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REPTILIA: : cychlura

Catalogue of American Amphibians and .

Iverson, J.B., S.A. Pasachnik, C.R. Knapp, and S.D. Buckner. 2006. Cyclura cychlura.

Cyclura cychlura (Cuvier) Northern Bahamian Rock

Iguana cychlura Cuvier 1829:45. Type-locality, "Ca- roline", restricted to "Andros Island, Bahama Is- lands" by Schwartz and Carey (1977:37). Holo- type, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) 2367, an adult in alcohol collected by F.- L. L'Herminier (date unknown; photographs by R. Bour [MNHN] examined by authors). Cyclura baeolopha Cope 1862:123. Type-locality, "Andros Island, Bahamas". Holotype, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP) 8120 (Malnate 1971), an adult male in alcohol, collect- ed by H.C. Wood, Jr (date unknown; examined by JBI and SAP). Cyclura cyclura: Stejneger 1905:334. Ex errore. Cyclura bzalopha: Ditmars 191 0:69. Ex errore. Cyclura bacolopha: Railliet and Henry 191 2:253. Ex errore. Cyclura inornata Barbour and Noble 1916:151. Type- locality, "U. Cay in Allen's Harbor, near Highborn Cay, Bahamas." Holotype, Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, Harvard Univ. (MCZ) 11062 (Bar- Figure 1. C. c. cychlura (upper), South Andros, Baha- bour and Loveridge 1929), an eviscerated, small mas and C. c. figginsi (lower), Pasture Cay, southern adult female in alcohol, collected by C.J. Maynard Exumas, Bahamas. Photographs by Charles Knapp. on 2 March 1915 (examined by JBI and SAP). Cyclura figginsi Barbour 1923:108. Type-locality, "Bitter Guana Cay, near Great Guana Cay, Exumas Group, Bahama Islands." Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Univ. (MCZ) 17745, a salted skin of an adult collected by A.M. Bailey in April 1923 (examined by JBI and SAP). Cyclura baelopha: Hecht 1 956:1 33. Ex errore. Cyclura baleopha figginisi: Habermalz and Pietzsch 1973:336. Ex errore Cyclura cychlura: Schwartz and Thomas 1975:11 2. First use of present combination. Cyclura cyclhura: Gibbons 1981 :269. Ex errore.

CONTENT. Three weakly defined are Figure 2. C. c. inornata, Leaf Cay, Allen Cays, Baha- generally recognized: Cyclura cychlura cychlura, Cy- mas. Photograph by John Iverson. clura cychlura figginsi, and Cyclura cychlura inornata (Schwartz and Carey 1977, Schwartz and Henderson bordering the frontal scale. First prefrontal almost al- 1991). ways in contact with the precanthal scale. Four to 9 (modally 6) vertical rows of loreals. Nine to 17 (mo- DEFINITION. A medium to large of the dally 16) suboculars to anterior border of tympanum. genus Cyclura, with males reaching 62 cm SVL and Rostral scale always in contact with nasal scales. 128 cm TL, females reaching 57 cm SVL and 11 5 cm Five to 9 (modally 7) sublabials (malars) to level of TL, and hatchlings measuring 8.8 to 10.0 cm SVL. center of eye. One to 4 (modally 1) postmentals. Fe- Three to 7 (modally 5) scale rows between the frontal moral pores in a single row, numbering 33-48. Dorsal and interparietal scales. Azygous scales (modally 1) crest scales between occiput and shoulder number- often present between the four prefrontal scales. ing 13-30; 37-83 (mean = 62) present between Posterior canthal scale enlarged and elongate. shoulder and sacrum; and 10-22 present between Posterior pair of prefrontal scales enlarged and protu- sacrum and first caudal verticil. Total dorsal crest berant in large males. Six to 12 (modally 8) scales scales between occiput and first caudal verticil num- row, 2 of full body), Henderson 2005 (head and body, Knapp (1995a, , whole , and head; 1995b, habitat and full body; 199813, 2 of anterior body in habitat; 1999, head, animal in field, habitat, dorsum of juvenile; 2003, habitat, full body, and head; 2004, adults in habitat; 2005, full body, skull, and head and anterior body), Knapp et al. 2005 (head and anterior body), Larimer and Pasachnik (2002, 5 of full body in habitat, 3 of full body in hand), Malone and Powell (2002, head), Moyroud (1992, full body), Na- yer and Wade (1996, anterior body), and Valiulis et al. (2003, female defending nest, nest sites, anterior body). Black-and-white drawings are in Barbour (1923, top and side of head), Barbour and Noble (1916, top and side of head, tail, and foot), Bendon (1997a,c, 2004a,b, 2005, head; 2000a, dorsal, ven- Figure 3. C. c. figginsi, Pasture Cay, southern Exu- tral and 4 lateral views of head), Burton (2004, top of mas, Bahamas. Photograph by Charles Knapp. head), Schwartz and Carey (1977, top and side of head), and Smith et al. (1990, copy of water color bering 67-11 8 (mean = 96). Dorsal crest scales on from John White; full body, possibly this species). neck always higher than body crest scales. Variable in coloration, but adults (especially males) usually DISTRIBUTION. Cyclura cychlura is found in the with a suffusion of red, orange or pink on the en- northern Bahama Islands, on and around Andros Is- larged scales of the head and the dorsal crest scales. land and on numerous islands in the Exuma Island Background color of body black to dark gray-brown. chain (Schwartz and Henderson 1991, Franz et al. Juveniles generally gray, but with 5-7 pale chevrons 1993, Knapp and Buckner 1998). This species has present dorsally, alternating with dark chevrons. been introduced on several islands in the Exumas [modified from Schwartz and Carey 19771. and off New Providence (Knapp 2001a, 2002, Iver- son and Buckner, unpubl. obs.). DESCRIPTIONS. General descriptions are in Barbour and Noble (1916), Schwartz and Carey (1977), and Alberts (2000).

ILLUSTRATIONS. Color photographs are in Al- berts (2000, head and anterior body of each subspe- cies, juvenile), Bendon (199713, 2000b, head), Bosch (1991, anterior body and 3 of head), Blair (1994, 3 of head and body), Breen (1974, head and anterior body), Carey (1976, full body and head), Carey et al. (2001, head and anterior body of each subspecies, juvenile, 2 of habitat), Ehrig (1994, full body in habi- tat; 2000, head), Fuhri (2000, head), lverson et al. (2004a, aerial of habitat), Knapp (1995b, head; 1998b, full body in habitat; 2001 b, head; 2002, ante- rior body in hand; 2005, full body, and head and ante- rior body), Obst et al. (1988, head and anterior body), Sealey et al. (2002, full body in habitat, head and anterior body, and head), and Wright (1996, head and anterior body). Color drawings are in Bendon (1998, head). Black-and-white photographs are in Alberts Map. Distribution of Cyclura cychlura. Circles indicate (2004, adults basking on beach), Auffenberg (1976, type localities, and dots mark other records. entire animal), Bailey (1925, habitat, adult and sub- adult in habitat), Barbour and Noble (1916, top and FOSSIL RECORD. No fossils are known, but the side of head), Bendon (1994, head; 2000a, 3 of identity of fossils recovered from New Providence heads, 3 of anterior body; 2000c, 2 of head), Binns Island (Etheridge 1966, Campbell 1978, Pregill 1982) (2004, head of each subspecies), Buden (1981, head has yet to be investigated. and anterior body), Ditmars (191 0, lateral head and shoulders), Ehrig (1991, full body, and anterior body; PERTINENT LITERATURE. General works in- 1992,2 of habitat; 2000, anterior body in habitat, 2 of clude Carey 1976, Coenen 1995, lverson 2000, Iver- full body, 5 of heads; 2002, adult in habitat), Ehrig son and Mamula 1989, lverson et al. 2004a,b, and and Moyroud (1992a,b, 3 of full body in habitat), Schwartz and Carey (1977). Other topics are anato- Franz et al. (1996, head and anterior body), Furn- my and morphology (Blob 2000, Burton 2004, Car- weger (1999, head), Gutman (2000, head, tail, bur- ter and Hayes 2004, de Quieroz 1987, Etheridge 1965, Fitch 1981, Gundy and Wurst 1976, lverson, name inornata is from the Latin "inornatus", meaning 1980, 1982, lverson and Mamula 1989, Knapp undecorated or not beautiful, presumably a compari- 1988a, 2001a, Knapp and Owens 2005b, and Pregill son between the only specimen available to the au- 1981, 1986); behavior (Carey 1975, Carey et al. thor (a dull-colored female) and the large, striking 2001, Carpenter 1982, Knapp 2000a,b, 2001a, Mur- male specimens available for C.C. cychlura (then C. phy 1969, Ord and Blumstein 2002, Ord et al. 2002, baeolopha). Weldon et al. 1993, Wilcox et al. 1973, and Windrow 1977); captive husbandry (Bosch 1991, Bowler COMMENT. Molecular analyses by Malone et al. 1977, Carey 1973, Ehrig 1993, Habermalz and Piet- (2000, 2003) suggest that C.C. figginsi is paraphylet- zsch 1973, Murphy 1969, Noegel 1989, Slavens and ic with respect to C.C. inornata. Further morphological Slavens 1994, 1998, Snider and Bowler 1992, and studies are needed to determine the phylogenetic Villers 2000); conservation (Alberts 2000,2004, Auf- relationships among the Exuma populations of C. cy- fenberg 1975, 1976, Blair 1991, Burghardt and Rand chlura, and hence to clarify the subspecific . 1982, Buckner and Blair 2000, Hudson and Alberts 2004, lverson 2000, Knapp 1999,2000b, 2004,2005, 1. Cyclura cychlura cychlura (Cuvier) Knapp and Hudson 2004, Knapp et al. 1999, Malone Andros lguana 2000, Malone and Davis 2004, Malone et al. 2003, Pianka and Vitt 2003, and Westerman 1953); ecolo- lguana cychlura Cuvier 1829:45. See species syn- gy and natural history (Auffenberg 1982, Bailey onymy. 1925, Ehrig and Moyroud 1992a, Hines et al. 2002, Cyclura baeolopha Cope 1862:123. See species syn- lverson 1979, lverson et al. 2004a, 2005, Knapp onymy. 1995a, 1999, 2000a,b, 2001a, Knapp and Owens Cyclura baelopha: Hecht 1956: 133. Ex errore. 2004, 2005a,b, Knapp et al. 1999, 2004, 2005, Cyclura baealopha baealopha: Murphy 1969:39. Ex Moyroud and Ehrig 1996, Rabb and Hayden 1957, errore. Wilcox et al. 1973, and Windrow 1977); parasites Cyclura cychlura cychlura: Schwartz and Thomas (Durden and Knapp 2005, Geue and Lijschner 2002, 1975:112. First use of present combination. Leidy 1890, and Walton 1927); phylogeny and sys- Cyclura carinata baeolopha: Auffenberg 1975:3. tematics (Burton 2004, Cope 1886, Crother 1999, de Lapsus. Queiroz 1982, Hollingsworth 1998, Knapp 1999, Cyclura cychlura cyclura: Bendon 1997a:59. Ex Knapp and Malone 2003, Malone 2000, Malone and errore. Davis 2004, Malone and Powell 2002, Malone et al. 2000, 2003, Martins and Lamont 1998, Rassman DEFINITION. Frontal scale usually separated from 1997, Rassmann et al. 2004, and Wiens and Holl- posterior prefrontals by 2 scale rows. Usually no ingsworth 2000); physiology (Frye et al. 1999, scales (range 0 to 4) in suture between the four pre- Pough 1973, Simpson et al. 1982; reproduction (Ca- frontal scales. Typically 2 small scales present be- rey 1975, Hayes et al. 2004, lverson 1979, Knapp tween the large, elongate, posterior canthal scale and 2000b, 2005, Knapp and Malone 2003, Knapp et al. the precanthal scale. Accessory scales usually pres- 1999,2004,2005, and Wiewandt 1982). The species ent between the infralabial and sublabial (malar) is included in the following checklists and similar scale rows. Usually only one postmental scale pres- compendia: Barbour 1904, 1914, 1930, 1935, 1937, ent. Rostrum light colored, yellow to orange in adult Bendon 1994,20OOa, Blair 1991, 1994, Buden 1981, males. Total dorsal crest scales range from 84-108 Campbell 1978, Cope 1885,1887, Dodd 2003, Ehrig (mean = 96.5). Color of at least prefrontals, dorsal 1991, 2000, Ehrig and Moyroud 1992b, Etheridge spines, malar scales, and other enlarged head scales 1960, 1982, Frank and Ramus 1995, Franz et al. orange to red. Modal number of colic valves eight. 1993, Gutman 2000, Hollingsworth 2004, Honegger 1979, Knapp 1996,1998b, 2003, Lang 1989, Larimer 2. Cyclura cychlura figginsi Barbour and Pasachnik 2002, MacLean et al. 1977, Man: Exuma lguana 1958, Pianka and Vitt 2003, Powell et al. 1996, Schmidt 1936, Schwartz and Henderson 1985,1988, Cyclura figginsi Barbour 1923: 108. See species syn- 1991, Schwartz and Thomas 1975, Stejneger 1905, and Valiulis et al. 2003. onymy. Cyclura baelopha figginsi: Hecht 1956:133. Cyclura baealopha figginsi: Murphy 1969:39. Ex ETYMOLOGY. The name cychlura is from the errore. Greek KYKLOS,meaning a circle, and ouu, mean- Cyclura baleopha figginisi: Habermalz and Pietzsch ing tail, in reference to the round tail characteristic of 1973:336. Ex errore. this species and this genus. The different spellings of Cyclura cychlura figginsi: Schwartz and Thomas the genus and species names were apparently inten- 1975:112. First use of present combination. tional by the respective authors. The subspecific Cyclura cychlura figgensi: lverson 1980:85. Ex name figginsi is a patronym honoring J.D. Figgins, errore. former Director of the Colorado Museum of Natural Cyclura cyclhura figginsi: Gibbons 1981:269. Ex History in Denver, who authorized the expedition dur- errore. ing which the type specimens were collected. The Cyclura cyclura figginsi: Knapp and Buckner 1998: 51. Ex errore. -. 1923. Another new Bahamian iguana. Proc. New England Zool. Club 8:107-109. DEFINITION. Frontal scale usually separated from -. 1930. A list of the Antillean reptiles and amphib- posterior prefrontals by 3 scale rows. Typically one ians. Zoologica (N.Y.) 11 :61-116. scale (range 0 to 8) in suture between the 4 prefrontal -. 1935. A second list of Antillean reptiles and amphi- scales. Usually no small scales present between the bians. Zoologica (N.Y.) 19:77-141. large, elongate, posterior canthal scale and the pre- -. 1937. Third list of Antillean reptiles and amphib- canthal. Accessory scales usually absent between ians. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 82:77-166. the infralabial and sublabial (malar) scale rows. Only - and A. Loveridge. 1929. Typical reptiles and am- one postmental scale usually present. Rostrum dark phibians in the Museum of Comparative Zoijlogy. brown to dark gray, even in adult males. Total dorsal Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 69:205-360. crest scales range from 67-118 (mean 93). Color of - and G.K. Noble. 1916. A revision of the of at least prefrontals, dorsal spines, malar scales, and the genus Cyclura. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 60: other enlarged head scales red to orange. Modal 137-1 64, PI. 1-15. number of colic valves seven. Bendon, J. 1994. The beast of Andros - My two years of cohabitation with a Cycluran iguana. lguana 3. Cyclura cychlura inornata Barbour and Noble Times: Newsl. Intl. lguana Soc. 3(1):16-18. Allen Cays lguana -. 1997a. Cyclura cychlura cyclura. lguana Times: J. Intl. lguana Soc. 6(3):59. Cyclura inornata Barbour and Noble 1916:151. See -. 1997b. Cover photo. lguana Times: Newsl. Intl. species synonymy. lguana Soc. 6(3):back cover. Cyclura cychlura inornata: Schwartz and Thomas -. 1997c. Cyclura cychlura cychlura. lguana Times: 1975:112. First use of present combination. Newsl. Intl. lguana Soc. 6(4):88. -. 1998. Cover illustration, lguana Times: Newsl. Intl. DEFINITION. Frontal scale usually separated from lguana Soc. 7(4):back cover. posterior prefrontals by 4 scale rows. Usually one -. 2000a. Where is the beast of Andros? lguana scale (range 1 to 5) in suture between the 4 prefrontal Times: Newsl. Intl. lguana Soc. 8(1):7- 15. scales. Two small scales typically present between -. 2000b. Cover photo. lguana Times: Newsl. Intl. the large, elongate, posterior canthal scale and the lguana Soc. 8(3):front cover. precanthal. Accessory scales usually present be- -. 2000c. Andros Island lguana update: 2001. lguana tween the infralabial and sublabial (malar) scale Times: Newsl. Intl. lguana Soc. 8(4):8-10. rows. Two postmental scales usually present. Ros- -. 2004a. Andros Island Iguana, Cyclura cychlura trum black to brownish black, even in large males. cychlura, p. 193. 1nA.C. Alberts, R.L. Carter, W.K. Total dorsal crest scales range from 82-110 (mean = Hayes, and E.P. Martins (eds.), : Biology 104.5). Color of at least prefrontals, dorsal spines, and Conservation. Univ. California Press, Berke- malar scales, and other enlarged head scales cream ley. to pink to red. Modal number of colic valves seven. -. 2004b. Cyclura cychlura inornata. Herpetol. Monogr. (18):cover. LITERATURE CITED -. 2005. Cyclura cychlura cychlura (Andros Island Iguana. Herpetol. Rev. 36:351. Alberts, A.C. (ed.). 2000. West lndian Iguanas: Status Binns, J. 2004. Estimated population sizes of wild Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, rock iguana (Cyclura) populations. lguana 11 : Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 212. -. 2004. Conservation strategies for West lndian Blair, D.W. 1991. West lndian Rock Iguanas: their Rock lguanas (genus Cyclura): current efforts and status in the wild and efforts to breed them in cap- future directions. lguana 11 :213-223. tivity, p. 55-66. In R.E. Staub (ed.), Captive Prop- Auffenberg, W. 1975. The Dragon Isles: West lndian agation and Husbandry of Reptiles and Amphi- Rock Iguanas. Bahamas Nat. 1:2-7. bians. Northern California Herpetol. Spec. Publ. -. 1976. Bahamas Rock Iguanas, part two. Bahamas (6). Nat. 2:9-16. -. 1994. 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