Coast Weed Guide

Field Guide to Weeds of the Oregon Coast Authors How to use this guide Rachel Schwindt, Thomas N. Kaye, and Lori Wisehart Weeds that are imminent “new invaders” as well as Institute for Applied Ecology those that are already known to occur in the area are included in this book. Plants are arranged by type and then by color. The purpose of this guide is to help land Produced with cooperation and funding from managers and private landowners identify non-native Oregon Bureau of Land Management invasive plants along the Oregon coast (see map below) and prevent their spread. Photo credits Photos by staff at Institute for Applied Ecology unless otherwise noted. Cover photo: European beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria) Acknowledgments Information contained in this guide was compiled from numerous sources including Flora of the Pacific Northwest (Hitchcock and Cronquist, 1973), Flora of North America North of Mexico (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+), and Weeds of California (DiTomaso and Healy, 2007). We thank the BLM District Weed Coordinators, staff at Oregon Department of Agriculture, and members of the Carex Working Group for their comments and assistance during development of this guide. Report plants with this symbol by visiting www.oregoninvasiveshotline.org Area or calling 1‐866‐INVADER covered Plants with this symbol are toxic to humans. in Guide Contents Contents cont. Shrubs and vines Forbs False indigo & Butterfly bush 1 Biddy-biddy 43 Evergreen clematis (Traveler’s joy) 3 Italian thistle & Slenderflower thistle 45 Orange cotoneaster & Late cotoneaster 5 Meadow knapweed & Spotted knapweed 47 Scotch broom & Portuguese broom 7 Canada thistle & Bull thistle 49 French broom & Gorse 9 Shining geranium & Herb Robert 51 Spurge laurel 11 Policeman's helmet 53 Spanish heath 13 Purple loosestrife 55 Redclaws 15 Milk thistle 57 Japanese knotweed & Giant knotweed 17 Garlic mustard 59 Himalayan knotweed 19 Flowering rush 61 English Ivy & Irish Ivy 21 Brazilian waterweed 63 Silver wattle & English holly 23 Giant hogweed 65 Himalayan blackberry 25 Parrot’s feather & Eurasian watermilfoil 67 Yellow starthistle 69 Grasses and sedges Yellow flag iris 71 European beachgrass 27 Yellow archangel 73 False brome 29 Dalmation toadflax & Butter and eggs 75 Japanese sedge 31 Yellow floatingheart 77 Purple pampas grass & Pampas grass 33 Lesser celandine 79 Reed canarygrass & Harding grass 35 Tansy ragwort & Common tansy 81 Common reed 37 Orange hawkweed 83 Smooth cordgrass & Common cordgrass 39 Denseflower cordgrass & Saltmeadow Latin name index 85 cordgrass 41 False indigo False indigo Amorpha fruticosa Description: Perennial shrub growing up to 20 ft (6 m) tall and up to twice as wide. Leaves have 13-25 leaflets that are each 1-2 in (2.5-5 cm) long. Flowers are purple, in long spikes, growing on the ends of the branches. The 2-seeded pods are 0.25 in (0.6 cm) long, with resinous dots. Where found: Riparian areas, where it is often planted for streambank stabilization. Gerald Carr Butterfly bush Butterfly bush Buddleja davidii Description: Perennial shrub with arching branches, growing 10-15 ft (3-5 m) tall. The stems and leaves are typically hairy. The leaves are narrow, opposite, and green to blue-gray with toothed edges. Plants bloom from mid to late summer with small, purple flowers. Where found: Disturbed areas, natural forests, riparian zones, urban places, riparian areas, and wetlands. 1 2 Evergreen clematis Seed heads Clematis vitalba (Also called traveler's joy or old man’s beard) Description: Perennial, deciduous, woody vine. Leaves are opposite, and compound with five leaflets. Plants bloom in summer, producing small, greenish white, perfect flowers (stamens and pistils in each flower), found in clusters in upper leaf axils. Seed heads remain visible in Toby Query winter. Where found: Roadsides, river banks, gardens, disturbed forest, forest edges, and waste areas, often growing up and overtaking trees. May be moderately toxic to livestock. Photos Opposite: Above (L) flowers and (R) seed heads. Below (L) aggressive spread up a tree and (R) foliage. Look-alike: Western white clematis (Clematis ligusticifolia) is native and looks very similar to old man’s beard. Western white clematis has imperfect flowers (male or female only), the leaves on its flowering stems are generally toothed (smooth on old man’s beard), and seed heads don’t persist through winter. However, the best characteristic for distinction is growth habit: the native Western white clematis does not demonstrate the aggressive growth that old man’s beard does. Bruce Newhouse Toby Query 3 4 Orange cotoneaster Orange cotoneaster Cotoneaster franchetii Description: Evergreen to semi-evergreen shrub, up to 10 ft (3 m) tall with arching branches. Ovate leaves are smooth and glossy on top and yellowish to greyish-white woolly below (0.6-1.2 in/1.5-3 cm long). Plants bloom in late spring– early summer with small, tight clusters of pink to rose flowers. Fruits are orange-red with three seeds. Late cotoneaster Orange-red 3-seeded fruit Bugwood.org UC Davis, DiTomaso, M. Joseph Wilbur L. Bluhm Cotoneaster lacteus Late cotoneaster Description: Evergreen shrub, up to 10 ft (3 m) tall. Elliptical leaves are conspicuously veined and smooth or grey white-woolly below (1.2-3 in/3-8 cm long). Plants bloom in late spring-early summer with large clusters of white flowers. Fruits are red and oval with two seeds. Where found: Both cotoneasters are landscape plants that have escaped to invade diverse natural Red 2-seeded fruit areas, especially coniferous forests. Seeds are spread by animals, mainly birds. Peter Zika © 2010 Robert Steers/NPS 5 6 Scotch broom Scotch broom 5 Ridged stem Cytisus scoparius Pea-like flower Description: Evergreen shrub growing 3-10 ft (1- 3 m) tall. Stems are distinctly 5-ridged with leaves that are generally 3-parted and slightly hairy below, although stems may be leafless for much of the year. Pea-like flowers (1 in/2.5 cm long) varying from yellow to red occur singly or paired in leaf axils and are not fragrant. Fruit pods are flattened and have hairs mostly at the seam. Blooms April to June. Hairy at seams Portuguese broom Portuguese broom Cytisus striatus (Also called striated broom) Description: Evergreen shrub growing 7-10 ft (2 -3 m) tall. Stems are 8 to 10-ridged and sparsely covered in 1 to 3-parted leaves. Flowers are pale yellow, not fragrant, and occur singly or paired in leaf axils. Seed pods are inflated and covered in hairs. Blooms April to June. Inflated pods ODA Glenn Miller, covered in hairs © 2011 Vernon Smith 7 8 French broom French broom Genista monspessulana Description: Evergreen shrub growing 3-8 ft (1- 2.5 m) tall. Stems are 8 to 10-ridged and covered in silvery hairs. Leaves are three parted, leaflets are waxy above and slightly hairy below. Flowers (< 1/2 in/1.5 cm) are yellow, not fragrant, and clustered in groups of 4 to 10 at the ends of short branchlets. Seed pods are slightly flattened and ODA Glenn Miller, hairy all over. Blooms April to June. Flattened seed pods covered in hairs Gorse ODA Glenn Miller, Ulex europaeus Gorse Description: Spiny, evergreen shrub growing 1-9 ft (1-3 m) tall in dense thickets. Mature plants have leaves modified into stiff spines 0.2-1.2 in (5 -30 mm) long. Ridged stems are highly branching. Yellow pea-like flowers are 0.6-0.8 cm (15-20 mm) long. Seed pods are 0.5-0.8 in (1-2 cm) long and covered with wavy hairs. Blooms March to May. Where found: French broom and gorse invade Leaves disturbed area such as coastal bluffs, roadsides, modified and fields. into spines 9 10 Spurge laurel Daphne laureola Description: Evergreen shrub growing 2-4 ft (.6- 1.2 m) tall, with dark green, glossy, 4 in (10 cm) long oblong leaves that are spirally arranged and clustered at shoot tips. Plants bloom from March to May. Honey-scented yellow-green bell-shaped flowers grow in clusters between leaves near the top of stems. Fruits are green egg-shaped berries (<0.5 in/1 cm long) that ripen to black. Where found: Spurge laurel is an escaped landscape plant that is found invading woodlands and shady places. This recent invader blocks out sunlight, out- competes native plants and alters soil chemistry. Seeds are spread by birds. Leaves, bark and Fruits fruit are toxic to humans and pets. Flowers 11 12 Spanish heath Erica lusitanica Description: Evergreen shrub growing 10 ft (3 m) tall, with needle-like 0.1-0.3 in (3-7 mm) long leaves. White to pink bell-shaped flowers grow in clusters along the stems. Plants produce millions of small, black pepper sized fruits, 0.1 in (3 mm) long. Plants bloom from December to April. Where found: Spanish heath is an escaped landscape plant that invades roadsides, riparian areas, and rights-of-way. It can be found growing with gorse and Scotch broom. vironmental, Bugwood.org Bugwood.org vironmental, Bell shaped flowers Forest & Kim Starr, Starr Environmental, Bugwood.org Forest & Kim Starr, Starr En 13 14 Redclaws Escallonia rubra Description: Evergreen branching shrub or sometimes small tree growing to 10-15 ft (3-4.5 m) tall. Its dark green leaves are 1-2 in (2.5-5 cm) long and doubly serrated on margins with glands on the undersides. Clusters of 7-30 pink or red flowers occur at the end of branches. The flowers have fused sepals with sticky glands and 5 petals forming a tube, 0.5-0.8 in (1.2-2 cm) long. Where found: Redclaws is an ornamental plant that has escaped to invade a variety of habitat Glandular sepals types, including shoreline areas where it tolerates nal, Bugwood.org salt spray.

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