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The Colonial 'Civilizing Process' in Dutch Formosa 1624-1662 Chiu, H.H

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The Colonial 'Civilizing Process' in Dutch Formosa 1624-1662 Chiu, H.H The colonial 'civilizing process' in Dutch Formosa 1624-1662 Chiu, H.H. Citation Chiu, H. H. (2007, May 10). The colonial 'civilizing process' in Dutch Formosa 1624-1662. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11953 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11953 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). THE COLONIAL ‘CIVILIZING PROCESS’ IN DUTCH FORMOSA 1624-1662 Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, prof. mr. P.F. vander Heiden, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op donderdag 10 mei 2007 klokke 15.00 uur door CHIU Hsin-hui geboren te Taipei - Taiwan, in 1967 Promotiecommissie: Promotor: Prof. dr. J.L. Blussé van Oud-Alblas Co-promotor: Prof. dr. Tung Yuan-chao (National Taiwan University, Taiwan) Referent: Prof. dr. J.R. Shepherd (University of Virginia, USA) Overige leden: Prof. dr. F.S. Gaastra Prof. dr. J.G. Oosten Prof. dr. (Peter) Kang Pei-te (National Hualien University of Education) Dr. G.J. Knaap (Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis, Den Haag) Dr. D.E.F. Henley (Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, Leiden) Dit proefschrift werd geschreven in het kader van het TANAP (Towards a New Age of Partnership) Programma gesubsidieerd door NWO en de Universiteit Leiden. Dedicated to my father and mother, Chiu Te-huang and Hsü Su-hsing CONTENTS Acknowledgements viii Abbreviations x Notes on spelling xi Glossary xii Maps xv PART ONE: SCOPE AND SCENE Chapter One: Cross-cultural Encounters, Colonial ‘Civilizing Process’, and Indigenous Agency 3 Lost paradise as the focus of maritime power competition 3 Dutch Formosa in a Chinese setting 5 ‘The Formosans’ and ‘the Age of Aboriginal Taiwan’ 6 The colonial ‘civilizing process’ 8 Representing Formosan agency 12 Structure and themes 15 Chapter Two: Glimpses of ‘Aboriginal Taiwan’ 17 Otherness and the perception of the Formosans 18 Indigenous subsistence and trade 20 Inter-village warfare 23 Local leadership 28 Chinese encroachment 33 PART TWO: EXPANSION AND ENCOUNTER Chapter Three: From Strangers to Overlords 41 Formosan encounter 41 Proof of superiority 43 Formula for war 46 Road to overlordship 48 Contractual bond of feudal vassalage 51 Chapter Four: Depopulation and Diaspora 60 Island of legend 61 Shaping the image of Lamey 61 Relocation 67 vi CONTENTS Struggle for freedom 69 Disagreement between the Dutch authorities 71 The Lameyan diaspora 73 Chapter Five: Expansion for Commodities 77 Northwards in pursuit of Formosan deer products 77 Southwards in pursuit of Formosan gold 84 Chapter Six: Conquest, Contest, and Connection 100 Demise of the Spanish regime 100 Formosan encounters after the Conquest 102 Final blow on the Favorlanghers 106 Weakening of centralized leadership 107 Exploration of Taraboan 111 Expedition to Cavalangh 112 Conquering Quataongh 113 Opening the Tamsuy Route 116 Overland routes from the south to the east 118 Uncovering mysterious Taraboan 120 PART THREE: EMPOWERMENT AND ENTANGLEMENT Chapter Seven: Embodiment of Power 127 Core and frontiers of Dutch Rule 127 The Landdag 129 Local administration 137 ‘Civil interaction’ 143 ‘Sign of loyalty’ 149 Competitive Formosan order 154 Putative Frontiers 159 Chapter Eight: Devouring Prosperity 169 Colonial exploitation and labour relations 169 Trade monopoly 180 Trade on the frontiers 189 Production and consumption in transition 193 Chapter Nine: Convention and Conversion 205 Sirayan religious practices 206 Presence of Dutch Protestant Christianity 214 Facing Formosan Roman Catholics 229 CONTENTS vii Pragmatic conversion 237 PART FOUR: TRANSITION AND RETROSPECTION Chapter Ten: The Formosans in the Colonial ‘Civilizing Process’ 259 The Formosans in the Chinese Conquest 259 ‘Formosan nostalgia’? 262 Exploring images of the Formosan colonial past 268 Appendices 1. Batavia Governors-General and Governors of Formosa, 1624-1662 272 2. Dutch local political administration in Formosa, 1643-1662 273 3. Yearly rent of leased divisions, 1644-1657 275 4. Dutch Protestants and Spanish Dominicans in Formosa, 1626-1662 277 5. Dutch missionaries in Formosa, 1624-1662 278 Bibliography 281 Samenvatting 294 Curriculum vitae 297 List of Tables 7.1 David Wright’s core and Frontiers of Dutch rule, 1630s-1650s 128 7.2 Yearly Schedule of Dutch Formosa 130 7.3 Political-economic time frame of Dutch Rule 131 7.4 Marriage between Lamey women and European men, 1650-1661 148 8.1 Formosan deer-hunting regulation since 1654 197 8.2 Trade goods from Tayouan to Formosa 198 8.3 Foreign objects recorded in the seventeenth-century Siraya language 201 8.4 Drunkenness from the records of the Landdagen 204 9.1 Sirayan deities 207 9.2 Sirayan festivals 209 9.3 Missionary progress among the Siraya, 1631-1639 219 9.4 Missionary progress among the Siraya in 1639 219 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Formosa’s early history has been explored by a few outstanding scholars from Japan, Taiwan, The Netherlands and elsewhere who have laid a solid foundation upon which my own PhD research builds. Without the recent publications and annotated translations of Dutch and Spanish archival manuscripts, this thesis could not have been written. As will be apparent from the footnotes in my study, I feel much indebted to these pioneers. The mores of Leiden University do not allow me to thank the members of doctoral committee, including my two supervisors, but I cannot help thanking all the people who in one way or another were connected to the TANAP Programme which enabled me to carry out my PhD research. The co-ordinator, Dr Henk Niemeijer, and the TANAP secretaries, Ilonka Ooms and Marijke van Wissen-van Staden, as well as the office manager of CNWS (Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies of Leiden University), Ilona Grill-Beumer, provided me with all the institutional facilities I could want. My Dutch language teachers of the Advanced Master’s Program of TANAP/CNWS at Leiden University in 2002 deserve my heartfelt thanks. I have benefited not only from their teaching of early-modern and modern Dutch, but I have also enjoyed exciting historical excursions with Dr Ton Harmsen and his family, Paula, Carmen, and Frits; Yolande Spaans and Theo; René Wezel and Eli. They showed me the way to the Chamber Cities of the VOC, prehistoric sites in Groningen, and to little known locations in my favourite, small old town, Leiden. Dr Hugo s’Jacob showed me the way into the bewildering world of seventeenth-century Dutch handwriting, and his wife, Nanda, provided a family atmosphere nourishing me and some of my classmates with nice food. Prof. Robert Ross taught a brainstorming class on the heuristics of historical texts which on several occasions led to fascinating discussions. I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr D. van Minde of the Department of Languages and Cultures of Southeast Asia and Oceania, with whom I took an elementary course in Bahasa Indonesia. My TANAP comrades from Asia, South Africa, and the Netherlands, have definitely been my closest family in recent years. It is a privilege to list their names and to remember the moments we have shared in the Netherlands as well as in Thailand and Indonesia where I attended TANAP Conferences: Anjana Singh, Mahesh Gopalan, Lin Chiong-hua (and Josephine), Marné Strydom, Ricky Goedeman, Nirmal Devasiri (and Shirani), Muridan Widjojo (and Rila), Sri Margana, Bondan Kanumoyoso (and Fitra), Hoang Anh Tuan (and Thùy Linh); Bhawan Ruangsilp, Kwee Hui Kian (and Eko), Alicia Schrikker (and Job), Liu Yong, Nazli Aziz, Koh Keng We, Atsushi Ota (and Sawaka), Ryuto Shimada (and Soo-yoo); Sher Banu and Aidi, Cha Hsin, Cheng Wei-chung, Binu John Parambil, Ghulam Nadri (and Karuna), Chris Nierstrasz, Ida Indawati Khouw, Yusak Soleiman, and Ali Kavani. Special thanks to Cha Hsin and Cheng Wei-chung for their permission to cite their unpublished papers on Taiwan. Thanks also to my fellow PhD students in the Department of History, Ingrid Cosijn, Damian Pargas, and Andreas Weber for their excellent company. I also express my sincere gratitude to scholars and institutes in my home country, Taiwan. Prof. Chen Kuo-tung of the Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica for his ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix encouragement; Prof. Huang Ying-kuei, the director in the Institute of Ethnology, provided me with research facilities during my short research stays in Taiwan. The ‘Academia Sinica Fellowships for Doctoral Candidates in the Humanities and Social Sciences’ of the Institute of Taiwan History offered me the opportunity to immerse myself in the recent research on Taiwan’s colonial history between July 2005 and June 2006. I wish to thank the director of the Institute, Prof. Hsü Hsüeh-chi and Assistant Research Fellow James Ang Kaim for their assistance. I also greatly appreciated the constructive discussions with Prof. Lin Wei-sheng and Dr Yang Shu-yuan during their sojourns in Leiden. The hospitality of Mrs Chen Jung-chen and Prof. Masayuki Sato, whether in Leiden or in Taiwan, was always appreciated. I am grateful to those scholars who have shown encouraging interest in my research: Prof. Ts’ao Yung-ho, Prof. Chiang Shu-sheng, Drs Pol Heyns, Dr Chan Su-chuan, Dr Chang Lung-chih, Dr George Souza, Dr Nira Wickramasinghe, Dr Ann Heylen, Prof. Leonard Andaya, Prof. Barbara Watson Andaya, and Dr Kees Zandvliet. I feel much indebted to the staffs of the National Archives in The Hague and of the KITLV, the Leiden University Library, the library of the Sinological Institute, the library of the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences of Leiden University, the British Library in London, and finally the libraries of the Institute of Ethnology, the Institute of Taiwan History, the Institute of European and American Studies, and the Kuo Ting-Yee Library all located at the Academia Sinica.
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