Youth Council Participation in Community-based Disaster Risk Title Reduction in Infanta and Makati, Philippines( Dissertation_全 文 ) Author(s) Glenn, Fiel Fernandez Citation 京都大学 Issue Date 2015-03-23 URL https://doi.org/10.14989/doctor.k19155 Right 許諾条件により本文は2016/03/31に公開 Type Thesis or Dissertation Textversion ETD Kyoto University Youth Council Participation in Community-based Disaster Risk Reduction in Infanta and Makati, Philippines A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Doctoral Program in Global Environmental Studies 2015 Glenn Fiel FERNANDEZ Environmental Education Laboratory Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Kyoto University Japan ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who provided invaluable support to me for the completion of this doctoral thesis: To Dr. Rajib Shaw, my academic supervisor at the Environmental Education Laboratory (formerly known as the International Environment and Disaster Management Laboratory), for his guidance, encouragement, and support in all my endeavors right from the start of my stay at Kyoto University in 2009 and for the numerous learning opportunities in the form of publications and trainings that he allowed me to take part in. I will be forever grateful for everything Rajib-sensei has done for me. To Dr. Kenji Okazaki and Dr. Izuru Saizen, members of the panel who reviewed my thesis, for providing me with helpful comments and constructive criticism. To Dr. Tracey Gannon, my vice supervisor, for taking time to listen to my progress updates every semester and for giving me moral support along the way in my journey toward my PhD. To Dr. Koichi Shiwaku, for patiently helping me prepare the documents needed to be submitted to the graduate school. To the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan for the generous scholarship grant that made it possible for me to pursue my Master’s degree and Doctor’s degree at Kyoto University. I would also like to acknowledge the financial support for my fieldwork and conference participation from the Global Center of Excellence Program on Sustainability/Survivability Science for a Resilient Society Adaptable to Extreme Weather Conditions (GCOE-ARS) of Kyoto University. To Makati City and Infanta Municipality, for allowing and helping me to conduct my research in their area. I’m especially thankful to the following: Makati City Mayor Jejomar Erwin "Junjun" S. Binay, Jr. Atty. Violeta Seva, Ms. Liza Velle Ramos, Mr. Jay Kalaw, Mr. Luigi Toda, and the staff of DRRM Office Engr. Merlina Panganiban, Mr. Xenon Walde, and the staff of the Urban Development Department Ms. Vissia Marie Aldon of the Human Resource Development Office Councilor Karis Israelle Cruzado and the staff of the SK Federation Office i The staff of the Liga ng mga Barangay The staff of Makati Command, Control and Communication (Makati C3) The Barangay Council Officials and SK Officials of the 33 barangays of Makati Infanta Municipality Mayor Filipina Grace America Mr. Ron Crisostomo and the staff of the DRRM Office Mr. Reagan Penaojas, my very helpful field guide in Infanta The Barangay Council Officials and SK Officials of the 36 barangays of Infanta To Commissioner Jose Rafael “Kit” Cruz and the staff of the National Youth Commission for providing me copies of policies and for allowing me to observe the 10th National Youth Parliament. To Ms. Miho Ontsuka, Ms. Kuri Sakamoto, and Ms. Yumiko Hamada, past and present secretaries of IEDM Lab/EE Lab, for efficiently helping me meet administrative requirements relating to my studies and my scholarship. To my past and present colleagues at IEDM Lab/EE Lab, specially the members of the Environment and Disaster Education Working Group, for their friendship and support. To the members of the Kyoto Association of Pinoys Scholars (KAPS) and to my host mothers, Ms. Nobue Nakajima and Ms. Minako Matsushita, for being my family here in Japan. To Dr. Virginia Soriano and Dr. Iris Ann Martinez, my former mentors at the University of the Philippines – Diliman, who recommended me for the MEXT Scholarship, for believing in me. To my former colleagues in the Corporate Export Sales and Business Development unit of San Miguel Corporation, for always keeping in touch and for all their support to my endeavors. And to my family in the Philippines, Papang, Mamang, Rheza, Neil, and Janice, for always being there for me. Glenn February 14, 2015 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES x LIST OF BOXES xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xiv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xvii PART 1 – OVERVIEW OF THE YOUTH SITUATION AND OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Background 1 1.1.1 The Importance of Participatory Disaster Risk Reduction in the Philippines 1 1.1.2 The Youth as Disaster Risk Reduction Actors 2 1.1.3 The Potential Role of the Sangguniang Kabataan in Disaster Risk Reduction 7 1.2 Research Objectives, Questions, and Hypotheses 9 1.3 Research Methodology 14 1.3.1 Review of Literature 15 1.3.2 Village-level Questionnaire Survey 16 1.3.3 Interviews with Local and National Youth Officials 16 1.3.4 Internship and Direct Observation 17 1.4 Overview of the Study Locations 18 1.4.1 Justifications for Choice of Study Locations 18 1.4.2 Infanta Municipality 19 1.4.3 Makati City 22 1.5 Structure of the Thesis 24 References 26 iii CHAPTER 2. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES 2.1 Disaster Risk Profile of the Philippines 31 2.1.1 Demography 32 2.1.2 Geography and Climate 33 2.1.3 Natural Hazards 35 2.1.4 Vulnerability of the Population 40 2.2 Disaster Risk Management System of the Philippines 42 2.2.1 Disaster Risk Reduction Legislation in the Philippines 43 2.2.2 The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council 45 2.2.3 Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils 48 2.2.4 Funding Mechanism for Disaster Risk Reduction 50 2.2.5 Disaster Risk Reduction Initiatives in the Philippines 52 2.3 Key Findings 53 References 54 CHAPTER 3. THE IMPORTANCE OF YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN COMMUNITY- BASED DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 3.1 Overview of Community-based Disaster Risk Reduction 59 3.2 Promotion of Inclusive Participation in the HFA and Post-HFA Frameworks 62 3.3 Engaging the Youth in Community-based Disaster Risk Reduction 65 3.4 Youth Participation Gaps in the Current Practice of CBDRR 71 3.5 Key Findings 73 References 75 PART 2 – INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL POLICIES ON YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION CHAPTER 4. YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FRAMEWORKS 4.1 Youth Participation in International DRR-related Frameworks 79 4.2 Youth Participation in DRR in the Hyogo Framework for Action 80 iv 4.3 Youth Participation in DRR in the Post-HFA Framework 83 4.4 Youth Participation in DRR in the Post-MDG Framework 87 4.5 Youth Participation in DRR in the Post-DESD Framework 88 4.6 Youth Engagement in the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 91 4.7 International Push for Youth Participation in DRR 94 4.8 Key Findings 96 References 97 CHAPTER 5. PHILIPPINE POLICIES ON YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 5.1 Existing National Policies Related to Youth Participation in Disaster Risk Reduction 103 5.1.1 The Sangguniang Kabataan Constitution and By-laws 106 5.1.2 The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act 108 5.1.3 The Philippine Youth Development Plan 109 5.1.4 Department of Education Policies Related to Youth Participation in DRR 111 5.2 The Sangguniang Kabataan Reform 119 5.3 Key Findings 120 References 121 PART 3 – LOCAL POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS CHAPTER 6. THE ROLE OF YOUTH COUNCILS IN COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES 6.1 Community-based Disaster Risk Reduction in the Philippines 125 6.2 Comparison between Urban and Rural Youth Council Participation in CBDRR 127 6.2.1 Methodology 128 6.2.2 Participation of Youth Councils in Local-level HFA Implementation 132 6.2.3 Youth Council Funds for Disaster Risk Reduction Activities 135 6.2.4 Knowledge of Youth Council Officials of the 2010 DRR Law 137 6.2.5 Role of the Youth Council Officials in the Barangay DRR Committees 139 6.3 Policy Implications 141 v 6.4 Key Findings 144 References 146 CHAPTER 7. THE SOCIAL NETWORKS AND SOCIAL CAPITAL OF YOUTH COUNCILS 7.1 The Importance of Social Networks and Social Capital in Disaster Risk Reduction 149 7.2 The Social Networks and Social Capital of Youth People 152 7.3 Understanding the Social Capital of the Youth 152 7.4 Comparison of the Social Capital of Youth Councils in Makati and Infanta 154 7.4.1 Methodology 155 7.4.2 Bonding Social Capital 157 7.4.3 Bridging Social Capital 159 7.4.4 Linking Social Capital 162 7.5 Improving Social Capital to Enhance Youth Council Participation in DRR 164 7.6 Caveat about Social Capital 167 7.7 Key Findings 168 References 169 PART 4 – EVALUATING POLICY IMPLEMENTATION RELATED TO YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION CHAPTER 8. EVALUATION OF YOUTH COUNCIL PARTICIPATION IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 8.1 State of the Evaluation of Youth DRR Initiatives in the Philippines 173 8.2 The Importance of Evaluating Disaster Risk Reduction Initiatives 176 8.3 Evaluation by the National Youth Commission 179 8.3.1 The Ten Accomplished Youth Organizations Award 181 8.4 Evaluation by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council 184 8.4.1 The Gawad KALASAG 185 8.5 Evaluation by the Department of the Interior and Local Government 188 8.5.1 The Seal of Disaster Preparedness 188 vi 8.5.2 The Seal of Good Local Governance 191 8.6 Proposal for Gawad KALASAG for Best Youth Councils 193 8.7 Key Findings 195 References 196 CHAPTER 9.