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Hunting Effects on the Ungulate Species in Calakmul Forest, Mexico

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Hunting Effects on the Ungulate Species in Calakmul Forest, Mexico HUNTING EFFECTS ON THE UNGULATE SPECIES IN CALAKMUL FOREST, MEXICO By RAFAEL ANGEL REYNA-HURTADO A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2002 Copyright 2002 by Rafael Angel Reyna-Hurtado To Edith who shared with me the joy of living in Calakmul, among simple and lovely people. To my parents who taught me to love nature and simple things and who always worked hard to see their sons happy. To Maria Jose whose brief existence makes us stronger than before. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply grateful to my advisor, George Tanner, for his constant support and his confidence in me. He helped me from the early stages of this study through to the painful editing. He also went to Mexico and spent several days at my study site. I really appreciate the time he devoted to this project; this study could not have been completed without his help. The members of my supervisory committee, Dr. Jose M. V. Fragoso (who traveled a long distance to attend my final examination) and Dr. Madan K. Oli, improved and enriched the document with their experience and deep knowledge. Eduardo Naranjo and Manuel Weber read the manuscript and their opinions were very appreciated. Eddie Ellis assisted me in the GIS analysis and Dr. Ken Portier gave excellent advice on the statistical analyses. Gerardo Garcia-Gil provided the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve map used for this study. Edith Rojas-Flores assisted me with the interviews in Xbonil ejido. I was lucky to work with four exceptional field guides, especially Ernesto Gutíerrez (“Changuis”) and Hector Arias (“Pola”), from Zoh Laguna and Nuevo Becal ejidos, respectively. They accompanied me in a wide array of circumstances from the early stages of my fieldwork, when a bicycle was the main transportation system, to the later days, when, fortunately, a car substituted it. Epifanio Montuy and Mario Rojas y Silverio Duarte were also exceptional people who accompanied me during the fieldwork in the Calakmul Reserve and in Xbonil and 20 de Noviembre ejidos. To these five iv persons goes my deep acknowledgement for sharing with me their knowledge acquired during their entire life in the forests of Calakmul. The mayors of the three ejidos gave permission to enter their lands and conduct the fieldwork; also they provided me useful data on the history and the social components of their ejidos. José de la Gala, the Director of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, and his personnel were very kind in giving permission to enter the Reserve and allowing me to use the facilities in Calakmul. Workers from the INAH (National Institute of the History and Anthropology Studies) allowed me to use their installations while the fieldwork was centered around the old Calakmul Mayan city. This project was possible thanks to the generosity of the Compton foundation who funded the logistical costs of the fieldwork. The Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Department, through my advisor George Tanner, was very kind in providing the equipment necessary in the field. I had a scholarship (number 150332) from Mexico’s National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT) that allowed me to study at the University of Florida for two years from August 2000 to August 2002. ECOSUR (The College for Studies of the Southern Border) allowed me to use its installations and vehicles in a couple of field trips. Finally, I appreciate the company of Edith Rojas (my wife), who taught me that the time we spend together is the most valuable thing in life and who has always transformed every place where we have lived into my own home. Every night I spent in the forest I thought of her. v TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................................................................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................1 Questions and Objectives................................................................................................ 5 Calakmul Region Description......................................................................................... 6 History and Social Aspects....................................................................................... 7 Ejidos Descriptions................................................................................................... 8 Nuevo Becal.......................................................................................................8 20 de Noviembre................................................................................................8 Xbonil.................................................................................................................9 Calakmul Biosphere Reserve ................................................................................... 9 Geomorphology...................................................................................................... 10 Hydrology............................................................................................................... 11 Climate ................................................................................................................... 11 Flora........................................................................................................................ 11 Medium semi-deciduous forest........................................................................11 Low-flooded forest...........................................................................................12 Low semi-deciduous forest. .............................................................................12 General Fauna......................................................................................................... 12 Ungulate Species: Description and Research......................................................... 13 Brocket deer (Mazama americana and M. pandora).......................................13 White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).....................................................15 Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu).....................................................................16 White-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) ...........................................................17 Tapir (Tapirus bairdii).....................................................................................18 2 UNGULATE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE...................................................................20 Introduction................................................................................................................... 20 Methods......................................................................................................................... 23 vi Study Sites.............................................................................................................. 23 Data Collection....................................................................................................... 24 Interviews.........................................................................................................24 Transects...........................................................................................................25 Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................. 29 Results........................................................................................................................... 30 Discussion..................................................................................................................... 33 3 WHITE-LIPPED PECCARY GROUP SIZE.................................................................41 Introduction................................................................................................................... 41 Methods......................................................................................................................... 43 Study Sites.............................................................................................................. 43 Data Collection....................................................................................................... 44 Direct observation............................................................................................44 Interviews.........................................................................................................45 Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................. 45 Results........................................................................................................................... 46 Discussion..................................................................................................................... 47 4 FOREST TYPE USE.....................................................................................................50 Introduction................................................................................................................... 50 Methods......................................................................................................................... 52 Study Sites.............................................................................................................
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