DOCSLIB.ORG

Coupled Modelling of Subglacial Hydrology and Calving-Front Melting at Store Glacier, West Greenland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Coupled Modelling of Subglacial Hydrology and Calving-Front Melting at Store Glacier, West Greenland Edinburgh Research Explorer Coupled modelling of subglacial hydrology and calving-front melting at Store Glacier, West Greenland Citation for published version: Cook, SJ, Christoffersen, P, Todd, J, Slater, D & Chauché, N 2020, 'Coupled modelling of subglacial hydrology and calving-front melting at Store Glacier, West Greenland', Cryosphere, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 905- 924. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-905-2020 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.5194/tc-14-905-2020 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Cryosphere Publisher Rights Statement: © Author(s) 2020. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 06. Oct. 2021 The Cryosphere, 14, 905–924, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-905-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Coupled modelling of subglacial hydrology and calving-front melting at Store Glacier, West Greenland Samuel J. Cook1, Poul Christoffersen1, Joe Todd2, Donald Slater3, and Nolwenn Chauché4 1Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 2Department of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK 3Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, USA 4Access Arctic, Le Vieux Marigny 58160, Sauvigny-les-Bois, France Correspondence: Samuel J. Cook ([email protected]) Received: 8 May 2019 – Discussion started: 3 June 2019 Revised: 20 December 2019 – Accepted: 13 February 2020 – Published: 11 March 2020 Abstract. We investigate the subglacial hydrology of Store larger. This has implications for the future velocity and mass Glacier in West Greenland, using the open-source, full- loss of Store Glacier, and the consequent sea-level rise, in a Stokes model Elmer/Ice in a novel 3D application that in- warming world. cludes a distributed water sheet, as well as discrete chan- nelised drainage, and a 1D model to simulate submarine plumes at the calving front. At first, we produce a base- line winter scenario with no surface meltwater. We then in- 1 Introduction vestigate the hydrological system during summer, focussing specifically on 2012 and 2017, which provide examples The Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is currently losing mass at −1 of high and low surface-meltwater inputs, respectively. We about 260 Gt a (Forsberg et al., 2017) and this rate has been show that the common assumption of zero winter freshwater accelerating (Kjeldsen et al., 2015). Around half of this loss flux is invalid, and we find channels over 1 m2 in area occur- is tied to ice-sheet dynamics (van den Broeke et al., 2016) ring up to 5 km inland in winter. We also find that the produc- and the accompanying flow acceleration is partly due to tide- tion of water from friction and geothermal heat is sufficiently water outlet glaciers, which drain 88 % of the ice sheet (Rig- high to drive year-round plume activity, with ice-front melt- not and Mouginot, 2012). As such, understanding how these ing averaging 0.15 m d−1. When the model is forced with tidewater glaciers may change over time is crucial to our abil- seasonally averaged surface melt from summer, we show a ity to predict the likely evolution of the GrIS in a warming hydrological system with significant distributed sheet activ- climate. ity extending 65 and 45 km inland in 2012 and 2017, respec- One area of particular concern is the subglacial hydrol- tively; while channels with a cross-sectional area higher than ogy of these tidewater glaciers. Whilst there have been 1 m2 form as far as 55 and 30 km inland. Using daily values many studies focusing on the subglacial hydrology of land- for the surface melt as forcing, we find only a weak rela- terminating portions of the GrIS and its complex effect on the tionship between the input of surface meltwater and the in- flow of the overlying ice (Chandler et al., 2013; de Fleurian et tensity of plume melting at the calving front, whereas there al., 2016; Christoffersen et al., 2018; Gagliardini and Werder, is a strong correlation between surface-meltwater peaks and 2018; Meierbachtol et al., 2013; Sole et al., 2013; Tedstone basal water pressures. The former shows that storage of water et al., 2013, 2015; van de Wal et al., 2015), the hydrology on multiple timescales within the subglacial drainage system of tidewater glaciers has received much less attention (e.g. plays an important role in modulating subglacial discharge. Schild et al., 2016; Sole et al., 2011; Vallot et al., 2017), The latter shows that high melt inputs can drive high basal owing to the greater difficulty of gathering observations in water pressures even when the channelised network grows the fast-flowing marine-terminating environment. Given the range of other processes operating at such glaciers, such as Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 906 S. J. Cook et al.: Coupled modelling of subglacial hydrology at Store Glacier submarine melting, fjord circulation, and calving, it is also by forcing at the glaciers’ termini (Todd et al., 2018). With much harder to disentangle and infer hydrological evolution the advent of the Subglacial Hydrology Model Intercom- from changes in surface velocity, though attempts have been parison Project (SHMIP) (de Fleurian et al., 2018), greater made (Howat et al., 2010; Joughin et al., 2008; Moon et confidence in the results of these models is now possible, al., 2014). Direct basal observations on marine-terminating which provides further motivation to apply them in this novel outlets were until recently limited to boreholes drilled near manner. This would then provide the ability to dynamically Swiss Camp and the lateral margin of Jakobshavn Isbræ model tidewater–glacier subglacial hydrology, allowing bet- (Lüthi et al., 2002). Only one study has, to date, reported ter prediction of plume and calving activity at the front, and direct observations from boreholes drilled along the cen- ice flow inland, ultimately leading to improved constraints tral flow line, to the base of a marine-terminating glacier in on future sea-level-rise scenarios. In this study we therefore Greenland. In that study, a persistently high basal water pres- apply a subglacial hydrological model to a large Greenland sure of 93 %–95 % of ice overburden indicates a largely inef- tidewater outlet glacier with the goals of (a) characterising ficient basal water system 30 km inland from the calving mar- the basal drainage system, including the extent to which it gin at the fast-flowing and heavily crevassed Store Glacier may become efficient, and (b) investigating how subglacial (Store) (Doyle et al., 2018). Yet, observed seasonal velocity discharge drives melting at the glacier’s terminus when con- fluctuations on the same glacier are consistent with the de- vective plumes develop. This study therefore couples a sub- velopment of a channelised basal drainage system closer to glacial hydrology model with a 1D plume model within the the margin (Young et al., 2019), which calls for a physical ice-flow model, Elmer/Ice (Gagliardini et al., 2013), in order model to spatially and temporally constrain the formation of to simulate the seasonal variation in the subglacial hydrolog- different types of basal drainage system. ical network of Store and the resulting plume melting. Hydrological work on marine-terminating glaciers has so far focused on the subglacial discharge that drives convec- tive plumes in the marine terminus environment and how 2 Data and methods this process can promote calving by undercutting the glacier The study site (Sect. 2.1), individual modelling components through submarine melting and fjord circulation (Carroll et (Sect. 2.2–2.4), and their relation to each other within the al., 2015; Cowton et al., 2015; Fried et al., 2015; Jackson et model set-up (Sect. 2.5) are described below, followed by al., 2017; Jouvet et al., 2018; Slater et al., 2018). In particu- details of the datasets used to prescribe boundary conditions lar, the state of the subglacial hydrological system is thought (Sect. 2.6). This paper presents coupled subglacial hydrology to be a key control on the rate and spatial distribution of and plume models within a full-Stokes 3D model of Store. submarine melting, with channelised drainage favouring the The subglacial hydrology model is GlaDS (Werder et al., highest localised melt rates, though distributed drainage may 2013), the ice-flow model is Elmer/Ice (Gagliardini et al., produce the highest total volume of submarine melting, with 2013), and the plume model is a 1D line plume (Slater et al., lower melt rates that affect a larger portion of the calving 2016). Each of these is described further in turn below. front (Fried et al., 2015; Slater et al., 2015). However, our ob- servations of the near-terminus subglacial hydrological sys- 2.1 Study site tem remain extremely limited; we can only make inferences about the location and presence of subglacial channels from Store Glacier (Store), one of the largest tidewater outlet the presence of plumes at the fjord surface (Schild et al., glaciers on the west coast of Greenland (70.4◦ N, 50.55◦ W), 2016), subsurface incisions into the calving front (Fried et flows into Ikerasak Fjord (Ikerasaup Sullua) at the southern al., 2015), and oceanographic observations (Stevens et al., end of the Uummannaq Fjord system (Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Necessity of Close Collaboration 1 2 the Necessity of Close Collaboration the Necessity of Close Collaboration
    The Necessity of Close Collaboration 1 2 The Necessity of Close Collaboration The Necessity of Close Collaboration 2017 National Spatial Planning Report 2017 autumn assembly Ministry of Finances and Taxes November 2017 The Necessity of Close Collaboration 3 The Necessity of Close Collaboration 2017 National Spatial Planning Report Ministry of Finances and Taxes Government of Greenland November 2017 Photos: Jason King, page 5 Bent Petersen, page 6, 113 Leiff Josefsen, page 12, 30, 74, 89 Bent Petersen, page 11, 16, 44 Helle Nørregaard, page 19, 34, 48 ,54, 110 Klaus Georg Hansen, page 24, 67, 76 Translation from Danish to English: Tuluttut Translations Paul Cohen [email protected] Layout: allu design Monika Brune www.allu.gl Printing: Nuuk Offset, Nuuk 4 The Necessity of Close Collaboration Contents Foreword . .7 Chapter 1 1.0 Aspects of Economic and Physical Planning . .9 1.1 Construction – Distribution of Public Construction Funds . .10 1.2 Labor Market – Localization of Public Jobs . .25 1.3 Demographics – Examining Migration Patterns and Causes . 35 Chapter 2 2.0 Tools to Secure a Balanced Development . .55 2.1 Community Profiles – Enhancing Comparability . .56 2.2 Sector Planning – Enhancing Coordination, Prioritization and Cooperation . 77 Chapter 3 3.0 Basic Tools to Secure Transparency . .89 3.1 Geodata – for Structure . .90 3.2 Baseline Data – for Systematization . .96 3.3 NunaGIS – for an Overview . .101 Chapter 4 4.0 Summary . 109 Appendixes . 111 The Necessity of Close Collaboration 5 6 The Necessity of Close Collaboration Foreword A well-functioning public adminis- by the Government of Greenland. trative system is a prerequisite for a Hence, the reports serve to enhance modern democratic society.
    [Show full text]
  • Nunarsuarmisut Pitsaassusilimmi Pisunneq
    Suluk Suluk #01 — 2020 — # 01 Suliffeqarfiu- TIGORIANNGUARUK | TAG SULUK MED HJEM | YOUR PERSONAL COPY tinnut sinaakkutit pitsaanerpaat De bedste rammer for din virksomhed Suliffeqarfimmik pilersitsilerpit, imaluunniit inerisaaninni siunnersugassaavit? Inuussutis- sarsiortunik siunnersortigut suliffeqarfiutilin- nut – suliffeqarfiutitaarniartunullu – siunner­ suinissaminnut piareersimajuaannarput. Nunani avannarlerni misilittakkagut atorlugit illoqarfigisanni inuussutissarsiortutut suliffeqar­ fiutippit patajaattuunissaa ineriartortinnissaalu isumassussavarput. Skal du stifte ny virksomhed, eller har du brug for rådgivning i forbindelse med din virksomheds Nunarsuarmisut vækststrategi? Vores erhvervsrådgivere er altid klar til at give råd og vejledning til dig, som er virksomhedsejer. pitsaassusilimmi Vi trækker på vores nordatlantiske erfaring til at styrke det lokale erhvervsliv og giver din virksom- Air Greenland inflight magazine 2020 pisunneq hed den opmærksomhed, den fortjener. www.banknordik.gl/erhverv Hiking i verdensklasse 8-15 World Class hiking Annonce_Flymagasin-SULUK_GL_210x280.indd 1 06.11.2019 14.14 JORDIN TOOTOO HOCKEY PLAYER, AUTHOR AND ACTIVIST RANKIN INLET, CANADA 62.8090° N, 92.0896° W GreenlandGreenland RUBIESRUBIES Greenland Ruby and Tahiti pearl bracelet with 18k rose gold polar bear charm. DKK 12,500,- Ruby ringRuby in halo18k ringrose goldset with set with 1.39 1.75 ct. ct. GreenlandicGreenlandic Ruby Ruby and and 0.25 0.24 ct. ct. brilliant-cut brilliant-cut diamondsdiamonds DKK DKK 19.500,- 21,500,- DISCOVER
    [Show full text]
  • Download Free
    ENERGY IN THE WEST NORDICS AND THE ARCTIC CASE STUDIES Energy in the West Nordics and the Arctic Case Studies Jakob Nymann Rud, Morten Hørmann, Vibeke Hammervold, Ragnar Ásmundsson, Ivo Georgiev, Gillian Dyer, Simon Brøndum Andersen, Jes Erik Jessen, Pia Kvorning and Meta Reimer Brødsted TemaNord 2018:539 Energy in the West Nordics and the Arctic Case Studies Jakob Nymann Rud, Morten Hørmann, Vibeke Hammervold, Ragnar Ásmundsson, Ivo Georgiev, Gillian Dyer, Simon Brøndum Andersen, Jes Erik Jessen, Pia Kvorning and Meta Reimer Brødsted ISBN 978-92-893-5703-6 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-5704-3 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-5705-0 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2018-539 TemaNord 2018:539 ISSN 0908-6692 Standard: PDF/UA-1 ISO 14289-1 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2018 Cover photo: Mats Bjerde Print: Rosendahls Printed in Denmark Disclaimer This publication was funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the content does not necessarily reflect the Nordic Council of Ministers’ views, opinions, attitudes or recommendations. Rights and permissions This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Translations: If you translate this work, please include the following disclaimer: This translation was not produced by the Nordic Council of Ministers and should not be construed as official. The Nordic Council of Ministers cannot be held responsible for the translation or any errors in it. Adaptations: If you adapt this work, please include the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by the Nordic Council of Ministers.
    [Show full text]
  • Undercutting of Marine-Terminating Glaciers in West Greenland
    Geophysical Research Letters RESEARCH LETTER Undercutting of marine-terminating glaciers 10.1002/2015GL064236 in West Greenland Key Points: 1,2 2 1 1 3 • Greenland glaciers are undercut by Eric Rignot , Ian Fenty ,YunXu , Cilan Cai , and Chris Kemp the ocean 1 2 • Echo sounding observations Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, challenge current knowledge Pasadena, California, USA, 3Terrasond Ltd., Seattle, Washington, USA • Undercutting must play a major role in the glacier evolution Abstract Marine-terminating glaciers control most of Greenland’s ice discharge into the ocean, but little Supporting Information: is known about the geometry of their frontal regions. Here we use side-looking, multibeam echo sounding • Readme observations to reveal that their frontal ice cliffs are grounded deeper below sea level than previously • Figure S1 measured and their ice faces are neither vertical nor smooth but often undercut by the ocean and rough. • Figure S2 • Figure S3 Deep glacier grounding enables contact with subsurface, warm, salty Atlantic waters (AW) which melts • Figure S4 ice at rates of meters per day. We detect cavities undercutting the base of the calving faces at the sites of • Figure S5 subglacial water (SGW) discharge predicted by a hydrological model. The observed pattern of undercutting is consistent with numerical simulations of ice melt in which buoyant plumes of SGW transport warm AW to Correspondence to: the ice faces. Glacier undercutting likely enhances iceberg calving, impacting ice front stability and, in turn, E. Rignot, the glacier mass balance. [email protected] Citation: 1. Introduction Rignot, E., I.
    [Show full text]
  • Beredskabsfaglig Risikovurdering Vedrørende Karrat Fjorden
    Beredskabsfaglig risikovurdering vedrørende Karrat fjorden Dato: 26. april 2021 Rapporten er udarbejdet af Grønlands Politi Denne rapport er udarbejdet af arbejdsgruppe nedsat af politimesteren i Grønland på anmodning fra Beredskabskommissionen på møde den 31. marts 2021. Arbejdsgruppen var repræsenteret med kompetencer fra Grønlands Politi og Fyns Politi, Sydsjæl- lands- og Lolland-Falsters Politi samt Sydøstjyllands Politi udlånt til Rigspolitiet, og Arktisk Kom- mando. Rapporten blev udarbejdet i perioden 9. – 26. april 2021. Grundet fortrolighed i dele af rapportens indhold, må den kun deles eller offentliggøres med tilladelse fra Beredskabskommissionen. ii Begrebsafklaring 2017-hændelsen: tsunami i Nuugaatsiaq og Illorsuit den 17. juni 2017 AKO: Arktisk Kommando Beredskabskommissionen: Naalakkersuisut, repræsentant for de grønlandske kommuner, Landslæ- gen, Politimesteren i Grønland, Arktisk Kommando og Rigsombudsmand i Grønland jf. Inatsisartut- lov nr. 14 af 26. maj 2010 §4, som ændret ved Inatsisartutlov nr. 14 af 27. november 2018 DMI: Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut GBS: Grønlands Beredskabstab GEUS: De Nationale Geologiske Undersøgelser for Danmark og Grønland Hoiste: hejsning op og ned af mennesker til en helikopter KATREG: katastroferegistrering KSN: Kommandostation (Politi kommandostation - operationelt niveau) KST: Kommandostadet i indsatsområdet (taktisk niveau) NGI: Norwegian Geotechnical Institute NOST: National Operativ Stab Opskylshøjde: den højde som tsunamibølgen skyller op over havoverfladen Sektor: defineres i
    [Show full text]
  • V.3. AVANNAATA in GREENLAND: a Fishing-Based Society with Tourism
    V.3. AVANNAATA IN GREENLAND: A fishing-based society with tourism By Karen Refsgaard Municipality structure, multi-level issues and provision, local business development polices and strategies – decentralising and social activities. The council sets tasks for the and democratising boards, and in turn the boards are not allowed to Avannaata is a new municipality which is becoming spend money without permission from the coun- increasingly aware of the importance of democ- cil. The main objective of each board is to ensure racy following the municipal amalgamation that more participatory power for all the settlement’s took place in 2008. This led, among other things, citizens. In Ilulissat their remit only covers the com- to a division of the earlier Qaasuitsup municipal- munications, advisory, innovation and planning ity into two distinct municipalities, Avannaata and sectors, plus associated political tasks. People can Quwertalik, in 2018. It is why Avannaata has de- ask for permission to build in the four centres (you centralised power to villages and towns along the are not allowed to own land in Greenland), and coast, says Mayor Palle Jeremiassen. the central administration is only involved in larger The municipal council has 17 members elected cases. The municipal council meets twice in person, for a period of four years, of which four are wom- and five times via online a year. Avannaata munici- en. In addition, Avannaata has 11 village boards for pality provides support to new start-up business- its 23 settlements. These are also elected in direct es, but it relies on Greenland Business and Green- elections for four-year periods, with between two land Venture to manage applications concerning and five members each, and nine boards cover support for ongoing business development.
    [Show full text]
  • 3 Report of the Inter-Sessional Meeting of the West Greenland
    West Greenland Commission WGC(15)3 Report of the Inter-sessional Meeting of the West Greenland Commission WGC(15)3 Report of the Inter-sessional Meeting of the West Greenland Commission Hotel Hans Egede, Nuuk, Greenland 24 - 26 February 2015 1. Opening of the Meeting 1.1 The Chairman of the West Greenland Commission (WGC), Mr Ted Potter (European Union), opened the meeting and welcomed participants from the Member Parties and accredited NGOs (Annex 1). He referred to the previous valuable exchanges of information at the Commission’s meetings in 2014 and noted that it had been agreed that States of origin would share experiences with Greenland on approaches to improving the monitoring of landings with a view to ensuring full reporting. An Ad hoc Working Group had been established inter alia to recommend options to enhance the monitoring and control of the West Greenland salmon fishery. He thanked the Group and Denmark (in respect of the Faroe Islands and Greenland) for preparing a Draft Plan to implement the Group’s recommendations. He indicated that over the two days available to it, the Commission needed to review events in the 2014 fishery at West Greenland, discuss the Draft Plan for enhanced monitoring and management of the salmon fishery at West Greenland, consider how the six tenets of effective management of an Atlantic salmon fishery might be applied to an evaluation of the salmon fisheries of other Parties and establish, at a minimum, a framework or parameters for the development of a new agreement taking into consideration the Draft Plan developed by Denmark (in respect of the Faroe Islands and Greenland).
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Monitoring at the Former Lead-Zinc Mine in Maarmorilik, Northwest Greenland, in 2008
    ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AT THE FORMER LEAD-ZINC MINE IN MAARMORILIK, NORTHWEST GREENLAND, IN 2008 NERI Technical Report no. 737 2009 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AU AARHUS UNIVERSITY [Blank page] ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AT THE FORMER LEAD-ZINC MINE IN MAARMORILIK, NORTHWEST GREENLAND, IN 2008 NERI Technical Report no. 737 2009 Doris Schiedek Gert Asmund Poul Johansen Frank Rigét Kasper Johansen Jacob Strand Stephan Mølvig NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AU AARHUS UNIVERSITY Data sheet Series title and no.: NERI Technical Report No. 737 Title: Environmental monitoring at the former lead-zinc mine in Maarmorilik, Northwest Greenland, in 2008 Authors: Doris Schiedek1, Gert Asmund1, Poul Johansen1, Frank Rigét1, Kasper Johansen1, Jacob Strand2 & Stephan Mølvig2 Departments: 1Department of Arctic Environment 2Department of Marine Ecology Publisher: National Environmental Research Institute © Aarhus University - Denmark URL: http://www.neri.dk Year of publication: October 2009 Editing completed: October 2009 Referee: Jens Søndergaard Financial support: Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum, Government of Greenland Please cite as: Schiedek, D., Asmund, G., Johansen, P., Rigét, F., Johansen, K., Strand J., & Mølvig, S. 2009: Environmental monitoring at the former lead-zinc mine in Maarmorilik, Northwest Greenland, in 2008. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University. 70. pp. – NERI Technical Report no. 737. http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/FR737.pdf Reproduction permitted provided the source is explicitly acknowledged Abstract: The environmental studies conducted in 2008 show that pollution sources still exist at Maar- morilik 18 years after mine closure in 1990. Elevated lead and zinc levels are still found in the environment. However, over a number of years lead and zinc levels in seawater and biota have decreased, in particular after the mine closed, and the area affected by pollution with lead and zinc has become smaller and smaller over the years.
    [Show full text]
  • KODY LOTNISK ICAO Niniejsze Zestawienie Zawiera 8372 Kody Lotnisk
    KODY LOTNISK ICAO Niniejsze zestawienie zawiera 8372 kody lotnisk. Zestawienie uszeregowano: Kod ICAO = Nazwa portu lotniczego = Lokalizacja portu lotniczego AGAF=Afutara Airport=Afutara AGAR=Ulawa Airport=Arona, Ulawa Island AGAT=Uru Harbour=Atoifi, Malaita AGBA=Barakoma Airport=Barakoma AGBT=Batuna Airport=Batuna AGEV=Geva Airport=Geva AGGA=Auki Airport=Auki AGGB=Bellona/Anua Airport=Bellona/Anua AGGC=Choiseul Bay Airport=Choiseul Bay, Taro Island AGGD=Mbambanakira Airport=Mbambanakira AGGE=Balalae Airport=Shortland Island AGGF=Fera/Maringe Airport=Fera Island, Santa Isabel Island AGGG=Honiara FIR=Honiara, Guadalcanal AGGH=Honiara International Airport=Honiara, Guadalcanal AGGI=Babanakira Airport=Babanakira AGGJ=Avu Avu Airport=Avu Avu AGGK=Kirakira Airport=Kirakira AGGL=Santa Cruz/Graciosa Bay/Luova Airport=Santa Cruz/Graciosa Bay/Luova, Santa Cruz Island AGGM=Munda Airport=Munda, New Georgia Island AGGN=Nusatupe Airport=Gizo Island AGGO=Mono Airport=Mono Island AGGP=Marau Sound Airport=Marau Sound AGGQ=Ontong Java Airport=Ontong Java AGGR=Rennell/Tingoa Airport=Rennell/Tingoa, Rennell Island AGGS=Seghe Airport=Seghe AGGT=Santa Anna Airport=Santa Anna AGGU=Marau Airport=Marau AGGV=Suavanao Airport=Suavanao AGGY=Yandina Airport=Yandina AGIN=Isuna Heliport=Isuna AGKG=Kaghau Airport=Kaghau AGKU=Kukudu Airport=Kukudu AGOK=Gatokae Aerodrome=Gatokae AGRC=Ringi Cove Airport=Ringi Cove AGRM=Ramata Airport=Ramata ANYN=Nauru International Airport=Yaren (ICAO code formerly ANAU) AYBK=Buka Airport=Buka AYCH=Chimbu Airport=Kundiawa AYDU=Daru Airport=Daru
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2014-15
    ANNUAL REPORT Royal Greenland A/S ÅRSRAPPORT2014/2015 st th RoyalOctober 1 2014 Greenland – September 30 2015 A/S 2014/2015 1. oktober 2014 - 30. september 2015 ANNUAL REPORT Royal Greenland A/S 2014/2015 October 1st 2014 – September 30th 2015 Reg.nr. 184.991 The annual report has been prepared and approved by the ordinary Annual General Meeting on January 27th 2016 Anders Kristiansen Chairman CONTENTS 2014/2015 Royal Greenland A/S - 2014/15 5 STATEMENTS AND REPORTS Statement by the Management on the Annual Report - 6 Auditors’ report - 6 ANNUAL REVIEW Company details - 7 Group chart - 7 Supervisory- and Executive Board - 8 Financial highlights and key ratios - 9 Management’s review - 10 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Accounting policies - 30 Income statement October 1st 2014 – September 30th 2015 - 35 Balance sheet at September 30th 2015 - 36 Statement of changes in equity - 38 Consolidated cash flow statement October 1st 2014 – September 30th 2015 - 40 Notes to the financial statements - 41 Production units - 58 Markets - 62 Royal Greenland’s fleet - 68 The pictures in the annual report mainly derive from Royal Greenland’s internal archive. In addition a number of employees have contributed their own pictures. Statement by the Management EXECUTIVE Mikael Thinghuus on the annual report Nils Duus Kinnerup BOARD Bruno Olesen The Supervisory and Executive Boards have today considered and Lars Nielsen adopted the annual report of Royal Greenland A/S for the financial year October 1st 2014 – September 30th 2015. The annual report has been presented in accordance with the SUPERVISORY Niels Harald de Coninck-Smith Danish Financial Statements Act.
    [Show full text]
  • Tsunami Hazard Screening for Uummannaq Fjord
    REPORT Tsunami hazard screening for the Uummannaq fjord system - Greenland HAZARD SCENARIO SIMULATIONS AND 2017 EVENT HINDCAST DOC.NO. 20200823-01-R REV.NO. 0 / 2021-03-26 Neither the confidentiality nor the integrity of this document can be guaranteed following electronic transmission. The addressee should consider this risk and take full responsibility for use of this document. This document shall not be used in parts, or for other purposes than the document was prepared for. The document shall not be copied, in parts or in whole, or be given to a third party without the owner’s consent. No changes to the document shall be made without consent from NGI. Ved elektronisk overføring kan ikke konfidensialiteten eller autentisiteten av dette dokumentet garanteres. Adressaten bør vurdere denne risikoen og ta fullt ansvar for bruk av dette dokumentet. Dokumentet skal ikke benyttes i utdrag eller til andre formål enn det dokumentet omhandler. Dokumentet må ikke reproduseres eller leveres til tredjemann uten eiers samtykke. Dokumentet må ikke endres uten samtykke fra NGI. Project Project title: Tsunami hazard screening for the Uummannaq fjord system - Greenland Document title: Hazard scenario simulations and 2017 event hindcast Document no.: 20200823-01-R Date: 2021-03-26 Revision no. /rev. date: 0 / Client Client: GEUS - De nationale geologiske undersøgelser for Danmark og Grønland Client contact person: Jens Jørgen Møller Contract reference: Proposal with CTR's 1-2 signed 2/12-2020, signed CTR3 for NGI Project manager: Finn Løvholt Prepared by: Finn Løvholt Reviewed by: Sylfest Glimsdal and Carl Harbitz NORWEGIAN GEOTECHNICAL INSTITUTE Main office Trondheim office T 22 02 30 00 BIC NO.
    [Show full text]
  • For Peer Review
    Journal of Glaciology For Peer Review THIS MANUSCRIPT HAS BEEN SUBMITTED TO THE JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND HAS NOT BEEN PEER-REVIEWED. Water flow through sediments and at the ice-sediment interface beneath Sermeq Kujalleq (Store Glacier), Greenland Journal: Journal of Glaciology Manuscript ID JOG-21-0085 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the 25-Jun-2021 Author: Complete List of Authors: Doyle, Samuel; Aberystwyth University, Centre for Glaciology, Department of Geography and Earth Sciences Hubbard, Bryn; Aberystwyth University, Centre for Glaciology, Department of Geography & Earth Sciences Christoffersen, Poul; University of Cambridge, Scott Polar Research Insitute Law, Robert; University of Cambridge, Scott Polar Research Institute Hewitt, Duncan; University College London, Department of Mathematics Neufeld, Jerome; University of Cambridge, Institute of Theoretical Geophysics, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics; University of Cambridge, BP Institute; University of Cambridge, Department of Earth Sciences, Bullard Laboratories Schoonman, Charlotte; University of Cambridge, Scott Polar Research Inititute Chudley, Thomas ; University of Cambridge Scott Polar Research Institute Bougamont, Marion; Cambridge University, Scott Polar Research Cambridge University Press Page 1 of 51 Journal of Glaciology Institute Glacier hydrology, Subglacial sediments, Subglacial processes, Glacial Keywords: tills, Ice dynamics Subglacial hydrology modulates basal motion but remains poorly constrained, particularly for soft-bedded Greenlandic outlet glaciers. Here, we report detailed measurements of the response of subglacial water pressure to the connection and drainage of adjacent water-filled boreholes drilled through kilometre-thick ice on Sermeq Kujalleq (Store Glacier). These measurements provide evidence for elastic gap opening at the ice-sediment interface, Darcian flow through the sediment layer, and the forcing of water pressure in hydraulically-isolated cavities by elastic stress transfer.
    [Show full text]