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Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease in Brocket Deer, Brazil

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Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease in Brocket Deer, Brazil LETTERS 8. Masuzawa T, Sawaki K, Nagaoka H, infiltrate of neutrophils featuring porcine origin (VMRD Inc., Pullman, Akiyama M, Hirai K, Yanagihara Y. vasculitis. WA, USA) and direct fluorescence Identification of rickettsiae isolated in Japan as Coxiella burnetii by Seventeen days after this first assay using an anti-BTV monoclonal 16S rRNA sequencing. Int J Syst case, a 1-year-old male pygmy antiserum fluorescein conjugate Bacteriol. 1997;47:883–4. http://dx.doi. brocket deer (Mazama nana) from the (VMRD) were performed for virus org/10.1099/00207713-47-3-883 same zoo suddenly died. Findings on identification (1). The isolates were 9. Reeves WK, Loftis AD, Sanders F, Spinks MD, Wills W, Denison AM, et al. Borrelia, necropsy were cyanosis and petechiae then identified as EHDV. Coxiella, and Rickettsia in Carios in the oral mucosa, tongue, and To confirm the EHDV serogroup, capensis (Acari: Argasidae) from a brown gastrointestinal mucosa. There was we performed reverse transcription pelican (Pelecanus accidentalis) rookery bloody intestinal content, petechiae PCR. A fragment of ≈260 bp, which in South Carolina, USA. Exp Appl Acarol. 2006;39:321–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ in the mucosa of the urinary bladder, encodes the partial NS3 gene of s10493-006-9012-7 and also petechiae and ecchymoses EHDV, was detected from pooled 10. Sangioni LA, Horta MC, Vianna MC, in the pericardium and epicardium. tissue and the BHK-21 monolayer Gennari SM, Soares RM, Galvão MAM, The spleen was contracted; lymph with cytopathic effect (2). No et al. Rickettsial infection in animals and Brazilian spotted fever endemicity. Emerg nodes and kidney medullae were amplification was obtained in the Infect Dis. 2005;11:265–70. http://dx.doi. hemorrhagic. The lungs showed S10 gene PCR for BTV (3). An org/10.3201/eid1102.040656 congestion and petechiae, and the amplified fragment was sequenced airways had a frothy fluid content. and identified as strain LDVA Address for correspondence: Marcelo B. Histopathologic lesions included (GenBank accession no. GU014478). Labruna, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e mild diffuse congestion in the pygmy The phylogenetic relationship was Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. brocket deer’s kidneys and extensive assessed by using the neighbor- Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, subendocardial hemorrhage. joining Mega.5 (4) method with the SP, Brazil 05508-270; email: [email protected] To identify the suspected disease BTV sequence as an outgroup. The agent (members of the species phylogenetic tree shows that the Bluetongue virus or Epizootic partial sequence of the S10 gene hemorrhagic disease virus), we segregates EHDV serogroup into 2 performed virus isolation and reverse clusters, with LDVA (GU014478) transcription PCR on tissues (heart, grouping together with North Epizootic liver, lung, and bowel) from the American EHDV samples (Figure). Hemorrhagic pygmy brocket deer. (Virus isolation EHDV and BTV (Reoviridae: was not carried out on specimens Orbivirus) are involved in outbreaks Disease in Brocket from the gray brocket deer because of hemorrhagic disease, which occur Deer, Brazil brain tissue samples were inadequate mainly in late summer and early and results of PCR were negative autumn in various parts of the world, To the Editor: In February 2008, for epizootic hemorrhagic disease probably because of the increase a 2-year-old female gray brocket deer virus [EHDV] or bluetongue virus in the Culicoides population, the (Mazama gouazoubira) at Pomerode [BTV].) Infection with EHDV and biologic vectors of these viruses. Zoo in Santa Catarina, Brazil, exhibited BTV was first diagnosed by virus Clinical signs of EHDV and BTV sublingual swelling, drooling, isolation. Pooled specimens from infections are indistinguishable in lethargy, prostration, glossitis, slight spleen-liver and heart tissue were deer and are characterized by severe cyanosis, and blood on the perineum. inoculated in embryonated chicken depression, respiratory distress, The animal showed progressive eggs and thereafter in BHK-21 cells anorexia, and blood-tinged oral anorexia, ataxia, dyspnea, marked (1). Chicken embryos inoculated with and nasal discharge. Gross lesions cyanosis, hypothermia (34.5°C), and tissues of the pygmy brocket deer died are mainly edema and hemorrhage severe anemia (hematocrit 4.6%). from 1 to 6 days after inoculation. caused by vascular injury (5). The deer died 5 days after the first All embryos showed swelling and Clinical reports of EHDV clinical signs. Necropsy indicated that hemorrhage throughout the skin and infection have occurred in Australia, the gray brocket deer had pulmonary extensive areas of hemorrhage in the Asia, Africa, and North America congestion and edema, mild renal brain and heart. Cytopathic effects (6). In Brazil, serologic research in congestion, and renal focal necrosis. started 48 hours postinoculation in marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) Some intestinal vessels along the the BHK-21 monolayer. An indirect populations in São Paulo and Mato serosa presented with hyalinization immunoperoxidase test, using anti- Grosso do Sul revealed that 74% of of the walls with mild leukocytic BTV/EHDV polyclonal antiserum of animals were seropositive for EHDV, 346 Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 19, No. 2, February 2013 LETTERS Cíntia Maria Favero, Ana Carolina Diniz Matos, Fábia Souza Campos, Marcus Vinícius Cândido, Érica Azevedo Costa, Marcos Bryan Heinemann, Edel Figueiredo Barbosa-Stancioli, and Zélia Inês Portela Lobato Author affiliations: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (C.M. Favero, A.C.D. Matos, F.S. Campos, É.A. Costa, M.B. Heinemann, E.F. Barbosa- Stancioli, Z.I.P. Lobato); Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (C.M. Favero); and Pomedore Zoo, Pomedore, Brazil (M.V. Cândido) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1902.120551 Figure. Phylogenetic tree based on a 244-bp epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) References NS3 gene. GU014478 (GenBank accession no.; LDVA) strain (triangle) isolated from pygmy brocket deer in the present study (southern Brazil, 2008), New Jersey strain DQ899845 1. Clavijo A, Heckert RA, Dulac GC, (EHDV1), Alberta strain L29022 (EHDV2), Nigeria strain EU928893 (EHDV3), Nigeria Afshar A. Isolation and identification strain EU928894 (EHDV4), Australia strain EU928895 (EHDV5), Australia strain EU928896 of bluetongue virus. J Virol Methods. (EHDV6), Australia strain EU928897 (EHDV7), Australia strain EU928898 (EHDV8), and 2000;87:13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ bluetongue virus (BTV) 13 outgroup USA strain AF044374. Scale bar indicates nucleotide S0166-0934(00)00150-6 substitutions per site. 2. Murphy MD, Howerth EE, MacLachlan JN, Stallknecht DE. Genetic variation among epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses in the southeastern United 88% were seropositive for BTV, In summary, we describe the States: 1978–2001. Infect Genet and 60% were seropositive for both isolation of EHDV that is involved in Evol. 2005;5:157–65. http://dx.doi. viruses (7). Deaths of 6 marsh deer hemorrhagic disease affecting pygmy org/10.1016/j.meegid.2004.09.001 3. Favero CM, Borges IA, Campos FS, that showed clinical signs and gross brocket deer in Brazil. The hazard Barbosa-Stancioli Ef, Lobato ZIP. and microscopic lesions resembling that this virus infection could pose Standardization of semi-nested RT-PCR EHDV/BTV infection were described, to the local and national Cervidae technique for detection bluetongue virus but not confirmed, in São Paulo (8). populations remains unknown, but it in blood of ruminants. Virus Rev Res. 2007;1:106–7. Although EHD is endemic in the is noteworthy that M. nana deer are 4. Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, country (7,8), in the southern region the most threatened species in Brazil Stecher G, Masatoshi N, Kumar S. of the Brazil, no serologic reports (10). For better control and prevention MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary of EHDV have been made, and the measures to be developed, research is genetics and analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and serologic prevalence of BTV in needed to characterize Brazilian EHDV maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol domestic ruminants is low, ≈0.2% isolates and variations in resistance at Evol. 2011;28:2731–9. http://dx.doi. (9). Climatic factors can contribute to the species and subspecies level. org/10.1093/molbev/msr121 this distribution because temperatures 5. Fischer JR, Hansen LP, Turk JR, Miller MA, Fales WH, Gosser HS. An epizootic in southern Brazil are low in autumn This work was funded by Fundação of hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed and winter and thus unfavorable to deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Missouri: de Amparo à Pesquisa de Minas Gerais, the development and survival of necropsy findings and population impact. Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento competent species of Culicoides biting J Wildl Dis. 1995;31:30–6. Científico e Tecnológico, and Coordenação 6. Savini G, Afonso A, Mellor P, Aradaib midges. This low serologic prevalence de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível I, Yadin H, Sanaa M, et al. Epizootic probably produces an area of enzootic heamorragic disease. Res Vet Sci. Superior. Z.I.P.L., M.B.H., and E.F.B.S. instability in which epidemic cases 2011;91:1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. have a research fellowship from Conselho occur that are associated with the rvsc.2011.05.004 Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e presence of infected vectors and Tecnológico. susceptible animals (9). Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 19, No. 2, February 2013 347 Vol 16, No 6, June 2010 Vol LETTERS 7. Pandolfi JRC, Tamanini MLF, Araujo JP, 9. Costa JFF, Lobato ZIP, Herrmann GP, Address for correspondence: Dr Zélia Inês Duarte JMB, Anderson J, Thevassagayam Leite RC, Haddad JPA. Bluetongue virus Portela Lobato, Departamento de Medicina J, et al. Presence of bluetongue and antibodies in cattle and sheep in southwest Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer and southeast regions of Rio Grande do virus in a population of free-ranging marsh Sul, Brazil [in Portuguese].
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