SYSTEMS RESEARCH for AGRICULTURE Innovative Solutions to Complex Challenges by Laurie E
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SYSTEMS RESEARCH FOR AGRICULTURE Innovative Solutions to Complex Challenges By Laurie E. Drinkwater with Diana Friedman and Louise Buck BY LAURIE. E. DRINKWATER WITH DIANA FRIEDMAN AND LOUISE BUCK HANDBOOK13 Systems Research for Agriculture Innovative Solutions to Complex Challenges SARE Handbook Series 13 By Laurie E. Drinkwater with Diana Friedman and Louise Buck Published by the Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program, with funding from the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture. SYSTEMS RESEARCH FOR AGRICULTURE: INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS TO COMPLEX CHALLENGES I This book was published by the Sustainable Agriculture Research The SARE program provides information to everyone, without and Education (SARE) program, under cooperative agreements regard to race, religion, national origin, sex, age, disability, with USDA’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) familial or veteran status. Every effort has been made to make and the University of Maryland under cooperative agreement this publication as complete and as accurate as possible. It is only number 2012-47001-19681. a guide, however, and should be used in conjunction with other information sources. The editors/authors and publisher disclaim To order: any liability, loss or risk, personal or otherwise, which is incurred For online orders visit www.sare.org/WebStore. as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the use and application Call (301) 779-1007 to order by phone with credit card payment. of any of the contents of this publication. Any opinions, findings, To pay by check or purchase order, make payable to Sustainable conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are Agriculture Publications and send to: those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the USDA or SARE. SARE Outreach Publications c/o International Fulfillment Corporation Authors: Laurie E. Drinkwater, Diana Friedman and Louise Buck 3570 Bladensburg Rd. Production Manager: Diana Friedman and Abigail Massey, SARE Brentwood, MD 20722 Copy Editing: Anne Altor, Precision Science Editing Graphic Design: Kirsten Ankers, Citrine Sky Design Cost: Indexing: D’Ann Hamilton-White • $20 for orders of 1-9 books Printing: University of Maryland Printing Services • $15 for 10-24 books (a 25% discount) Printed on paper that is 100 percent post-consumer-waste recycled • $10 for 25 or more books (a 50% discount) and processed chlorine free. Shipping: Cover Photo: Edwin Remsberg • $6.95 for first book (within the United States). Add $2 s/h for Published in 2016. each additional book—up to nine books—shipped within the United States. • For s/h on orders of 10 or more books, call (301) 779-1007 or visit www.sare.org/WebStore. International orders: Call (301) 779-1007 or visit www.sare.org/WebStore. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Drinkwater, Laurie E., author. | Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education (Program) | National Institute of Food and Agriculture (U.S.) Title: Systems research for agriculture: innovative solutions to complex challenges / by Laurie E. Drinkwater; with Diana Friedman and Louise Buck. Other Titles: SARE handbook; 13. Descriptions: College Park [Md.]: Published by the Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) Program, with funding from the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2016. | SARE handbook series; 13 | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2016018714 | ISBN 9781888626162 (pbk.) Subjects: LCSH: Agricultural systems--Research. LCC S494.5.S95 D75 2016 | DDC 630.72--dc23 Classification: LC record available athttps://lccn.loc. gov/2016018714 II SYSTEMS RESEARCH FOR AGRICULTURE: INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS TO COMPLEX CHALLENGES About the Author Laurie Drinkwater is a professor in the School of Integrated Plant Science at Cornell University. She was raised in Key West, Florida and became interested in agriculture while attending graduate school at at the University of California, Davis. Her research focuses on improving the ecological efficiency and sustainability of agricultural systems by studying the mechanisms governing carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous biogeochemistry in agroecosys tems at scales ranging from the rhizosphere, where plant–microbial interactions dominate, to the field and landscape scale, where human interventions strongly influence ecosystem processes. The purpose of this research is to improve the ecological efficiency and sustain ability of agricultural systems. She teaches courses in agroecology, sustainability science and soil ecology. SYSTEMS RESEARCH FOR AGRICULTURE: INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS TO COMPLEX CHALLENGES III About SARE Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) is Over the years, SARE has also funded a handful of full a grant-making and outreach program. Its mission is to ad systems projects, including the Sustainable Agriculture vance—to the whole of American agriculture—innovations Farming Systems Project (SAFS) at the University of Cali that improve profitability, stewardship and quality of life by fornia, Davis (p. 35); the Farming Systems Research Unit at investing in groundbreaking research and education. Since it the Center for Environmental Farming Systems (CEFS) at began in 1988, SARE has funded more than 5,500 projects North Carolina State University (p. 20); and the University around the nation that explore innovations, from rotational of New Hampshire Organic Dairy Farm Agroecosystem grazing to direct marketing to cover crops—and many other Study (p. 76), all of which are featured as case studies in best practices. Administering SARE grants are four region this handbook. (See Table 3.1 on p. 44 for a list of current al councils composed of farmers, ranchers, researchers, agricultural systems projects in the United States, including educators and other local experts. SARE-funded extension ones that have received SARE funding.) However, many professionals in every state and island protectorate serve as proposals received by SARE to study full systems have sustainable agriculture coordinators who run education pro illuminated the fact that, to a large extent, the agricultural grams for agricultural professionals. SARE Outreach pub research community lacks a common definition of agricul lishes practical books, bulletins, online resources and other tural systems research. information for farmers and ranchers. SARE is funded by In response, SARE’s Southern region funded the devel the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Depart opment of an advisory handbook to provide a theoretical ment of Agriculture. For more information, contact: SARE basis for agricultural systems research and also to serve as Outreach, 1122 Patapsco Building, University of Maryland, a user-friendly guide for researchers, farmers, extension College Park, MD 20742-6715; phone (301) 405-7955; fax agents, educators, policymakers and other natural and social (301) 405-7711; [email protected]; www.sare.org. scientists seeking to implement a systems approach to agri cultural research. The result is this handbook, Systems Re- SARE Grants for Systems Research search for Agriculture, which is designed to assist investiga Each SARE region offers a competitive Research and Edu tors in furthering their understanding of agricultural systems cation grant program, which can be used to fund multiyear, research while providing hands-on guidance through the interdisciplinary investigations of agricultural systems. multiple steps needed to implement such a project. Smaller partnership grants are also available, designed to For more information about SARE grant opportunities, encourage agricultural professionals to team up with farmers begin by visiting www.sare.org/grants/apply-for-a-grant or to conduct on-farm research and demonstration projects. contact the appropriate SARE region. Find regional contact From its very beginning, SARE has regularly funded information at www.sare.org/about-sare/staff. projects that focus on various parts of agricultural systems. SARE grantees have studied the benefits of soil-protect Western SARE North Central SARE ing cover crops, alternative methods to broad-spectrum Northeast chemicals such as Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Alaska SARE biological control, and integrating crops and livestock. Considered “alternative” practices two and a half decades ago, IPM, cover cropping and many other approaches that promote sustainability are far more common now and are Guam well integrated into many mainstream agricultural research CNMI Southern projects and operations. This is in large part due to SARE’s SARE long-standing commitment to funding innovative research, Hawaii FSM which alongside changing societal attitudes has led to public PR pressure for a cleaner food supply and environment. AS (size and placement are not to scale) USVI IV SYSTEMS RESEARCH FOR AGRICULTURE: INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS TO COMPLEX CHALLENGES Table of Contents About the Author ......................................................................................................................................................................... iii About SARE .............................................................................................................................................................. iv SARE Grants for Systems Research .............................................................................................................................. iv Preface ...................................................................................................................................................................................