FINAL PROSPECTING REPORT

PORTION 4 & A PORTION OF PORTION 2 OF THE FARM ELANDSFONTEIN 349 NEAR HOPEFIELD

Prepared for:

HERITAGE WESTERN CAPE

Applicant:

ELANDSFONTEIN EXPLORATION AND MINING (PTY) LTD Att: Mr Philip Le Roux 314 Starfish Way Melkbosstrand E-mail: [email protected]

By

Jonathan Kaplan Agency for Cultural Resource Management 5 Stuart Road Rondebosch 7700 Ph/Fax: 021 685 7589 Mobile: 082 321 0172 E-mail: [email protected]

OCTOBER 2014

Final prospecting report, proposed mining on Ptn 4 & Ptn of Ptn 2 of Elandsfontein 349

Table of contents

Page

1. INTRODUCTION 2

2. THE PROPOSAL 2

3. THE STUDY SITE 5

4. HERITAGE CONTEXT 5 4.1 Archaeology 5 4.2 Palaeontology 6

5. PROSPECTING 7 5.1 2013 Prospecting programme 7 5.2 2014 Prospecting programme 8 5.3 Grain size analysis 9

6. OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 11 6.1 Mio-Pleistocene 11 6.2 Pleistocene 12

7. CONCLUSIONS 13

8. REFERENCES 13

Appendix I. Braun, D. 2013. Impact Assessment Report of mining on Pleistocene archaeology and palaeontology, Portion 4 and 2 of Elandsfontein Farm 349, Western Cape. Unpublished report prepared for Elandsfontein Exploration and Mining (Pty) Ltd. Archaeology Department, University of .

Appendix II. Roberts, D. & Braun, D. R. 2014. Report on the Survey of Drilling Areas at Elandsfontein Farm (349). Unpublished report.

Appendix III. Pepler, B. 2014a. Palaeontological suggestion for the EEM Phosphate Mine at Elandsfontein. Unpublished report.

Appendix IV. Pepler, B. 2014b. Grain size analysis from the Elandsfontein Phosphate Project. Unpublished report.

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Final prospecting report, proposed mining on Ptn 4 & Ptn of Ptn 2 of Elandsfontein 349

1. INTRODUCTION

This report describes the results of prospecting activities undertaken on Portion 4 and a Portion of Portion 2 of the Farm Elandsfontein No. 349 near Langebaan in the Sandveld region of the Western Cape (Figure 1).

The aim of the report is to enable (HWC) to inform on the studies required for a Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) for proposed mining operations on the affected landholdings.

Proposed mining on Farm 349 is subject to an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process that is currently being undertaken by Braaf Environmental Consultants.

The HIA forms part of the EIA process.

A HIA is a prerequisite for a mining right application within the proposed mining area.

The report fulfils some of the requirements contained in a Heritage Agreement signed between the Provincial Heritage Authority (i.e. HWC), and Elandsfontein Exploration Mining (Pty) Ltd, in January 2014.

Figure 1. Locality map indicating the proposed mining application area (hatched polygon).

2. THE PROPOSAL

The applicant, Elandsfontein Exploration Mining (Pty) Ltd (EEM), is currently in the process of applying for a mining right licence on Portion 4 and a Portion of Portion 2 of Farm 349. The resource to be mined is phosphate, which is used mainly for the production of chemical fertilizer. A drilling programme undertaken by SAMANCOR in the 1980s on Farm 349/4

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Final prospecting report, proposed mining on Ptn 4 & Ptn of Ptn 2 of Elandsfontein 349

established that significant high grade deposits occur across this portion of the farm (Braaf 2014; Pepler 2010).

The proposed mining and activity area (i. e. pit & plant) is estimated at between 500 - 550ha in extent and includes associated infrastructure such as a storm water dam, concentrator, mine buildings (e.g. workshops, offices, training centre, laboratory), processing plant, conveyor from pit to plant, and internal gravel roads (Figures 2 & 3).

The proposed method of mining is open pit strip mining using a combination of truck and shovel, and conveyor belts to extract the phosphate ore. No blasting will be done. The current mine plan is based on strips with widths of 50m x 750m long. Top soil and over- burden will be transported from the pit via a mobile conveyor network and stockpiled, while the processed ore will be hauled by conventional trucks to the Port of , for shipment overseas. Associated activities include a 9km long tarred access road from the R45/Hopefield Road to the plant site, as well as a 132kV overhead powerline. The proposed access road from the R45 will follow existing servitudes/farm road tracks. An EIA for the overhead powerline will be subject to a separate process.

The proposed mine area is located about 2 kms west of the famous `Elandsfontein Fossil Site’ which is known for producing Middle Stone Age (MSA) Pleistocene tools with associated fauna (bone) more than 200 000 years old (Goodwin 1953; Klein 1988; Braun & Archer 2010). The `Saldanha’ or `Hopefield Man’ skullcap from the fossil site is the oldest known human in the Cape, with a date between 700 000 and 400 000 years ago (Drennan 1953, 1954; Singer & Wymer 1968).

Early Stone Age (ESA) tools more than 1 million years old have also been found on the ancient fossil floors (or palaeosoils), exposed by wind erosion. The fossil site is only one of a few localities in that preserves both archaeological and organic remains (bones) in an open air context (Braun 2014, 2013). Dr David Braun from the University of Cape Town, who currently holds the excavation permit for the Fossil Site has described the area as `one of the richest sites of its kind in Africa’ (Bluff & Hart 2010:10).

The Fossil Site (on Portion 2 of Farm 349) is protected under Section 35 of the National Heritage Resources Act (Act No. 29 of 1999).

An application to nominate the Fossil Site a Grade 2, Provincial Heritage Site (PHS) is in the process of being finalized1.

HWC are naturally concerned that proposed mining activities may impact negatively on buried, Pleistocene archaeological heritage, as well as on Mio-Pliocene (5 million year old) palaeontological heritage at greater depths.

A co-operative Heritage Agreement signed in January, 2014 between HWC and the applicant (EEM) `recognises the national and international significance of the Elandsfontein Fossil Site’, and `agrees on procedures to be followed in the event of prospecting being approved by HWC…’

1 Heritage Western Cape, Provincial Heritage Site Nomination Form (Draft), 21 February, 2014

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Final prospecting report, proposed mining on Ptn 4 & Ptn of Ptn 2 of Elandsfontein 349

Fossil site

Figure 2. Portion 4 and Portion of Portion 2 of Farm 349. Footprint area for proposed mining and infrastructure Note: The powerline & proposed access road to the mine site from the R45 is not shown

Figure 3. Conceptual layout plan of mine application area.

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Final prospecting report, proposed mining on Ptn 4 & Ptn of Ptn 2 of Elandsfontein 349

3. THE STUDY SITE

Farm 349 is located about 100 kms northwest of Cape Town, on the /West Coast Road. The Langebaan Lagoon lies, roughly 7kms southwest of the site. Access to the farm is via a board on the R27 marked `Elandsfontein’, about 10kms before the turnoff to Langebaan.

The proposed mining area is flat and undulating, with a few isolated outcroppings of calcrete occurring on low dunes. There are no significant landscape features on the proposed development site. The proposed mining area is covered with very dense natural vegetation (mainly Saldanha Flat Strandveld & Hopefield Sand Fynbos), including some invasive species, and underlain by soft, loose windblown sands of the Witzand Formation (Figure 4). While there is very little surface stone covering the study site, nodules of calcrete occur in places. Most of the surrounding land use is game farming and large tracts of undeveloped agricultural land. There are no springs, pans, streams, or any other seasonal or permanent sources of water within the proposed application area. Some disturbance occurs but is mainly confined to moderate grazing and basic infrastructure (roads & fencing).

Figure 4. View facing north west over the proposed application area. The photograph was taken from the trig beacon. Fragmented shellfish occurs on the calcrete covered kopje in the foreground.

4. HERITAGE CONTEXT

4.1 Archaeology

The history of scientific research at Elandsfontein spans more than 60 years, with the initial survey of fossil and archaeological material taking place in the 1950s (Braun et al 2013). Internationally, it is one of the most recognised Pleistocene heritage sites in South Africa. The `Elandsfontein Fossil Beds’ are of global scientific importance (Pether 2013). The fossil site is only one of a few localities in South Africa that preserves both archaeological and organic remains (bones) in an in situ (open air) context, allowing archaeologists a unique opportunity to study the evolution of early modern humans and how they interacted with their environment more than 200 000 years ago (Braun 2014, 2013). New observations at the site indicate that the main assemblage at Elandsfontein may now be as old as ~1 million years (Braun 2014; Braun et al 2013).

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Final prospecting report, proposed mining on Ptn 4 & Ptn of Ptn 2 of Elandsfontein 349

The context of fossil bones and artefacts in aeolian sands is well-illustrated by the `Elandsfontein Fossil Beds’ which include a sparse bone content in the uppermost Langebaan Formation, and a more persistent bone and artefact content in the overlying Springfontyn Formation sediments (Braun 2014; Braun & Roberts 2014, & refer to Figure 5).

Current research suggests that if this ancient landscape extends outside of the (now stable) dunefield, that any artefacts or fossils recovered from it will be patchily distributed (Braun et al 2013), but that if fossils are encountered, they will likely be `numerous and densely concentrated’ (Braun 2013:5).

While little is known about the Later Stone Age (LSA) Holocene archaeology in the area, Kaplan (2011) recorded relatively large numbers of microlithic LSA silcrete and quartz stone flakes on a limestone ridge on Farm 349, alongside the Eskom servitude that runs between the Fossil Site, and the proposed mining area. Orton (2007) identified a single LSA flake on Farm 349/6.

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of fossil horizon at the Stone Age Fossil Site (Braun & Roberts 2014).

In 2010 the Archaeology Contracts Office was commissioned by EEM to undertake a Heritage Scoping Study for proposed prospecting on Farm 349 (Bluff & Hart 2010). The report highlighted the potential importance of the property in terms of its Pleistocene archaeology, as well as its Mio-Pliocene palaeontology. A full HIA was recommended at the time, which was requested by HWC2.

In July 2013, an archaeological survey of the proposed mining application area was undertaken by J. Plasket (2013), who logged a handful of MSA flakes, fossil bone and coprolites. The study, however, was severely constrained by dense vegetation cover, resulting in poor archaeological visibility. It was also unclear how much of the proposed mine area was covered during the survey, as no track paths were captured.

4.2 Palaeontology

A PIA3 - desktop study of proposed mining operations on Farm 349 by Pether (2013) addressed the palaeontological sensitivity of the stratigraphic sections below the near- surface fossiliferous deposits, viz. the Langebaan and Varswater Formations. It is the

2 Heritage Western Cape letter dated 06 October, 2010. Unique Case ID:562 3 Palaeontological Impact Assessment

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Final prospecting report, proposed mining on Ptn 4 & Ptn of Ptn 2 of Elandsfontein 349 calcareous Langebaan Formation sediments that contain much of the archaeological and fossil remains which have been encountered at the nearby Elandsfontein Fossil Site (Singer & Wymer 1968). The high fossil potential of the Langebaan Formation is therefore well known, and according to Pether (2013), most of Farm 349 is underlain by this formation.

Pether (2013), however, notes that it is generally not possible to predict the buried fossil content of an area other than in general terms, based on what has been previously observed of the fossil content of a particular formation in a particular area. But, as he argues, there is ample information (more than 100 scientific papers for the region have been published), to predict with some probability, the impact of a proposed mining operation on sub-surface palaeontological heritage.

In the coastal-plain deposits of the Langebaan Formation, for example, the important fossil bone material is generally sparsely scattered and unless large and obvious, is not generally seen, underestimating the fossil prevalence. Much depends on careful scrutiny of exposures and on spotting this material as it is uncovered during mining; i.e. by monitoring excavations.

While the high fossil potential of the Langebaan Formation is therefore well known, the pre- Langebaan Formation (i. e. the Varswater Formation) phosphatic aeolianites (the target area for mining), have an unproven, `but strong potential’ to yield fossil remains additional to the known marine microfossil content, such as land snails and micro mammals (Pether 2013:36). The Varswater Formation at (the old Samancor Chemfos Mine/West Coast Fossil Park), for example, is highly fossiliferous, containing the world’s densest known concentration of Pliocene vertebrate fossils, about 5 million years old (Roberts et al 2011).

According to Pether (2013), preservation of cores from the phosphate prospecting programme, including subsampling of selected intervals, sample disaggregation, sieving and macro - and optical microscopic inspection, may yield interesting observations and inform further investigations.

5 PROSPECTING

5.1 2013 Prospecting programme

In order to determine the grade quality and extent of the sub surface phosphate deposits on Portion 4 and Portion of Portion 2 of Farm 349, EEM embarked on a prospecting drilling programme in 2013. Prospecting was designed to cover an area about 350 ha in extent with the drilling of boreholes over a 400m grid (Figure 6). Prospecting entailed drilling to a depth of between 30 and 50m, and the coring of samples at between 1.0 and 2.0 m intervals.

In its response to an application (by EEM) in 2010, for a Prospecting Right on Farm 349, HWC requested that a full HIA must be done, including a report on the results of monitoring and an inspection of the drill cores for fossils.

Following a Stop Works Order issued by HWC in 2013, ACRM was subsequently commissioned by EEM to inspect the surface area around 17 proposed drilling sites, for any archaeological heritage.

A field assessment of the proposed drilling sites took place in July 2013. A single MSA silcrete flake was encountered (Kaplan 2013).

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Final prospecting report, proposed mining on Ptn 4 & Ptn of Ptn 2 of Elandsfontein 349

Figure 6. Elandsfontein Farm 349: Proposed drilling sites

5.2 2014 Prospecting programme

A preliminary assessment of potential Mio-Pliocene fossils was done with the drilling of 40 diamond core exploration boreholes within the proposed mining application area at Elandsfontein (Braaf 2014 & Figure 7). The boreholes recovered a full sedimentary sequence from the Varswater Formation but no visible, fossil material was observed in any of the borehole cores recovered (Pepler 2014a; Roberts & Braun 2014).

Roberts (2014:2) noted, that `the deposits that the drilling is passing through have a distinctly different nature to those that have been identified in the fossiliferous areas. The deposits that overlie the prospecting area do not include some of the characteristic pedogenic features that have been documented at the Elandsfontein fossil locality’. And, importantly, `the geological contact between the Pleistocene beds and the much younger overlying strata cannot be discerned in any of the current cores’ (in Roberts & Braun 2014:3). Admittedly, the boreholes only represent a small diameter sample over a large area, and the absence of fossils in the drilling cores therefore cannot be seen as conclusive (Pepler 2014a).

Dave Roberts of the Council for Geoscience, who is also part of the Elandsfontein Stone Age Research Group (or SARG), suggested that if the (fossil rich) Upper Pedogenic Sands (UPS) unit does exist in the sequence near the drilling operation, that it likely sits at the interface between the younger dune deposits, and the much older lithified Neogene strata below it (refer to Figure 5). Roberts noted that the current drilling method is the use of air drilling through to the Neogene strata, and as such it is not possible to identify the contact between the Neogene strata and the overlying Pleistocene beds as the contacts are destroyed by the drilling process (Braun & Roberts 2014).

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Final prospecting report, proposed mining on Ptn 4 & Ptn of Ptn 2 of Elandsfontein 349

5.3 Grain size analysis

A grain size analyses was undertaken on 25 sand samples obtained from a number of geological sequences that were intersected during exploration drilling at Elandsfontein (Pepler 2014b). In addition, some sand samples were also collected with a hand auger from the dunefield fossil area, for comparison with the Elandsfontein sedimentary units.

Samples were collected from material that represents a “typical unit” according to the geological subdivisions that were implemented during the logging, and description of the sequence during the core logging process (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Geological units at the Elandsfontein Phosphate Project (Pepler 2014b)

Eighteen samples that are representative of the Elandsfontein Phosphate Project were collected from the following boreholes (Figure 8).

EM037: Units B+C, D, E and F.

EM014: Units A, B+C, D, E, F, G and H.

EM001: Units A, B, D, E, F and G

EM006: Unit H

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Final prospecting report, proposed mining on Ptn 4 & Ptn of Ptn 2 of Elandsfontein 349

Figure 8. Location of exploration boreholes on Elandsfontein (Pepler 2014b)

Pepler (2014b) notes that the results of the grain size analysis indicate that the modern dunefield in which the fossil layer occur, have a different grain size distribution to all the geological units that were drilled during the exploration program (refer to Figure 9).

Figure 9. Comparison of the modern dune sand and individual units that are seen as typical for the proposed mine site (Pepler 2014b)

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Final prospecting report, proposed mining on Ptn 4 & Ptn of Ptn 2 of Elandsfontein 349

Previous analyses had suggested that the fossiliferous sediments in the dunefield at Elandsfontein have a specific signature in terms of the distribution of different grain sizes (Braun et al 2013). Subsequently, the sediments recovered from the hand augurs were collected near the northern part of the dunefield. This area is characterized by a thin horizon of the modern active dune sand horizon and then a subsequent iron rich horizon that directly overlies the fossiliferous horizon. This horizon is indicated as the `brown sand’ horizon in Figure 5. These sediments, according to David Braun (pers. comm.), are similar to the 2013 season palaeontological excavations (refer to Figure 10). Based on the comparisons between the 2013 palaeontological excavation and the auger section (Figure 9), it appears that the sediments found at the dunefield are not found in any of the current boreholes. This does not mean that the fossiliferous horizon is completely absent in the prospecting area. However, it dramatically reduces the likelihood that the fossiliferous horizon appears in a similar fashion as that recovered from the dunefield (David Braun pers. comm.).

Figure 10. Comparison of section from hand augur collected in the northern part of the dunefield to the closest palaeontological excavation. Tentative correlations between the augur section and the palaeontological excavation is provided (section redrawn from Braun et al 2013). Co-ordinates for the palaeontological excavations are provided in decimal degrees WGS 84.

6 OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

6.1 Mio-Pleistocene

Mio-Pleistocene (± 5 million years old) vertebrates are known from the historical phosphate mining of the Varswater Formation sediments near Langebaanweg, some 18 kms to the north of the proposed mining application area (Roberts et al 2011). None of these fossils have, however, to date been located or confirmed on the Elandsfontein property (Pepler 2014a). In contrast to the near surface Pleistocene deposits of the Elandsfontein dunefield, the Mio-Pleistocene fossils are located at depths of between 25 to 55 m below the current land surface.

The presence of fossils in the Varswater Formation sediments at Elandsfontein can therefore only be confirmed by deep excavations and the removal of substantial overburden material. Pether (2013:36) maintains that there is indeed `strong potential’ for deep excavations to yield Mio-Pleistocene fossil vertebrates, including land snails and micro mammals.

A unique, possibly `once in a lifetime’ opportunity, thus presents itself with the opening of the first box-cut when mining operations (are due to) commence. This will provide a continuous sidewall exposure over a distance of 1600 m through the geological sequence, from the soft, loose sands of the Witzand Formation, down to the base of the Varswater Formation, including both the Pleistocene and Mio-Pliocene time frames.

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Final prospecting report, proposed mining on Ptn 4 & Ptn of Ptn 2 of Elandsfontein 349

Figure 11 illustrates the initial box-cut that is planned at Elandsfontein. Pepler (2014a) advises that strategies should be developed in advance of mining activities, to collect and record as much information as possible relating to the presence of possible Mio-Pliocene vertebrates, as well as information relating to historical sea-level changes and climatic conditions. Another significance of these types of coastal deposits, of increasing importance to date, is in the evaluation of geohazards and evidence of earth tremors (Pether pers. comm.).

6.2 Pleistocene

Because of the shallow depths of the known Pleistocene fossils, some assessment of these sediments can be done prior to mining excavations commencing. Pepler (2014a:6) argues that it is possible that the Witzand Formation and calcretized aeolian sands of the Langebaan Formation might correlate with the different fossilized sequences in the nearby dunefield. Such sediments appear to correlate with the presence of artefacts and vertebrate fossils within the dunefield area. Pepler (2014a) notes that the calcretized sand sequence in the mining area occurs at north-south trending outcrops with sequences of younger, unconsolidated, sand accumulations present within the lower relief areas between the outcrops. Since these sediments occur at a shallow depth their presence could then be investigated within the proposed mining area, by means of hand augur boreholes and/or shallow excavations (refer to Figure 8).

Although the surface assessment of the mine area encountered little archaeological heritage (Kaplan 2013; Plasket 2013), Pepler (2014a) suggests that the outcroppings of calcretized sand should be inspected in more detail for vertebrate fossils, or fossil indicators (Braun et al 2013).

Figure 11. Proposed pre-implementation mitigation in the mining application area (Pepler 2014a).

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Final prospecting report, proposed mining on Ptn 4 & Ptn of Ptn 2 of Elandsfontein 349

7. CONCLUSIONS

No visible, fossil remains were observed in any of the borehole cores recovered from the proposed mining area, although the absence of fossils in the drilling cores cannot be seen as conclusive.

Roberts and Braun (2014) have argued that the geological contact between the Pleistocene beds and the much younger overlying strata could not be discerned in the current cores.

According to Roberts and Braun (2014), the deposits that overlie the prospecting area do not include the characteristic pedogenic features that have been documented at the Elandsfontein fossil locality.

The results of the grain size analysis appear to support this contention.

8. REFERENCES

Bluff, K.C., & Hart, T. 2010. Heritage Scoping Study for the proposed prospecting programme on the Farm Elandsfontein 349, West Coast of South Africa. Report prepared for Recht Investments (Pty) Ltd. Archaeology Contracts Office, University of Cape Town.

Braaf, O. 2014. Environmental Management Programme, Portion 4 of the Farm Elandsfontein N. 349 and a Portion of Portion 2 of the Farm Elandsfontein 349, Malmesbury RD, Western Cape Province. Report prepared for Elandsfontein Exploration Mining (Pty) Ltd. Braaf Environmental Consultants.

Braun, D. 2014. Report on mining impact on Pleistocene archaeology and palaeontology – Portion 4 and 2 of Elandsfontein Farm 349, Western Cape. Unpublished report.

Braun, D. 2013. Impact Assessment Report of mining on Pleistocene archaeology and palaeontology, Portion 4 and 2 of Elandsfontein Farm 349, Western Cape. Unpublished report prepared for Elandsfontein Exploration and Mining (Pty) Ltd. Archaeology Department, University of Cape Town.

Braun, D.R., Levin, N.E., Stynder, D, Herries, A.I.R., Archer, W., Forrest, F., Roberts, D.L., Bishop, L.C., Matthews, T., Lehmann, S.B., Pickering, R. & Fitzsimmons, K.E. 2013. Mid- Pleistocene hominin occupation at Elandsfontein, Western Cape, South Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews 82: 145-166.

Braun, D., & Archer, W. 2010. Variability in bifacial technology at Elandsfontein, Western Cape, South Africa: A geometric, morphometric approach. Journal of Archaeological Sciences 317:201-209.

Drennan, M. R. 1953. The Saldanha Skull and its associations. Nature 172:791-793.

Drennan, M. R. 1954. Saldanha Man and his associations. American Anthropologist, New Series 56:879-884.

Goodwin, A.J.H. 1953. Hopefield: The site and the man. South African Archaeological Bulletin 8:41-46.

Kaplan, J. 2013. Report on an archaeological assessment of 17 proposed drilling sites for the proposed prospecting for phosphate on Portion 4 and 2 of the Farm Elandsfontyn 349,

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Final prospecting report, proposed mining on Ptn 4 & Ptn of Ptn 2 of Elandsfontein 349 near Hopefield, Western Cape. Report prepared for Elandsfontein Exploration & Mining Limited. Agency for Cultural Resource Management. Cape Town

Kaplan, J. 2011. Heritage Impact Assessment the proposed Langefontein Wind Energy Farm near . Report prepared for Kwe Khoa IPP (Pty) Ltd. Agency for Cultural Resource Management. Cape Town.

Klein, 1988. The archaeological significance of animal bones from Acheulean sites in southern Africa. African Archaeological Review 6:3-26

Orton, J. 2007. Archaeological Impact Assessment for proposed prospecting on Portion 6 of Farm 349, Elandsfontein, Hopefield Magisterial District, Western Cape. Report prepared for Amathemba Environmental Management Consulting cc. Archaeology Contracts Office, University of Cape Town.

Pepler, B. 2014a. Palaeontological suggestion the EEM Phosphate Mine at Elandsfontein. Unpublished report.

Pepler, B. 2014b. Grain size analysis from the Elandsfontein Phosphate Project. Unpublished report.

Pepler, B. 2010. The strategic significance of the Elandsfontein sedimentary phosphate deposit. Report prepared for AMARI Resources.

Pether, J. 2013. Palaeontological (desk top) assessment, proposed mining for phosphate on Portions 4 and 2 of the Farm Elandsfontyn 349 near Hopefield, Western Cape. Report prepared for Elandsfontein Exploration and Mining Limited.

Plasket, J. 2013. Pre-drilling surface survey report. Report prepared for Elandsfontein Exploration and Mining Limited.

Roberts, D. & Braun, D. R. 2014. Report on the Survey of Drilling Areas at Elandsfontein Farm (349). Unpublished report.

Roberts, D.L., Mathews, T., Herries A.I.R., Boulter, C., Scott, L., Dondo, C., Mtembi, P., Browning, C., Smith, R.M.H., Haarhoff, P. & Bateman, M.D. 2011. Regional and global context of the Late Cenozoic Langebaanweg (LBW) palaeontological site: West Coast of South Africa. Earth-Science Reviews 106:191-214

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Final prospecting report, proposed mining on Ptn 4 & Ptn of Ptn 2 of Elandsfontein 349

Appendices I - IV

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