Deb Raj Aryal

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Deb Raj Aryal El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Dinámica de carbono en diferentes etapas sucesionales de la selva mediana sub-perennifolia en Calakmul, Campeche TESIS Presentada como requisito parcial para optar al grado de Doctorado en Ciencias en Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable por Deb Raj Aryal 2014 DEDICATORIA A mi madre Ana Kumari Aryal , por educarme de tener fe y determinación en la vida, también por su paciencia y valor de estar lejos de su hijo más de cuatro años. ! ! AGRADECIMIENTOS Mi agradecimiento en primer lugar es para Dr. Bernardus H J De Jong, quien ha sido la persona a quien debo la mayor parte de mi aprendizaje y formación durante el periodo de doctorado. Sus estímulos intelectuales, consejos y paciencia han sido los pilares para dar claridad e integridad a este trabajo. Mi agradecimiento especial los miembros de mi comité tutelar Dra. Susana Ochoa, Dr. Jorge Mendoza y Dra. Ligia Esparza, quienes han ofrecido sus conocimientos, experiencias y apoyo en todo momento de mi formación académica y la integridad de la tesis. A El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), por brindarme la oportunidad de realizar mis estudios doctorales en un centro de investigación prestigiado y de alto rendimiento. A todas las personas de departamentos académicos, administrativos y laboratorios. A los profesores de los cursos que tuvieron paciencia para explicarme aun cuando mi comprensión en lengua española no era suficiente. A Dr. Rafael Reina, Yamile Castillo y Yadira Ramos de posgrado por su amable cooperación durante todo el periodo de estudio. Al personal de la biblioteca, especialmente a Malena y Lorena por su disposición constante en la búsqueda de información. A los miembros del comité sinodal por haber aceptado para ser parte del desarrollo de este documento. Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), por la otorgación de beca durante cuatro años (2011 -2014) de mi estancia en México. A US Forest Service por financiar la investigación parcialmente por medio de federal grant 12- IJ-11242306-054. A la gente de Cristóbal Colon, El Carmen II, Narciso Mendoza y Nuevo Conhuas del municipio de Calakmul, por la provisión de las parcelas experimentales, apoyo en trabajo y hospitalidades durante el trabajo de campo. A mis amigos Noel, Alberto, Edith, Mirna, Isidra, Isai, Yony, Joel y Victoria, quienes apoyaron en el trabajo de campo y laboratorio. A mi familia en Nepal por su apoyo incondicional e inspiración desde lejos. A Bety, Savit e Itan, por su amor, por la paciencia en los momentos difíciles e inspiración continua para terminar este trabajo. Gracias a todos aquellos que han brindado apoyo, contribución e inspiración durante cuatros años para hacer este estudio un logro. ! ! Tabla contenidos CAPÍTULO I: Introducción general ........................................................................... 1 Carbono y sistema climática ................................................................................. 1 Carbono y ecosistemas forestales ........................................................................ 1 Reservorios y flujos de carbono en ecosistemas forestales ................................. 2 Sucesión forestal y dinámica de carbono .............................................................. 6 Planteamiento del problema .................................................................................. 7 Objetivos ............................................................................................................... 9 Estructura de tesis ................................................................................................. 9 Literaturas citadas ................................................................................................. 9 CAPÍTULO II: Carbon stocks and changes in tropical secondary forests of southern Mexico .................................................................................................................... 17 Abstract ............................................................................................................... 17 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 18 Methods ............................................................................................................... 20 Results ................................................................................................................ 27 Discussion ........................................................................................................... 35 References .......................................................................................................... 43 CAPÍTULO III: Successional and seasonal variation of litterfall and associated nutrient transfer in semi-evergreen tropical forests of SE Mexico .......................... 53 Abstract ............................................................................................................... 53 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 54 Methods ............................................................................................................... 55 Results ................................................................................................................ 60 Discussion ........................................................................................................... 67 References .......................................................................................................... 72 CAPÍTULO IV: Carbon flux from branch fall and wood decomposition in a tropical forest succession .................................................................................................... 80 Abstract ............................................................................................................... 80 ! ! Introduction .......................................................................................................... 81 Methods ............................................................................................................... 82 Results ................................................................................................................ 86 Discussion ........................................................................................................... 92 References .......................................................................................................... 96 CAPÍTULO V: Carbon balance of tropical secondary and primary forests in southern Mexico ................................................................................................... 103 Abstract ............................................................................................................. 103 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 104 Methods ............................................................................................................. 106 Results .............................................................................................................. 110 Discussion ......................................................................................................... 115 References ........................................................................................................ 118 CAPÍTULO VI: Conclusión general ....................................................................... 122 Síntesis de los resultados ................................................................................. 122 Novedades y contribución a la ciencia .............................................................. 124 Implicación al desarrollo sustentable y políticas publicas ................................. 124 Recomendaciones ............................................................................................. 125 Literaturas citadas ............................................................................................. 126 Anexos .................................................................................................................. 129 ! ! CAPÍTULO I Introducción general Carbono y sistema climática El Carbono se mueve naturalmente entre formas bióticas y abióticas de la biosfera y atmósfera. Las actividades humanas han alterado el equilibrio natural del ciclo del carbono, así en los últimos 200 años, se han agregado a la atmósfera cerca de 400 petagramos (1 Pg = 10 15 gramos = 10 9 toneladas) de carbono en forma de dióxido de carbono (CO 2) por la quema de combustibles fósiles y deforestación (Sabine et al., 2004; Stocker et al., 2013). Aunque la mayor parte de adición de CO 2 en la atmósfera con el tiempo vuelve a los sumideros del mar y la tierra, éste tiene un tiempo de residencia relativamente largo. Alrededor del 50% de un sólo pulso de CO 2 se elimina al cabo de 30 años, 30% en unos siglos, y el restante 20% puede persistir en la atmósfera durante miles de años (Stocker et al., 2013). CO 2 es uno de los principales gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) por su naturaleza de atrapar el calor y contribución al calentamiento del planeta (Bonan, 2008; Stocker et al., 2013). La cuantificación de las fuentes y sumideros de carbono, su distribución espacial y evolución en el tiempo son áreas críticas de investigación, ya que debe entenderse y evaluarse cuantitativamente la magnitud y dinámica de la perturbación humana y natural sobre los flujos y los sumideros de carbono para
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