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45765132012.Pdf Mastozoología Neotropical ISSN: 0327-9383 ISSN: 1666-0536 [email protected] Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos Argentina González, Susana; Barbanti Duarte, José Maurício SPECIATION, EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AND CONSERVATION TRENDS OF NEOTROPICAL DEER Mastozoología Neotropical, vol. 27, núm. 0, 2020, -Julio, pp. 37-47 Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos Tucumán, Argentina Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=45765132012 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Redalyc Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Mastozoología Neotropical, 27(SI):37-47, Mendoza, 2020 Copyright ©SAREM, 2020 Versión on-line ISSN 1666-0536 http://www.sarem.org.ar https://doi.org/10.31687/saremMN_SI.20.27.1.05 https://sbmz.org Número Aniversario SPECIATION, EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AND CONSERVATION TRENDS OF NEOTROPICAL DEER Susana González1 and José Maurício Barbanti Duarte2 1 Biodiversidad y Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable-Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Montevideo, Uruguay. [Correspondence: Susana González <[email protected]>] 2 Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE), Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Jaboticabal-SP, Brasil. ABSTRACT. Neotropical deer species have broad geographic ranges in vulnerable Latin American ecosystems. Habitat destruction and overhunting have limited deer species to a portion of their historical ranges. Our aims are to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of Neotropical deer species systematics and evo- lutionary history, and to discuss their current conservation status. Genetic methods lead to a reassessment of earlier systematics, largely based only on morphological analyses, and revealed several cryptic species. Neotropi- cal deer species show substantial karyotypic variation from 2n = 32 to 2n = 70. Moreover, several species with chromosomal polymorphisms and complex karyotypes have been described in the genus Mazama. Analysis of the complete cytochrome b gene revealed two clades with different evolutionary histories. Mazama and Hip- pocamelus are not monophyletic genera, and both genera include cryptic species. At least two new red brocket deer species need to be described and their geographic range and population status assessed. Based on the latest IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ 59% of the 17 Neotropical deer species are threatened and 12% are listed as Data Deficient (DD). The contribution of genetic and biogeographic data will be useful for solving taxonomic uncertainties and updating the assessment of the conservation status of species in Latin American ecosystems, providing data to perform models for testing management and conservation policies. RESUMEN. Los ciervos neotropicales: patrones de especiación, su historia evolutiva y el estado de conser- vación. Las especies de ciervos neotropicales tienen amplios rangos de distribución geográfica en los ecosis- temas vulnerables de América Latina. La destrucción del hábitat y la caza excesiva han limitado las especies a una parte de sus rangos históricos. Nuestros objetivos son proporcionar una visión global del estado actual del conocimiento de la sistemática de las especies de ciervos neotropicales así como de su historia evolutiva, y discutir su estado de conservación actual. El empleo de métodos genéticos permitió una reevaluación de la sistemática anterior, basada en gran parte solo en análisis morfológicos, y reveló la existencia de varias especies crípticas. Las especies de ciervos neotropicales muestran una variación cariotípica sustancial de 2n = 32 a 2n = 70. Además, varias especies con polimorfismos cromosómicos y cariotipos complejos se han descrito en el género Mazama. El análisis del gen completo del citocromo b reveló dos clados con diferentes historias evolutivas. Mazama e Hippocamelus no son géneros monofiléticos, incluyendo especies crípticas. Se deben describir al me- nos dos nuevas especies de corzuelas rojas y se debe evaluar su rango geográfico y estado poblacional. Según la última Lista Roja de Especies Amenazadas de la UICN ™, el 59% de las 17 especies de ciervos neotropicales están amenazadas y el 12% figuran como deficientes en datos (DD). La contribución de los datos genéticos y biogeográficos será útil para resolver las incertidumbres taxonómicas y actualizar la evaluación del estado de Recibido 31 marzo 2019. Aceptado 5 agosto 2019. Editor invitado: E. Lessa 38 Mastozoología Neotropical, 27(SI):37-47, Mendoza, 2020 S. González & J. M. Barbanti Duarte http://www.sarem.org.ar - https://sbmz.org conservación de las especies en los ecosistemas de América Latina, proporcionando datos para realizar modelos para evaluar las políticas de gestión y conservación. RESUMO. Cervideos neotropicais: padrões de especiação, sua história evolutiva e estado de conservação. As espécies de cervídeos neotropicais tem ampla distribuição geográfica em ecossistemas vulneráveis da América Latina. A destruição do habitat e a caça excessiva limitaram as espécies de cervídeos a uma parte de suas distri- buições históricas. Objetivamos aqui fornecer uma visão geral do estado atual do conhecimento da sistemática e da história evolutiva das espécies de cervídeos neotropicais e discutir seu status atual de conservação. Métodos genéticos levaram a uma reavaliação da sistemática anterior, baseada apenas em análises morfológicas, e revela- ram várias espécies crípticas. As espécies de cervídeos neotropicais apresentam variação cariotípica substancial, de 2n = 32 a 2n = 70. Além disso, várias espécies com polimorfismos cromossômicos e cariótipos complexos foram descritas no gênero Mazama. A análise do gene completo do citocromo b revelou dois clados com diferentes histórias evolutivas. Mazama e Hippocamelus não são gêneros monofiléticos, e ambos incluem espécies crípticas. Pelo menos duas novas espécies de veados vermelhos precisam ser descritas e sua distribuição geográfica e status populacional avaliados. Com base na última Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN, 59% das 17 espécies de cervídeos neotropicais estão ameaçadas e 12% estão listadas como Dados Deficientes (DD). A contribuição de dados genéticos e biogeográficos será útil para solucionar incertezas taxonômicas e atualizar a avaliação do estado de conservação de espécies em ecossistemas latino-americanos, fornecendo dados para realizar modelos de teste de gestão e políticas de conservação. Key words: genetic diversity, morphological variation, phylogenetic relationships. Palabras clave: diversidad genética, variación morfológica, relaciones filogenéticas. Palavras-chave: diversidade genética, variação morfológica, relações filogenéticas. INTRODUCTION sity of deer. It contains several biodiversity hotspots and encompasses an impressive range The Cervidae is one of the most diverse family of biomes, reflecting high gamma diversity, of large mammals, containing more than 60 including both dry and moist tropical forest, species that currently inhabit nearly all conti- woodlands, savannahs, mangroves, and mon- nents (Wilson & Mittermeier 2011; Heckeberg tane habitats (Myers et al. 2000). The success of & Wörheide 2019). Their origin and evolution- these taxa in South America may be attributed ary history date back to almost 20 million years in part to the absence of other ruminants oc- ago (MYA) to the Miocene and Early Pliocene cupying the same ecological niche (Webb 2000). in Eurasia (Webb 2000). By the early Pliocene, However, the evolution and taxonomy of the true cervid morphotypes became identifiable in Cervidae in this region still remain unclear North America; nevertheless, the evolutionary (Webb 2000; Duarte et al. 2008; González et history of deer in North America and the Neo- al. 2017). tropics still remains somewhat obscure (Stehli The origin and evolution of Neotropical deer & Webb 1985). species has been a matter of much speculation Approximately 2.5-3 MYA, during the late and debate, as is reflected in the uncertainties Pliocene, the uplift of the Panamanian land about their evolutionary relationships at differ- bridge allowed deer to spread southwards, as ent taxonomic levels (Gilbert et al. 2006; Duarte part of the “Great American Biotic Interchange” et al. 2008; Merino & Rossi 2010). Until recently, between North and South America (Stehli & several questions regarding the origin of Ameri- Webb 1985). can deer and the timing of their colonization of The Neotropical is considered one of the South America had not been addressed (Gilbert richest biogeographical regions for the diver- et al. 2006; Duarte et al. 2008). EVOLUTIONARY AND CONSERVATION TRENDS OF NEOTROPICAL DEER 39 In this article we review the taxonomy, evolu- Red Brockets: This group of ecological special- tion, and patterns of speciation of Neotropical ist species inhabits closed forests in montane Cervidae, and update the current conservation areas in the tropical Andes, and in lowlands situation of these taxa. from Argentina north to tropical Mexico. Taxonomic revisions based on cytogenetic data NEOTROPICAL DEER TAXONOMY combined with morphological approaches have Seventeen species of Neotropical cervids are proven useful to recognize new cryptic species currently recognized and are grouped into six of red brockets (Groves & Grubb
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