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Italy (Italia)

Recent history The Italian Republic was established in 1946, after the collapse of ’s Fascist government during World

War II. Throughout the , Italian was dominated by the Christian on and the Socialist and Communist Parties on . There were frequent changes of government and Prime Minister, although the parties involved changed little. This situation was transformed in the early 1990s following a major scandal which involved many leading politicians and led to the collapse of the main political parties of the post-war period – the Christian Democrats and the Socialists. Under a new electoral system, referred to as the Second Republic, new parties emerged and the Italian political landscape was transformed. One new political force was a coalition of centre-left parties which governed from 1996-2001 under Prime Ministers , Massimo D’Alema and . A centre-left government in 2007, led by Mr Prodi, lost a Senate vote on account of its . The most significant change under the new electoral system was the emergence of a new centre-right coalition led by and his Forza HowItalia Party. does This helda General power from Election 1994-96 and againactually from 2001 work?-06. Silvio Berlusconi returned to power for the third time in 2008, but amid the soaring national debt crisis and following his inability to The UK is a liberal democracy. This means that we democratically elect politicians, who secure a majority result on the budget, he resigned in November 2011. then led a caretaker government until December 2012. Electionsrepresent in February our 2013 interests. were Itinconclusive, also involves with that no individual parties securing rights are a protected.majority. , of the centre-left Democratic Party, was named Prime Minister in April and formed a coalition government with Party. FollowingThe type tensions of liberal between democracy Letta weand have current is a Primeconstitutional Minister monarchy, Matteo Renz wheri, Democratice the powers of Party members voted in favourthe of monarchRenzi’s call are for limited a new by government the terms andin February conditions 2014. put down in the constitution.

Unemployment rate Public budget deficit/surplus GDP per capita in PPS (2015) -2 (2013) 13% 99 100 9.8% The UK has-3 a parliamentary system of democratic governance. Unlike presidential and semi-presidential-4 systems, there is an interconnection between the legislative (law- making) and executive (law-enforcing) branches of governmentEU in a parliamentary -5 system. In the UK, this means that the executive (consisting of the Queen and the Italy EU governments-6 of England, Scotland, and )Italy is accountableEU to the 2011 2012 2013 2014 legislature or Parliament (House of Commons, House of Lords and devolved Assemblies in

Current government Wales and Northern Ireland). Italy is a parliamentary republic. Executive power rests with the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. They present proposals to the Parliament andAppointed issue decrees. Prime TheMinister Head (or of chancellor)State is the asPresident, Head of currentlyGovernment Sergio and Mattarella, a monarch who (or has a mainly ceremonial role, and ceremonialis seen as representing president) as political Head of unity. State. The President is elected by an electoral college for terms of seven years. The has two chambers – the House of Deputies, which has 630 members, and the Senate, with 315 members. They are elected through a system of proportional representation, although six senators are given life appointments. Italian voters also elect 72 MEPs. Local government in Italy is divided between 20 regions, sub -divided into 100 provinces. There are five regions which have greater to reflect their special cultural identity – Aosta, , -South , and .

First-Past-The-Post

Italy: key facts Members of Parliament in the House of Commons are elected using the first - past -the- post electoral system. Each of the 650 voting constituencies in the UK are represented by an  MP. Capital During the general and most local elections, the candidate with most of the votes becomes Population the local representative. Candidates61 million campaign (2014) door -to-door, hold debates and

publish % manifestos of total EU (comparable population to shopping12 list% of what they are planning to do once  Official language Italian they are in power). Eligible voters, about 46m in the UK, receive their polling card once they registerYear of online, EU accession or they can vote by post.1958 (founding member)  Currency since 1999 Party withSchengen most ofArea the member votes is invited by theYes, Queen since to1997 form a government. If there is no

clear winner,Seats in there European is a Parliament. In73 this case, a minority or coalition government

can be formed. A minority government does not have an overall majority in Parliament. A

© CIVITAS Institute for the Studycoalition of Civil Societygovernment 2015 means that two or more political partiesAuthor: agree Wil to James, share 05/200 power6 in More EU factsheets: www.civitas.org.uk/eu-facts/ Last update: Anna Sonny, 08/2015 Last update: Anna Sonny, 08/2015 government. If that does not work out, new elections may be called.

Italy (Italia)

Italy and the EU Italy has a significant position within the EU. The 1957 founding treaty Italian imports (2014) was signed in Rome and have traditionally been strongly supportive of . It has been argued by some people that Italian support for the EU reflects dissatisfaction with the instability of domestic Italian politics. Italy has been at the forefront of all major steps towards EU integration, including the single market, the Schengen From EU 43% convention and the Euro. states From non-EU 57% However, Italy has occasionally drawn mistrust from its fellow member states states. In 2003, for example, Italy caused dismay amongst some member states when it decided to support the US-led invasion of , which was opposed by FranceHow and . does This a Generalplaced strain uponElection actually work? relations between member states. The UK is a liberal democracy. This means that we democratically elect politicians, who

Furthermore, in the build up torepresent the launch our of interests. the Euro, It there also involves were that individualItalian rights are exports protected. (2014) serious concerns in some quarters that Italy would not be able to meet the convergence criteria set outThe in type the Maastrichtof liberal democracy Treaty (1992) we have is a constitutional monarchy, where the powers of because of high government debt.the monarch Some argued are limited that Italy, by the along terms with and conditions put down in the constitution. its Mediterranean neighbours and , should be left out of the because their economies were not strong enough. More To EU states recently, there has been debate within Italy itself over whether the 45% country should stay in the Eurozone because of economic problems Parliamentary system To non-EU 55% including slow growth and a lack of competitiveness. These problems The UK has a parliamentary system of democratic governance. Unlikestates presidential and became more prominent following the economic downturn, which began in 2008. For other countriessemi- thatpresidential use the systems,Euro, this there is a cause is an interconnectionfor between the legislative (law- serious concern because it couldmaking) result and in the executive collapse (law of -theenforcing) entire branches of government in a parliamentary Euro project. system. In the UK, this means that the executive (consisting of the Queen and the governments of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) is accountable to the

legislature or Parliament (House of Commons, House of Lords and devolved Assemblies in

Facts and figures Wales and Northern Ireland).  Italy is ’s fifth largest economy, with production mainly based in wealthy is far lessAppointed developed, Prime with Minister (or chancellor) as high as as Head 20% ofin Governmentsome areas. Inand 2012, a monarch youth (or un employment reachedceremonial 53% in the president) southern as city Head of Naples of State.

“The most important structural reform is credibility.” First-Past-The-Post , , 2015 Members of Parliament in the House of Commons are elected using the first-past-the- post electoral system. Each of the 650 voting constituencies in the UK are represented by an MP. During the general and most local elections, the candidate with most of the votes Technical Terms becomes the local representative. Candidates campaign door-to-door, hold debates and  Coalition : a formal agreement between political parties to share power in government  PPS: GDP per head is expressedpublish in Purchasing manifestos Power (comparable Standards (PPS) to toshopping eliminate listthe differencesof what they in price are levels planning between to countriesdo once allowing meaningful volumethey comparisons are in power). of GDP between Eligible countries voters, about 46m in the UK, receive their polling card once Links they register online, or they can vote by post.  http://www.governo.it/  http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat Party with most of the votes is invited by the Queen to form a government. If there is no  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2145.html  http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/index_en.htmclear winner, there is a hung Parliament. In this case, a minority or coalition government

can be formed. A minority government does not have an overall majority in Parliament. A © CIVITAS Institute for the Studycoalition of Civil Societygovernment 2015 means that two or more political partiesAuthor: agree Wil to James, share 05/200 power6 in More EU factsheets: www.civitas.org.uk/eugovernment.-facts/ If that does not work out, new elections mayLast be update: called. Anna Sonny, 08/2015 Last update: Anna Sonny, 08/2015