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Analysis of Self Excited Induction Generator for Standalone Micro-Hydro Scheme

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Analysis of Self Excited Induction Generator for Standalone Micro-Hydro Scheme ADBU Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (AJEEE) | Volume 2, Issue 2 | September 2018 Analysis of Self Excited Induction Generator for Standalone Micro-Hydro Scheme 1 2 Dinesh Kumar Mallik , Jesif Ahmed 1Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training, Nepal [email protected]* 2School of Technology, Assam Don Bosco University [email protected] Abstract: Most of population which they do not have electricity are living in remote rural areas or off grid, to provide electricity for remote areas is a challenging task which require a huge investment and infrastructure, it is therefore convenient to provide them with decentralized energy system like distributed generation or hybrid system etc. utilizing the available renewable energy. This paper presents study results about the dynamic analysis of self-excited induction generator for micro-hydro power plant in which generation is carried out by the use of self-excited induction generator (SEIG). It can be a very effective solution to the power shortage in the hilly regions of developing countries, like Nepal, Bhutan etc. It is more economical than other possible electric power sources, because it requires simple design and semi-skilled persons; local manufacturers can manufacture the components. SEIG is becoming more and more popular, mainly due to its low cost, simple construction, robustness of its rotor design and low maintenance requirements. When Induction motor is used as a generator, the major problem is its terminal voltage fluctuation at varying load and varying speeds. To predict the dynamic behavior of SEIG driven by a constant torque from micro-hydro turbine is carried out by using MATLAB/SIMULINK under different loading conditions. The model has been developed using “SimPowerSystem” library from MATLAB to perform the simulation. Keywords: Induction Generator, Induction Motor, SFIG, Electronic load controller, dump load, SVC, Hydro-turbine, MATLAB SIMULINK 1. Introduction Previously synchronous generator dominate the generation of electricity but induction generator The increasing concern toward environmental emerge and become more applicable in the field of problems (global warming which is caused by renewable energy because of their relative emission of green house gases), the depletion of advantages over the synchronous generator, the fossil fuel, the oil prices uncertainty, growing induction generator is rugged can with stand rough energy demand and the need for low generation condition, brushless, low cost, and low cost has led to look for an alternatives and maintenance and operation cost, self-protected sustainable source of energy by harnessing against short-circuit, and it is capable of generating abundance renewable energy which is available in power at various range of speed, it require external the nature such as wind, solar, biogas, micro, mini, source for excitation to generate a rotating and small hydro, at this time the generation of magnetic field, the required reactive power for electricity has been mainly dominated by excitation can be supplied from the grid in this conventional sources such as Thermal, Nuclear mode known as grid connected induction generator, etc.to meet the growing demand for energy and or it can be supplied by a capacitor connected to the also to electrify the remote areas where the stator terminal in this mode it is known as self- extension of grid is not economical and unfeasible excited induction generator [2]. [1,2]. When an induction machine is driven by Wind and hydro systems requires electro- prime-mover (water turbine or wind turbine) to mechanical energy conversion system to convert speed higher than synchronous speed in negative the kinetic energy available in water as for hydro sleep the induction machine can operate as system or kinetic energy available in wind as for generator mode. When capacitors are connected wind system to rotational mechanical energy across stator terminal it can operate in self-excited through prime mover to drive the generator which mode [4-8]. is couple with the prime mover directly or indirectly through coupling arrangement to produce Minimum excitation capacitors required electricity [3]. for excitation can be calculated by analytical method [9,10], Fuzzy Logic approach [11], nodal www.tinyurl.com/ajeee-adbu | ISSN: 2582-0257 Page | 22 ADBU Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (AJEEE) | www.tinyurl.com/ajeee-adbu admittance method, loop analysis method and L-C generator is controlled by the magnitude of the resonance method [12-14,15]. excitation current [20]. The major drawback of using self-excited 3. Developed Scheme induction generator (SEIG) in micro-hydro power plant is its terminal voltage and frequency In this model, 3-phase induction motor is rotated by fluctuation at varying loads and speed. Frequency water turbine which rotates at constant speed. A can be controlled by using converter and inverter fixed capacitor bank is connected across IG whereas terminal voltage can be controlled by terminals in star or delta (for 3-Φ output) or C-2C adjusting the value of excitation capacitors (for 1- Φ output) manner. A capacitor bank is used connected in stator terminals of SEIG and its speed to supply the VAR demanded by the IG for [16-19]. excitation. 2. Working of Induction Generator Generally for micro-hydro power plant impulse turbine is used. Pelton turbine and cross- An induction generator or asynchronous flow turbines are categorized under impulse turbine generator is a type of alternating current which is used for high head and low discharge and (AC) electrical generator that uses the principles water inlet and outlet is radially. To minimize the of induction motors to produce power. Mostly cost of MHPP, generally cross-flow turbine is used Induction generators are used to generate the power because it can be made locally. in small scale. Generally to reduce the installation cost of micro-hydro power plant or wind power plant Induction generator is used. The working principle of Induction Generator (IG) is same as that of induction Motor (IM). When three phase supply is fed to the IM, a RMF (Rotating Magnetic Field) is produced which rotates at the speed of 120f synchronous speed (N = , Where ‘ N ’ is s P s synchronous speed in rpm, ‘f’ is frequency in Hz Fig. 1: Block diagram of proposed mole and ‘P’ is no. of poles). When RMF is passed over the static rotor, current is induced which cause The output power of hydro turbine can be rotor flux, the polarity of rotor flux is opposite to estimated by using the potential equation. For 4 the RMF and hence rotor drags behind the RMF KW of generation assumed data’s are shown in and rotates in the same direction as RMF rotates. table 1 below. The Induction motor normally turns slightly lesser Table 1: Turbine input parameters than synchronous speed, hence sleep (s) is developed. Net Flow Turbine Power (P) = head rate efficienc , watt The difference between synchronous 3 (H) (Q) y (η) = 1000 Kg/m푯 ∗ 푸 ∗ speed (Ns) and rotor speed (Nr) is so called slip and (in m) (m3/sec.) 흆 = ∗ 품9.81 ∗ 휼 m/sec2 it is expressed in percentage (%). 흆 5 0.1 0.85 품 4169 % ( ) = × 100 -------------------- (1) 푁푠 −푁푟 푆푙푖푝 푆If rotor푁푠 is rotated at more than 4. Modeling of self-excited Induction synchronous speed (Ns) by using prime- mover Generator (SEIG) (water turbine) the slip will become –ve and the rotor current is generated in the opposite direction. The d-q axes equivalent circuit diagram of self This generated rotor current produces the RMF in excite induction generator (SEIG) is shown in the rotor which push back on to the stator field. figures 2(a) and 2(b) below. This causes a stator voltage which pushes current flowing out of the stator windings against the applied voltage. Thus it will work as an induction generator. As the rotor speed is increased above the synchronous speed, the induced voltage and the current in the rotor bars and the stator coils will increase as the relative speed between the rotor and the stator's rotating field and hence the slip increases. This in turn will require a higher torque Fig. 2(a): d-axis circuit of SEIG to maintain the rotation. The output voltage of the Mallik et al., AJEEE, ISSN: 2582-0257, Vol. 2, Issue 2, Sept. 2018, pp. 22-31 | Page | 23 ADBU Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (AJEEE) | www.tinyurl.com/ajeee-adbu By multiplying equation (5) by the base angular frequency ( ) on both sides, the equation (5) can be written as: 휔푏 = + + ∅푑푠 = 푋푙푠 푖푑푠 +푋푚 푖푑푠 +푖푑푟 ∅푑푟 =푋푙푟 푖푑푟 +푋푚 푖푑푠 푖 푑푟 ----------- (6) Fig. 2(b): q-axis equivalent circuit of SEIG ∅푑푚 = 푋푚 푖푑푠+ 푖푑푟 + To analysis the d-q equivalent circuit of ∅푞푠 = 푋푙푠 푖푞푠 +푋푚 푖푞푠 +푖푞푟 three phase induction generator, it is more convenient to convert the inductances into ∅푞푟 =푋푙푟 푖푞푟 +푋푚 푖푞푠 푖 푞푟 reactances to simplify the circuits. Let the base 푞푚 푚 푞푠 푞푟 angular speed in rad/sec, Substituting∅ 푋 푖 the value푖 of and in , 푏 휔 and , 푑푚 푞푚 푑푠 = 2 ; = ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅푑푟 = ∅푞푠 + 푏 = 푠 ; 푙푠 = 푏 푙푠 -------- (2) ------------- (7) 휔 휋푓 푋 휔 퐿 푑푠 = 푙푠 푑푠 + 푑푚 1 1 1 1 ∅ 푋 푖 ∅ 푋푙푟 = 휔푏 퐿푙푟+ +푋푚 휔푏 퐿푚 ∅푑푟 = 푋푙푟 푖푑푟 + ∅푑푚 푙푚 푙푠 푙푟 푚 ------------- (8) 푋 푋 푋 푋 ∅푞푠 = 푋푙푠 푖푞푠 +∅푞푚 And the flux linkage can also be changed as follows: ∅From푞푟 the푋푙푟 푖equation푞푟 ∅푞푚 (7} and (8), current equations can be obtained as: = ; = ; = ; = = ; = ----------- (3) ---- (9) ∅푑푠 휔푏 휆푑푠 ∅푞푠 휔푏 휆푞푠 ∅푑푠 −∅푑푚 ∅푑푟 −∅푑푚 푑푠 푑푟 푑푟 푏 푑푟 푞푟 푏 푞푟 푖 푋푙푠 푖 푋푙푟 ∅Where,휔 휆 ∅ 휔 휆 = ; = , , = base, stator and rotor angular ∅푞푠 −∅푞푚 ∅푞푟 −∅푞푚 speed (rad/sec.) 푖푞푠 푋푙푠 푖푞푟 푋푙푟 휔푏 휔푠 휔푟 Substituting the current equation (9) to find , .
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