shall be a three-pass wetback horizontal firebox type boiler with four (4) square feet of fireside heating surface per rated boiler horsepower. Furnace volume shall not be less than cubic feet. It shall be mounted on a heavy steel frame with integral forced draft burner and burner controls. The complete packaged boiler approved as a unit by Underwriters Laboratories and shall bear the UL label. 2.2 - The boiler shall be completely preassembled and tested at the factory. -
Self Excited Induction Generator and Municipal Waste Water Based Micro Hydro Power Generation System
IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 2012 Self Excited Induction Generator and Municipal Waste Water Based Micro Hydro Power Generation System R. K. Saket and Lokesh Varshney capacity up to 10 MW is becoming generally accepted as the Abstract—This paper describes an alternative energy source: upper limit of small hydro, although this may be stretched up municipal waste water for micro hydro power generation. to 30 MW in some countries. Small hydro can be further Reuse of municipal waste water can be a stable, inflation proof, subdivided into mini hydro, usually defined as less than economical, reliable and renewable energy source of electricity. 1,000 kW, and micro hydro power system (MHPS) which is A micro hydro photovoltaic hybrid power generation system has been designed, developed and practically verified to provide less than 100kW [1]. Hydroelectric power is the technology reliable energy to suitable load in the campus of the Institute of of generating electric power from the movement of water Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (Uttar through rivers, streams, and tides. Water is fed via a channel Pradesh) India. The hydro potential of the waste water flowing to a turbine where it strikes the turbine blades and causes the through sewage system of the university has been determined shaft to rotate. To generate electricity the rotating shaft is for annual flow duration and daily flow duration curves by connected to a generator which converts the motion of the ordering the recorded water from maximum to minimum flows. Several factors such as design pressure, the roughness of the shaft into electrical energy [2]. -
Analysis of Self Excited Induction Generator for Standalone Micro-Hydro Scheme
ADBU Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (AJEEE) | Volume 2, Issue 2 | September 2018 Analysis of Self Excited Induction Generator for Standalone Micro-Hydro Scheme 1 2 Dinesh Kumar Mallik , Jesif Ahmed 1Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training, Nepal [email protected]* 2School of Technology, Assam Don Bosco University [email protected] Abstract: Most of population which they do not have electricity are living in remote rural areas or off grid, to provide electricity for remote areas is a challenging task which require a huge investment and infrastructure, it is therefore convenient to provide them with decentralized energy system like distributed generation or hybrid system etc. utilizing the available renewable energy. This paper presents study results about the dynamic analysis of self-excited induction generator for micro-hydro power plant in which generation is carried out by the use of self-excited induction generator (SEIG). It can be a very effective solution to the power shortage in the hilly regions of developing countries, like Nepal, Bhutan etc. It is more economical than other possible electric power sources, because it requires simple design and semi-skilled persons; local manufacturers can manufacture the components. SEIG is becoming more and more popular, mainly due to its low cost, simple construction, robustness of its rotor design and low maintenance requirements. When Induction motor is used as a generator, the major problem is its terminal voltage fluctuation at varying load and varying speeds. To predict the dynamic behavior of SEIG driven by a constant torque from micro-hydro turbine is carried out by using MATLAB/SIMULINK under different loading conditions. -
Excitation and Control of a High-Speed Induction Generator
Excitation and Control of a High-Speed Induction Generator by Steven Carl Englebretson S.B., Colorado School of Mines (Dec 2002) Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY September 2005 @ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MMV. All rights reserved. A uth or .............................. .. ....... I/.. .. ................. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science August 26, 2005 Certified by ....... .... .............. /1 James L. Kirtley Jr. Professor of Electrical Engineering I Thesis Supervisor Accepted by....................... .............. ............ Arthur C. Smith Chairman, Department Committee on Graduate Students MASSACHUSETTS INSIT=EU OF TECHNOLOGY BARKER MAR 2 8"2006 LIBRARIES - 11 - I Excitation and Control of a High-Speed Induction Generator by Steven Carl Englebretson Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science on August 26, 2005, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Abstract This project investigates the use of a high speed, squirrel cage induction generator and power converter for producing DC electrical power onboard ships and submarines. Potential advantages of high speed induction generators include smaller size and weight, increased durability, and decreased cost and maintenance. Unfortunately, induction generators require a "supply of reactive power" to run and suffer from variation in output voltage and frequency with any changes to the input reactive power excitation, mechanical drive speed, and load. A power converter can resolve some of these issues by circulating the changing reactive power demanded by the generator while simultaneously controlling the stator frequency to adjust the machine slip and manage the real output power. -
Conventional Steam
DECEMBER 2019 Application Solutions Guide CONVENTIONAL STEAM Experience In Motion 1 Application Solutions Guide — The Global Combined Cycle Landscape TABLE OF CONTENTS THE GLOBAL CONVENTIONAL STEAM POWER FLOWSERVE PRODUCTS IN CONVENTIONAL PLANT LANDSCAPE . 3 STEAM POWER . 16 A Closer Look at Conventional Steam Conventional Steam Applications Power Technology . 5 Overview . 16 Basics . 5 Pumps for Conventional Steam Plants . 18 Plant Configurations and Sizes . 7 Valves for Conventional Steam Plants . 24 Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) . 8 Actuators for Conventional Steam Plants . 30 Conventional Steam Project Models . 11 Seals for Conventional Power Plants . 31 Seals for Wet Limestone Flue Gas THE CONVENTIONAL STEAM POWER- Desulfurization . 33 FLOWSERVE INTERFACE . 13 Business Impact and Focus Areas . 13 COMMUNICATING OUR VALUE . 34 The Big Picture . 13 Innovative Ways Flowserve Addresses The Flowserve Fit in Conventional Customer Challenges . 34 Steam Power . 13 APPENDIX . 35 PRODUCTS FOR STEAM POWER — Flowserve Value Proposition in Conventional Steam . 35 AT A GLANCE . 14 Sub-critical Versus Supercritical Pumps . 14 Power Plant . 36 Valves . 14 Reheat . 37 Seals . 14 Terminology . 38 Estimated Values by Plant Size . 15 Acronyms . 39 2 Application Solutions Guide — Conventional Steam THE GLOBAL CONVENTIONAL STEAM POWER PLANT LANDSCAPE Thermal power generation involves the conversion Combined cycle plants have become the preferred of heat energy into electric power. Fossil fuel power technology for gas-fired power generation for several plants as well as nuclear, biomass, geothermal reasons. The USC plant takes 40 to 50 months to and concentrated solar power (CSP) plants are all build; a combined cycle plant can be built in 20 to examples of thermal power generation. -
Island Operation with Induction Generators
CODEN:LUTEDX/(TEIE-1059)/1-149/(2009) Island Operation with Induction Generators Fault Analysis and Protection Francesco Sulla Department of Measurement Technology and Industrial Electrical Engineering Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation Lund University Island Operation with Induction Generators Fault Analysis and Protection Francesco Sulla Licentiate Thesis Department of Measurement Technology and Industrial Electrical Engineering 2009 Department of Measurement Technology and Industrial Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Lund University Box 118 221 00 LUND SWEDEN http://www.iea.lth.se ISBN:978-91-88934-51-2 CODEN: LUTEDX/(TEIE-1059)/1-149/(2009) © Francesco Sulla, 2009 Printed in Sweden by Media-Tryck, Lund University Lund 2009 We cannot solve problems with the same thinking we used when we created them A. Einstein iii Abstract Following major blackouts all over the world, in recent years power supply reliability has become a very important issue. Important decisions at political level have pushed many electricity Distribution Network Operators to start major activities striving for improved supply reliability. At the same time, electrical distribution networks are facing a small revolution. Having been mainly passive networks without generation capability for very long time, they are increasingly becoming active networks with considerable amount of local small-scale generation, so called distributed generation. The increasing trend for distributed generation is favored also by environmental policies. Among other benefits of distributed generation, it also opens new opportunities for improving power supply reliability. Theoretically, distributed generators are suitable to supply electricity to a certain amount of customers located in their vicinity and disconnected from the major grid, that is in island operation. -
Generation Unit Basics Power System Elements
Power System Elements Generation Unit Basics PJM State & Member Training Dept. PJM©2018 10/2/2018 Objectives • Provide an overview of: ‒ Major components of a Generator ‒ Excitation ‒ Governor Control ‒ Rotational Speed ‒ Generator limitations ‒ VAR/voltage relationship ‒ MW’s and Power Angle PJM©2018 2 10/2/2018 Basic Operating Principles • Electromagnetic induction is the principle used for a generator to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy • D.C. excitation is applied to the rotor field winding producing a magnetic field ‒ Output voltage and VAR flow are controlled by changing the strength of the magnetic field • The field winding (rotor) spins, at synchronous speed, within the armature windings (stator) providing relative motion between the magnetic field and the stationary conductor windings (stator) ‒ A.C. output voltage is induced in the stator armature windings • The changing polarity of the rotor produces the alternating characteristics of the current PJM©2018 3 10/2/2018 PJM©2018 4 10/2/2018 A.C. Generator Components • Rotating Magnetic Field (Rotor) • Series of Stationary Conductors (Stator) • Source of D.C. Voltage (Exciter) PJM©2018 5 10/2/2018 Rotor • The generated voltage is proportional to the: ‒ Strength of the magnetic field ‒ Number of coils and number of windings on each coil ‒ Speed at which the rotor turns • Rotor winding is a multi-coil, single circuit, energized with DC power fed through the shaft from the collector rings ‒ The rotor is a low voltage, low power circuit; a major factor in building a generator -
Ships Heat Generation Plant Heat Generation Plant Heat
SHIPS HEAT GENERATION PLANT Boilers Water Treatment 2014.07.14 Pag |1 - 94 REPORT: ALVARO SARDINHA BOILERS WATER TREATMENT MARINE ENGINEER DATE: 2014.07.14 [email protected] INDEX 1. Introduction 2. BoilerBoilerssss water treatment ––– three factors 3. Boilers water fundamental knowledge 444.4. Ships heat generation plant 555.5. BoilerBoilerss water treatment 666.6. Main problems in boilers caused by water 777.7. Unex boilerboilerssss water recommendations 888.8. Lessons learned 999.9. Water chemistry terms Pag |2 - 94 REPORT: ALVARO SARDINHA BOILERS WATER TREATMENT MARINE ENGINEER DATE: 2014.07.14 [email protected] 1. INTRODUCTION If boilers water doesn’t receive proper treatment, the boiler will suffer from carryover, sludging, scale and corrosion, leading to weak and dangerous machinery. Long before the boiler fails, water-related problems will cause: ● Growing safety hazard ● Increased maintenance cost ● Additional fuel required - higher energy costs ● Lower boiler efficiency Correct boiler water treatment and follow-up of the water and steam condition, are of utmost importance for keeping the heat generation systems in good condition. By implementing a rigorous program of boiler water treatment, a vessel can greatly extend equipment life, reduce maintenance and enable thermal efficiency to be maintained at the designed level. The present report characterizes a ship heat generation system, its water treatment procedures and maintenance required. The main objective is to document the system and to establish optimal and standard operation processes. It is also an important piece of digital information, part of the ship information system, shareable and available for present and future crews, and a helpful tool to support company management. -
PREFERRED INSTRUMENTS a Division of Preferred Utilities Manufacturing Corporation SYSTEM OVERVIEW
• Control VFDs to Save Electricity • Communicate Important Plant Information • Improve Water Quality and Extend Boiler Life PREFERRED INSTRUMENTS A Division of Preferred Utilities Manufacturing Corporation SYSTEM OVERVIEW The Preferred Feedwater Center Control System Boiler feedwater control systems are often the most archaic controls in the steam plant. Poor boiler waterside control contributes to scaling, corrosion, and eventually hot spots and tube failures. The Preferred Feedwater Center is designed to improve the control of boiler feedwater by modulating up to four feedwater pumps and three transfer pumps. Deaerator temperature, level, and chemical pumps are controlled to improve boiler feedwater quality. Local feedwater monitoring is available by LCD keypad, or optional 10” color touch screen. Remote monitoring is available by RS232 Modbus, or Modbus over Ethernet if the touch screen is purchased. “Combustion Technology Since 1920” Preferred Instruments has been in business continuously since 1920. Located in Danbury Connecticut, our products are proudly made and supported in the United States of America. Our staff of service engineers, field service technicians, and service trained sales engineers are dedicated to making all of your projects a major success. FEEDWATER CENTER BENEFITS ENSURE CONSISTENT FEEDWATER TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE MAINTAIN PROPER OXYGEN REMOVAL AT ALL FIRING RATES INTEGRATED MODEM FOR OFF-SITE MONITORING FIELD ADJUSTABLE PARAMETERS PLUG-IN OPTION BOARDS AVAILABLE FOR INSTANT FIELD UPGRADES Deaerator Control • Ensures a steady flow of properly treated boiler feedwater by precisely controlling deaerator temperature, pressure, and level. • Secure a continuous supply of make up water to the deaerator by controlling surge tank level. • Deaerator control allows the user to minimize deaerator venting and boiler blowdown and improve plant efficiency.