Mapping of APPW and APW Programme MED AGROCHEPACK Design of a Common Agrochemical Plastic Packaging Waste

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Programme MED

AGROCHEPACK Design of a common agrochemical plastic packaging waste management scheme to protect natural resources in synergy with agricultural plastic waste valorisation

Priority-Objective 2-1 Axe 2: Protection of environment and promotion of a sustainable territorial development Objective 2-1: Protection and enhancement of natural resources and heritage

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Component 3: Analysis of current situation and existing technologies Phase 1: Mapping of APPW

Deliverable D 3.1 Mapping of APPW and APW

Responsible: DITEC Department - University of Basilicata, Italy To be delivered to the EU: 30 September 2010

Participants: Municipality of Visaltia – VISALTIA, Greece Agricultural University of Athens – AUA, Greece Agricultural Research Institute – ARI, Cyprus Fruit and Vegetables Federation – FFL, France Municipality of Cellamare – CELLAMARE, Italy University of Lleida – UDL, Spain Adivalor - ADIVALOR, France Sigfito - SIGFITO, Spain Waste Catalan Agency - WCA, Spain

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

ABSTRACT 1

Chapter 1 2

MAPPING OF AGRICULTURAL PLASTIC PACKAGING WASTE (APPW) SITUATION IN THE PARTICIPATING REGIONS 2 1.1 Municipality of Nigrita (Greece) (now expanded to the New Municipality of Vissaltia-Kallikratis) 2 1.1.1 Geographic area 2 1.1.1.1 Demographic trends 7 1.1.1.2 Administrative reform – The new Municipality of Vissaltia – Kallikratis 7 1.1.2 Cultivations the Municipality of Vissaltia-kallikratis. 10 1.1.2.1 Main cultivation 10 1.1.2.2 Areas of cultivation for the municipality and the departments (each kind of cultivation) 21 1.1.2.3 Geographical distribution of cultivations 24 1.1.2.4 Temporal distribution of application of agrochemicals in the major cultivations in the Municipality Vissaltia-Kallikratis 34 1.1.2.5 Trends in restructuring cultivations in the region: which new crops replace old cultivations 36 1.1.3 Quantities of APPW in the Municipality of Vissaltia Kallikratis 37 1.1.3.1 Main reasons for using agrochemicals per cultivation 37 1.1.3.2 Types of agrochemicals used per cultivation 37 1.1.3.3 Ways of application of agrochemicals 41 1.1.3.4 Quantities of agrochemicals per cultivation and per agrochemical per year 44 1.1.3.5 Types and sizes of containers used per cultivation and per agrochemical in the Municipality of VissaltiaKallikratis 58 1.1.3.6 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of application of agrochemicals per cultivation and agrochemical type 58 1.1.3.7 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of APPW per cultivation and agrochemical type 61 1.1.3.8.Spatial distribution of agrochemicals suppliers 73 1.1.4 Current practices for APPW management in Municipality of Vissaltia 73 1.1.4.1 Current disposal practices for the APP waste 73 1.1.4.2 Location and size of the consolidation stations 75 1.2 Republic of Cyprus (Cyprus) 76 1.2.1 Geographic area 76 1.2.2 Cultivations 77 1.2.2.1 Main cultivations 77 1.2.2.2 Area of cultivation 78 1.2.2.3 Geographical distribution of cultivations 85 1.2.2.4 Temporal distribution cultivations activities 87 1.2.2.5 Trends in restructuring cultivations in the region: which new crops replace old cultivations 95 1.2.3 Quantities of APPW in the Republic of Cyprus 95 1.2.3.1 Main reasons for using agrochemicals per cultivation 95 1.2.3.2 Types of agrochemicals used per cultivation 98 1.2.3.3 Ways of application of agrochemicals 107 iii

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

1.2.3.4 Quantities of agrochemicals per cultivation and per agrochemical per year 107 1.2.3.5 Types and sizes of containers used per cultivation and per agrochemical 107 1.2.3.6 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of application of agrochemicals per cultivation and agrochemical type 108 1.2.3.7 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of APPW per cultivation and agrochemical type 108 1.2.3.8 Spatial distribution of agrochemicals suppliers 109 1.2.4 Current practices for APPW management in the Republic of Cyprus. 110 1.2.4.1 Current disposal practices for the APP waste 110 1.3 Department of Gard (France) 111 1.3.1 Geographic area 111 1.3.2 Cultivations 112 1.3.2.1 Main cultivations 112 1.3.2.2 Areas of cultivation 113 1.3.2.3 Geographical distribution of cultivations 116 1.3.2.4 Temporal distribution cultivation activities 118 1.3.2.5 Trends in restructuring cultivations in the region: which new crops replace old cultivation 118 1.3.3 Quantities of APPW in the Department of Gard 119 1.3.3.1 Main reasons for using agrochemicals per cultivation 119 1.3.3.2 Types of agrochemicals used per cultivation 119 1.3.3.3 Ways of application of agrochemicals 120 1.3.3.4 Quantities of agrochemicals per cultivation and per agrochemical per year 120 1.3.3.5 Types and sizes of containers used per cultivation and per agrochemical 120 1.3.3.6 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of application of agrochemicals per cultivation and agrochemical type 121 1.3.3.7 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of APPW per cultivation and agrochemical type 121 1.3.3.8 Spatial distribution of agrochemicals suppliers 122 1.3.4 Current practices for APPW management in the Department of Gard 122 1.3.4.1 Current disposal practices for the APP waste 122 1.3.4.2 Location and size of the consolidation stations 123 1.3.4.3 What works and what does not work with regard to APPW management practices 123 1.4 Province of Bari (Italy) 125 1.4.1 Geographic area 125 1.4.1.1 Demographic trends 126 1.4.2 Cultivations 127 1.4.2.1 Main cultivations 127 1.4.2.2 Areas of cultivation for each kind of cultivation 137 1.4.2.3 Geographical distribution of cultivations 142 1.4.2.4 Temporal distribution cultivation activities 143 1.4.2.5 Trends in restructuring cultivations in the region: which new crops replace old cultivations 147 1.4.3 Quantities of APPW in the Province of Bari 147 1.4.3.1 Main reasons for using agrochemicals per cultivation 147 1.4.3.2 Types of agrochemicals used per cultivation 148 1.4.3.3 Ways of application of agrochemicals 158 1.4.3.4 Quantities of agrochemicals per cultivation and per agrochemical per year 159 iv

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

1.4.3.5 Types and sizes of containers used per cultivation and per agrochemical 167 1.4.3.6 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of application of agrochemicals per cultivation and agrochemical type 167 1.4.3.7 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of APPW per cultivation and agrochemical type 168 1.4.3.8 Spatial distribution of agrochemicals suppliers 168 1.4.4 Current practices for APPW management in the Province of Bari 169 1.4.4.1 Current disposal practices for the APP waste 169 1.4.4.2 Location and size of the consolidation stations 171 1.5 County of Segrià (Spain) 173 1.5.1 Geographic area 173 1.5.1.1 Demographic Trends 175 1.5.2 Cultivations 177 1.5.2.1 Main cultivations 177 1.5.2.2 Areas of cultivation for each kind of cultivation 177 1.5.2.3 Geographical distribution of cultivations in Catalonia 184 1.5.2.4 Temporal distribution cultivation activities (cultivation works per cultivation kind during a cultivation season) 184 1.5.2.5 Trends in restructuring cultivations in the region: which new crops replace old cultivation 185 1.5.3 Quantities of APPW in the County of Segrià 185 1.5.3.1 Main reason for using agrochemicals per cultivation 185 1.5.3.2 Types of agrochemicals used per cultivation 185 1.5.3.3 Ways of application of agrochemicals 185 1.5.3.4 Quantities of agrochemicals per cultivation and per agrochemical per year 186 1.5.3.5 Types and sizes of containers used per cultivation and per agrochemical 192 1.5.3.6 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of application of agrochemicals per cultivation and agrochemical type 192 1.5.3.7 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of APPW per cultivation and agrochemical type 192 1.5.3.8 Spatial distribution of agrochemicals suppliers 193 1.5.4 Current practices for APPW management County of Segrià 197 1.5.4.1 Current disposal practices for the APP waste 197 1.5.4.2 Location and size of the consolidation stations 198 1.5.4.3 What works and what does not work with regard to APPW management practices 198

Chapter 2 200

AGRICULTURAL PLASTIC WASTE (APW) MAPPING IN THE PARTICIPATING REGIONS TO EVALUATE pOSSIBLE SYNERGETIC CONSOLIDATION TO REDUCE THE COST 200 2.1 Municipality of Vissaltia-Kallikratis (Greece) 200 2.1.1 Quantities of APW 200 2.2. Republic of Cyprus (Cyprus) 201 2.2.1 Quantities of APW 201 2.2.1.1 Main categories of agricultural plastics (AP) other than agrochemical packaging 201 2.2.1.2 Type of agricultural plastics used per cultivation 201 2.2.1.3 Characteristics (thickness, compositional range and additives) per type 201 2.2.1.4 Quantities of agricultural plastics (kg/ha) per cultivation and per type of AP per year 202 2.2.1.5 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of AP per cultivation and AP type 202 v

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

2.2.1.6 Degree of contamination of each category of APW 203 2.2.1.7 Bio-based. Biodegradable plastics, Compostable, Degradable and other special categories 204 2.2.2 Current practices for APW management in Republic of Cyprus 204 2.2.2.1 Current disposal practices for the APW 204 2.3 Department of Gard (France) 205 2.3.1 Quantities of APW 205 2.3.1.1 Main categories of agricultural plastics (AP) other than agrochemical packaging 205 2.3.1.2 Type of agricultural plastics used per cultivation 206 2.3.1.3 Characteristics (thickness, compositional range and additives) per type 206 2.3.1.4 Quantities of agricultural plastics (kg/ha) per cultivation and per type of AP per year 206 2.3.1.5 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of AP per cultivation and AP type 207 2.3.1.6 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of APW per cultivation and AP type 207 2.3.1.7 Degree of contamination of each category of APW 207 2.3.1.8 Bio-based. Biodegradable plastics, Compostable, Degradable and other special categories 207 2.3.2 Current practices for APW management in Department of Gard 208 2.3.2.1 Current disposal practices for the APW 208 2.3.2.2 Problems experienced with specific disposal solutions applied 208 2.3.2.3 What works and what does not work with regard to APW management practices 208 2.3.2.4 Available relevant legislation – standards applied for biodegradable and compostable agricultural plastics 208 2.3.2.5 Challenges and constrains for possible synergy between APPW and APW management 209 2.4 Province of Bari (Italy) 210 2.4.1 Quantities of APW 210 2.4.1.1 Main categories of agricultural plastics (AP) other than agrochemical packaging 210 2.4.1.2 Type of agricultural plastics used per cultivation 211 2.4.1.3 Characteristics (thickness, compositional range and additives) per type 212 2.4.1.4 Quantities of agricultural plastics (kg/ha) per cultivation and per type of AP per year 214 2.4.1.5 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of APW per cultivation and AP type 214 2.4.1.6 Degree of contamination of each category of APW 216 2.4.1.7 Bio-based. Biodegradable plastics, Compostable, Degradable and other special categories 217 2.4.2 Current practices for APW management in Province of Bari 217 2.4.2.1 Current disposal practices for the APW 217 2.4.2.2 Problems experienced with specific disposal solutions applied 217 2.4.2.3 What works and what does not work with regard to APW management practices 218 2.4.2.4 Available relevant legislation – standards applied for biodegradable and compostable agricultural plastics 218 2.4.2.5 Challenges and constrains for possible synergy between APPW and APW management 219 2.5 County of Segrià (Spain) 220 2.5.1 Quantities of APW 220 2.5.1.1 Main categories of agricultural plastics (AP) other than agrochemical packaging 220 2.5.1.2 Type of agricultural plastics used per cultivation 220 2.5.1.3 Characteristics (thickness, compositional range and additives) per type 220 vi

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

2.5.1.4 Quantities of agricultural plastics (kg/ha) per cultivation and per type of AP per year 221 2.5.1.5 Degree of contamination of each category of APW 221 2.5.1.6 Bio-based. Biodegradable plastics, Compostable, Degradable and other special categories 221 2.5.2 Current practices for APW management in County of Segrià 221 2.5.2.1 Current disposal practices for the APW 221 2.5.2.2 Problems experienced with specific disposal solutions applied 221 2.5.2.3 What works and what does not work with regard to APW management practices 222 2.5.2.4 Available relevant legislation – standards applied for biodegradable and compostable agricultural plastics 222 2.5.2.5 Challenges and constrains for possible synergy between APPW and APW management 222

CONCLUSIONS 223

vii

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Abstract In the early sixties started the "green revolution", a term used to describe the phenomenal increase in agricultural productivity worldwide. With the green revolution new varieties of plants, called "hybrid" have been introduced, more receptive to the nutrients, faster maturation, and can grow in every season, allowing more crops throughout the year. Besides, an increase in the use of heavy machinery, a wide and extensive diffusion of plastic materials and a massive use of agrochemicals made their entrance in agriculture. The agricultural plastics has been garnering greater attention in recent years because these materials have become ubiquitous in all sectors of agriculture. Plastics are substituted for the longer lasting materials previously used —e.g., concrete, glass, ceramic, metal, etc.— because they are often less costly, safer to use, and improve production efficiency. The plastic material generated at farm level strictly depends on ruling of specific agricultural activities such as cultivation of crops under glass or with protective cover, mulching, irrigation, nurseries cropping. Referring to things of plastic nature these are : sheet to cover greenhouses and tunnel, hard sheet for greenhouses, film for mulching, not woven fabric, geomembrane to proof, different kind of rope and strings to sustain crops and trees, harvesting nets (for olives, etc.), nets for trees protection, film for silage, tubes for different irrigation technique, agrochemical containers However, after more than two decades of increasing use, the problem of disposal is ever more difficult to ignore or to put out of sight. Several studies indicate that most agricultural plastics are burned or buried on-farm, creating fire hazards, clogging water channels, and releasing high levels of polluting emissions. Agricultural plastics are dispersed across the rural landscape, bulky, and often contaminated with debris (e.g., dirt, pebbles, vegetation, chemical residues, moisture), limiting their suitability and value for re-processing. The problems created from the mismanagement of the agricultural plastic packaging waste (APPW) are more acute where no APPW management scheme have been established yet. The aim of the project is to develop solutions urgently needed by the regions in countries where no APPW management system has been established and simultaneously to improve the operational scheme, compatibility, environmental impact and cost efficiency of existing systems. So, the project intends to develop a viable, coherent APPW management system that works synergistically with APW management (through LabelAgriWaste Project, a European agricultural plastic waste management scheme was developed and tested to valorize Agricultural Plastic Waste , APW, streams), maximizes waste stream recovery through recycling or energy recovery, prevents natural resources pollution and promotes sustainability. In order to analyze the current situation and existing technologies, in the first Deliverable, Project Partners have produced a Mapping of APPW situation in some regions, collecting information on cultivations (main species, cultivated areas and their localizations), plastic material and agrochemical products used in order to estimate APW and APPW streams (quantity, temporal and spatial distribution, problems experienced with specific disposal solutions applied).

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

CHAPTER 1 MAPPING OF AGRICULTURAL PLASTIC PACKAGING WASTE (APPW) SITUATION IN THE PARTICIPATING REGIONS

1.1 Municipality of Nigrita (Greece) (now expanded to the New Municipality of Vissaltia-Kallikratis) 1.1.1 Geographic area The City Nigrita belongs to the prefecture of Serres, the Region of Central Macedonia (Map 2). Nigrita is situated in the section of the fertile plain of Serres, and is an important commercial and agricultural center. According to the Ministry of Interior and Public Administration and Decentralization (ES.D.D.A.) Nigrita Municipality consists of five municipal departments: Terpni, Therma, Flampouro, Anthi and the City of Nigrita which is the capital of the municipality of Visaltia (Map 1).

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW Map 1 : Municipality of Nigrita and Municipal Departments (ArcGIS info Data)

Nigrita

Molfetta Giovinazzo Corato Terlizzi Bari Ruvo Bitonto di Puglia Modugno Palo del Colle Triggiano Mola di Bari Bitritto Capurso Bitetto Valenzano Noicattaro Binetto Grumo Appula Cellamare Polignano a Mare Adelfia Map 2: GeographicalToritto locationSannicandro of NigritaRutigliano di Bari Conversano Monopoli Casamassima Nigrita is located only 22Poggiorsini km away from the capital of the prefecture, the city of Serres, Acquaviva Turi with all economic, cultural and administrative advantagesCassano delle Fontiresulting fromCastellana it. The distance of Grotte the municipality‘s capital to the other major townsdelle Murgeof the areaSammichele are: di Sidirokastro Bari 42 km, Heraclea 49 km, while the center of theAltamura Metropolitan Region, ThessalonikPutignano i is located Gravina Santeramo Gioia 111km away. Furhtermore, Nigritadi Puglia is also just 46in Colle km fromdel Colle the intersection highway Serres Noci Alberobello - Kavala. It is worth noting that 38 km away crosses the vertical axis of EgnatiaLocorotondo highway, a street of utmost national importance that makes Northern Greece dominant pole of reference and development, consolidating the political and economic power in the Balkans, the Mediterranean, and by extension throughout Europe [1] (Map 3).

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Map 3: Main roads of the wider area of the Municipality of Nigrita [Source : GOOGLE Road Maps]

The prefecture of Serres is one of the most lowland areas in Greece. The area of the Municipality of Visaltia comprises of hilly and plain areas. The mountain of Vertiskos (altitude 1,103m.) is one of the dominant elements of the natural environment of the region (Map 4). The areas mainly in the northern slopes of Vertiskos consist one of the richest habitats in vegetation and fauna throughout Central and Eastern Macedonia [2].

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Map 4: Geomorphology of the region [Source: GEO LAND cover maps]

The total surface area of the municipality is 160.9 sq. km (percentage 4.06% of the prefecture). The municipal department of Nigrita is the largest in (51.4% of the total area of the municipality) and it is notable that the two larger departments occupy the 80.2% of the municipality area [3]. As for the use of land, it can be said that the larger part of the Municipality of Nigrita‘s area is occupied by cultivated land (percentage 53.36% of the total area) and the forests (28.7%). Considerable lower are the percentages of the other uses of land (less than 5%). (Figure 1) [3]. The forests of Nigrita cover 4.450 hectares, creating a beautiful landscape and a natural resource of paramount importance. In Nigrita there exists a collective irrigation network under pressure that is functioning under the direction of TOEB Nigrita [4]. That irrigation network provides water to most of the cultivated area in the Municipality. The network has more than 2,000 specific points of water supply (Map 5).

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Map 5: Irrigation network of TOEB Nigritas (Source: TOEB Nigrita)

Figure 1: Use of land in the Municipality of Nigrita, [Source Hell. St. 2000]

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

1.1.1.1 Demographic trends According to the Hellenic Statistical Authority census of 2001, the municipality of Nigrita had a population of 9.783 inhabitants of whom 5.566 lived in Nigrita, 625 in Anthi, 574 in Therma, 2.189 in Terpni and 829 in Flampouro. In 2001 Nigrita represented the 4,87% of the total population of the prefecture (Table 1). The last decades the population declines steadily at the municipal level. Even though until 1991 the population of the whole prefecture altered with corresponding rates, between 1991 and 2001 there was a demographic recovery [5].

Table 1: Population in the Prefecture of Serres, in the Municipality of Nigrita and in each Municipal department, [Source: Hell. St.]

Region Year 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 1961-2001 Dep.of Nigrita 10,360 7,301 6,531 6,186 5,566 -46.27% Dep.of Anthi 814 768 669 609 625 -23.22% Dep.of Therma 746 714 516 533 574 -23.06% Dep.of 1,734 1,550 1,382 1,024 829 -52.19% Flampouro Dep.of Terpni 2,872 2.616 2,514 2,316 2,189 -23.78% Municipality of 16,526 12.949 11,612 10,668 9,783 -40.80% Nigrita Prefecture of 248,041 202.898 196,247 192,219 200,916 -19.00% Serres

1.1.1.2 Administrative reform – The new Municipality of Vissaltia – Kallikratis From January 1st 2011 a major administrative reform will come into force in Greece. According to the ―Kallikratis‖ Project, new larger administrative divisions will be created, resulting from the combination of the existing administrative divisions. For the region of Nigrita, of concern to the AgroChePack project a new expanded municipality will be created from the merging of the existing municipalities of Achinos, Vissaltia Nigrita and Tragilos, which will then be abolished. The new expanded municipality will be named Municipality of Vissaltia and the headquarters will be in the city of Nigrita [1]. For the scope of the AgroChePack project, the region of application of the project activities will coincide with the limits of the new expanded Municipality of Vissaltia. Furthermore, in order to avoid possible misunderstandings with the existing old Municipality of Vissaltia and to make the references to those municipalities clear and efficient, from now on the new expanded Municipality of Vissaltia will be referred as Municipality of Vissaltia – Kallikratis, while the existing will be referred simply as Municipality of Vissaltia. In this report the data will be presented at the existing 7

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Municipalities level and at the Municipality of Vissaltia – Kallikratis level. The Municipality of Vissaltia – Kallikratis is presented in Map 6.

Achinos Vissaltia Nigrita Tragilos

Map 6: Municipal Departments in the Municipality of Vissaltia - Kallikratis

According to the Ministry of Interior and Public Administration and Decentralization (ES.D.D.A.) the existing Municipalities consists of several municipal departments. The Table 2 below present all existing four Municipalities along with the municipal departments in each one and the polulations in 2001.

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Table 2: Population in the Municipalities of Nigrita, Vissaltia, Achinos and Tragilos and in the corresponding Municipal departments, [Source: Hell. St.].

Population year Region 2001 Municipality of Nigrita 9,783 Dep.of Nigrita 5,566 Dep.of Anthi 625 Dep.of Therma 574 Dep.of Flampouro 829 Dep.of Terpni 2,189 Municipality of Achinos 3008 Dep. of Sitohorion 663 Dep. of Achinos 731 Dep. of Dafni 466 Dep. of Zervohorion 117 Dep. of Lefkotopos 273 Dep. of Patrikio 367 Dep. of Houmniko 391 Municipality of Vissaltia 8563 Dep. of Dimitritsio 1461 Dep. of Ag Paraskevi 986 Dep. of Ampelos 945 Dep. of Vergis 1279 Dep. of Lygarias 617 Dep. of Nikokleias 1316 Dep. of Sisamias 996 Dep. of Triantafyllias 963 Municipality of Tragilos 4733 Dep. of Mavrothalassa 1703 Dep. of Ag Dimitrios 394 Dep. of Aidonohorion 408 Dep. of Efkarpia 727 Dep. of Iviron 813 Dep. of Kastanohoriou 153 Dep. of Tragilos 575

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

1.1.2 Cultivations the Municipality of Vissaltia-kallikratis. 1.1.2.1 Main cultivation The data used to define the areas and the kind of cultivations in the Municipality of Nigrita derive from the Annual Agricultural Statistic Survey of the Hellenic Statistical Authority [6]. The most recent data that are available at the moment are those of 2006. In Table 3 the total and the cultivated areas at the Prefecture, Municipality and Department levels are presented. Furthermore, the percentages of the cultivated land in the total area are shown. It can be noted that the cultivation area of the Municipality of Nigrita is a part of 44.07% of the total land of the Municipality. The cultivation area of the Municipality of Achinos is a part of 44.52% of the total land of the Municipality, the cultivation area of the Municipality of Vissaltia is a part of 49.39% of the total land of the Municipality and finally, the cultivation area of the Municipality of Tragilos is a part of 36.22% of the total land of the Municipality. The Department of Mavrothalassa is characterized by the highest percentage of the cultivated area (89.39%).

Table 3: Total and cultivated areas at Prefecture, Municipality and Department level and percentages of cultivated areas, [Source: Hell. St.]. Total Area Cultivated Area Region Percentage % (hectares) (hectares) Prefecture of Serres 397150 234770 59.11 Municipality of Nigrita 16088.0 7090.0 44.07 Dep. of Nigrita 8270.9 3650.0 44.13 Dep. of Anthi 675.0 400.0 59.26 Dep. of Therma 1360.3 440.0 32.35 Dep. of Terpni 4629.8 1660.0 35.85 Dep. of Flampouro 1152.8 940.0 81.54 Municipality of Achinos 15543.0 7060.0 45,42 Dep. of Sitohorion 905.0 720.0 79,56 Dep. of Achinos 2478.0 2070.0 83,54 Dep. of Dafni 3791.0 1160.0 30,60 Dep. of Zervohorion 772.0 300.0 38,86 Dep. of Lefkotopos 950.0 500.0 52,63 Dep. of Patrikio 1125.0 860.0 76,44 Dep. of Houmniko 5521.0 1450.0 26,26 Municipality of Vissaltia 14255.0 7040.0 49,39 Dep. of Dimitritsio 1519.0 1100.0 72,42

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Dep. of Ag Paraskevi 767.0 630.0 82,14 Dep. of Ampelos 1696.0 800.0 47,17 Dep. of Vergis 2919.0 1130.0 38,71 Dep. of Lygarias 967.0 720.0 74,46 Dep. of Nikokleias 3355.0 1240.0 36,96 Dep. of Sisamias 887.0 650.0 73,28 Dep. of Triantafyllias 2297.0 770.0 33,52 Municipality of Tragilos 19775.0 7162.0 36,22 Dep. of Mavrothalassa 1913.0 1710.0 89,39 Dep. of Ag Dimitrios 812.0 640.0 78,82 Dep. of Aidonohorion 4200.0 1330.0 31,67 Dep. of Efkarpia 4715.0 2670.0 56,63 Dep. of Iviron 2170.0 1300.0 59,91 Dep. of Kastanohoriou 4791.0 372.0 7,76 Dep. of Tragilos 1172.0 850.0 72,53

According to the Hellenic Statistical Authority‘s data from 2000 to 2006 no significant variations are noted as far as the total cultivated area of the Municipality of Vissaltia - Kallikratis. More specifically in 2000, 28,213 hectares were cultivated and in 2006, 28,352 hectares (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Cultivated Area in Municipality of Vissaltia - Kallikratis, [Source: Hell. St.].

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

The vast majority of the cultivated area is arable crops with percentages varying between 88 to 90%. The total area of tree crops is the second more important cultivated area with percentages varying close to 9%. More specifically, the dominant tree crop cultivation is the cultivation of olive trees that occupies 1503.8 hectares (5.51%). The vegetable cultivations and the vines are occupying less than 3.5% of the total cultivated area (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Main Cultivations in 2006 in Municipality of Vissaltia - Kallikratis, [Source: Hell. St.].

Nine main crops are cultivated on the arable land of the Municipality of Vissaltia - Kallikratis. More specifically: hard wheat is the cultivation with the largest area, occupying 8,930-9,345 hectares between 2000 and 2006 showing a slight upward trend.

irrigated cotton is the second cultivation, occupying 7,878 hectares in 2000 and reaching 8,433 hectares in 2006.

maize cultivation is displaying a significant upward trend and has risen from 1,655 hectares in 2000 to 2,607 hectares in 2006.

tobacco (eastern type) cultivation had some variations during the statistic period. In 2000 it occupied 1,292 hectares and in 2006 1,319 hectares.

The area of the sugar beets cultivation is also rising from 766.9 hectares in 2000 and in 2006 there were 986.2 hectares of that cultivation.

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Soft wheat, lucerne and barley are cultivated in comparatively smaller areas and they participate in percentages lower than 2% in the total arable land.

In the Municipality of Vissaltia - Kallikratis the areas for the main cultivations for the period 2000-2006 are presented in Table 4.

Table 4: Cultivations in the Municipality of Vissaltia - Kallikratis for the period 2000-2006, [Source: Hell. St.]

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Grand total of the cultivated 28313 28432 28352 28352 28352 28352 28352 crops Arable crops 24111,3 24493 24612,3 24519,3 24528,2 24696,7 24873,3 Wheat, hard 8930,6 9213,0 9610,9 9325,1 9508,8 9141,4 9345,3 Wheat, soft 2208,2 1949,1 1786,7 1735,7 1637,3 1834,8 1642,2 Cotton 7878,4 8256,0 8061,7 7998,1 8254,3 8063,9 8433,0 Maize 1655,7 1693,7 2393,0 2494,2 2631,4 2728,2 2607,1 Tobacco 1292,2 1297,9 1250,5 1220,8 1302,9 1358,5 1319,3 Sugar beets 766,9 930,3 975,5 1096,0 976,6 1280,0 986,2 Lucerne 669,5 616,1 525,3 441,2 367,6 451,5 475,7 Tree crops 2720,0 2658,4 2594,0 2611,0 2668,9 2672,5 2554,6 Olive trees 1453,9 1464,4 1480,1 1481,5 1496,5 1497,8 1503,8

The areas and the percentages of the arable crops in the four Municipalities composing the new Municipality of Vissaltia - Kallikratis for 2006 are presented in the following figures (Figure 4 ’ 13).

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Figure 4: Areas of crops in arable land for 2006 in the municipality of Nigrita [Source: Hell. St.].

Figure 5: Areas of crops in arable land for 2006 in the municipality of Achinos [Source: Hell. St.].

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Figure 6: Areas of crops in arable land for 2006 in the municipality of Vissaltia [Source: Hell. St.].

Figure 7: Areas of crops in arable land for 2006 in the municipality of Tragilos [Source: Hell. St.].

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Figure 8: Areas of crops in arable land for 2006 in the municipality of Vissaltia – Kallikratis [Source: Hell. St.].

Figure 9: Composition of arable crops for 2006 in the municipality of Nigrita, [Source: Hell. St.].

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Figure 10: Composition of arable crops for 2006 in the municipality of Achinos, [Source: Hell. St.].

Figure 11: Composition of arable crops for 2006 in the municipality of Vissaltia, [Source: Hell. St.].

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Figure 12: Composition of arable crops for 2006 in the municipality of Tragilos, [Source: Hell. St.].

Figure 13: Composition of arable crops for 2006 in the municipality of Vissaltia - Kallikratis, [Source: Hell. St.].

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

In the following Figures (Figures 14 ’ 18) the average cultivated area for the period 2000- 2006 for the main crops in the existing Municipalities and in the Municipality of Vissaltia - Kallikratis is presented.

Figure 14: Average cultivated area for the period 2000-2006 in the municipality of Nigrita, [Source: Hell. St.].

Figure 15: Average cultivated area for the period 2000-2006 in the municipality of Vissaltia,

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

[Source: Hell. St.].

Figure 16: Average cultivated area for the period 2000-2006 in the municipality of Achinos, [Source: Hell. St.].

Figure 17: Average cultivated area for the period 2000-2006 in the municipality of Tragilos, [Source: Hell. St.].

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Figure 18: Average cultivated area for the period 2000-2006 in the municipality of Vissaltia - Kallikratis, [Source: Hell. St.].

According to the Municipality of Nigrita the situation in the cultivations remains the same the last years. The crops in arable land continue to be the major cultivations, but the cultivation of some new crops (i.e. sunflower and oilseed rape) has already been introduced in order to conform to the new Common Agricultural Policy that diminishes the grants in specific cultivations (e.g. irrigated cotton and tobacco).

1.1.2.2 Areas of cultivation for the municipality and the departments (each kind of cultivation)

Table 5: Average areas of main cultivations in the Municipality and Administrative Departments of Nigrita for the main cultivations for the period 2000-2006 [Source: Hell. St.].

Cultivation Nigrita Anthi Therma Terpni Flampouro Municipality Hard Wheat 1643,1 8,8 223,0 575,3 5,2 2455,4 Cotton 815,0 53,6 80,8 52,6 612,8 1614,9 Maize 599,5 231,9 47,9 303,8 191,7 1374,8 Tobacco 214,7 0,6 5,4 357,0 0,0 577,8 Sugar beets 87,9 25,2 0,6 10,1 85,8 209,5 Lucerne 76,7 49,0 8,8 9,0 19,4 163,0 Olive trees 246,0 0,5 39,6 168,2 2,3 456,6 Soft Wheat 35,0 11,5 4,7 26,9 3,9 81,9 TOTAL 3717.9 47.6 410.8 1502,9 921,1 6933,9 21

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Table 6: Average areas of main cultivations in the existing Municipalities and in the Municipality of Vissaltia - Kallikratis for the main cultivations for the period 2000-2006 [Source: Hell. St.].

New Municipality Cultivation Achinos Nigrita Vissaltia Tragilos Vissaltia- Kallikratis Arable 6573,60 6330,54 4024,24 6741,33 20242,70 crops Wheat, 2356,90 2454,77 1451,81 2930,31 7872,40 hard Cotton 3173,20 1613,16 219,63 3079,90 6659,50 Maize 308,70 1356,81 982,37 171,91 1723,70 Tobacco 181,50 577,79 814,31 21,10 1057,10 Sugar 337,90 221,06 93,46 421,44 800,90 beets Lucerne 84,60 164,30 168,89 34,51 391,90 Olive trees 266,00 456,27 578,90 181,40 1267,74 Wheat, soft 55,20 83,89 108,70 41,79 1585,20 TOTAL 7060,00 7089,97 5945,71 7161,90 23364,50

Table 7: Areas of main cultivations in the Municipality and Administrative Departments of Nigrita for the main cultivations for 2006 [Source: Hell. St.]. Cultivation Nigrita Anthi Therma Terpni Flampouro Municipality Hard Wheat 1629 15 228 704 12 2588 Cotton 800 20 70 40 510 1440 Maize 734 267 70 320 330 1721 Tobacco 225 1 4 285 0 515 Sugar beets 55 19 2 0 70 146 Lucerne 40 60 6 4 10 120 Olive trees 246 1 39 168 3 457 Soft Wheat 40 12 0 15 0 67 TOTAL 3769 395 419 1536 935 7054

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Table 8: Areas of main cultivations in the Municipalities composing the Municipality of Vissaltia - Kallikratis for the main cultivations for 2006 [Source: Hell. St.].

Achinos Nigrita Vissaltia Tragilos New Municipality Wheat, hard 2416,5 2587,7 1527,9 2717,2 9249,3 Cotton 3125,5 1440,0 179,1 3165,0 8190,2 Maize 458,6 1720,6 1070,5 175,0 2219,1 Tobacco 181,7 515,0 922,4 16,4 1266,5 Sugar beets 209,7 146,0 54,9 619,2 950,8 Lucerne 76,9 120,3 149,0 77,0 423,2 Olive trees 269,2 456,8 597,4 180,4 1503,8 Wheat, soft 26,3 67,0 116,5 52,9 1635,7 TOTAL 7060,0 7090,0 5940,0 7161,8 27251,8

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

1.1.2.3 Geographical distribution of cultivations The sections that follow present the distribution of cultivations (areas of main cultivations in hectares) within each administrative department of the Municipality of Nigrita (refer to Map 1). Figure 19 shows the location of the administrative departments within the former municipality of Nigrita and the distribution of the main cultivations within each administrative department.

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Figure 19: Percentages of Cultivations in the Municipal Departments of Nigrita. 25

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Figure 20 shows the location of the administrative departments within the former municipality of Achinos and the distribution of the main cultivations within each administrative department.

Municipal Department of Achinos

Municipal Department of Houmnikon

Municipal Department of Dafni

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Municipal Department of Lefkotopos

Municipal Department of Sitohorio

Municipal Department of Zervohorion

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Municipal Department of Patrikion

Figure 20: Percentages of Cultivations in the Municipal Departments of Achinos.

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Figure 21 shows the location of the administrative departments within the former municipality of Vissaltia and the distribution of the main cultivations within each administrative department.

Municipal Department of Dimitritsio

Municipal Department of Ag. Paraskevi

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Municipal Department of Ampelon

Municipal Department of Vergi

Municipal Department of Lygaria

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Municipal Department of Nikokleia

Municipal Department of Sisamia

Municipal Department of Triantafillia Figure 21: Percentages of Cultivations in the Municipal Departments of Vissaltia.

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Figure 22 shows the location of the administrative departments within the former municipality of Tragilos and the distribution of the main cultivations within each administrative department.

Municipal Department of Mavrothalassa

Municipal Department of Ag. Dimitrio

Municipal Department of Aidonohorion

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Municipal Department of Efkarpia

Municipal Department of Iviron

Municipal Department of Kastanohorion

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Municipal Department of Tragilos

Figure 22: Percentages of Cultivations in the Municipal Departments of Tragilos.

1.1.2.4 Temporal distribution of application of agrochemicals in the major cultivations in the Municipality Vissaltia-Kallikratis Since the use of agrochemicals and consequently the generation of the waste from the agrochemicals (APPW) follows a timetable based on the cultivation practices in the region, it is worth to report the temporal distribution of the cultivation practices in the specific area for the three main cultivated species (hard wheat, cotton and maize). The temporal distribution of cultivation activities (cultivation works per cultivation kind during a cultivation season) is presented in Table 9. Considering the climatic conditions these practices can take place earlier or later than usual.

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Table 9: Temporal application of agrochemicals in the major cultivations.

Hard Wheat Cotton Maize January February Fertilization – March Herbicide Insecticide – Herbicides Sown – Sown – Fertilization - April Herbicide Fertilization – Herbicides Herbicides Fertilization – Sown - Fertilization - May Herbicides – Herbicides Sown

Herbicide – Acaricide - June Harvest Insecticide

Plant growth July regulators - Acaricide - Insecticide Plant growth August regulators - Acaricide - Insecticide Plant growth September regulators - Harvest

End of October Sown Plant growth October -Fertilization - regulators - Herbicides Herbicide - Harvest Sown -Fertilization - November Harvest Herbicides December (continues)

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Tobacco Lucerne Olive trees January Herbicide February Herbicide - Fertilization Fertilization Tobacco nursery - March Soil decontamination - Herbicide - Fertilization Insecticide Fungicides Herbicide – April Insecticide Insecticide Transplantation – Herbicide – May Insecticide Herbicide - Insecticide Insecticide Herbicide – June Insecticide Insecticide Herbicide – July Insecticide Insecticide Herbicide – August Insecticide Insecticide September Herbicide Insecticide October Harvest Harvest Insecticide Insecticide – November Fertilization - Harvest December Fertilization

1.1.2.5 Trends in restructuring cultivations in the region: which new crops replace old cultivations According to estimations of the Municipality of Nigrita the future trends in the agricultural sector of the region are characterized by a steady but slow increase of the cultivation of energy plants. An example is the cultivation of sunflower and oilseed rape. Cultivations of soy bean are also introduced in the region. These tendencies are slow enough not to alter significantly the composition of the cultivations in the area for the near future. The farmers adapt their cultivations respectively to the market prices of the produced products. However, as this factor comes from the market, it is very difficult to make any predictions.

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

1.1.3 Quantities of APPW in the Municipality of Vissaltia Kallikratis 1.1.3.1 Main reasons for using agrochemicals per cultivation The main reasons for using agrochemicals per cultivation are presented in Table 9. According to the information collected the main reasons for using agrochemicals with the main cultivations in the region are the control of weeds (herbicides), control of enemies and diseases (insecticides, fungicides, acaricides),and for cultivation practices (fertilizers, plant growth regulators, soil decontaminants) etc.

1.1.3.2 Types of agrochemicals used per cultivation The types and the yearly dosage of agrochemicals used per cultivation are also presented in Table 10. The information presented in it was obtained through interviews and information provided by local agronomists and retailers. Even though the data of Table 10 are not considered to be complete as many farmers use agrochemicals from the market without registration or any traceability system, they have been cross checked and they are considered to offer a rather reliable picture and a good quantitative estimate of the current situation.

Table 10: List of agrochemicals used in the main cultivations of the area. Wheat, hard & Wheat soft: Type of Active Substance Commercial Yearly Dosage Size of agrochemical name (Quantity of Package agrochemical per hectare) 33.5-0-0 or 20-10- 25 – 40 – Fertilizer 300 – 500 kg 00 50 kg Glean 75 Herbicide Chlorsulfuron 75% 1.5-2.5 gr 200 gr WG 500 ml & 1 Herbicide MCPA 40% MCPA 40% 1.500 cc lt & 5 lt & 10 lt & 20 lt Mancozeb 46,4% Davlistop Herbicide 0.4 kg 800 gr copper (Bord.) 5% WP Iodosulfuron methyl -sodium Hussar Maxx 0,6 kg & 0,3 Herbicide 3% 0.2-0.25 kg WG kg mesosulfuron - methyl 3%

Irrigated Cotton: Type of Commercial Size of Active Substance Yearly Dosage agrochemical name (Quantity of Package 37

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

agrochemical per hectare) 24-6-12 or 25 – 40 – 50 Fertilizer 11-15-15 or 40 kg kg 20-10-10 Plant growth Mepiquat Chloride Pix 5 SL 1000 cc 1 & 5 lt regulators 500 cc & 1lt Herbicide Pyraflufen – ethyl Kabuki 100 gr or 2 lt & 5 lt Stomp 33 Herbicide Pendimethalin 33% 4000-5000 cc 1 & 5 & 10 lt EC Herbanil 36 0.25 & 0.5 & SL, Roundup Herbicide Glyphosate 36% 1500 - 5000 cc 1 & 5 & 10 & / Clinic 36 20 lt / 25 lt SL Dimethol Insecticide Dimethoate 40% Progress 40 1000 cc 0.5 & 1lt EC, Chlorpyrifos Insecticide Chlorpyrifos 48% - Agrodan 48 2000 - 2500 cc 1&5lt EC Alpha - Alfathrin 10 Insecticide 400 cc 200 & 400 cc Cypermethrine EC Plant growth ethephon 48% Finish 48/6 2500 – 3000 cc 1 & 5 lt regulators cyclanilide 6% SC

Maize: Type of Active Substance Commercial Yearly Dosage Size of agrochemical name (Quantity of Package agrochemical per hectare) Fertilizer 30-20-0 or 25 – 40 – 500 kg 27-5-0 50 kg Insecticide Chlorpyrifos 5% Hurricane 5 8 kg 10 kg GR GR Herbicide Isoxaflutole 75% Merlin 75 100 – 130 gr 500 gr WG Herbicide Acetochlor 45% Harness terbuthylazine Plus 45/21,4 2500 - 4500 cc 5 & 1 lt 21,4% SE Herbicide Terbuthylazine Axion Puro 50% 50 SC, 1500 - 2000 cc 1 lt dorian

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Herbicide Foramsulfuron Equip 2,25 2000 – 2670 cc 1 & 5 lt 2,25% OD Herbicide Sulcotrione 30% Mikado 300 1000 – 1500 cc 1 lt SC

Tobacco, eastern type: Yearly Dosage Type of Active Commercial (Quantity of Size of agrochemical Substance name agrochemical per Package hectare) 25 – 40 – Fertilizer 11-15-15 1000 kg 50 kg Masina 20,6 Imidacloprid Insecticide SC, Confidor 1000 cc 1 lt 20,6% 200 OD Metam sodium Sodam Blue Soil decontaminant 1000-3000 lt 10 lt 32,7% * 32 SL Talman Mancozeb 56% Fungicide Combi 2500 – 3000 gr 500 gr metalaxyl 7,5% * 7,5/56 WP Antracol 70 Fungicide Propineb 70% * 2000 gr 1 kg WP Pendimethalin Stomp 33 Herbicide 4000 - 6000 cc 1 & 5 & 10lt 33% * EC Cypermethrin Insecticide Rebel 10 EC 400 - 600 cc 0.4 & 1 lt 10% Dimethol Insecticide Dimethoate 40% Progress 40 1000 cc 0.5 & 1 lt EC Deltamethrin 0.1 & 0.25 & Insecticide Decis 2,5 EC 300 - 500 cc 2.5% 0.5 & 1lt Bacillus thuringiensis Xentari 3 Insecticide 500 - 1000 gr 500 gr subsp. Aizawai WG 3% * These agrochemicals are used in the production of tobacco seedlings in tobacco nurseries; the cultivated area is considerable smaller (approx. 100 sq. m. of nursery correspond to 1 hectare of crop cultivation in the field)

Lucerne: Yearly Dosage Type of Active Commercial (Quantity of Size of agrochemical Substance name agrochemical per Package hectare)

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

25 – 40 – 50 Fertilizer 20-10-0 400 kg kg Metribuzin 500 gr & 1 Herbicide Metribuzin 70% agrotechnica 750 - 1000 gr kg 70 WG Benefex 18 Herbicide Benfluralin 18% 6500 - 8300 cc 1 & 5 lt EC, bonalan Deltamethrin 0.1 & 0.25 & Insecticide Decis 2,5 EC 250 cc 2,5% 0.5 & 1 lt Cypermethrin Insecticide Rebel 10 EC 400 - 600 cc 0.4 & 1 lt 10%

Olive trees: Yearly Dosage Type of Active Commercial (Quantity of Size of agrochemical Substance name agrochemical per Package hectare) 25 – 40 – 50 Fertilizer 18-8-12 + Boron 250 kg kg Bordeaux Mixture - Copper Ellagret 20 5 & 10 kg or Insecticide 6000 - 6500 gr (bordeaux) 20% WP, 1 kg Bordelesa 20 WG Copper Curacop XT 0.75 & 2 kg Insecticide 2100 – 4750 gr (hydroxide) 25% 25 SC &WG or 0.75 & 2 lt Dimethoate - 1 lt & 2 lt & 5 Insecticide Dimethoate 40% Technofarm 625 cc lt & 10 lt 40 EC Deltamethrin- Deltamethrin Insecticide 300 - 500 cc 500 cc & 1 lt 2,5% Technofarm 2,5 EC

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

1.1.3.3 Ways of application of agrochemicals The most common form of pesticide application in the region under consideration, with dominant conventional arable cultivations, is the use of mechanical sprayers. The hydraulic sprayers used consist of a tank, a pump and a boom with multiple nozzles. Sprayers convert a pesticide formulation, usually containing a mixture of water and chemical, into droplets, which can be large rain-type drops or tiny almost-invisible particles. The size of droplets is controlled through the use of different nozzle sizes, or by altering the pressure under which it is forced, or a combination of both. When the farmers have to use an agrochemical they go at specific points where a water supply is available and they fill their tank of the sprayer with the diluted agrochemical. They dispose the containers at the same location without any control and without systematically applying any rinsing or any other approved cleaning technique. Typical application equipment used is self-propelled row-crop sprayers (powered by tractors) applying agrochemicals to post-emergent crops (Photo 1). These tractors utilize very tall and narrow tires and combine this with a sprayer body which can be raised and lowered depending on crop height. These sprayers usually carry the label ‗high-clearance‘ as they can rise over growing crops, although usually not much more than 1 or 2 meters high. In addition, these sprayers often have very wide booms in order to minimize the number of passes required over a field, again designed to limit crop damage and maximize efficiency. Pre-emergent application equipment is also used in some cases. The tractor in this case, often has large, wide tires designed to float on soft soil, minimizing both soil compaction and damage to planted (but not yet emerged) crops.

Photo 1: Typical agrochemicals application equipment

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

The technical and financial management of the irrigation system in the region and the control of the water supply to the farmers belong to the regional irrigation network of TOEB-Nigrita (Map 7; Photo 2). TOEB controls therefore all points of water supply for the sprayers and so all possible locations for the collection and triple rinsing of APPW. This offers a unique possibility for the APPW management scheme to be designed in the region. Although they are many water intakes in the area the most popular are presented in Map 8.

Map 7: Points of water intakes where uncontrolled disposal of agrochemicals takes place (Source: TOEB Nigrita and Municipality of Nigrita)

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Map 8: Water supplies in the area of the Municipality of Nigrita.

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Photo 2: Points of water intakes where uncontrolled disposal of agrochemicals takes place (Source: TOEB Nigrita and Municipality of Nigrita).

1.1.3.4 Quantities of agrochemicals per cultivation and per agrochemical per year The quantities of agrochemicals used in the region of the four former Municipalities composing the new Municipality of Vissaltia - Kallikratis for each main cultivation are presented in Table 11. They are calculated according to the given dosage for each active substance (Table 10). For the purpose of the project the quantities of the agrochemicals used per year are calculated based on the maximum dosage for each agrochemical. The calculation is done by multiplying the maximum recommended dosage of each agrochemical given in Table 10 for each cultivation by the corresponding average cultivation areas obtained from Table 5 for each municipal department and cultivation (data used for the period from 2000 to 2006 (Source Hellenic Statistic Authority). A key point that must be taken in mind is that the application of the agrochemicals varies from year to year. The main reason for that phenomenon is that the conditions that cause the need for the agrochemical use differ each year. For example, one year there could be an intense need for the use of an insecticide whereas the next year no insult from the insect could lead to non use of the same agrochemical. Another reason is that the same cultivations in the region may have different demands which are analogous to the specific geographical point and soil characteristics of their location. Furthermore, the prices of the agrochemicals determine the feasibility of using them. A rise in the price of an agrochemical could shift the buying interest to other agrochemicals. Lastly but not least, the circulation of agrochemical products depends on the licensing of agrochemicals from the European Union and the Greek Ministry of Agricultural Development. When the license of circulation of an agrochemical expires and is not renewed the farmers should seek alternative solutions. Also, the suppliers in the region may offer various products from different manufacturers for the same application. The sizes of the various packages (plastic bottles, sacs etc) are presented in Table 10. The number of packages used per year was estimated based on the information provided 44

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

in Table 10 by assuming that the available packages are used in a analogy of approximately 30 and 70 % for the minimum and the maximum package sizes, respectively, in all cases (as it was extracted from the interviews with local retailers). The packages sizes for each agrochemical were used in combination with the information provided in the following Tables (Table 11 ’ Table 15) about the quantities of agrochemicals used in the region of the Municipality of Nigrita for each main cultivation, to calculate the number of packages for each agrochemical and cultivation for the Municipality of Nigrita. The numbers of APPW per year for each agrochemical and cultivation in the four former Municipalities composing the new Municipality of Vissaltia - Kallikratis are presented in Table 11 to Table 15.

Table 11: Materials and quantities of packages per agrochemical in the Municipality of Nigrita.

Active Substance Material of the package Quantities of Number of

agrochemicals agrochemical per year packages in the municipality of

Nigrita per year Cultivation Fertilizer 33.5-0-0 or PET/Aluminium/PE 1318.6 t 31026 20-10-00

Chlorsulfuron 75% Jar PE High Density 6.5 kg 32 (HDPE) inside a paper box MCPA 40% HDPE 3881 lt 5133

Mancozeb 46,4% Plastic PE sac in a 1035 kg 1294 copper (Bord.) 5% carton box or polyester/PE sac Iodosulfuron methyl - Plastic type 647 kg 1548

sodium 3% HDPE/COEX

mesosulfuron -methyl

3% Wheat Fertiler 24-6-12 or 11- PET/Aluminium/PE 646.4 t 30419 15-15 or 20-10-10 Mepiquat Chloride Plastic type 1616 lt 425 HDPE/COEX Pyraflufen – ethyl COEX or PET 161 kg 44

Pendimethalin 33% Plastic type 8080 lt 1106 HDPE/COEX Glyphosate 36% Plastic type 8080 lt 574

HDPE/COEX Irrigated cotton

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Dimethoate 40% Plastic type 1615 lt 1901 HDPE/COEX Chlorpyrifos 48% Plastic type 4039 lt 1063 HDPE/COEX Alpha - Plastic type 646 lt 1901 Cypermethrine HDPE/COEX ethephon 48% Plastic type 4848 lt 1275 cyclanilide 6% HDPE/COEX Fertilizer 30-20-0 or PET/Aluminium/PE 688.0 t 16188 27-5-0 Chlorpyrifos 5% GR PE/PET or PE/Al/PET or 11008 kg 1101 paper/PE Isoxaflutole 75% Plastic bag inside a 179 kg 358 paper box & 100 gr. Jar (Βάζο) PE Acetochlor 45% Plastic type 6192 lt 1630 terbuthylazine 21,4% HDPE/COEX

Terbuthylazine 50% Plastic type 2752 lt 2752 HDPE/COEX Foramsulfuron 2,25% Plastic type 3673 lt 967

HDPE/COEX

Sulcotrione 30% Plastic type 2064 lt 2064

HDPE/COEX Maize Fertilizer 11-15-15 PET/Aluminium/PE 578.0 t 12703 Imidacloprid 20,6% Plastic type 578 lt 578 HDPE/COEX * Metam sodium Plastic type 26 lt 3 32,7% HDPE/COEX * Mancozeb 56% Plastic type 26 kg 52 metalaxyl 7,5% HDPE/COEX * Propineb 70% Plastic type 17.3 kg 17 HDPE/COEX Pendimethalin 33% Plastic type 3468 lt 475

HDPE/COEX

Cypermethrin 10% Plastic type 346 lt 423 HDPE/COEX Deltamethrin 2.5% Plastic type 289 lt 500 HDPE/COEX Bacillus thuringiensis Bag inside a paper box 578 kg 1156 subsp. Aizawai 3% Appropriate boxes with

internal PE bag Tobacco,eastern type

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Fertilizer 20-10-0 pet/aluminium/pe 65.08 t 1531 Metribuzin 70% Jar PE High Density 162 kg 191 (HDPE) Benfluralin 18% Plastic type 1350 lt 355 HDPE/COEX Deltamethrin 2,5% Plastic type 40 lt 70

HDPE/COEX Cypermethrin 10% Plastic type 97 lt 119

HDPE/COEX Lucerne Fertilizer 18-8-12 + PET/Aluminium/PE 114.25 t 2308 Boron Fertilizer Copper COEX or HDPE 2.969 t 802 (bordeaux) 20% Fertilizer Copper Bag or Bag inside a 2.169 t 1334 (hydroxide) 25% paper box Dimethoate 40% Bag inside a paper box 285 lt 50

or Plastic type HDPE/COEX Deltamethrin 2,5% Plastic type 229 lt 457

HDPE/COEX Olivetrees

(*) These agrochemicals are used in the production of tobacco seedlings in tobacco nurseries; the cultivated area is considerable smaller (approx. 100 sq. m. of nursery correspond to 1 hectare of crop cultivation in the field)

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Table 12: Materials and quantities of packages per agrochemical in the Municipality of Achinos.

Active Substance Material of the package Quantities of Number of agrochemicals agrochemical per year packages in the municipality of Achinos per

year Cultivation Fertilizer 33.5-0-0 or PET/Aluminium/PE 1404.4 t 33045 20-10-00

Chlorsulfuron 75% Jar PE High Density 7 kg 35 (HDPE) inside a paper box MCPA 40% HDPE 4213 lt 2718

Mancozeb 46,4% Plastic PE sac in a 1124 kg 1404 copper (Bord.) 5% carton box or polyester/PE sac Iodosulfuron methyl - Plastic type 702 kg 1377

sodium 3% HDPE/COEX

mesosulfuron -methyl

3% Wheat Fertiler 24-6-12 or 11- PET/Aluminium/PE 2724 t 64094 15-15 or 20-10-10 Mepiquat Chloride Plastic type 3405 lt 896 HDPE/COEX Pyraflufen – ethyl COEX or PET 340 kg 93

Pendimethalin 33% Plastic type 17025 lt 2332 HDPE/COEX Glyphosate 36% Plastic type 17025 lt 1210 HDPE/COEX

Dimethoate 40% Plastic type 3405 lt 4006 HDPE/COEX Chlorpyrifos 48% Plastic type 8512 lt 2240 HDPE/COEX Alpha - Plastic type 1362 lt 4006 Cypermethrine HDPE/COEX ethephon 48% Plastic type 10215 lt 2688

cyclanilide 6% HDPE/COEX

Irrigated cotton

Fertilizer 30-20-0 or PET/Aluminium/PE 247 t 5814

27-5-0 Maize

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Chlorpyrifos 5% GR PE/PET or PE/Al/PET or 3954 kg 395 paper/PE Isoxaflutole 75% Plastic bag inside a 64 kg 128 paper box & 100 gr. Jar (Βάζο) PE Acetochlor 45% Plastic type 2224 lt 585 terbuthylazine 21,4% HDPE/COEX

Terbuthylazine 50% Plastic type 988 lt 988 HDPE/COEX Foramsulfuron 2,25% Plastic type 1320 lt 347 HDPE/COEX Sulcotrione 30% Plastic type 741 lt 741 HDPE/COEX Fertilizer 11-15-15 PET/Aluminium/PE 125 t 2745 Imidacloprid 20,6% Plastic type 125 lt 125 HDPE/COEX * Metam sodium Plastic type 3.75 lt 1 32,7% HDPE/COEX * Mancozeb 56% Plastic type 3.75 kg 7 metalaxyl 7,5% HDPE/COEX * Propineb 70% Plastic type 0.17 kg 1 HDPE/COEX Pendimethalin 33% Plastic type 749 lt 103

HDPE/COEX

Cypermethrin 10% Plastic type 75 lt 91 HDPE/COEX Deltamethrin 2.5% Plastic type 62 lt 88 HDPE/COEX Bacillus thuringiensis Bag inside a paper box 125 kg 250 subsp. Aizawai 3% Appropriate boxes with

internal PE bag Tobacco,eastern type Fertilizer 20-10-0 pet/aluminium/pe 31 t 731 Metribuzin 70% Jar PE High Density 78 kg 91 (HDPE) Benfluralin 18% Plastic type 645 lt 170 HDPE/COEX Deltamethrin 2,5% Plastic type 19 lt 34

HDPE/COEX Cypermethrin 10% Plastic type 47 lt 1462

HDPE/COEX Lucerne

Fertilizer 18-8-12 + PET/Aluminium/PE 70 t 1405

Oli ve tre es 49

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Boron Fertilizer Copper COEX or HDPE 1808 t 489 (bordeaux) 20% Fertilizer Copper Bag or Bag inside a 1320 t 813 (hydroxide) 25% paper box Dimethoate 40% Bag inside a paper box 174 lt 31 or Plastic type HDPE/COEX Deltamethrin 2,5% Plastic type 139 lt 278 HDPE/COEX (*) These agrochemicals are used in the production of tobacco seedlings in tobacco nurseries; the cultivated area is considerable smaller (approx. 100 sq. m. of nursery correspond to 1 hectare of crop cultivation in the field)

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Table 13: Materials and quantities of packages per agrochemical in the Municipality of Vissaltia.

Active Substance Material of the package Quantities of Number of agrochemicals agrochemical per year packages in the on municipality of Vissaltia per

year Cultivati Fertilizer 33.5-0-0 or PET/Aluminium/PE 873 t 20552 20-10-00

Chlorsulfuron 75% Jar PE High Density 4 kg 22 (HDPE) inside a paper box MCPA 40% HDPE 2620 lt 1691

Mancozeb 46,4% Plastic PE sac in a 699 kg 873 copper (Bord.) 5% carton box or polyester/PE sac Iodosulfuron methyl - Plastic type 437 kg 856

sodium 3% HDPE/COEX

mesosulfuron -methyl

3% Wheat Fertiler 24-6-12 or 11- PET/Aluminium/PE 338 t 7942 15-15 or 20-10-10 Mepiquat Chloride Plastic type 422 lt 111 HDPE/COEX Pyraflufen – ethyl COEX or PET 42 kg 12

Pendimethalin 33% Plastic type 2110 lt 289 HDPE/COEX Glyphosate 36% Plastic type 2110 lt 150 HDPE/COEX

Dimethoate 40% Plastic type 422 lt 496 HDPE/COEX Chlorpyrifos 48% Plastic type 1055 lt 278 HDPE/COEX Alpha - Plastic type 169 lt 496 Cypermethrine HDPE/COEX ethephon 48% Plastic type 1266 lt 333

cyclanilide 6% HDPE/COEX Irrigated cotton Fertilizer 30-20-0 or PET/Aluminium/PE 729 t 17159 27-5-0

Chlorpyrifos 5% GR PE/PET or PE/Al/PET or 11668 kg 1167 Maize 51

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

paper/PE Isoxaflutole 75% Plastic bag inside a 190 kg 379 paper box & 100 gr. Jar (Βάζο) PE Acetochlor 45% Plastic type 6563 lt 1727 terbuthylazine 21,4% HDPE/COEX

Terbuthylazine 50% Plastic type 2917 lt 2917 HDPE/COEX Foramsulfuron 2,25% Plastic type 3894 lt 1025 HDPE/COEX Sulcotrione 30% Plastic type 2188 lt 2188 HDPE/COEX Fertilizer 11-15-15 PET/Aluminium/PE 975 t 21433 Imidacloprid 20,6% Plastic type 975 lt 975 HDPE/COEX * Metam sodium Plastic type 29 lt 3 32,7% HDPE/COEX * Mancozeb 56% Plastic type 29 kg 60 metalaxyl 7,5% HDPE/COEX * Propineb 70% Plastic type 19.5 kg 19 HDPE/COEX Pendimethalin 33% Plastic type 5851 lt 802

HDPE/COEX

Cypermethrin 10% Plastic type 585 lt 714 HDPE/COEX Deltamethrin 2.5% Plastic type 488 lt 686 HDPE/COEX Bacillus thuringiensis Bag inside a paper box 975 kg 1950 subsp. Aizawai 3% Appropriate boxes with

internal PE bag Tobacco,eastern type Fertilizer 20-10-0 pet/aluminium/pe 81 t 1896 Metribuzin 70% Jar PE High Density 202 kg 237 (HDPE) Benfluralin 18% Plastic type 1672 lt 440 HDPE/COEX Deltamethrin 2,5% Plastic type 50 lt 87

HDPE/COEX Cypermethrin 10% Plastic type 121 lt 3503

HDPE/COEX Lucerne Fertilizer 18-8-12 + PET/Aluminium/PE 166 t 3356

Boron

Olive trees

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Fertilizer Copper COEX or HDPE 4317 t 1167 (bordeaux) 20% Fertilizer Copper Bag or Bag inside a 3153 t 1940 (hydroxide) 25% paper box Dimethoate 40% Bag inside a paper box 415 lt 73 or Plastic type HDPE/COEX Deltamethrin 2,5% Plastic type 332 lt 664 HDPE/COEX (*) These agrochemicals are used in the production of tobacco seedlings in tobacco nurseries; the cultivated area is considerable smaller (approx. 100 sq. m. of nursery correspond to 1 hectare of crop cultivation in the field)

Table 14: Materials and quantities of packages per agrochemical in the Municipality of Tragilos.

Active Substance Material of the package Quantities of Number of agrochemicals agrochemical per year packages in the municipality of Tragilos per

year Cultivation Fertilizer 33.5-0-0 or PET/Aluminium/PE 1496 t 35201 20-10-00

Chlorsulfuron 75% Jar PE High Density 7 kg 37 (HDPE) inside a paper box MCPA 40% HDPE 4488 lt 2896

Mancozeb 46,4% Plastic PE sac in a 1197 kg 1496 copper (Bord.) 5% carton box or polyester/PE sac Iodosulfuron methyl - Plastic type 748 kg 1467

sodium 3% HDPE/COEX

mesosulfuron -methyl

3% Wheat Fertiler 24-6-12 or 11- PET/Aluminium/PE 3455 t 81293 15-15 or 20-10-10 Mepiquat Chloride Plastic type 4319 lt 1137 HDPE/COEX Pyraflufen – ethyl COEX or PET 432 kg 118

Pendimethalin 33% Plastic type 21594 lt 2958

HDPE/COEX Irrigated cotton

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Glyphosate 36% Plastic type 21594 lt 1534 HDPE/COEX

Dimethoate 40% Plastic type 4319 lt 5081 HDPE/COEX Chlorpyrifos 48% Plastic type 10797 lt 2841 HDPE/COEX Cypermethrin 10% Plastic type 4319 lt 5267 HDPE/COEX Alpha - Plastic type 1727 lt 5081 Cypermethrine HDPE/COEX ethephon 48% Plastic type 12956 lt 3410 cyclanilide 6% HDPE/COEX Fertilizer 30-20-0 or PET/Aluminium/PE 146 t 3424 27-5-0 Chlorpyrifos 5% GR PE/PET or PE/Al/PET or 2328 kg 233 paper/PE Isoxaflutole 75% Plastic bag inside a 38 kg 76 paper box & 100 gr. Jar (Βάζο) PE Acetochlor 45% Plastic type 1310 lt 345 terbuthylazine 21,4% HDPE/COEX

Terbuthylazine 50% Plastic type 582lt 582 HDPE/COEX Foramsulfuron 2,25% Plastic type 777 lt 204

HDPE/COEX

Sulcotrione 30% Plastic type 437 lt 437

HDPE/COEX Maize Fertilizer 11-15-15 PET/Aluminium/PE 16 t 360 Imidacloprid 20,6% Plastic type 16 lt 16 HDPE/COEX * Metam sodium Plastic type 0 lt 0 32,7% HDPE/COEX * Napropamide 45% Plastic type 0.5 lt 1 HDPE/COEX * Mancozeb 56% Plastic type 0.5 kg 1 metalaxyl 7,5% HDPE/COEX * Propamocarb 72.2% Plastic type 0.41 lt 1 HDPE/COEX * Propineb 70% Plastic type 0.33 kg 1

HDPE/COEX Tobacco,eastern type

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Pendimethalin 33% Plastic type 98 lt 13 HDPE/COEX Cypermethrin 10% Plastic type 10 lt 12 HDPE/COEX Deltamethrin 2.5% Plastic type 8 lt 12 HDPE/COEX Bacillus thuringiensis Bag inside a paper box 16 kg 33 subsp. Aizawai 3% Appropriate boxes with internal PE bag Fertilizer 20-10-0 pet/aluminium/pe 35 t 835 Metribuzin 70% Jar PE High Density 89 kg 104 (HDPE) Benfluralin 18% Plastic type 736 lt 194 HDPE/COEX Deltamethrin 2,5% Plastic type 22 lt 38

HDPE/COEX Cypermethrin 10% Plastic type 53 lt 1067

HDPE/COEX Lucerne Fertilizer 18-8-12 + PET/Aluminium/PE 50 t 1002 Boron Fertilizer Copper COEX or HDPE 1289 t 348 (bordeaux) 20% Fertilizer Copper Bag or Bag inside a 942 t 579 (hydroxide) 25% paper box Dimethoate 40% Bag inside a paper box 124 lt 22

or Plastic type HDPE/COEX Deltamethrin 2,5% Plastic type 99 lt 198

HDPE/COEX Olivetrees (*) These agrochemicals are used in the production of tobacco seedlings in tobacco nurseries; the cultivated area is considerable smaller (approx. 100 sq. m. of nursery correspond to 1 hectare of crop cultivation in the field).

Table 15: Materials and quantities of packages per agrochemical in the Municipality of Vissaltia – Kallikratis.

Active Substance Material of the package Quantities of Number of agrochemicals agrochemical per year packages in the municipality of Vissaltia - Kallikratis per

year Cultivation 55

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Fertilizer 33.5-0-0 or PET/Aluminium/PE 5093 t 119824 20-10-00

Chlorsulfuron 75% Jar PE High Density 25 kg 127 (HDPE) inside a paper box MCPA 40% HDPE 15203 lt 9809

Mancozeb 46,4% Plastic PE sac in a 4054 kg 5068 copper (Bord.) 5% carton box or polyester/PE sac Iodosulfuron methyl - Plastic type 2534 kg 4968

sodium 3% HDPE/COEX

mesosulfuron -methyl

3% Wheat Fertiler 24-6-12 or 11- PET/Aluminium/PE 7809 t 183748 15-15 or 20-10-10 Mepiquat Chloride Plastic type 9762 lt 2569 HDPE/COEX Pyraflufen – ethyl COEX or PET 976 kg 267

Pendimethalin 33% Plastic type 48808 lt 6686 HDPE/COEX Glyphosate 36% Plastic type 48808 lt 3468 HDPE/COEX

Dimethoate 40% Plastic type 9762 lt 11484 HDPE/COEX Chlorpyrifos 48% Plastic type 24404 lt 6422 HDPE/COEX Cypermethrin 10% Plastic type 9762 lt 11904 HDPE/COEX Alpha - Plastic type 3905 lt 11484 Cypermethrine HDPE/COEX ethephon 48% Plastic type 29285 lt 7707

cyclanilide 6% HDPE/COEX Irrigated cotton Fertilizer 30-20-0 or PET/Aluminium/PE 1810 t 42585 27-5-0 Chlorpyrifos 5% GR PE/PET or PE/Al/PET or 28958 kg 2896 paper/PE

Isoxaflutole 75% Plastic bag inside a 471 kg 941 paper box & 100 gr. Jar

(Βάζο) PE Maize

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Acetochlor 45% Plastic type 16289 lt 4286 terbuthylazine 21,4% HDPE/COEX

Terbuthylazine 50% Plastic type 7239 lt 7239 HDPE/COEX Foramsulfuron 2,25% Plastic type 9665 lt 2543 HDPE/COEX Sulcotrione 30% Plastic type 5430 lt 5430 HDPE/COEX Fertilizer 11-15-15 PET/Aluminium/PE 1695 t 37242 Imidacloprid 20,6% Plastic type 1695 lt 1695 HDPE/COEX * Metam sodium Plastic type 58.75 lt 7 32,7% HDPE/COEX * Napropamide 45% Plastic type 59.25 lt 60 HDPE/COEX * Mancozeb 56% Plastic type 59.25 kg 120 metalaxyl 7,5% HDPE/COEX * Propamocarb 72.2% Plastic type 49 lt 99 HDPE/COEX * Propineb 70% Plastic type 37 kg 38 HDPE/COEX Pendimethalin 33% Plastic type 10167 lt 1393

HDPE/COEX

Cypermethrin 10% Plastic type 1017 lt 1240 HDPE/COEX Deltamethrin 2.5% Plastic type 847 lt 1192 HDPE/COEX Bacillus thuringiensis Bag inside a paper box 1695 kg 3389 subsp. Aizawai 3% Appropriate boxes with

internal PE bag Tobacco,eastern type Fertilizer 20-10-0 pet/aluminium/pe 212 t 4994 Metribuzin 70% Jar PE High Density 531kg 624 (HDPE) Benfluralin 18% Plastic type 4404 lt 1159 HDPE/COEX Deltamethrin 2,5% Plastic type 133 lt 230

HDPE/COEX Cypermethrin 10% Plastic type 318 lt 8459

HDPE/COEX Lucerne Fertilizer 18-8-12 + PET/Aluminium/PE 400 t 8071

Boron

Olive trees 57

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Fertilizer Copper COEX or HDPE 10384 t 2806 (bordeaux) 20% Fertilizer Copper Bag or Bag inside a 7584 t 4667 (hydroxide) 25% paper box Dimethoate 40% Bag inside a paper box 999 lt 175 or Plastic type HDPE/COEX Deltamethrin 2,5% Plastic type 799 lt 1598 HDPE/COEX

1.1.3.5 Types and sizes of containers used per cultivation and per agrochemical in the Municipality of VissaltiaKallikratis The agrochemicals are packaged in cartons (pouders), plastics (bottles or sacs) or a combination of both (e.g. plastic bottles in cartons). Concerning the plastics, the two main packaging categories are the bottles and the sacs. The water soluble agrochemicals that represent the highest percentage in the market and that are growing, since there is a strong tendency to eliminate smelly and environment unfriendly solvents, are packaged in PE (HDPE) bottles that may have a PP cap. The agrochemicals that contain organic solvents most commonly are packed in HDPEPE/COEX bottles that are bottles composed of HDPE with an internal fine barrier of PA or EV. Also PET bottles are used in the market to a limited degree. Almost all the bottles have an aluminum seal under the cap. The sacs, used mostly for fertilizers, are polystromatic (PET/Aluminum/PE). The aluminum layer is used for light protection while the PE that is the major component of the sac provides elasticity and is easy to seal. There exist also PET/PE sacs in the market. The label of the agrochemicals that is integral part of the package, is usually paper glued on the package but in some cases there is a plastic pocket glued on the package containing the paper imprinted label.

1.1.3.6 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of application of agrochemicals per cultivation and agrochemical type The temporal distribution of the application of agrochemicals per cultivation is shown in Table 16. 58

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Table 16: Time of application of agrochemicals per cultivation.

Cultivation Active Substance Time Wheat 33.5-0-0 or 20-10-00 November Chlorsulfuron 75% November MCPA 40% March MCPA 40% April Mancozeb 46,4% copper (Bord.) 5% November

Iodosulfuron methyl -sodium 3% March - April mesosulfuron -methyl 3% Cotton 24-6-12 or 11-15-15 or 20-10-10 April - May Mepiquat Chloride July - August Pyraflufen – ethyl October Pendimethalin 33% April - May Glyphosate 36% June Dimethoate 40% June - July - August Chlorpyrifos 48% June - July - August Cypermethrin 10% June - July - August Alpha - Cypermethrine June ethephon 48% cyclanilide 6% September - October Maize 30-20-0 or 27-5-0 March Chlorpyrifos 5% GR March Isoxaflutole 75% March - April Acetochlor 45% terbuthylazine March - April 21,4% Terbuthylazine 50% March - April Foramsulfuron 2,25% May Sulcotrione 30% May Tobacco 11-15-15 May Imidacloprid 20,6% May Metam sodium 32,7% March Napropamide 45% March Mancozeb 56% metalaxyl 7,5% March Propamocarb 72.2% March Propineb 70% March

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Cultivation Active Substance Time Pendimethalin 33% May Cypermethrin 10% May - August Deltamethrin 2.5% May - August Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Aizawai May - August 3% Lucerne 20-10-0 February - April Bonalan September - April Metribuzin 70% January Benfluralin 18% February - April Deltamethrin 2,5% April - September Cypermethrin 10% April - September Olive trees 18-8-12 + Boron February Copper (bordeaux) 20% March - April - May - September - October - November Copper (hydroxide) 25% March - April - May - September - October - November Dimethoate 40% March - April - May - September - October - November Deltamethrin 2,5% March - April - May - September - October - November

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

1.1.3.7 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of APPW per cultivation and agrochemical type The temporal - spatial quantities distribution of APPW per cultivation and agrochemical package type expressed in terms of containers to be disposed at specific time (month) and specific location (municipal department), is shown in Figure 23, Figure 24, Figure 25 and Figure 26.

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Figure 23: Temporal distribution of agrochemicals in numbers of packages per each of the five municipal departments in Nigrita

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Figure 24: Temporal distribution of agrochemicals in numbers of packages per each of the eight municipal departments in Visaltia

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Figure 25: Temporal distribution of agrochemicals in numbers of packages per each of the seven municipal departments in Tragilos

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Figure 26: Temporal distribution of agrochemicals in numbers of packages per each of the seven municipal departments in Ahinos

1.1.3.8.Spatial distribution of agrochemicals suppliers The spatial distribution of the agrochemicals suppliers in the region is under investigation. No information about the weight of each package type and size presented in Table 10 is available at the moment.

1.1.4 Current practices for APPW management in Municipality of Vissaltia 1.1.4.1 Current disposal practices for the APP waste The disposal of the APP waste takes place in the field near the specific points with the water supply. That way of disposal is illegal and uncontrolled and causes soil and water pollution. The situation gets worse when the farmers burn the APPW. This happens when a large volume of accumulated packages is created at the uncontrolled disposal points (Photo 3 – Photo 4 and Photo 5).

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Photo 3: Uncontrolled disposal of agrochemical packages in the area of the Municipality of Nigrita

Photo 4: Uncontrolled disposal of agrochemical packages in the area of the Municipality of Nigrita

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Photo 5: Uncontrolled disposal of agrochemical packages in the area of the Municipality of Nigrita

1.1.4.2 Location and size of the consolidation stations There is no consolidation station in the region. No other types of agricultural plastic waste are collected in the region. The only agricultural plastic used in the region is irrigation pipes. There is no significant amount of this type of plastic waste because of the very long useful life time of the pipes.

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

1.2 Republic of Cyprus (Cyprus) 1.2.1 Geographic area The Republic of Cyprus is devided in 6 districts: Lefkosia (the capital), Lemesos, Larnaka, Paphos, Kerynia, Ammochostos (Map 9). The population of Cyprus in the Government controlled area was estimated at 803.200 at the end of 2009. The population in the district of Lefkosia was 315.400 at the end of 2009, in Ammochostos 44.800, in Larnaka 134.400, in Lemesos 230.800 and in Pafos 77.800. A proportion of 70,2% resided in the urban areas of Cyprus, whereas a proportion of 28,9% resided in rural areas (Statistical service). The main products in the plains are cereals (wheat and barley), vegetables, potatoes and citrus fruit. Olive trees thrive throughout the island, but mostly on the slopes facing the sea. The vineyards occupy a large area in the southern and western slopes of the Troodos. Deciduous fruit trees thrive on the fertile river valleys. The most important products to be exported are citrus fruits and potatoes. Also exported are, watermelons, melons, tomatoes, aromatic herbs and other early vegetables.

Map 9: Map of Cyprus.

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

1.2.2 Cultivations 1.2.2.1 Main cultivations There are four major categories of cultivations in Cyprus (Figure 25). These include:

1. Temporary crops 2. Tree crops 3. Vines 4. Greenhouses and tunnels

1. Temporary crops: Mainly they include: A) Field crops: wheat, barley, wheat for hay, cereals, oats, wheat hay, food legumes, yellow clover and vetch. B) Fresh vegetables, melons and strawberries C) Died pulses: peas, field beans, sweet lupines, lentils, chickpeas, vetch D) Potatoes E) Beetroots, F) Dasheen G) Flowers H) Fodder crops They cover a total area of 1 097490 decares (Table 18) (1 decare (de) = 1000 m2).

2. Tree crops: A) Olive plantations B) Temperate fruit trees: peaches and nectarines, apricots and kaisha, cherries, plums, figs, loquats, apples, pears, pomegranates, quinces C) Subtropical tree crops: Bananas, Avocados, Kiwi, Persimmon, Palm Trees, Mangos D) Trees for nuts: Hazelnuts, Walnuts, Pistachios, Almonds, Chestnuts

They cover a total area of 281 868 decares (Table 20).

3. Vines: table and wine grapes. They cover 125 280 decares (Table 19).

4. Greenhouses and tunnels: tomatoes, cucumbers, aubergines, peppers, courgettes, strawberries, melons, watermelons, French beans. They cover 2744 decares (Table 21)

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Photo 6: Cultivation of spring crops under low tunnels in Cyprus

Photo 7: Cultivation in greenhouses.

1.2.2.2 Area of cultivation According to the most recent data provided by CAPO (Cyprus Agricultural Payments Organisation), the biggest part of rural land is located in the district of Nicosia (438476.2 de). The district of Larnaka follows with 355298.3 de of rural land. The total cultivated area in the Republic of Cyprus sums to 1 370578 de (Table 17).

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Table 17: Cultivated area per district.(Source: CAPO)

DISTRICT CULTIVATED AREA (de) Lefkosia 438476,2

Ammochostos 102037,3

Larnaka 355298,3

Lemesos 199954,8 Pafos 274811,6 TOTAL 1370578

The biggest part of the cultivated area belongs to temporary crops, 1,097,490 de and reaches 70.2% of the total cultivated land. Permanent tree crops follow with 281,868 de and a percentage of 18% of the total cultivated area (Figure 25). As far as temporary crops is concerned the largest percentage of land belongs to cereals 64% (738459 de), and then follow fodder crops 20% (237661 de) (Table 18). Potatoes occupy 4% of the total cultivated land and so are, fresh vegetables, melons and strawberries (55107 and 49537 de respectively). The biggest part of tree crops belongs to olive groves. They occupy 126,110 de and a percentage of land under permanent crops of 44.74 %.The second biggest part in orchards belongs to the trees used for nuts that occupy 52010 (18%) (Table 20). Vines occupy 125280 de and are mainly located in the district of Lemesos (51119 de) and Pafos (55355 de) (Table 19) Greenhouses are mostly located in the district of Larnaka. They occupy 3285.52de and mostly they house tomatoes, cucumbers, aubergines, peppers, courgettes, strawberries, melons, broad beans and flowers (Table 21).

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

1200000 1097490

1000000

800000

600000 Area (de) Area 400000 281868 200000 125278 53953 3868 1341 0 Temporary Tree crops Vines Permanent Fallow Land Kitchen crops (permanent) Grasslands Gardens and and Pastures nurseries

Figure 27: Area (de) of the main categories of cultivations in Cyprus (Source: Census of agriculture)

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Table 18: Area (de) of temporary crops per district and per type of cultivation.(Source: Census of agriculture)

TEMPORARY CROPS

District Cereals for Died Potatoes Beetroots Dasheen Industrial Fresh Flowers & Fodder Other Fallow grain Pulses crops vegetables, ornamental crops Land production melons plants &strawberries Area (decares) Lefkosia 322509 1564 12370 185 28 648 21155 565 58095 410 15209 Ammochostos 54666 292 25706 11 951 53 8411 99 14518 306 2326 Larnaka 271413 318 12232 52 11 230 10554 215 88633 212 6656 Lemesos 23121 399 1873 136 4 99 4845 400 35100 268 7181 Pafos 66750 4666 2926 23 78 3830 4572 202 41317 473 22582 TOTAL 738459 7239 55107 406 1072 4859 49537 1482 237661 1668 53953 % 64,133352 0,628689 4,78590 0,03526 0,0931 0,4219 4,3021 0,1287081 20,640 0,1448 4,685

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Table 19: Area (de) of vines per district. (Source: Census of agriculture)

VINES INTENDED FOR: Table Dried DISTRICT Coumandaria Wines Grapes Grapes Area (decares) Lefkosia 251 14730 1672 25 16678 Ammochostos 0 101 37 0 138 Larnaka 5 1317 668 0 1990 Lemesos 4969 38800 7342 8 51119 Pafos 445 53600 1284 26 55355 5670 108548 11003 59 125280

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Table 20: Area (de) of tree crops per district and per type of cultivation.(Source: Census of agriculture)

TREE CROPS District Olive Fruit Fruit Trees Trees used Citrus Other plantations Trees Subtropical for nuts Fruit (includes temperate permanent crops in greenhouses)

Area (decares) Lefkosia 50049 11945 681 20863 10549 1185 Ammochostos 5110 745 35 141 2473 147 Larnaka 27838 2847 136 2126 5547 2025 Lemesos 24904 12498 207 10792 12821 6810 Pafos 18209 6924 3801 18088 17236 5139 TOTAL 126110 34959 4860 52010 48626 15306 % 44,74032447 12,402482 1,724192982 18,45170308 17,251154 5,4301436

Table 21: Area (de) of temporary crops per district and per type of cultivation.(Source: Census of agriculture)

GREENHOUSE CULTIVATIONS Broad DISTRICT Tomatoes Cucumbers Aubergines Peppers Courgettes Strawberries Melons beans Lefkosia 11,48 6,17 0,2 0,2 0,4 2 0 2,2 Lemesos 17,5 45,6 2 4,9 3,7 47,3 0 35,6 Pafos 220,9 117,09 8 29,55 0 17,2 5,5 26,52 Larkana 407,22 364,96 126,85 94,85 50,8 6,5 19,6 69,3 Ammochostos 108,6 364,9 4,9 10,3 10,7 237,5 0 78,53 Pitsilia (mountainous area) 77,7 76,3 0,05 0,05 0 0 0 31,1 843,4 975,02 142 139,85 65,6 310,5 25,1 243,25

Table 22: Area (de) of greenhouse crops per district.(Source:Agricultural department

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

GREENHOUSES DISTRICT AREA Lefkosia 23,35 Lemesos 421,7 Pafos 585,51 Larnaka 1158,43 Ammochostos 900,83 Pitsilia (mountainous area) 197,5 3285,52

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

1.2.2.3 Geographical distribution of cultivations As far as tree crops is concerned, the district of Lefkosia holds the largest areas of olive plantations (50 049 de) and the largest areas with trees used for nuts (20 863 de). The district of Lemesos holds the largest areas in temperate fruit trees, whereas subtropical fruit trees ad citrus fruit are mostly found in Pafos (Table 20). As far as temporary crops is concerned, the district of Nicosia holds the largest areas of cereals for grain production (322 509 de), potatoes (12370 de), beetroots (185 de), fresh vegetables, melons and strawberries (21 155 de), and flowers (565 de). The district of Ammochostos holds the largest areas of dasheen in Cyprus (951 de) whereas the largest part of the district is cultivated with cereals for grain production (54 666 de). The district of Larnaka holds the largest areas of potatoes plants (12232 de) and fodder crops, whereas the biggest part of the district is cultivated with cereals for grain production (271413 de). The district of Lemesos holds the largest areas of beetroots and flowers (136 & 400 de), whereas the largest part of the district is cultivated with fodder crops. Pafos holds the majority of cultivations with died pulses and industrial crops (4666 & 3838 de), whereas the largest past of the district is cultivated with cereals for grain production (Table 18). In the district of Larnaka and Ammochostos are located most of the greenhouses. They occupy 1158,43 de and 900,83de respectively (Table 22). The spatial distribution of cultivations can be seen in Map 10.

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Map 10: Use of land and distribution of cultivations in Cyprus. (Source Corine maps)

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

1.2.2.4 Temporal distribution cultivations activities

Table 23: Cultivation activities for olives per month. (Source Norm input-output data)

Olives Harrowing Fertilising Weed Plant Irrigation Pruning Harvesting control protection J * F * * M * * A * * * M * * * * J * * * J * * A * * S * * O * * * N * * * * D *

Table 24: Cultivation activities for almonds, nuts and pistachios per month. (Source Norm input-output data) Almonds, pecan nuts, pistachios Rotary Fertilising Plant Irrigation Pruning Harvesting cultivation protection J * F * * M * * A * M * J * J * A * * S * *

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

O N * * D

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Table 25: Cultivation activities for apples and pears per month. (Source Norm input-output data)

Apples/pears Fertilising Weed Plant Irrigation Pruning Harvesting control protection J * F * * M * * A * * * M * * * J * * * J * * A * * S * * * * O * N * * D *

Table 26: Cultivation activities for cherries per month. (Source Norm input-output data)

cherries Fertilising Weed Plant Irrigation Pruning Harvesting control protection J * F * * M * A * * M * * * J * * * J * * A * S * * O N * D

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Table 27: Cultivation activities for peaches per month. (Source Norm input-output data)

peaches Fertilising Weed Plant Irrigation Pruning Harvesting control protection J * F * * M * * A * * M * * * J * * * J * * A * * S * * * * O N * D

Table 28: Cultivation activities for plums per month. (Source Norm input-output data)

plums Fertilising Weed Plant Irrigation Pruning Harvesting control protection J * F * * M * A * * M * * * J * * * J * A * S * * * O N * D

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Table 29: Cultivation activities for oranges per month. (Source Norm input-output data)

oranges Harrowing Fertilising Weed Plant Irrigation Pruning Harvesting control protection J * F * M * * * A * * * * M * * * * * * J * * * J * * * A * S * O * N * * * D *

Table 30: Cultivation activities for grapefruit per month. (Source Norm input-output data)

grapefruit Harrowing Fertilising Weed Plant Irrigation Pruning Harvesting control protection J * F * * M * * * * A * * M * * * * J * * * J * * * A * S * O * * * N * * * * * D * *

Table 31: Cultivation activities for lemons per month. (Source Norm input-output data)

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Lemons Harrowing Fertilising Weed Plant Irrigation Pruning Harvesting control protection J * F * * * * M * * A * * * * M * * * * J * * * * J * * A * * S * * O * * * N * * * D *

Table 32: Cultivation activities for mandarins per month. (Source Norm input-output data)

Mandarins Harrowing Fertilising Weed Plant Irrigation Pruning Harvesting control protection J * F * * * M * * A * * * M * * * * * J * * * * J * * A * * S * O * * * N * * * D * *

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Table 33: Cultivation activities for cereals per month. (Source Norm input-output data)

cereals Deep Harrowing Seeding Weed Top Harvesting ploughing & control dressing fertilising J F * M A * M J * J A S * O * N D *

Table 34: Cultivation activities for tomatoes & cucumbers per month (a)(Source Norm input-output data)

Tomatoes Cucumbers greenhouse Ploughing Soil Placing Fertilization Plant Howing Ventilation Harvesting &Rotary fumigation plastic protection cultivation cover J * * * * * F * * * * * M * * * * * A * * * * * M * * * J * * J A * S * * O * * * * N * * * * D * * * *

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Table 35: Cultivation activities for tomatoes & cucumber per month (b) (Source Norm input-output data)

Tomatoes Cucumbers Low tunnels Ploughing Transplanting Construction Fertilization Plant Howing Ventilation Harvesting &Rotary of low protection cultivation tunnels J * * * * F * * * M * * * * A * * * * M * * * J * * * J * A S O N D *

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Table 36: Cultivation activities for tomatoes & cucumbers per month (c). (Source Norm input-output data)

Tomatoes Cucumbers Open Ploughing Transplanting Irrigation Fertilization Plant Howing Weed &Rotary protection control cultivation J F * M * A * * * * * M * * * J * * * * J * * * * A * * * S * O N D

1.2.2.5 Trends in restructuring cultivations in the region: which new crops replace old cultivations There are no significant changes as far as cultivations is concerned.

1.2.3 Quantities of APPW in the Republic of Cyprus 1.2.3.1 Main reasons for using agrochemicals per cultivation

1. Field crops: Weed control, diseases, fertilisers 2. Orchards: Weed control, diseases, fertilisers. Some of the major threats concerning plant diseases are shown in Table 37. 3. Vegetables: Weed control, fertilisers, diseases 4. Vines: Weed control, fertilisers, diseases 5. Greenhouses, tunnels and low tunnels: Weed control, fertilisers, diseases

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Table 37: Main diseases for tree crops.

Pest or disease Zevzera Oranges Peaches Aphids & red scale Hibernating Incects &Fungi Rust-mite Monilla-Coryneum-Taphrina Med-fly Powdery mildew Nematodes Mites Citrus leafminer Mites Grapefruit Med-fly Red scale Plums Rust-mite Hibernating incects & fungi Med-fly Mites & aphids Nematodes Leaf miners Citrus leafminer Apricots Lemons Hibernating Incects &Fungi Bud-mite Coryneum Prays-citri Monilia Red-Scale Aphids Rust-mite Med fly Nematodes Weedicides Citrus leafminer Apples, Plums, Peaches Mantarins Apricots Aphids Almonds Red-Scale Hibernating Incects &Fungi Rust-mite Almond wasp Med-fly Pistachios Nematodes Eurytoma spp Citrus leafminer Coleoptera Olives Septoria Lecanium Pecan Nuts Olive fly (Bactrocera oleae) Hibernating Incects &Fungi Olive moth Table & wine grapes Apples Mites & powdery mildew Hibernating Incects &Fungi Powedery mildew &grape berry moth Apple scab Grape berry moth 96

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Apple scab weedicides Powdery mildew Golding moth Red spider

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1.2.3.2 Types of agrochemicals used per cultivation

Table 38: Use of agrochemicals in orchards and vines

Pest or Spray period Chemical Concentration No of disease Per L of water applications Oranges Aphids & red May Methidathion 1,25cc 1 scale Rust-mite June-July Bromopropylate 1cc 1 Med-fly October- Malathion & 25cc+ 50 gr 5 December Hydrolised proteins Nematodes April-May Rugby 10G 30 gr/m2 1 Citrus June- Pyriproxyphen 0,5 cc 4 leafminer November Grapefruit Red scale May-June Chlorpyrifos 1,25cc 1 Rust-mite July-August Bromopropylate 1cc 1 Med-fly October- Malathion & 25cc +50gr 5 December Hydrolised proteins Nematodes April-May Rugby 10G 30gr/m2 1 Citrus June- Pyriproxyphen 0,5cc 4 leafminer November Lemons Bud-mite February- Bromopropilate 1cc 1 March Prays-citri April-May Endosulfan 1,75cc 1 Red-Scale May-June Methidathion 1,25cc 1 Rust-mite August- Bromopropilate 1cc 1 September Nematodes April-May Rugby 10G 30gr/m2 1 Citrus June- Pyriproxyfen 0,5cc 4 leafminer November Mantarins Aphids April Imidacloprid 0,3cc 1 Red-Scale May-June Methidathion 1,25cc 1 Rust-mite July-August Bromopropilate 1cc 1

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Med-fly September- Malathion 25cc & 50gr 7 November &Hydrolised proteins Nematodes April-May Rugby 10G 30grm2 1 Citrus June- Pyriproxyfen 0,5cc 4 leafminer November Olives Lecanium May-June or Oleo Supracide 0,3cc 1 October Olive fly July- Dimethoate 40cc &50gr 5 (Bactrocera November &Hydrolised oleae) proteins Olive moth April-May Methidathio 1,5gr 2 Apples Hibernating January Imidacloprid 20cc 1 Incects &Fungi &oil Apple scab February- Copper 4gr 1 March oxychloride Apple scab April -May Carbendazim 0,7gr 4 Powdery May-June Triadimenol 0,15cc 2 mildew Golding moth April-August Azinphos- 1,25cc 4 methyl Red spider August- Fenbutatin 0,7cc 2 September oxide Zevzera May- Dimethoate 1,5cc 4 November 40% 1,4cc 3 Clorpyrifos 1,5cc 3 Supraside Peaches Hibernating January Imidacloprid 20cc 1 Incects &Fungi &oil Monilla- March Copper 4gr 1 Coryneum- oxychloride Taphrina Powdery May Triadimenol 0,25cc 2 mildew Mites June Dicofol 2cc 2 Mites Jully Hexythiazox 0,4gr 1 Med-fly August- Malathion & 25cc 2 September Hydrolised

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

proteins Plums Hibernating January Imidacloprit &oil 20cc 1 incects & fungi Mites & aphids May Dicofol & 1cc&1,25cc 2 chlorpyrifos Leaf miners June Dimethoate 1,5cc 1 40% Apricots Hibernating January Imidacloprid 20cc 1 Incects &Fungi &oil Coryneum Beginning Copper 4gr 1 March oxychloride Monilia End March Carbendazim 0,7gr 1 75 Aphids April Dimethoate 1,5cc 1 40% Med fly May-June Malathion 25cc& 50gr 3 &Hydrolised proteins

Weedicides Apples, Plums, April-June- Paraquat & 500-340 L/ha 3 Peaches September Diquat Apricots November- Propizamide 500l/ha 2 April November- Napromide 600 1 February July- Glyphosate 250 1 September July- Fluazifop 250 1 September Almonds Hibernating January Imidacloprid 20cc 1 Incects &Fungi &oil Almond wasp End March Dimethoate 1,5cc 1 40% Pistachios Eurytoma spp May Dimethoate 1,5cc 1 40% 100

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Coleoptera June-July Chlorpyrifos 1,25cc 1 Chlorothalonil 3gr 1 Septoria June-July Chlorothalonil 3gr 1 Pecan Hibernating January Imidacloprid 20cc 1 Incects &Fungi &oil Table grapes Mites & April Sulphur 98% 2 powdery mildew Powedery April-May Sulphur 80% & 4 mildew &grape Chlorpyrifos 3% berry moth Grape berry June Chlorpyrifos 3% 2 moth Wine grapes Mites & April Sulphur 98% 1 powdery mildew Powedery May-July Sulphur 80% 1 mildew &grape berry moth Grape berry August Chlorpyrifos 2% 2 moth Weedicides Table grapes November- Diuron 80WP 500L/ha 1 December April-May Glyphosate 250L/ha 1 48EC April-May Fluazifob-butyl 250L/ha 1 Wine grapes November- Diuron 80WP 500L/ha 1 December April-May Glyphosate 250l/ha 1 48EC

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Table 39: Use of agrochemicals for vegetables (a).

Potatoes Chemicals Spring Intermediate Autumn Spring Intermediate Autumn

No of applications Quantities of chemicals (L or Kg/ha) Propineb 3 1,5 Metalaxyl 6 2 12 4 Methomyl 3 2,7 Oxamyl 10G 1 30 Oxamyl 24L 1 2 4 4 Methomyl 2 0,9 Cyromazine 1 1 1 0,2 0,2 0,2 Abamectin 1 0,6 Thiophanate 1 0,7 methyl &Captan 1 1,5 Fentin acetate 1 0,8 Copper 3 9 oxychloride TOTAL NO OF 15 10 4 APPLICATIONS NO OF 11 10 8 COMBINED APPLICATIONS

Tomatoes Greenhouse Low tunnels Open Greenhouse Low tunnels Open No of applications Quantities of chemicals (L or Kg/ha) Cyromazin 2 0,6 Abamectin 2 2 1,7 1,7 Dichloropropen 1 0,6 90EC Methomyl 3 4 3 2,4 3,2 2,4 Dazomet 1 35 Propineb 9 24,8 Cyproconazole 3 2 3 1 0,7 1

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Iprodione 6 2 10,1 3,4 Thiophanate 1 7 methyl & Captan 1 21 Chlorothalonil 3 3 7,4 7,4 Dicofol 3 5,4 Bifenthrin 2 3,5 Cypermethrin TOTAL NO OF 26 15 15 APPLICATIONS NO OF 14 8 8 COMBINED APPLICATIONS

Cucumbers Cyromazin 2 1 0,6 0,3 Abamectin 2 2 1,7 1,7 Dichloropropene 1 0,6 Methomyl 3 2,4 Cyproconazole 25 12 7 8,4 4,1 2,4 Mancozeb 25 12 7 70,3 33,8 19,7 Iprodione 3 2 5,1 3,4 Dichlorvos 4 5 5 6,8 8,4 8,4 Cypermethrin 2 4 Fenbutatin Oxide 2 1,2 TOTAL NO OF 62 33 27 APPLICATIONS NO OF 32 17 13 COMBINED APPLICATIONS

Table 40: Use of agrochemicals in vegetables (b

Chemicals French Beans Greenhouses Open Greenhouses Open No of applications Quantities of chemicals (L or Kg/ha) Cyromazine 3 2 1,2 0,8 Abamectin 3 2 2,7 1,8 Dichloropropene 90EC 1 0,6 103

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Methomyl 4 5,4 Oxamyl 3 12 Deltamethrine 8 7,2 Dicofol 2 5,4 Iprodione 4 2 6,8 3,4 Azocyclotin 2 2 TOTAL NO OF 21 15 APPLICATIONS NO OF COMBINED 15 9 APPLICATIONS

Aubergines Abamectin 2 1 1,8 0,9 Fembutatin oxide 4 4 2,4 2,4 Iprodione 2 2 3,4 3,4 Cypermethrin 4 4 0,8 0,8 TOTAL NO OF 12 11 APPLICATIONS NO OF COMBINED 4 5 APPLICATIONS

Peppers Abamectin 2 1,8 Methomyl 4 4 5,4 5,4 Oxamyl 1 4 Deltamethrine 1 1 0,9 0,9 Iprodione 2 2 3,4 3,4 TOTAL NO OF 9 8 APPLICATIONS NO OF COMBINED 5 5 APPLICATIONS

Table 41: Use of agrochemicals in vegetables (c).

Chemicals Water melons Low tunnels Open Greenhouses Open No of applications Quantities of chemicals (L or

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Kg/ha) Abamectin 2 1 0,9 0,5 Methomyl 3 3 2 2 Cyproconazole 3 3 0,6 0,6 Dicofol 3 3 2,3 2,3 Triophanate 1 0,4 methyl & captan 1 1,1 TOTAL NO OF 13 10 APPLICATIONS NO OF 4 4 COMBINED APPLICATIONS

Melons Abamectin 2 1 0,9 0,5 Methomyl 3 4 2 2,7 Cyproconazole 4 4 0,8 0,8 Dicofol 3 3 2,3 2,3 Triophanate 1 0,4 methyl & captan TOTAL NO OF 22 20 APPLICATIONS NO OF 11 12 COMBINED APPLICATIONS

Courgettes

Methomyl 4 4 2,7 2,7 Cyproconazole 4 4 0,8 0,8 Dicofol 3 3 2,3 2,3 TOTAL NO OF 11 11 APPLICATIONS NO OF 6 6 COMBINED APPLICATIONS

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Table 42: Use of weedicides in vegetables.

Weedicides No of Tomatoes French Peppers Melons Courgettes applications beans Quantity of weedicides L or Kg/ha Linuron 1 2,5 Napropamide 1 3 4 4 Propyzamide 1 2

Table 43: Use of weedicides in potatoes.

Weedicides No of Potatoes applications 1st year 2nd year 3rd year Metribuzin 2 1 Aclonifen 1 4,5 Pendimethalin 5

Table 44: Use of agrochemicals in legumes.

Chemicals Common Broad Cowpeas Lucerne Lucerne beans beans 1st year 2nd year Quantity of chemicals L or Kg/ha Methomyl 1,4 0,7 1,4 Dicofol 1,5 Imidacloprid 3

Table 45: Use of agrochemicals in field crops.

Weedicide Wheat Barley Common beans Quantity of weedicides L or Kg/ha 2-4D 1,3 1,3 Difenzoquat 3,4 3,4 Terbutryn 2,5

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1.2.3.3 Ways of application of agrochemicals There are no filling deposits in specific points in Cyprus. Each farmer uses water provided in its own property by the irrigation network or by private drills. As a consequence the use of agrochemicals is managed privately.

Photo 8: Application of agrochemicals in greenhouses. 1.2.3.4 Quantities of agrochemicals per cultivation and per agrochemical per year The use of agrochemicals per cultivation each year varies. This depends on different conditions that exist and have to be treated. Given the facing circumstances, farmers decide on how to proceed. For instance there are different needs due to climatic conditions. These conditions affect the type of agrochemicals used and the time they are applied. For example high temperatures and dry weather favour the use of insecticides. Humid weather favours the use of fungicides. Elongated summers or unexpectedly wet periods shift the time of use of each type of agrochemical, and change the quantities used. Another factor that changes the needs of agrochemicals is that of unexpected diseases. They affect the type, the quantities and time of application of the agrochemicals used.

1.2.3.5 Types and sizes of containers used per cultivation and per agrochemical The common packaging sizes in Cyprus are:

Table 46: The most common packaging sizes for agrochemicals in Cyprus

PACKAGING SIZE (ml) 10 60 107

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100 120 150 250 500 1000 2500 3000 5000 10 000 25 000

1.2.3.6 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of application of agrochemicals per cultivation and agrochemical type See Tables 38’45.

1.2.3.7 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of APPW per cultivation and agrochemical type Time of the year and periodicity of the waste generation The majority of waste generation is located in the time period between April to August (Table 47). This seams to be the time period in which the majority of crops are treated with agrochemicals for various reasons. Of course, according to climatic conditions and disease threats the expected time of spraying may differ significantly. Another peak in the use of agrochemicals seems to appear in the winter months from October to December. The total amount of the weight of agrochemical packaging in Cyprus sums to 35.6 tonnes (Table 48). The majority of agrochemicals is being used in the district of Lefkosia. The total amount used in Lefkosia sums to 8.9 tonnes (packaging weight) and is 25% of the total consumption. Next come Lemesos and Ammochostos with equal amounts of agrochemical packaging (7,4 tonnes and 21%) (Figure 26). The data for the amounts of packaging were collected via personal communication with the retailers in Cyprus that provided data for their sales in each district.

Table 47: Use of agrochemicals per cultivation per month

MONTH J F M A M J J A S O N D Vines * * * * *

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Olives * * * * * * Cereals * * * Citrus * * * * * * * * * * vegetables * * * * * * *

Table 48: Quantities of agrochemical packaging per district

District Lefkosia Lemesos Larnaka Pafos Ammochostos TOTAL Kg 8915,05885 7488,649 4635,831 6418,842 7488,649434 35660,24 % 25 21 13 18 21 100

Figure 28: Percentage of packaging distribution in every district.

21% 26%

Lefkosia

Lemesos

Larnaka

18% Pafos Ammochostos 22%

13%

1.2.3.8 Spatial distribution of agrochemicals suppliers There are nine major importers in Cyprus with shops all over the island. There are also smaller distributors that are resellers, and are usually found in head villages. The exact number of shops in Cyprus is under investigation. However a common practice among the retailers is to deliver agrochemicals directly to the farmers in field.

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1.2.4 Current practices for APPW management in the Republic of Cyprus. 1.2.4.1 Current disposal practices for the APP waste Agricultural packaging waste is being disposed off in the cultivated areas where it is used. Some quantities may end up in garbage disposal and end up in landfills. These practices hold serious threats for public health, the quality of soil and surface and ground water. Making things worse when large quantities are assembled some farmers may burn the waste (although burning of plastic is forbidden by law).

There is not any consolidation station.

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1.3 Department of Gard (France) 1.3.1 Geographic area The department of Gard is located in the South of France and belongs to Languedoc Roussillon Region (Map 11).

Map 11: Department of Gard

Gard has a surface area of 5 853 km², with a whole population of 704 000 inhabitants distributed in 357 municipalities. The most important municipalities are Nîmes, Alès, Le Vigan and Bagnols-sur-Cèze. Nearly half of its territory (49% or 2 172 km ²) is occupied by forest, about a third (1 860 km²) in dedicated to agriculture and 8% of the territory is the urban space.

The study of APPW concerns the whole area of Gard.

Agricultural activity represents an important sector, both on economical and social plan; 6 563 farms, including 3 817 ―professional farms‖. 28 884 persons are working on this activity, including 12 545 permanent farmers or employees, helped by 16 339 occasional employees. 4 569 people are working in food processing industry. The whole activity concerns 33 453 people (data 2008).

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1.3.2 Cultivations 1.3.2.1 Main cultivations The agricultural productions of GARD are :

Table 49: Agricultural productions and surfaces

Surface Percentage (hectares) Vineyards 66 500 36 % Fruits crops 10 098 5.5 % Vegetable crops 3 583 2 % Cereals 36 000 19 % Foraging crops 4 280 2 % Permanent meadow 48 120 26 % Fallow land 15 207 8 % Various 2 535 1.5 % TOTAL 186 323

The economical importance of these productions are

Table 50: Economical importance of agricultural productions of GARD

% of production (value)

Vegetal 92 %

Vineyards 41%

Fruits : apple, peaches, apricots, cherries 25 %

Vegetables : melon tomatoes, salad, flowers… 18% potatoes, nursery

Cereal (winter wheat) 8 %

Animal breeding 4%

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Services 3 %

Total products 100%

1.3.2.2 Areas of cultivation The geographic location of APPW is caracterised by an important distribution on the south of the department (yellow part of the Map 12 below): vineyards, cereals, and fruit and vegetable crops; the north part of the territory is mainly occupied by forest.

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Garrigues Vivarais 25 % of the territory dedicated to agriculture cereals represent about 44 % of agricultural Cévennes and Causses surfaces 20 % of this territory are dedicated to 33 % of agricultural surfaces are for foraging agriculture crops and pastoralism. 90 % of the agricultural surfaces are for foraging crops and for pastoralism Rhône Valley Small part of the area cultivated with sweet onion and apples. 40 % of the territory dedicated to agriculture 66 % of vineyards 7 % of orchards : the Rhône Valley is the second small region with orchards in Gard after Plaine Costières Camargue.

Garrigues Uzège 33 % of the territory are cultivated agricultural surfaces : 50 % of vineyards Plaine Costières Camargue 33 % of cereals 50 % of this territory are cultivated 2 % of vegetables crops : Garrigues Uzège agricultural surfaces : is the second small region with vegetable 33 % of cereals crops in Gard after Plaine Costières 33 % of vineyards Camargue. 11 % of orchards and fruit crops 114 In the department of Gard, 75 % of the orchards, 66 % of vegetables crops and 50 % of the cereals are cultivated in the Plaine Costières Camargue small region. AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

Map 12: Areas of distribution 115

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1.3.2.3 Geographical distribution of cultivations The department of Gard can be divided in 5 small agricultural regions as presented in the Map 13: Cévennes and Causses, Garrigues Uzège, Garrigues / Vivarais, Vallée du Rhône, Plaine Costières Camargue.

Map 13: Department of Gard, agricultural regions.

Vineyard

Cereals

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Fruits (6 species)

Vegetables and potatoes

surface toujours en herbe (prairies naturelles, parcours et landes pâturées et enherbement naturel > 6 ans)

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surfaces fourragères (prairies artificielles et fourrages en cultures principales)

1.3.2.4 Temporal distribution cultivation activities

Cultivation Period

Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Cereal (wheat) protection harvest Soil preparation sowing

Vegetables, Protection Protection Protection Protection harvest harvest harvest harvest

Fruits Protection Protection Protection protection harvest harvest harvest

Vineyards protection protection harvest protection

1.3.2.5 Trends in restructuring cultivations in the region: which new crops replace old cultivation

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General trend of cultivations in Gard is decline of vineyard ; in south part of the department, where irrigation and soil are adapted, cereals and energetic productions increase. In northern regions, the most important trend is development of forestry or no cultivations. The department of Gard is currently the strongest growth rate in national organic farming areas (+51%). With 12 980 ha cultivated in organic cultures and 7.4% of its agricultural surfaces, the Gard is the second French organic department.

1.3.3 Quantities of APPW in the Department of Gard 1.3.3.1 Main reasons for using agrochemicals per cultivation Vineyard: diseases (mildiou, oïdium, botrytis…), pests (insects, greenflies; acarine…), weed control Cereals: weed control, diseases, pests (insects, slugs) Fruits and orchards: diseases (monilia, oïdium…), pests (greenflies, cherry flies, butterflies…), weed control Vegetables: diseases (mildiou, oïdium, rouille, botrytis), pests (greenflies, acarine, butterflies…)

1.3.3.2 Types of agrochemicals used per cultivation Main agrochemical families used on vineyards production are : Herbicides : glyphosate (mainly) Fungicides : cuivre, fosétyl, mancozèbe, bénalaxyl, phosphonates, IBS, strobilurines, soufre Insecticides : Pyréthrinoïd, organo-phosphorés, RCI

Main agrochemical families used on cereals production are : Herbicides : hormones (2-4 D et ses derives, bromoxynil), sulfonylurées, glyphosate Fungicides : triasol, strobilurines Insecticides : Pyréthrinoïd (only on peas crops), none on cereals

Main agrochemical families used on fruits crops production are : Fungicides : soufre, IBS, strobilurines + carboxamide, pyrimidine, imides cycliques, ANP, BMC Insecticides : nicotinoïdés, flonicamide, pyréthrinoïdes, carbamates, diméthoate

Main agrochemical families used on vegetable production are :

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Insecticides : Pyréthrinoïd, néo-nicotinoïdes, avermectines, thiazolidinones, pyridine, carbamates Fungicides: strobilurines, phosphonate, carbamate, triasols, phénylpyrroles, anilinopyrimidines, dicarboximide

1.3.3.3 Ways of application of agrochemicals Taking in consideration the elevated size of farms (more than 20 hectares), the application of agrochemicals is generally managed by each farmer.

Common points of water supply : 122 collective points of water supply 72 villages of Gard are concerned, for 10 to 15 farmers per village The origin of water is canal of Bas Rhone Languedoc.

1.3.3.4 Quantities of agrochemicals per cultivation and per agrochemical per year The information about agrochemical used by cultivation and year is difficult to find; a specific request to the regional ―water agency‖ has been done, but the response haven‘t been received yet.

The volume / hectare of agrochemical application is : Vineyard : 120 to 150 L/ha Cereal : 150 to 200 L/ha Fruit crop : 500 to 1000 L/ha Vegetables : 300 to 600 L/ha

The total volume of agrochemical used by year is function of climatic conditions.

1.3.3.5 Types and sizes of containers used per cultivation and per agrochemical Based on national rates observed by Adivalor, package size and chemical composition of APPW collected are representative of packaging distributed.

The statistics are : 58 % of plastic cans 34% boxes and bags (paper and plastic) 8 % of drums (metal)

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Composition : polyéthylène, EVA, polypropylène, PVC

Fertilizers Plastic Waste : Big_bags : polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) Sacs : polyethylene (PE)

Films PE : Plastic films are composed by combination of several rough material, mainly. Lableagriwaste European program studied the composition of plastic waste used in south- east of France (contribution Cemagref).

1.3.3.6 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of application of agrochemicals per cultivation and agrochemical type

Waste generation is important during spring, summer and the beginning of autumn. It is the reason why the collection operations are organised, in distributors* stores, in these periods : 3rd Wednesday and Thursday of April 3rd Wednesday and Thursday of June 3rd Wednesday and Thursday of October * all distributors, minus one exception (CAPL).

1.3.3.7 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of APPW per cultivation and agrochemical type

Table 51: Estimation of APPW for GARD (tons)

2008 - 2009

Agricultural Plastic waste 55 à 67

Agricultural metallic waste 7 à 9

Boxes and big bags 32 à 40

Total 95 à 116

Information : Adivalor

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1.3.3.8 Spatial distribution of agrochemicals suppliers Agrochemical suppliers are located in all the department (Map 14); by means of nearly 40 local distribution points. 32 of them offer the service of collection of APPW system, managed by Adivalor.

Map 14: Agrochemical suppliers located in the department of Gard.

1.3.4 Current practices for APPW management in the Department of Gard 1.3.4.1 Current disposal practices for the APP waste Current practices for APPW in Department of Gard are :

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Participation of farmers to the system of APPW collection organised under responsibility of the national agency ADIVALOR, with contribution of Chamber of Agriculture. This organisation permits to collect 60 % of APP distributed (rate for 2008-2009 season). The other part of APPW not collected by ADIVALOR system is non legal destruction (burning) or collection by public waste collection centers

1.3.4.2 Location and size of the consolidation stations Consolidation stations are managed by distributors

The volume collected by each distributor for GARD was, for season 2008-2009 : CALVET AGROFOURNITURES – Aimargues : 3.8 T CHARRIERE DISTRIBUTION – St Nazaire : 4.4 T PERRET AGRI – Tresque : 19 T AGRO SUD – St Gervasy (regroupement ETS ESTEVE ET FILS, PAUL MAURIN, JULLIAN, ESCUDIER) : 9 T VERNAZOBRES – Souvignargues : 4.5 T COMPTOIR AGRICOLE DU LANGUEDOC – Aigues Mortes : 1.8 T SCAD – Fourques : 1.8 T SDPA – St Gilles : 1.8 T CAPL – Vaucluse (84) et (30) : 17 T L‘ARDECHOISE – Barjac : 0.4 T ESTAGEL – St Gilles : 1.8 T COPAL – Lunel (34) TOUCHAT – Mauguio (34) CALVET AGROFOURNITURES : 2.9 T SCAD : 1.15 T L‘ARDECHOISE : 0.15 T JULLIAN : 0.1 T

1.3.4.3 What works and what does not work with regard to APPW management practices What works: An good efficiency of collection of empty cans and drums : collection rate of 60 % for 2008-2009 season); A good level of APPW rinsing : 89 % of clean cans, 11 % dirty cans.

What doesn‘t works : Bad result of collection of bags*, and boxes; The contribution of distributors to the scheme is not homogeneous; 123

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Not sufficient collection of fertilizers packaging waste; * easily and often burned.

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1.4 Province of Bari (Italy) 1.4.1 Geographic area The Province of Bari covers an area of 3,821 km² and includes 41 municipalities (Bari, Acquaviva delle Fonti, Adelfia, Alberobello, Altamura, Binetto, Bitetto, Bitonto, Bitritto, Capurso, Casamassima, Cassano delle Murge, Castellana Grotte, Cellamare, Conversano, Corato, Gioia del Colle, Giovinazzo, Gravina in Puglia, Grumo Appula, Locorotondo, Modugno, Mola di Bari, Molfetta, Monopoli, Noci, Noicattaro, Palo del Colle, Poggiorsini, Polignano a Mare, Putignano, Rutigliano, Ruvo di Puglia, Sammichele di Bari, Sannicandro di Bari, Santeramo in Colle, Terlizzi, Toritto, Triggiano, Turi and Valenzano) (Map 15).

Molfetta Giovinazzo Corato Terlizzi Bari Ruvo Bitonto di Puglia Modugno Palo del Colle Triggiano Mola di Bari Bitritto Capurso Bitetto Valenzano Noicattaro Binetto Grumo Appula Cellamare Polignano a Mare Adelfia Toritto Sannicandro Rutigliano di Bari Conversano Monopoli Casamassima Poggiorsini Acquaviva Turi Cassano delle Fonti Castellana Grotte delle Murge Sammichele di Bari Altamura Putignano Gravina Santeramo Gioia di Puglia in Colle del Colle Noci Alberobello Locorotondo

Map 15: a) Italy, Apulia Region, Province of Bari; b) Geographical distribution of the municipalities of the Bari’s Provinces

Facing east on the Adriatic Sea, Province of Bari borders on Basilicata (Prefectures of Matera and Potenza) to the west, while it borders on other province of Apulia to the north and south (respectively Provinces of Barletta-Andria-Trani and Provinces of Taranto and Brindisi). The Province of Bari is located in the central part of Apulia and the territory is dominated by Murge (system of reliefs exceed even the 600 meters a.s.l.), only the Bari hinterland and the coast are flat lands. In this territory, there aren‘t lakes while the rivers are scarce; on the contrary, since the terrain is extremely karst, many underground rivers are present and create caves (Castellana Grotte and Putignano).

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Most land that can be cultivable is intended for olive-groves and vineyards which produce respectively a good olive oil and wine and table grapes. Bitonto is the municipality that stands for the production of extra olive-oil, also at national level while the municipality of Corato is known for the Coratina, a good cultivar of olive, characterized by an average yield of 20%. Most production of wine is localized in Gravina (north-Bari), Adelfia, Noicattaro and Rutigliano (south-Bari). Also important is the production of cherries. Apulian red gold production is widespread especially in the countryside of Turi and Conversano. Most arable land is in Altamura and Gravina di Puglia, for the production of cereals (particularly wheat) and in the area situated between Polignano a Mare and Monopoli territories for the production of processing vegetables, cultivated both in full air and under protected systems. Flowers are the main cultivation diffused in the agricultural area of Terlizzi, above all as protected cultivation (Map 16).

Map 16: Areas characterized by typical agricultural products

1.4.1.1 Demographic trends

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The most populous province of the Apulia Region is the capital, with the 31% of the entire regional population, followed in descending order Lecce, Foggia, Taranto and Brindisi (Table 52).

Table 52: Resident population in Province of Bari to 31-12-2008.

Population Incidence Surface Density Province Municipal. N° (ab) % (km²) (ab/km²) Province of Bari 41 1.252.249 30,7 3.821 327,7

Total Apulia 258 4.079.702 100,0 19.358 210,8

The resident population at the regional level, compared to 2002, recording a growth rate of 1,5%. The figure is lower than the national one, which still stands at +4%. The demographic trend shows that in Italy has been a trend of steady growth, while there is a stop in Puglia since 2005. Regarding the individual provinces, Bari and Lecce are those that grow more, Brindisi and Taranto were essentially stable, while in Foggia there are dynamics of contraction.

1.4.2 Cultivations 1.4.2.1 Main cultivations In the Province of Bari, the agriculture is characterised by many and various species of cultivation; they are arable (cereals, legumes and vegetables), industrial cultivation (oilseed plant), citrus, permanent crop, fodder (included grasslands and meadows) and vegetables cultivated according protected systems. In the Italian analyzed territory, the used agricultural areas, in order to cultivate arable, permanent crop and permanent meadows and pastures is equal to 262 24.33 hectares; 63.87 he and 15 326.56 he are the surfaces covered respectively by trees for wood and forest. The not-used agricultural area is about 5 000.00 hectares. Table 53 shows these typologies of areas for each municipality. In particular, the number of agricultural farms and the respective areas cultivated with ―arable‖, in each municipalities, are shown in Table 54 while the number of agricultural farms and the respective areas cultivated with ―permanent crop‖, in each municipalities, are shown in Table 55.

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Table 53: Farming area (hectares), according uses of the soil, per municipalities

NO-USED USED AGRICULTURAL AREA AGRICULTURAL AREA Trees MUNICIPALITY Other Permanent for Woods Area for Total Permanent area Arable grassland Total wood Total ricreative crops and Pastures activities Acquaviva delle Fonti 2.381,86 5.335,08 77,96 7.794,90 0,54 282,30 138,84 0,41 107,60 8.324,18 Adelfia 349,52 1.796,01 2.145,53 7,50 71,98 0,58 8,92 2.233,93 Alberobello 1.314,21 1.671,56 143,30 3.129,07 0,20 398,34 44,52 3,53 58,89 3.631,02 Altamura 24.662,81 1.275,50 4.518,99 30.457,30 8,72 1.564,03 967,00 3,30 180,65 33.177,70 Bari 376,41 1.770,28 64,80 2.211,49 1,82 123,48 0,13 13,88 2.350,67 Binetto 22,24 837,91 1,23 861,38 4,85 866,23 Bitetto 15,32 2.757,71 6,00 2.779,03 51,19 13,50 21,91 2.852,13 Bitonto 650,34 10.919,03 1.023,56 12.592,93 5,46 156,30 140,26 1,38 71,85 12.966,80 Bitritto 30,68 1.051,91 1,39 1.083,98 16,97 3,17 1.104,12 Capurso 128,85 662,04 3,61 794,50 19,41 0,10 9,28 823,19 Casamassima 722,02 3.233,14 191,58 4.146,74 61,18 133,79 0,04 51,43 4.393,14 Cassano delle Murge 1.379,89 3.070,94 335,53 4.786,36 1.488,23 135,86 26,80 18,43 6.428,88 Castellana Grotte 1.122,67 4.660,56 65,09 5.848,32 250,05 84,27 0,47 121,73 6.304,37

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Cellamare 27,12 300,03 327,15 8,36 6,58 342,09 Conversano 896,84 6.394,33 30,92 7.322,09 25,87 126,39 75,51 7.549,86 Corato 4.144,26 7.099,08 1.312,24 12.555,58 0,14 293,68 612,09 2,89 243,09 13.704,58 Gioia del Colle 10.775,45 3.462,43 601,30 14.839,18 0,64 1.409,99 115,73 7,06 323,23 16.688,77 Giovinazzo 30,44 3.566,43 3.596,87 0,69 8,05 0,24 9,18 3.614,79 Gravina in Puglia 26.734,04 1.830,37 3.181,07 31.745,48 16,20 3.851,20 251,72 15,18 316,08 36.180,68 Grumo Appula 135,09 4.463,44 38,79 4.637,32 45,85 22,02 13,46 4.718,65 Locorotondo 1.754,19 2.640,74 148,08 4.543,01 1,25 264,38 65,02 0,71 152,05 5.025,71 Modugno 28,30 1.351,50 1,40 1.381,20 12,94 68,50 1,14 11,86 1.474,50 Mola di Bari 1.394,21 1.780,66 6,91 3.181,78 18,58 37,09 0,93 14,21 3.251,66 Molfetta 279,36 3.843,27 4,14 4.126,77 4,68 1,42 50,08 0,69 85,44 4.268,39 Monopoli 2.606,95 7.777,14 251,35 10.635,44 0,02 312,38 159,93 2,34 532,94 11.640,71 Noci 8.496,91 899,41 523,15 9.919,47 1,24 2.488,70 85,89 0,45 282,59 12.777,89 Noicattaro 820,25 2.554,28 1,60 3.376,13 0,46 11,42 22,49 0,40 13,63 3.424,13 Palo del Colle 88,75 6.205,27 6,27 6.300,29 0,04 53,52 94,58 6.448,43 Poggiorsini 2.559,04 66,78 80,74 2.706,56 6,42 21,48 17,51 2.751,97 Polignano a Mare 2.162,94 1.325,04 33,99 3.521,97 0,30 5,34 118,68 1,32 98,44 3.744,73 Putignano 4.223,59 2.482,04 96,14 6.801,77 4,95 936,15 99,90 0,20 228,75 8.071,52 Rutigliano 410,69 3.672,45 0,40 4.083,54 0,30 185,32 2,57 9,93 4.279,09 Ruvo di Puglia 4.366,09 8.056,12 1.403,73 13.825,94 0,15 310,68 223,97 14,29 128,40 14.489,14 Sammichele di Bari 364,94 1.743,45 23,37 2.131,76 0,60 55,72 19,45 13,62 2.221,15

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Sannicandro di Bari 51,52 2.650,84 2.702,36 1,15 60,51 24,00 2.788,02 Santeramo in Colle 7.476,57 2.537,36 1.409,09 11.423,02 11,06 663,38 229,89 4,83 171,82 12.499,17 Terlizzi 225,66 4.005,89 5,06 4.236,61 23,24 0,10 12,46 4.272,31 Toritto 287,65 4.642,74 860,74 5.791,13 344,72 77,09 13,58 6.226,52 Triggiano 99,20 1.298,60 0,85 1.398,65 0,72 136,33 2,64 15,38 1.551,08 Turi 1.026,32 4.765,08 60,49 5.851,89 6,90 55,09 134,82 3,18 59,12 6.107,82 Valenzano 26,66 624,18 650,84 0,36 43,62 0,79 1,78 696,60 TOTALE 114.649,85 131.080,62 16.514,86 262.245,33 63,87 15.326,56 4.993,60 112,19 3.636,96 286.266,32

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Table 54: Number of farms with arable surface (hectares), specifying the main practiced crops per municipality.

HERBACEUS CROP CEREALS ROTATED MUNICIPALITY VEGETABLES FODDER OTHER Total TOTAL WHEAT CROPS herbaceus farms * farm area farm area farm area farm area area Acquaviva delle Fonti 441 198 1,191.23 157 888.80 41 15.61 120 1,019.43 155.59 Adelfia 544 12 26.27 10 18.11 32 8.46 314.79 Alberobello 404 112 279.26 49 110.73 18 7.08 184 959.31 68.56 Altamura 2,346 1,904 19,857.05 1,819 17,996.72 263 104.19 185 2,762.66 1,938.91 Bari 302 19 92.08 13 87.48 173 108.24 15 16.77 159.32 Binetto 13 3 9.63 2 9.50 1 0.27 12.34 Bitetto 11 1 4.64 1 4.64 6 7.28 3.40 Bitonto 161 49 368.11 40 153.47 92 230.53 6 20.85 30.85 Bitritto 13 6 17.97 4 15.45 5 4.11 1 1.20 7.40 Capurso 202 2 0.20 1 0.17 11 2.59 126.06 Casamassima 94 32 276.94 25 252.54 5 27.70 27 316.38 101.00 Cassano delle Murge 228 168 1,079.28 157 883.14 29 7.45 22 196.10 97.06 Castellana Grotte 243 53 341.59 25 132.12 20 13.50 103 717.11 50.47

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Cellamare 45 2 1.95 - 1 0.02 25.15 Conversano 237 56 252.27 20 89.65 59 160.30 49 334.49 149.78 Corato 340 171 2,931.68 161 2,776.12 18 30.51 20 407.16 774.91 Gioia del Colle 1,237 678 5,104.68 526 3,218.87 109 66.99 632 5,397.36 206.42 Giovinazzo 34 1 0.44 - 22 17.32 12.68 Gravina in Puglia 2,311 2,139 22,726.63 2,117 21,876.64 104 51.31 67 1,276.23 2,679.87 Grumo Appula 29 19 122.64 13 69.16 3 0.66 11.79 Locorotondo 1,610 591 642.19 462 399.23 94 24.72 219 343.13 744.15 Modugno 46 1 1.20 1 1.20 19 20.51 6.59 Mola di Bari 1,059 21 118.49 14 104.51 485 426.98 1 0.15 848.59 Molfetta 250 - 200 209.66 1 0.04 69.66 Monopoli 1,609 141 681.01 77 232.67 591 869.64 118 680.20 376.10 Noci 1,058 355 2,457.92 170 788.40 72 15.88 670 5,831.30 191.81 Noicattaro 687 18 96.72 16 85.68 59 73.87 649.66 Palo del Colle 41 13 35.16 12 31.16 12 13.75 39.84 Poggiorsini 252 244 2,241.90 242 2,210.49 6 11.85 6 43.04 262.25 Polignano a Mare 990 4 3.45 - 628 1,298.52 7 45.53 815.44 Putignano 669 150 1,000.38 82 496.02 26 11.53 302 3,035.31 176.37 Rutigliano 398 13 66.83 11 51.16 55 34.95 3 8.05 300.86 Ruvo di Puglia 376 158 3,222.55 147 2,754.79 29 28.08 23 669.76 445.70 Sammichele di Bari 159 55 235.64 32 164.90 11 9.97 24 82.40 36.93 132

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Sannicandro di Bari 45 3 34.19 3 34.19 3 5.13 3 4.39 7.81 Santeramo in Colle 1,542 843 4,665.98 750 3,799.13 137 31.74 391 2,372.07 406.78 Terlizzi 216 6 44.22 4 25.52 65 34.28 1 0.19 146.97 Toritto 27 21 152.08 20 128.14 5 4.36 2 30.00 101.21 Triggiano 159 1 1.09 - 22 5.73 92.38 Turi 169 74 526.67 38 232.90 10 3.70 56 433.32 62.63 Valenzano 35 2 3.09 1 0.27 9 6.60 16.97 TOTALE 20,632 8,339 70,915.30 7,222 60,123.67 3,550 4,005.57 3,258 27,003.93 12,725.05 * pulses potatoes, sugar beet, industrial crop (tobacco, cotton, sunflower, soybean, etc.)

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Table 55: Number of farms and relative areas (hectares) with permanent crops per municipality. VINEYARD OLIVE CITRUS ORCHARDS MUNICIPALITY Total farms farm area farm area farm area farm area Acquaviva delle Fonti 2.923 1.134 1.071,31 2.544 2.779,31 4 28,75 1.649 1.447,62 Adelfia 1.277 850 1.004,53 938 603,23 4 0,21 377 181,74 Alberobello 1.428 137 108,07 1.379 1.028,23 2 0,38 837 534,43 Altamura 1.832 743 248,64 1.507 835,77 2 0,78 241 178,94 Bari 1.619 148 102,06 1.497 1.405,54 47 17,33 609 238,13 Binetto 569 38 33,31 552 615,31 - 298 189,29 Bitetto 1.418 135 101,22 1.405 2.356,60 3 1,39 578 297,50 Bitonto 5.414 553 617,45 5.127 9.088,34 9 29,37 883 1.148,10 Bitritto 541 60 49,40 536 798,71 - 356 203,80 Capurso 712 391 213,46 605 413,05 12 1,39 125 31,73 Casamassima 1.652 431 913,73 1.311 1.040,83 9 7,11 1.175 1.250,23 Cassano delle Murge 1.341 410 287,95 1.284 2.384,44 - 477 381,28 Castellana Grotte 2.117 59 71,25 2.028 2.189,09 1 0,60 2.008 2.379,92 Cellamare 386 144 86,77 351 201,78 - 63 11,48 Conversano 3.323 356 625,22 2.968 2.456,62 6 2,36 3.016 3.284,02 Corato 5.386 956 852,59 5.130 5.649,32 5 8,16 706 582,16 Gioia del Colle 2.271 488 461,11 2.009 1.737,00 18 119,97 1.446 1.051,78 Giovinazzo 3.408 4 2,25 3.397 3.531,47 14 6,99 61 21,26 Gravina in Puglia 2.533 558 260,42 2.399 1.474,75 3 1,25 86 93,95 134

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Grumo Appula 1.562 52 28,11 1.538 3.047,05 2 0,26 1.201 1.388,02 Locorotondo 2.357 1.167 641,69 2.139 1.644,81 16 58,25 853 293,41 Modugno 1.184 55 51,45 1.169 1.037,92 5 1,58 652 259,57 Mola di Bari 1.445 636 897,51 1.035 669,23 31 8,30 491 201,11 Molfetta 3.590 35 22,73 3.542 3.659,78 148 18,65 676 129,65 Monopoli 3.799 79 40,34 3.669 6.006,14 84 22,80 2.408 1.698,53 Noci 1.072 21 8,60 866 518,17 10 5,53 791 363,47 Noicattaro 1.403 1.210 2.048,26 490 406,05 5 14,10 147 84,97 Palo del Colle 3.272 450 360,13 3.023 4.260,26 5 2,00 1.815 1.575,42 Poggiorsini 92 38 11,72 70 44,22 - 11 10,84 Polignano a Mare 1.273 13 217,67 1.205 876,08 32 5,27 508 225,58 Putignano 2.058 36 38,46 1.675 1.040,99 10 4,82 1.778 1.396,20 Rutigliano 2.844 2.035 3.038,33 763 326,80 16 8,44 671 295,39 Ruvo di Puglia 4.300 1.422 1.565,91 3.621 4.963,05 1 2,02 1.410 1.503,06 Sammichele di Bari 892 144 170,64 689 595,81 4 1,64 784 946,05 Sannicandro di Bari 1.161 324 218,40 1.137 2.083,53 2 0,47 572 341,57 Santeramo in Colle 2.183 247 167,03 1.996 1.648,89 3 0,61 1.127 720,03 Terlizzi 3.880 377 229,32 3.735 3.461,30 7 2,03 577 304,98 Toritto 1.726 139 76,59 1.682 3.004,65 2 0,73 1.168 1.548,02 Triggiano 1.000 358 350,71 944 885,13 18 3,31 165 52,42 Turi 1.840 312 914,21 1.235 838,73 6 5,96 1.705 2.994,80 Valenzano 798 90 82,09 769 489,04 17 3,13 211 49,16

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TOTALE 83.881 16.835 18.290,64 73.959 82.097,02 563 395,94 34.712 29.889,61

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1.4.2.2 Areas of cultivation for each kind of cultivation All different typologies of cultivation are detailed in the Tables 56’62 with the respective cultivated areas and the harvest quantities, respectively expressed in hectares and tonnes.

Table 56: Area (hectare) and production (quintal) of Arable-Year 2009

Total Collected ARABLE Area harvest harvest CEREAL wheat 984 17712 17295 durum wheat 56259 956403 954034 barley 19500 390000 388500 oats 4900 112700 112000 total 81.643 1.476.815 1.471.829 LEGUME broad bean for grain 900 9000 8700 bean 150 1200 1150 pea grain 130 1040 1010 chickpea 750 4500 4390 lentil 500 3000 2900 VEGETABLE early potato 1400 371000 371000 common potato 450 121500 119000 fresh broad bean 160 16000 15650 runner bean and 20880 20500 240 french bean pea 950 142500 135980 carrot and parsnip 250 50000 45000 onion 370 74000 72500 turnip 1000 200000 184000 radish 4 100 95 chard 150 30000 28900 turnip greens 740 148000 147500 artichoke 1050 60900 60900 cabbage 250 50000 48500 cabbage 160 32000 30800

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other cabbage 410 82000 80300 cauliflower and 72000 70000 360 broccoli fennel 1150 230000 208000 endive 1600 304000 285000 lettuce 2350 423000 410000 radicchio or chicory 1200 216000 216000 parsley 420 84000 83400 celery 800 272000 270000 cucumber tableware 80 16000 14940 strawberry 8 1200 1060 eggplant 170 34000 33700 pepper 185 33300 33000 melon or melon 90 27000 26500 zucchini 262 60260 58700 cultivated mushrooms 850 850 tomato 235 61100 60500 processing tomatoes 855 290700 289000 TOTAL 19.779 3.543.030 3.439.425

Table 57: Area (hectare) and production (quintal) of Industrial Cultivation -Year 2009 INDUSTRIAL Area Total Collected CULTIVATION harvest harvest (open air)

sunflower (girasole) 5 75 70 soy (soia) 5 30 24 total 10 105 94

Table 58: Area (hectare) and production (quintal) of Orchard -Year 2009

Total Production Total Collected ORCHARD area area harvest harvest

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apple 90 90 22500 22300 pear 32 32 6400 6300 apricot 65 60 5100 4950 cherry 17100 16700 501000 435000 peach 850 800 204000 200000 nectarina 150 150 30000 29500 plum 20 20 4000 3800 almond 19500 19500 195000 193000 fig 130 130 9100 9000 kiwi 20 20 3000 3000 carob 45 45 4500 4500 total 38.002 37.547 984.600 911.350

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Table 59: Area (hectare) and production (quintal) of Citrus -Year 2009

Total Production Total Collected

area area harvest harvest

orange 5 5 750 750 tangerine 4 4 600 600 clementine 3 3 450 450 lemon 5 5 750 750 total 17 17 2550 2550

Table 60: Area (hectare) and production (quintal) of Permanent crops -Year 2009

Total Production Total Collected production PERMANENT CROP area area harvest harvest yeld

table grapes 16.000 16.000 4.000.000 4.000.000 wine grapes 19.000 18.800 1.410.000 1.410.000 wine 987.000 987.000 70

olive tree 129.800 129.100 3.227.500 3.226.000 table olives 33.000 olive oil 3.193.000 oil pressure 542.810 17

Table 61: Area (hectare) and production (quintal) of Fodder -Year 2009

Fodder Total Production Total FODDER Unit area area harvest (U.F.)

barley grass 4450 4450 120 1982 other grass single 12410 12410 335 4088 phase legumes 360 360 32 421 other mixed 42640 42640 1237 16570 alfalfa 1030 1030 39 528 140

AGROCHEPACK D 3.1: Mapping of APPW and APW

sainfoin 420 420 5 71 other pastures 42600 42600 170 2726 total 103.910 103.910 1.938 26.386

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Table 62: Area (hectare) and production (quintal) of Vegetables (protected cultivation) -Year 2009

VEGETABLES Total Collected (protected Total area harvest harvest cultivation) Tableware cucumber 1600 4800 4550 French bean 1800 1800 1560 eggplant 600 1200 1060 pepper 500 1500 1460 tomato 1800 7200 6500 zucchini 400 1120 1080 basili 800 600 560 total 7500 18220 16770

1.4.2.3 Geographical distribution of cultivations The Map 17 shows the localization of all municipalities with the symbols showing the main crop that features the same municipality, that is the cultivation that occupies the largest area. Analyzing the map, it shows that territories in the south are used as arable land, grain, and grass meadows and pastures, respectively to west and east. The central area, next to the capital, is rich with olive groves while vegetable crops (in protected cultivation and/or full air) characterize the coast of south-east.

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Map 17: Localization of municipalities and main cultivation

Since the agricultural cultivated species are many and different in the study area , it‘s possible to say that the cultivation works are many and continuing throughout the year. Besides, considering that a crop (from establishment to harvest) is frequently subjected to agricultural activities, as pre and/or cover fertilizations, irrigations, pesticide treatments, cropping, etc., it‘s very difficult to specify a temporal distribution of cultivation activities. Similarly, if bonds crops, activities may vary according to whether it‘s a new planting or not. Finally, within the same species, there are different varieties, so the agricultural activities are also different (e.g. to a different time of fruit ripening corresponds, consequently, a different time of their harvesting).

1.4.2.4 Temporal distribution cultivation activities The Table 63 shows the temporal distribution of the main agricultural activities per cultivation. The Figure 27 and 28 show the temporal distribution of fertilizers, respectively on olive and vineyard.

Table 63: Temporal distribution of the main agricultural activities

Year Cultivation Spring Summer Autumn Winter

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Agrochemical Agrochemical Vegetables treatment; Irrigation; treatment; (f.a.) Irrigation; Harvesting Tillage Harvesting Agrochemical Agrochemical Agrochemical Agrochemical Vegetables treatment; treatment; treatment; treatment; (p.c.) Irrigation; Irrigation; Irrigation; Irrigation; Harvesting Harvesting Harvesting Harvesting Tillage Agrochemical Agrochemical Agrochemical Cereal Harvesting treatment (if treatment treatment; any); Sowing Agrochemical Agrochemical Harvesting; Olive treatment; treatment; Harvesting Pruning Irrigation (if any) Irrigation (if any) Agrochemical Agrochemical Harvesting; Vineyard treatment; Pruning treatment Pruning Pruning Agrochemical Agrochemical Agrochemical Agrochemical treatment treatment treatment treatment Orchard Pruning; Pruning Pruning Pruning Harvesting (i.e. Harvesting (i.e. Harvesting (i.e. Harvesting (i.e. almond) cherry) citrus) apple)

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Figure 29: Temporal distribution of fertilizers on olive

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Figure 30: Temporal distribution of fertilizers on vineyard.

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1.4.2.5 Trends in restructuring cultivations in the region: which new crops replace old cultivations Generally in the last years, in the agricultural territory of Province of Bari there were no trends in restructuring cultivation. In any case, it isn‘t possible to verify this aspect because in the 2004 year, the 6th province of Apulia (Barletta-Trani Andria, BAT) was established. At this stage, some municipalities passed from the Province of Bari to the new one, with a consequent reduction of the area, including agricultural surface. The decrease in agricultural area devoted to a particular crop may be due not only to the change in direction of production but a reduction of available land.

1.4.3 Quantities of APPW in the Province of Bari 1.4.3.1 Main reasons for using agrochemicals per cultivation Agrochemical products include fertilizers and agrochemicals. Fertilizer is a substance that for its physico-chemical-biological properties, when administered to the soil, is able to act positively on fertility in general, improving the function of nutrition of the soil (fertilizer*) or the soil structure (ammendante) or the pH of the soil (corrective). The Italian law defines agrochemicals those products that: ―protect the plants (live plants or their products) by harmful organisms, eliminate unwanted plants or parts of them, favor the life processes of plants (except fertilizers), preserved vegetable products (vegetables, fruits, seeds, except for preservatives otherwise covered)". Agrochemicals include the following product categories: fungicides (fight disease and / or damage by fungi and bacteria); nematicides, insecticides and acaricides (fighting insects and other pests); herbicides and herbicide use (removal of weeds); plant growth regulators (plant hormones and similar); bracchizzanti and rooting. In order to estimate the quantities of Agricultural Packaging Plastic Waste (APPW), in this section the project partners analyzed many and different factors: the main reasons for using agrochemicals per cultivation (diseases, insects, weeds, cultivation practices, etc.), the types of agrochemicals used per cultivation (types of insecticides, herbicides etc.), the ways of application of agrochemicals (filling in deposits in specific points of water supply etc.), the quantities of agrochemicals per cultivation and per agrochemical per year, the types and sizes of containers used per cultivation and per agrochemical, the temporal - spatial quantities distribution of application of agrochemicals per cultivation and agrochemical type (quantity per application at specific time for each cultivation and agrochemical), the temporal - spatial quantities distribution of APPW per cultivation and agrochemical type (expressed in terms of containers (number and size) to be disposed at specific time and specific location for each cultivation and agrochemical), the spatial distribution of agrochemicals suppliers.

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1.4.3.2 Types of agrochemicals used per cultivation Agrochemical products differ in purpose (fertilizer, pesticide, plant growth regulators and herbicide), chemical composition, state of aggregation (solid, liquid, gas) and subsequent application way. In particular, with regard to pesticide, the active agents are over 300 while the commercial formulations are over 4,000. The market of the agrochemicals is constantly and rapidly evolving: new products are always formulated while other are withdrawn because "environmentally hazardous" or "toxic‖. Below some examples of Brochures of agrochemichal on the Italian market (Figures 29’31) while Table 64 shows a short list of agrochemicals, currently in use, linked to know formulation, cultivation, desease or pest to combat, dose and other relevant information to its use.

Cultivation Application time Dosage Vineyard 5 treatments: budding; pre-flowering; Leaf treatment: training berries; pre-bunch closure; 4 300-400 gr/100liters water

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weeks before harvest Olive 3 treatments: flower buds; post-fruit set; Leaf treatment: Enlargement oil 300-400 gr/100liters water Pome 4 treatments: flower buds; post-fruit set; Leaf treatment: Ston fruit enlargement of fruit; 300-400 gr/100liters water 20 days after the previous treatment Vegetables 3-4 treatments, starting 8-10 days after Leaf treatment: transplantation 300-400 gr/100liters water

Figure 31: Brochure of Plant growth regulators

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Figure 32: Brochure of Fertilizer

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Figure 33: Brochure of Fertilizer.

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Table 64: Some agrochemicals currently in use

GROWTH- OTHER FUNGICIDA INSECTICIDA HERBICIDES ADJUVANTS TRAPS REGULATORS PRODUCTS

ANTISCHIUMA CERAFIX REAL CONTROL BASIRAM L (*) APHOX BI-FEN FITAGIL PLUS PLUS ANARSIA DEL PESCO COCCITOX BAGNANTE REAL CONTROL BINAL CB BLACKBASS FITOP 80 GREENPLAST FLUIDO (*) SARIAF CACECIA PODANA CUPROSAR REAL CONTROL 40 WDG COLOSSEO CAMBEL S GIBERAL MICRO-DROP CARPOCAPSA DEL (*) MELO E PERO DIMILIN SC- REAL CONTROL CIDIA ELECTIS MZ CELIO KARIKA VEDO BLU 15 DEL PESCO CEREBAS REAL CONTROL CIDIA ELECTIS ZR FORZA PLIS GOLD DEL SUSINO ERBIFEN REAL CONTROL FARO IMPERO SPRINTER AG CLASS DIABROTICA DEL MAIS REAL CONTROL EULIA FEUDO MZ ITROX (*) ERBIFEN' 04 DEL MELO E PERO REAL CONTROL FEUDO R KIDO' GLIFOSAR MOSCA DELL'OLIVO REAL CONTROL FULLDINA 35 KORON KUKAR 22 MOSCA DELLA FL WDG FRUTTA REAL CONTROL GALEO MEGIC LINOSAR PIRALIDE DEL MAIS

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REAL CONTROL GLADIOR POKER 7,5 MAGIO' PIRALIDE DELLA WDG FRUTTA REAL CONTROL PRIDE 200 KASKO MZ MARINS PROCESSIONARIA SC DEL PINO REAL CONTROL KASKO R RIFOS DUO MEDOR TIGNOLA DEL POMODORO REAL CONTROL MANTIR DG SIATTOL NOTO 40 SC TIGNOLA DELL'OLIVO REAL CONTROL PRESSING PIKAR SLAON TIGNOLA DELLA 20 WG PATATA SPADA 200 TERMINAL REAL CONTROL PROTIL EC EC DUO TIGNOLA DELLA VITE REAL CONTROL RAMATO F1 SPADA WDG TERMINAL TIGNOLETTA DELLA VITE REAL CONTROL RAMOZEB U46 M TORTRICE VERDE

EXTRA CLASS GIALLA DELLE POMACEE RIZOSOL 50 VALZER SC SARCAP 80

WG SARMOX 22

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SARMOX M

BIANCO SARMOX M BLU SARMOX R 330 WG SCUDEX COMBI SCUDEX WDG SCUDEX SPONSOR TIOFLOR WDG (*) VIVER 25 WG VIVER

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NUTRITIONAL PRODUCTS BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS ORGANIC-MINERAL LEAVES ROOTS FERTILIZERS DEFENCES NUTRITION (PELLET) FERVOX QUALITY BASIRAM L IPER MAIS ALT BIT BIO-HUMIC 9-6-15 FERVOX SPRINT COCCITOX IPER OLIVO BIO SARAL C DINAMIC 10-5-5-S FLUIDO FERTIDRO CUPROSAR IPERDORO FERRIFOS 113 40 WDG FERTIDRO ITROX IROKEL PLUS FORZAL-KIN 14-16-18 FERTIDRO TIOFLOR RADICAL B FURIAK 414 WDG IDRONOVA RADIFER 57 IPER CARCIOFO 15.5.35 IPER IDRONOVA SPLENDOR CUCURBITACEE 21.7.14 S IDROSAR SPRINFER IPER GRANO 18.11.18 IDROSAR VITABOR L IPER MAIS PS 0.10.40 IDROSAR VITAMAG L IPER OLIVO PS 10.37.10

IPERDORO IDROSAR VITAMAN L PS 20.20.20 155

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+ MICRO IROKEL VITAMIX LIQUISAR N 8 PLUS EXTRA MAGNIFOS K IRRICAL VITARAM L ORGA VITAZIN L MAXITO PLANT NEUTRAL PIU' MICRO NUTRIFOL K RADICAL B EXPRESS NUTRIFOL L RADIFER 57 14.7.9 NUTRIFOL L RADISTART 6.12.24 NUTRIFOL PS SICUR KEL 12.5.35 NUTRIFOL PS STARTER 20.20.20 KEL PERFECTIVE PIU' CAL SPLENDOR SPRINFER TOPPEL PK VITA CROP VITABOR L

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VITAMAG L VITAMAN L VITAMIX EXTRA VITARAM L VITAZIN L (*) = used in biological agriculture

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1.4.3.3 Ways of application of agrochemicals Pesticides are given for spraying on the foliage or leaves or distributed for irrigation with water (Photos 9 and 10). The product, when diluted, should be used immediately after preparation or within a few hours. The water solution must have the same temperature environment because otherwise some active ingredients may cause problems of phytotoxicity. In any case it is recommended to acidify the solution. There are pesticides that act by contact surface (defined as "covering"), creating a protective barrier against biological adverse, they are used for prevention; others are absorbed by tissues defending the plant from the ―inside‖; these are called "systemic", they are unable to be translocated from the roots to the aboveground and vice versa. There are specific products for disinfecting the soil by parasites. To use pesticides, generally the license and the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) are necessary.

Photo 9: Agrochemical treatment on strawberry.

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Photo 10: Automated agrochemical treatment in a greenhouse.

1.4.3.4 Quantities of agrochemicals per cultivation and per agrochemical per year The use of agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) is a complex argument because the parameters that affect the doses to be administered are many and different. For example rain and hailstorm can produced directed damages on the cultivation, as root rot and/or crack of the fruit, promoting another serious damage: the creation of the access for other adversities, as molds and fungi. Rain can produce dispersion of mineral nitrogen (by leaching and denitrification), so the number of the fertilizations must necessarily increase. Finally, on arable cultivation, rain increases susceptibility both to diseases and weed, that means other agrochemical treatments. Generally, doses of fertilizers vary depending on the physico-chemical properties of soil (particle size, cation exchange capacity, pH, organic matter content in total calcium, P, K, Mg, B) and those relating the actual use by the plant's existing chemical fertility (leaf or petiole diagnostic). Other useful data can be the annual removal in case of permanent crops (eg fruit harvesting and pruning) and the age of the plant (time to plant or full production). In the case of pesticide treatments, however, must consider the type of chemical control (conventional, integrated), the frequency of treatments (to schedule, as needed), the

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climate; besides, the dosage differs for disease and/or cultivation, depending also on the phenological stage of the plant, as shown in Figure 32. Therefore, the doses are often determined on the basis of feelings and experience rather than on the basis of precise information and a calculation carried out rationally. The following Table 65 shows the quantities of the total fertilizers used in the study area, in the period 2003-2007.

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cultivation parasites Phonological stage dosage peach Ceratitis capitata ------40 ml/hl Trips spp Flower buds 70 ml/hl Post-bloom 50 ml/hl tomato Trialeurodes vaporarium Treatments every 7-10 days 50-100 ml/hl cereals Aphids spp 0,4-0,6 l/ha

Figure 34: Brochure of the Pesticide “FASTAC”.

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Table 65: Fertilizers (quintal) used in Province of Bari, period 2003-2006

Organic- Mineral Organic Total TOTAL year mineral ammendante corrective fertilizer* fertilizer* fertilizer* FERTILIZER fertilizer* 2003 1,161,893 56,965 66,610 1,285,468 98,451 6,879 1,390,798 2004 1,428,409 62,527 120,640 1,611,576 101,679 3,874 1,717,129 2005 1,399,422 60,674 111,113 1,571,209 76,320 4,223 1,651,752 2006 1,322,012 85,917 127,217 1,535,146 127,169 3,782 1,666,097 2007 1,530,689 90,127 128,818 1,749,634 131,510 12,894 1,894,038 Source: ISTAT

Analysing data, it shows a trend general increased use of fertilizers which covers all categories; in particular a significant increase is in the use of correttives, doubling from 2003 to 2007; this is due to the increased distribution of corrective in biological farming.

Table 66 shows the quantities of the total agrochemicals used in the study area, in the period 2007-2008.

Table 66: Agrochemicals (kg) and Traps (n°) used in Province of Bari, period 2007-2008

insecticides and biological year fungicides herbicides other Total traps acaricides product 2007 2,701,713 1,597,135 765,544 139,480 19,398 5,223,270 4,482 2008 2,545,817 981,941 594,436 177,257 16,534 4,315,985 6,519 Source: ISTAT

The decrease of agrochemicals, especially those highly toxic and toxic, is determined mainly by the use of agronomic practices, encouraged by community and national agro- environmental policy, aimed at reducing chemical- technical means. The dissemination of the biological products and traps represents the most innovative segment of the distribution, although the amount available for consumption are still of limited size. For example, Tables 67’69 shown informations about pesticide treatments on potato.

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Table 67: Farms that perform pesticide treatments on potato – 2009 year Farms Cultivated area Treated area Number of treatments Farming typology Composition Composition Composition Composition Number Total Total Total % % % % Farms that don‘t perform pesticide treatments 29,468 53,8 10,088.84 14,6 - n.d. n.d. n.d. Farms that perform pesticide treatments 25,348 46,2 59,030.15 85,4 43,627.44 63,1 224,522 100,0 with fungicides 19,486 35,5 - - 40,140.66 92,0 83,115 37,0 with insecticida and acaricides 14,798 27,0 - - 32,505.56 74,5 67,256 30,0 with herbicides 7,404 13,5 - - 31,389.64 71,9 47,004 20,9 with mixi 3,038 5,5 - - 11,279.39 25,9 27,147 12,1 Total 54,816 100,0 69,119.00 100,0 43,627.44 100,0 224,522 100,0

Table 68: Farms and cultivated areas (hectares) with potato per n° agrochemical treatments – Year 2009 N° treatments Tattamenti fitosanitari 1 2 ≥3 Total farm area farm area farm area farm area Fungicides 7625 14798,28 44716 7706,45 7145 17635,93 19486 40140,66 Insecticides and acaricides 7316 8699,72 4900 12855,91 2582 10949,93 14798 32505,56

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Herbicides 5071 20270,39 1882 6626,89 451 4492,06 7404 31389,34 Mix 901 2241,58 730 2205,36 1407 6832,45 3038 11279,39

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Table 69: Active agents used on potatos (area [hectares], quantity [kg/] and average [kg/ha]) - 2009 year

area Quantity Active agent Kg/ha Total % Total % Fungicides 42327,29 97,0 197065,36 83,7 4,65 Inorganic (S) 534,02 1,2 1114,52 0,5 2,09 Inorganic (Cu) 40069,32 91,8 70113,76 29,8 1,75 Organic (N, S) 40929,99 93,8 98784,56 42,0 2,41 Organic (N) - aromatic aliphatic 10068,07 23,1 20325,53 8,6 2,02 Azoto organici etoriciclici esclusi triazoli 30151,01 69,1 4864,16 2,1 0,16 Triazoli 122,11 0,3 24,96 - 0,20 Fosforganici e stannorganici 1156,77 2,7 293,56 0,4 0,80 Altri funghicidi 11021,28 25,3 914,31 0,4 0,08 Insecticides and acaricides 43379,25 99,4 15256,40 6,5 0,34 Composti inorganici - - - - - Olii 229,10 0,5 278,81 0,1 1,22 Derivati vegetali e simili sintetici 42465,86 97,3 4040,50 1,7 0,10 Clororganici - - - - - Carbammati (famiglia insetticiti e - - - - - acaricidi) Derivati dell'urea (famiglia insetticiti e 3653,17 8,4 403,70 0,2 0,11 acaricidi) Fosforganici 7349,34 16,8 4916,61 2,1 0,67 Azoto/solfo/stanno-organici - - - - - aloidrocarburi Altri insetticidi e acaricidi 16493,21 37,8 5616,78 2,4 0,34 Herbicides 18728,51 42,9 18795,25 8,0 1,00 Ammidi 1855,86 4,3 838,58 0,4 0,45 Carbammati - - - - - Derivati dell'urea 2465,72 5,7 2656,80 0,5 0,51 Nitroderivati - benzonitrili 15756,85 36,1 11661,32 5,0 0,74 Diazine - triazine 5541,76 12,7 1960,68 0,8 0,35 Sulfuree-imidazolinoni 1781,11 4,1 790,09 0,3 0,44 Fosforganici - dipiridilici 6203,38 14,2 1981,76 0,8 0,32 Arilossifenopropionati-cicloesenoni 1363,32 3,1 120,85 0,1 0,09 Ormonici - - - - - Altri erbicidi 2140,53 4,9 185,17 0,1 0,09

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Other (also biological) 3057,06 7,0 4959,70 1,8 1,39 Total 43627,44 100,0 235376,71 100,0 5,39

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1.4.3.5 Types and sizes of containers used per cultivation and per agrochemical

Table 70: Types and sizes of containers used per cultivation and per agrochemical

Types Capacity of the container Polymer bags 25 – 50 kg LDPE boxes from 0,1’0,3 to 15 kg Plasticized cardboard bottles from 0,5 to 1,0 liters HDPE cans from 5 to 2,500 liters HDPE, PP

1.4.3.6 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of application of agrochemicals per cultivation and agrochemical type The temporal distribution of application of agrochemicals per cultivation and agrochemical type it is very difficult to define, due to the high range of available products. The Map 18 shows the period of the agrochemical applications for type of cultivation

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Map 18: Period of the agrochemical applications for type of cultivation

1.4.3.7 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of APPW per cultivation and agrochemical type Generally, the maximum quantity of collected APPW is in summer (packages of agrochemical products used in spring) and late autumn for the collection of packaging originated in summer and autumn.

1.4.3.8 Spatial distribution of agrochemicals suppliers In Province of Bari, currently (2010 year) there are 25 points of production and/or sale of fertilizers, while those relating to the category of the pesticides (insecticides, fungicides and pesticides) are 7 (Map 19).

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Map 19: Localization and number of the main producers and/or retailers of agrochemical products (fertilizers and pesticides)

1.4.4 Current practices for APPW management in the Province of Bari 1.4.4.1 Current disposal practices for the APP waste The Italian Rule in force on waste management is the Legislative Decree 152/2006, (replacing the Legislative Decree 22/97, known as ―Ronchi Decree‖, that implemented the EU directives on waste management and disposal). According the rule, expired agrochemicals, pesticide containers not cleared, expired or unused drug for livestock are "hazardous special waste‖, while cleared pesticide containers are agricultural waste "non-hazardous. Therefore, when the agrochemical containers are "clean‖, they go from ―dangerous" special products (requiring a specific and more expensive disposal) to "not dangerous" (ie, comparable to municipal solid waste and disposed of as such). This involves obvious advantages for the farm, both in terms of simplification of disposal procedures and administrative requirements and in economic terms. The treatment of cleaning is to remove most of the chemical product from the container, in order to obtain a negligible contamination. Currently, a scheme of cleaning treatment has not yet been set by national rule; so, in some Italian Regions, local authorities and competent authorities made Agreements Program in order to code cleaning treatment in two steps: 169

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Plastic containers must be rinsed three times consecutively and the remaining washing liquid must be poured into the tank containing the mixture distribution in the field; Paper containers, if not internally plasticized, must be shaken well above the containers used for the preparation of the mixture. Formulations of pesticides in containers without waterproof lining are generally disappeared from the market. Unfortunately, the Agreements Program that have been established are not yet very functional. In the provinces where there aren‘t agreements programs, farmers may disposal the agrochemical containers, washed or not, as "hazardous waste". Again under current rules, the farmer, as every producer of waste, has responsibility for the appropriate management of waste, until their disposal. In particular, art. 193, paragraph 4, as amended, provides for an exemption from the form of transport in case of non-hazardous special waste under Article. 184, paragraph 3, letter a) made by the producer of the waste on an occasional and infrequent that do not exceed the amount of 30 kg or 30 liters. Furthermore, Article. 190 paragraph 4 provides that persons whose annual production of waste does not exceed 10 tons of non-hazardous waste and two tonnes of hazardous waste can fulfill the obligation of keeping the records of loading and unloading of waste also by associations involved or their service companies. Finally, according the Article 212, paragraph 8, the enrollment is not required to transport their own hazardous waste is not hazardous until 30kg or 30 liters per day, provided the transport is only intended to grant the operator of the waste collection service with which it has concluded an agreement. A temporary storage on the farm for the mixing of waste collection, according to the type and quantity of waste, is permitted (Table 71 and Photo 11). Any way, different than those described, must have a specific permission.

Table 71: Temporary storage on the farm

Waste typology Time Amount Dangerous Max 2 months Max 10 mc Max 5 days If > 200 liters Dangerous infected Max 30 days If < 200 liters No- dangerous Max 3 months Max 20 mc

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b) Photo 11: A temporary storage of APPW in a farming area – a)pesticide bottles; b) heavy duty bags of fertilizers

Currently, there are on market simple equipement that permit to wash plastic packaging, efficiently and with low risk of contamination both for the environment and the operator. Fortunatelly, even the manufacturers of pesticides are improving the packaging of their products, producing containers easy emptying or removing (if possible) the container: it is the case of water-soluble bags, that tank directly into the atomizer, is dissolved, releasing the agrochemical product.

1.4.4.2 Location and size of the consolidation stations In 2009, at the initiative of the Ministry of Environment and Protection of Land and Sea, SISTRI (Control System of Waste Traceability) was born. The system should simplify the procedures and the fulfilments, reducing costs for businesses and operates in an

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innovative and efficient a complex process in order to ensure greater transparency, knowledge and prevention about illegality. Therefore, SISTRI is a new optimal strategical tool to ensure better control of the special waste management.

Unfortunately, SISTRI will come into force at full capacity by June 1, 2011.

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1.5 County of Segrià (Spain) 1.5.1 Geographic area The county Segrià is located in Spain in the autonomic community of Catalonia (Map 20). Inside Catalonia, county Segrià belongs to Lleida Province (b) and is located in the South- West of the Province (c).

b) c)

Map 20: a) Map of Spain with Catalonia in the North-East. b) Map of Catalonia with Lleida Province (in blue) and c) County Segrià in South-West of Lleida Province.

Although County Segrià has been chosen for the study, the agrochemical waste residues are managed at Catalonian Autonomic Community level. If no information is found at county level, than information at province or autonomic community level will be give.

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a)………………………………………………………..b)

Map 21: a) Map of County Segrià with the main municipalities and b) distribution of the area of the 38 municipalities in Segrià

The capital of the province and of the county Segrià is the city of Lleida (Map 21) which is located at 0º 38‘ East longitude and 41º 36‘ latitude north. The altitude over the sea level is 155 m. County Segrià is mainly an agricultural region where more than the 70% of the land is dedicated to Agriculture (Figure 33). The existing industries and services are also related with Agriculture.

Land Use in Segrià

7% 12% 5%

5% 71%

Crops Urbanized area and infraestructures Uncultivated areas Forest Scrub Figure 35: Land Use in Segrià County.

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The municipality of Lleida is the bigger one with 211,7 km2 and concentrate the higher population of the county with 131.731 inhabitants. County Segrià has at a whole 38 municipalities with a total population of 197.391 inhabitants (Table 72) and an extension of 1397 km2.

Table 72: Distribution of the population of the 38 municipalities of the county Segrià

Num MUNICIPALITY POPULATION

1 Aitona 2.345 2 Alamús, els 724 3 Albatàrrec 1.749 4 Alcanó 244 5 Alcarràs 7.281 6 Alcoletge 2.547 7 Alfarràs 3.163 8 Alfés 323 9 Alguaire 3.129 10 Almacelles 6.295 11 Almatret 415 12 Almenar 3.665 13 Alpicat 5.900 14 Artesa de Lleida 1.503 15 Aspa 262 16 Benavent de Segrià 1.445 17 Corbins 1.370 18 Gimenells-Pla de la Font 1.184 19 Granja d'Escarp, la 1.024 20 Llardecans 545 21 Lleida 131.731 22 Maials 977 23 Massalcoreig 614 24 Montoliu de Lleida 491 25 Portella, la 816 26 Puigverd de Lleida 1.356 27 Rosselló 2.752

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28 Sarroca de Lleida 438 29 Seròs 1.876 30 Soses 1.662 31 Sudanell 863 32 Sunyer 296 33 Torrebesses 298 34 Torrefarrera 3.697 35 Torres de Segre 2.055 36 Torre-serona 353 37 Vilanova de la Barca 1.181 38 Vilanova de Segrià 822

TOTAL Segrià 197.391

1.5.2 Cultivations 1.5.2.1 Main cultivations Herbaceous crops: Grain cereals (maize, wheat, barley), fodders (Lucerne, Ray-Grass), industrial crops (sunflower, canola), vegetable (onion, lettuce, tomato, pepper green beans…), grain legumes and potatoes. Woody crops: Orchard crops (apple, pear, peach/ nectarine, cherry), almonds and pistacho, olives and vineyards, tree nursery.

1.5.2.2 Areas of cultivation for each kind of cultivation

Table 73: Areas (ha) of cultivations for each kind of cultivation (map) in County Segria (Lleida).

Herbaceous Woody crops species Global

Grain Cereals 25584 Orchard 23925 Vegetable 324 Dry nuts 6237 Industrial crops 2466 Citrus 2

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Farratges 14410 Olives 11908 Grain legumes 136 Vineyards 1393 Potato 104 Nursery 65 Other 231 Other 9 fallow 3153

Total 46408 43539 89936

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a) Rice Areas (ha) of cultivation To 50 From 51 to 100 From 101 to 300 From 301 to 3000 More than 3000

b) Corn Areas (ha) of cultivation To 50 From 51 to 100 From 101 to 300 More than 300

c) Corn (GMO) Areas (ha) of cultivation To 50 From 51 to 100 From 101 to 300 More than 300

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d) Cereal Areas (ha) of cultivation To 50 From 51 to 250 From 251 to 1000 More than 1000

e) Winter Cereal Areas (ha) of cultivation To 50 From 51 to 250 From 251 to 1000 More than 1000

f) Fodder

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Areas (ha) of cultivation To 10 From 11 to 50 From 51 to 250 More than 250

g) Fresh Fruit Areas (ha) of cultivation To 5 From 6 to 10 From 11 to 100 More than 100

h) Dry Fruit Areas (ha) of cultivation To 10 From 11 to 100 From 101 to 500 More than 500

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Vegetables Areas (ha) of cultivation To 5 From 5 to 10 From 11 to 50 More than 50

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j) Olive Areas (ha) of cultivation To 1 From 1 to 10 From 11 to 25 From 26 to 50

k) Vineyard Areas (ha) of cultivation To 5 From 6 to 50 From 51 to 200 More than 200

Figure 36: Cultivation areas.

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1.5.2.3 Geographical distribution of cultivations in Catalonia

Map 22: Geographical distribution of cultivation: rain fed trees (brown); rain fed herbaceous (yellow); orchards (dark green); Maize, Lucerne and vegetable (light green), remaining crops (grey). (map not available at province level)

1.5.2.4 Temporal distribution cultivation activities (cultivation works per cultivation kind during a cultivation season) Observation: in the concept ―cropping‖, all works between establishment and harvest, like weed control, pest and diseases control, cover fertilization, thinning and other cultivation works are included. Before sowing or plantation of all crops, ground fertilization and usually first pre-emergent weed control is performed. Orchards: pruning-cropping (autumn–winter); fruit thinning (spring); cropping (spring- summer); harvesting (summer-autumn); postharvest treatments (end summer); new plantings (winter-spring), Olives: new plantings rainfed (autumn); new plantings irrigation (autumn or spring); pruning-cropping (winter); cropping (spring-summer-autumn); harvesting (autumn-winter). Vineyards: new plantation (end winter) pruning-cropping (autumn–winter); cropping (spring-summer); harvesting (summer). Winter Cereals rain fed (Barley) and irrigation (Wheat): fertilization and sowing (late summer-autumn), cropping, weed control, cover fertilization (winter); very punctual pest and diseases control (late winter-spring), harvesting (summer) Summer Cereals

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Maize (mainly GMO): fertilization and sowing (early spring), weed control (late spring), cropping (summer), harvesting (autumn) Winter-spring vegetable: transplanting and sowing (middle summer); cropping (autumn- winter), harvesting (winter-spring) Spring-autumn vegetable: transplant (middle spring), cropping (spring-summer), harvesting (late summer-autumn). 1.5.2.5 Trends in restructuring cultivations in the region: which new crops replace old cultivation The main cultivations of the region, as has been already described, are cereals and fruit Crops. One of the trends in cereal is the significant increase of the area cultivated with GMO corn. Another trend is the increase of crops for obtaining biomass for energy production. Some farms dedicate to fruit production are also diversifying their offer by cultivating vegetable crops. In general there is a clear change in all sectors to substitute the conventional or integrate crop production by the organic one. Very recently, as a result of a high immigration rate in the region (15% of the population), mainly coming from North African, Sub-Saharan, China and South American countries, the demand for new crops has rise significantly. This fact has generated new opportunities for the farmers. Crops like Chinese cabbage, okra or sweet potato among other have been suggested as viable in the region.

1.5.3 Quantities of APPW in the County of Segrià 1.5.3.1 Main reason for using agrochemicals per cultivation Orchards: Weed control, pest and diseases, plant growth regulators (thinning, growth retardants, fruit setting) Orchards are the main consumer of APPW Olives: Weed control, pest and diseases, Vineyards: Weed control, pest and diseases, Winter Cereals rain fed and irrigation: Weed control Summer Cereals: MGO: Weed control; not MGO: weeds, pests and diseases control Vegetable: Weed control, pests and diseases.

1.5.3.2 Types of agrochemicals used per cultivation Winter cereals: mainly herbicides (80%), punctually fungicides (15%). Maize (GMO): herbicides; Maize (not GMO): herbicides, insecticides, fungicides. Orchards: herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, plant growth regulators, post harvest treatment. Vegetable: herbicides, insecticides, fungicides.

1.5.3.3 Ways of application of agrochemicals 185

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Main system consists in preparing the agrochemical at farm and storing the packaging there. At second level farmer can fill in deposits at purchasing point (cooperative) and give up the packaging at collecting point. Exceptionally the farmer fills in the deposit in a water source, but than he has to carry the packaging to the farm. Main way of application is spraying and some treatments trough the irrigation system.

1.5.3.4 Quantities of agrochemicals per cultivation and per agrochemical per year The information of agrochemical per cultivation is not available in the region of study. At Catalonian level data on the amount or agrochemicals per unit of cultivated surface is represented in Figure 35. As a means and globally around 2.5 kg/ha of fungicides, 3 kg/ha of herbicides, 2 kg/ha insecticides and 1 kg/ha of other products are consumed yearly.

Quantities of agrochemicals per year in Catalunya (kg/ha)

2,5

1,5

0,5

0 Fungicides Herbicides Insecticides Other

Figure 37: Yearly Agrochemical quantities use in Catalunya.

At County Segrià level information on the amount of Agrochemical consumed in a medium size cooperative is represented in Figure 36 and Table 74.

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Yearly amount of Agrochemical in a medium size cooperativein County Segrià (kg)

9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000

Amount Amount (Kg) 3000 2000 1000 0 Fungicides Herbicides Insecticides Other Type of Agrochemical

Figure 38: Yearly Agrochemical consumption in a medium size cooperative in County Segrià.

Medium size cooperatives consume around 8400 kg of fungicides, 7700 kg of insecticides, 6700 kg of herbicides and 2000 kg of other agrochemical products (Figure 36). A lot of different agrochemicals are used (Table 74); 30 different formulation of fungicides, more than 35 of herbicides and more than 40 of insecticides. It‘s important to remark that a lot of pesticides have been forbidden by law in the last years and this trend continues.

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Table 74: Type of agrochemical product (a. fungicides; b. herbicides; c. insecticides and d other), the type of packaging and the amount consumed yearly in a medium size cooperative of county Segrià

a) Fungicides b) Herbicides Product Packag. Units Product Packag. Units Atemi 10 WG 300 g 290 Athir max 1 L 30 Azufre espolvoreo 1 kg 40 Banvel D 1 L 12 Azupec 5 kg 25 Bench 5 L 4 Centinela 10 EC 1 L 61 Brioxil Super 5 L 52 Cercobin 45 SC 1 L 15 Callisto 1 L 6 Cercobin 45 SC 5 L 4 Camix 5 L 5 Ceremonia 25 EC 1 L 36 Esteron pesat 60 5 L 12 Chorus 1 kg 4 Finale 5 L 84 Cobre nordox 10 kg 5 Fusilade Max 1 L 1 Codimur M 50 g 60 Fusta 5 L 20 Covicampo 5 kg 462 Fusta 20 L 12 Cpateran 50 5 kg 40 Glifopec 1 L 20 Cuproflow 5 L 10 Glifopec 5 L 100 Cuproflow Blue 10 L 10 Glifopec 20 L 23 Daconil flow 5 L 320 Harness 20 L 47 Druida 100 cc 16 Harness 5 L 16 Copper hidrox. 50% 5 kg 30 Herbato 5 L 16 Impala 1 L 156 Hercampo 20 L 8 Iprodiona 5 L 8 Herpan 40 5 L 96 Manziveex PM 5 kg 5 Lanceiro super 20 L 1 Nimrod 1 L 24 Merito 5 L 356 Orius 1 L 720 Mustang 5 L 8 Perlan 500 cc 48 Nicogan 5 L 12 Pombal 1 L 380 Ordago 1 L 24 Stroby WG 200 g 80 Ordago 5 L 88 Sulfato de cobre 25 kg 28 Round Up Plus 10 L 14 Tasis 12,5 EC 1 L 130 Round Up Power 5 L 12 Thiovit WG (80% S) 10 kg 30 Round Up Power 20 L 18 Round Up Tiram flow 5 L 40 Transorb 10 kg 12 Tirex PM 5 kg 217 Sajon 1 L 6 Tusal WG 500 g 4 Samson 1 L 12

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Total 3298 Sencor 70 WG 500 g 110 Spade 500 g 1 Splendor 5 L 12 Tomahawk 1 L 24 Tomahawk 5 L 8 Touchdown 10 L 4 Touchdown premium 20 L 2 Total 1288

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c) Insecticides d) Other Product Packag. Units Product Packag. Units Adrex Actara 400 g 5 mojante 1 L 20 Actellic 2% 5 kg 4 AG-100 1 g 720 Affirm 1 kg 11 Crapal 1 L 160 Agita 1 GB 4 Elfer Biosoil 20 L 25 Agita 10% 1 kg 1 Ethrel 250 cc 7 Audace 2,5 EC 1 L 72 Fengib 1 L 18 Audace 2,5 EC 5 L 24 Fixofrut 1 L 36 Mojante n.i. S powder 25 kg 3 oro 5 L 240 Banzai 20 WP 1 kg 4 Novagib 1 L 3 Cargol-Mat 5 kg 40 Promalin 500 cc 12 Clorpirifos 25 PM 4 kg 95 Regalis 1 kg 10 Dauparex 1 L 608 Rhodofix 1 kg 10 Dauparex 5 L 148 Total 1261 Decis protech 1.5% 250 cc 6 Dominex 10 100 cc 10 Dominex 10 1 L 108 Dursban 5G 25 kg 40 Dursban 75 WG 2,5 kg 4 Escocet 40 cc 3 Expedient 10 EC 1 L 240 Fenoxicarb 25 WG 600 g 80 Granet extra 500 g 24 Inaclor 25 PM 4 kg 76 Insect 5G 5 kg 5 Karate king 1 kg 180 Karate King 2,5 kg 174 Karate Zeon 1 L 10 Kopy 1 L 380 Kopy 5 L 88 Mavrik 10 1 L 12 Mesurol 4 cebo 1 kg 80

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Mesurol 50% PM 1 kg 20 Oil Oro 5 L 20 Oil Oro 1 L 12 Pirisar 20 15 g 60 Ca Polysulphur 32 kg 12 Reldan E 5 L 140 Spintor 480 SC 250 cc 16 Thiovit 25 kg 40 Trebon 30 EC 1 L 12 Vapona 1 L 10 Vapones DDVP (1x4) 1 Total 2882

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1.5.3.5 Types and sizes of containers used per cultivation and per agrochemical Although, the information on types and sizes of containers used per cultivation is not available, in Table 74, the types of packaging per product are listed. In the preliminary results of the projects the predominant container is a plastic one of 1 L (bottle) and 5 L (big bottles or small carafe). Less frequent containers of 250 ml (small bottles) and 10-25 L medium carafe). More 25 L is not allowed by law (labor risk law).

1.5.3.6 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of application of agrochemicals per cultivation and agrochemical type Not available. It is being to be determined during the project in three cooperatives that are collecting points. Based on previous studies the most frequent period of use application of agrochemicals is between March and July. Fruit orchard crops and vegetable are the sectors who consume the larger amount. From October to February application is the lowest.

1.5.3.7 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of APPW per cultivation and agrochemical type Based on previous studies the maximum quantity of collected APPW is between June and August with a top in July. Fruit orchard crops and vegetable are the sectors which generate the larger amount. December-January is the month where the collection of APPW is lowest. New information generate in the project confirm the results of previous studies. In Figure 37 the seasonal production of Agricultural agrochemical plastic waste in one of the larger cooperatives in County Segrià, put in evidence that Spring is the season were the higher amount of residues are collected. After Spring, Autum is the second more important season and than Summer and Winter.

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Seasonal production of agrochemical packging waste

3000

2500

2000

1500

Weight(Kg) 1000

500

0 Winter Spring Summer Autum Season

2006 2007 2008 2009

Figure 39: Seasonal generation of AAPW in a large cooperative in Segría County in a four year period.

1.5.3.8 Spatial distribution of agrochemicals suppliers The agrochemical suppliers are concentrate in the same area where are purchased by the farmers. The main suppliers are cooperatives and in some cases agrochemical shops who has the exclusivity for certain products. In Table 75 suppliers are listed according to the municipality were they belong and in Map 23 the location of the suppliers are mapped.

Table 75: Municipalities were suppliers are located in County Segrià

Suppliers of agrochemicals in Segrià County Municipality Agrícola Espax, S.L. Aitona Ayuntamiento de Aitona Aitona Coop. del Camp Sant Gaietá Aitona Adobs Caberol, S.A. Alcarrás Agrolérida, S.A. Alcarrás Coop. Camp d' Alcarrás Alcarrás SAT Ort Bell Alcarrás SAT Plà d' Escarp Alcarrás Agríc. i Secció de Credit d' Alcoletge, S.C.C.L. Alcoletge Coop. del Camp Sant Faust, S.C.C.L. Alguaire Agroserveis d' Almacelles, S.C.C.L. Almacelles

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Bernabé Febas e Hijo, S.C.P. Almacelles Cupasa, S.A. Almacelles Finca Mas Lleo Almacelles Ignasi Comella S.L. Almacelles Coop. del Camp Sant Gaietá Almenar S.C.C.L. Del Camp L´Intima Alpicat San Bartolomé, S.C.C.L. Alpicat Olomi Roca Artesa de Lleida Benavent de Agr. Progresiva, S.C.C.L. Segrià Central Agrícola Bovi, S.L. Corbins Coop. La Noguera Corbins Fruitera de Corbins i Secció de Crèdit, S.C.C.L. Corbins Cooperativa del Campo de Gimenells Gimenells Fundació Privada Obra Tutelar Agraria Gimenells Soc. Coop. Sant Domènec La Portella ADA 2100 S.L. Lleida Agrària Fruitera La Práctica, S.C.C.L. Lleida Femosa Fruits S.L. Lleida Fitosanitaris Antoni Huguet, S.L.U. Lleida Fruilar SAT 197 Lleida Labordeta Fruits, S.C.C.L. Lleida Mariola Fruits, S.C.C.L. Lleida Natur Grup Integral, S.L. Lleida Phytolleida, S.L. Lleida Sanui Fruits SAT 132 CAT Lleida

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Suppliers of agrochemicals in Segrià County Municipality SAT Lleida Fruit Lleida Torrefito, S.L. Lleida TS Ponent Agro, S.L. Lleida Coop. Camp Foment Maialenc Maials Agromodol, S.A. Montoliu de Lleida Fruits Queralt, S.L. Puigverd de Lleida Codorniú, S.A. Raimat Fru-Rose, SCCL Rosselló Ayuntamiento de Seròs Seròs Seròs-Fruits, S.C.C.L. Seròs Coop. Agrop. de Soses Soses Fruits San Miquel, S.L. Soses Camp de Sunyer, S. Coop. C.L. Sunyer Promocions fitosanitaries, S.L.(Profisa) Torrefarrera S.M.A., S.L. Torre-Serona Frutera Segrià, SCCL Vilanova de Segriá S.C.C.L. Agraria Vª. Segriá Vilanova de Segriá Vilanovade la Agustí Vilimelis.S.L. Barca Vilanova de la Coop. del Campo Villanueva de la Barca Barca

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Map 23: Distribution of Agrochemical suppliers in county Segrià.

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1.5.4 Current practices for APPW management County of Segrià 1.5.4.1 Current disposal practices for the APP waste The farmer returns the APPW to a collecting point, usually the same where he has purchase (usually cooperatives) the product. In trhe collecting point the farmer dispose the residue in plastic big-bags, separating the plastic from the paper and the metal packaging. Photos 12 and 13 show the big-bags were the farmer dispose the residue. More details on the system will be explained in Component: ―Analysis of current situation and existing technologies‖ - Phase 2: ―Analysis of existing APPW management systems and sampling and analysis of the waste‖.

Photo 12: Big-bags in a cooperative in County Segrià.

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Photo 13: Big-bags full of AAPW in the Transference Centre. 1.5.4.2 Location and size of the consolidation stations If the consolidation station is a point where all APPW are transferred from the collecting points, than is worth to comment that in Catalonia there is only one and of large capacity. The installation has a surface of 10.300 m2. It is located in Barberà del Vallès (near Barcelona). This point is called Reception and Transference Centre (CRT). The ―Consolidation Station‖ or Reception and Transfer Centre (CRT) served all the autonomic community of Catalonia collecting all big-bags of all collecting points.

1.5.4.3 What works and what does not work with regard to APPW management practices What works: A system has been established and all actors are participating. Manufacturer, suppliers, users, final disposers and recycling industry and institutions work together. The farmer accepts the final cost of the system as the actor who generates the residue. 50% or more of the packaging of APPW are recovered and mostly recycled.

What does not work: Only packaging with the label ―Sigfito‖ are collected, farmers did not know what to do with the remaining packaging, thus some farmers mix all kind of packaging in big-bags. For avoiding this situation the employee of the cooperative in charge of the collecting point, checked which farmers are not working well and inform him about the situation in order to correct the fault. The three rinsing procedure has to be checked. The packaging recovery from the farmers has not reach the level (60%) that the legislation required. Other kind of residues (agricultural films irrigation tubes and tapes; packaging of fertilizers, seeds and substrate) has to be transported to specific authorized industrial plastic collecting points. But some of these points do not accept the mulching residue if it 198

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has not been previously washed from sticky soil by the farmer prior to the delivering. Thus the farmer avoids doing this work and usually burns the residue, although it is forbidden. In the selected area, with a big implantation of orchards, the farmer replants the orchard each 15 years. In this case the irrigation tube is the main residue. A frequent practice of doing this shop is pilling up old trees and plastic tubes in the middle of the field and burns it all together. Some farmers bring the tubs to the authorized collecting centre.

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CHAPTER 2 AGRICULTURAL PLASTIC WASTE (APW) MAPPING IN THE PARTICIPATING REGIONS TO EVALUATE POSSIBLE SYNERGETIC CONSOLIDATION TO REDUCE THE COST

2.1 Municipality of Vissaltia-Kallikratis (Greece) 2.1.1 Quantities of APW The use of agricultural plastics other than packaging for agrochemicals in the region of the Municipality of Vissaltia – Kallikratis is limited and so the APW in the broader region is considered to be of no economic importance. As it was mentioned by agronomists and farmers in the region of the Municipality there is very limited use of agricultural films and other plastics. A more general estimation about the existing situation of APW may be based on the data for the whole prefecture of Serres that are presented in the Labelagriwaste project [8]. More specifically in 2003, 68.5 hectares were used for protected cultivations with plastic greenhouses. Assuming that each hectare of greenhouse requires 2600 Kg of plastic film, it is calculated that 178.1 t of plastic film was consumed for greenhouses each year at the level of the prefecture. Furthermore, for the same year 10 hectares were cultivated under Low tunnel plastic and with a consumption of 270 kg of plastic film per hectare it is estimated that 2.7 tones of plastic film was used for Low tunnel each year at the level of prefecture. Finally, the consumption of Mulching film was estimated to be 2 t/yr, at the level of prefecture.

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2.2. Republic of Cyprus (Cyprus) 2.2.1 Quantities of APW 2.2.1.1 Main categories of agricultural plastics (AP) other than agrochemical packaging Plastic products used in agriculture are made of: PE, PE-LDPE, PE-MDPE, PE-HDPE PVC and PP. Additives used are UV-stabilisers, anti-drip agents and colours. (Source: LabelAgriWaste, Deliverable 1, 2007).

2.2.1.2 Type of agricultural plastics used per cultivation There are no available data for the plastics used per cultivation. In general other than agrochemical packaging the following agricultural plastics are used: greenhouse film, low tunnel, mulching, pipes, nursery pots, fertiliser bags.

2.2.1.3 Characteristics (thickness, compositional range and additives) per type

Table 76: Physical and chemical characteristics of agricultural plastic.(Source: LabelAgriWaste) Thickness Product type Composition Additives Contamination (μm) Greenhouse film LDPE UV 200 Dirt Stabiliser 150

Tunnel film LDPE UV 60 Dirt Stabiliser 30

Nursery film LDPE Black 80 Dirt Chemicals

Shrinkwrap LDPE 60 Sunlight Dirt

Irrigation tubes HDPE, Black 2,5 Dirt LDPE 6

Mulch film LDPE UV 25 Dirt

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2.2.1.4 Quantities of agricultural plastics (kg/ha) per cultivation and per type of AP per year There are 9 main fruit and vegetable crops, grown in greenhouses. They include: tomatoes, cucumbers, aubergines, peppers, courgettes, strawberries, melons, watermelons and French beans. They occupy an area of 3285.52 da (Table 77). We estimated that 5191.12de of plastic are needed to cover this area. In weight, the plastic needed is 985.6 tonnes. This figure was estimated under the assumption that 300 Kg of plastic are needed for a decare under greenhouse cover (calculations from the Norm Input-Output data of the Agricultural Research Institute.

The four main types of greenhouses that are used are: greenhouses higher than 3m (~256 tonnes LDPE) greenhouses with average height 2-3m (~ 316 tonnes LDPE) tunnels higher than 3m (~173 tonnes LDPE) tunnels smaller than 2m (~ 240 tonnes LDPE) The plastic film used for all types of greenhouses is LDPE.

The majority of greenhouses are located in the district of Larnaka. They cover a total area of 1158.43 deand produce 347 tonnes of plastic. Second in greenhouse area and plastic comes the district of Ammochostos (900,83 deand 270 tonnes plastic)

Table 77: Area of greenhouses and plastic generated in each district.(Source: Agricultlural department) AREA tonnes DISTRICT (da) LDPE Lefkosia 23,35 7005 Lemesos 421,7 126510 Pafos 585,51 175653 Larkana 1158,43 347529 Ammochostos 900,83 270249

Pitsilia (mountainous area) 195,7 58710 3285,52 985656

2.2.1.5 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of AP per cultivation and AP type 202

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As far as the greenhouses are concerned the practices used among farmers vary. The plastic used in the greenhouses is usually changed every four years. Of course this may vary if special circumstances occur, e.g. extreme weather conditions. In any case the cover film is changed in July when the greenhouses are empty. For the tunnels the plastic is usually changed every two years. This may also vary depending on weather conditions and on the quality of plastic used. The quality could delay the change by one year (annually or every 3 years). In any case this film is changed in July.

2.2.1.6 Degree of contamination of each category of APW APW are usually contaminated by agrochemicals and dirt. (Source: LabelAgri Waste, Deliverable 1, 2007).

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2.2.1.7 Bio-based. Biodegradable plastics, Compostable, Degradable and other special categories Just recently special categories of plastic have been introduced to the Cypriot market. Despite efforts made by the Ministry of Agriculture to promote the use of these plastics, not much interest has been shown by the farmers.

2.2.2 Current practices for APW management in Republic of Cyprus 2.2.2.1 Current disposal practices for the APW The farmers usually pile up greenhouse films in their fields. This practice is very problematic because piles end up to house rodents and other small animals and cause threats to public health. They mention that often rodents attack nearby crops with the consequences multiplying.

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2.3 Department of Gard (France) 2.3.1 Quantities of APW 2.3.1.1 Main categories of agricultural plastics (AP) other than agrochemical packaging

Main categories of agricultural plastics (AP) other than agrochemical packaging

Fertilizers AP: Big_bags: Polyethylen (PE) and Polypropylen (PP) Bags : Polyethylen (PE)

Films PE: AP are composed by many combinations of row material.

Most important are: - «Radical material» with weak mecanical properties, with easy extrusion conditions; they are used for thick films : LD, low density This material is used for tunnel films, greenhouses

- ―Linear material», with stronger properties, more difficult extrusion; they are generaly used for thin : LLD, HAO (High Alfa Olefine), C6, C8, métallocène, C4 butène - « Copolymers»: EVA (Ethyl Vinyl Acétate) from 5 to 14% - Glue agents: PIB Poly Iso Butylen - Regenerated material, from recycled waste - additives

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2.3.1.2 Type of agricultural plastics used per cultivation Characterisation of APW used in Gard (Table 78):

Table 78: Classification of the agricultural used films

2.3.1.3 Characteristics (thickness, compositional range and additives) per type See data above

2.3.1.4 Quantities of agricultural plastics (kg/ha) per cultivation and per type of AP per year Vegetable crop using plastic films for mulching and low tunnel protection are estimated to 2800 hectares in GARD. Crop under high tunnel are estimated to 210 ha.

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2.3.1.5 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of AP per cultivation and AP type Conventional and organic vegetable crops use mulching films, melon, asparagus, tomato, salad, strawberry, onion, spinach, sweet pepper, carott. Even if farmers use low quantities of mulching films, vegetable productions are mainly concentrated in the south of department (see Map 14).

2.3.1.6 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of APW per cultivation and AP type Plastic films, both for mulching and tunnels, are distributed by distributors, privated societies and cooperatives, located in all department (see Map 16 of collection point in distribution firms : CAPL, CALVET AGRO, ESTEVE, PERRET….)

2.3.1.7 Degree of contamination of each category of APW Average composition of different waste agricultural plastic at the time of withdrawal without storage year 2007 (Figure 38).

Figure 40: Average composition of different waste agricultural plastic

2.3.1.8 Bio-based. Biodegradable plastics, Compostable, Degradable and other special categories Bioplastic films, used on organic Agriculture, composed with amidon and co-polyester (ee. Mater-bi® (Novamont) and Biolice (société Ulice/Barbier). This type of plastic is not frequent , the price is generally two of three times higher than PE ;

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Oxo-degradables composed with PE Heavy metals, degradable with high temperatures, UV and water. They are forbidden for organic agriculture. Biodegradable and oxo-degradable films and directly boundered in field.

2.3.2 Current practices for APW management in Department of Gard 2.3.2.1 Current disposal practices for the APW Concerning thick films used in greenhouses and tunnels, an important rate of APW and collected and recycled in regional plant SITA ; the price of row material and APW permits the farmers to be paid for collection and transport towards the plant. Concerning thin films, the national system organised by CPA (Agriculture Plastiic Committee) and managed functioned in 2010. It‘s too soon to know the quantity of APW collected in Department of Gard, but the quantity is estimated to 30.000 tons collected at national level.

2.3.2.2 Problems experienced with specific disposal solutions applied Initial characteristics of plastic films are roughly modified by climatic conditions, mainly for high tunnels ; they also can be modified by agronomic practices, such as solarisation : temperature can rich more than 50 °C under high tunnels, and can and can affect plastic films, mainly near contact points with metal arches. Plastic films can be contaminated by phytosanitary products, fumigation, soils disinfection, and fertilization.

2.3.2.3 What works and what does not work with regard to APW management practices What works: Dissemination of practices towards farmers about the interest of collection and recycling Development of national scheme Adivalor Commercial interest of recycling waste

What doesn‘t work: Bad influence of plastic rough material and recycled material on collection rate.

2.3.2.4 Available relevant legislation – standards applied for biodegradable and compostable agricultural plastics

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Legal framework for management of APPW in France doesn‘t relive of a specific regulation. The management and organisation of collection and recycling corresponds to the French « Code de l‘Environmement » and the European legislation : •2008/98/CE for definition, waste legal status, … •2001/573/CE for waste list •91/689/CE for hazardous waste •94/62/CE for package recycling It‘s important to releve that triple rinsed agro packaging are classified as non hazardous waste.

2.3.2.5 Challenges and constrains for possible synergy between APPW and APW management Farmers try to limit post-harvesting interventions, but use of biodegradable films meet with some constrains like the price of material, mechanical characteristics, technical efficiency, environment protection. For plastic films in general, collection and recycling meet with several constrains : rate of soil, water, organisation of collection, storage and transportation to recycling plants, practices… For P17 (Polypropylène PP), it doesn‘t exist another solution than energy recovery.

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2.4 Province of Bari (Italy) 2.4.1 Quantities of APW 2.4.1.1 Main categories of agricultural plastics (AP) other than agrochemical packaging Referring to the type of plastic material used, the most diffused among films are: Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polyvinylchloride (PVC) and Ethylenvinylacetate (EVA); these materials are manufactured as one-layer sheets or, as in the case of LDPE and EVA, also as multi-layer sheets. Moreover, for rigid sheets, bi-oriented PVC, Polycarbonate (PC), Polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA) and glass fiber reinforced Polyester (PRFV) are usually employed.

There are transparent and opaque films based on polyethylene and/or ethylene copolymers which are designed to be used as covers for permanent and temporary greenhouses for forcing and semi-forcing vegetables, fruit and flower crops. In particular, agricultural covering films are usually manufactured from:  low density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and their blends;  ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (E/VAC) and their blend with LDPE or LLDPE;  ethylene butyl-acetate copolymers (E/BA) and their blend with LDPE or LLDPE.

All different covering plastic films are considered, according to the application, independently of the colour, in: -) normal film -) thermal clear film -) thermal diffusing film.

In the following Table 79 the characteristics and the use of covering films are reported.

Table 79: Characteristics and the use of covering films Type Characteristic Use good transparency Forcing and semi-forcing normal film low greenhouse effect crops

good transparency As normal film, when Thermal clear film greater IR effectiveness is high IR effectiveness desired

diffusing light As normal film, when Thermal diffusing film greater IR barrier and high IR effectiveness diffusing light is desired

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2.4.1.2 Type of agricultural plastics used per cultivation

Table 80: Applications of plastic in agriculture

Protected cultivation films: Nets: Packaging: • Greenhouse • Anti-hail nets • Fertilizer sacks • Low tunnel • Anti-bird nets • Agrochemical cans • Mulching • Wind breaking nets • Containers • Nursery films • Shading nets • Tanks for liquid • Floating covering • Nets for olives and nut storage • Fumigation films picking • Crates • Shading films Piping, irrigation /drainage: Other: Covers: • Water reservoir • Bale twines • Silage • Channel lining • Bale wraps • Covering vineyards • Irrigation pipes • Nursery Pots and orchard • Drainage pipes • Strings • Shading films • Microirrigation • Ropes • Drippers

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2.4.1.3 Characteristics (thickness, compositional range and additives) per type

Table 81: Characteristics of AP in Italian agriculture.

Application / Compositional range Additives thickness (µm) Anti-fog, Photo-selective, UV stabilizers, Long Greenhouse film / 150’200 LDPE, PE.IR, EVA Infra-red properties enhancer master-batch

stabilizers, Infra-red Low tunnel film / 75’100 LDPE, PE.IR, EVA, PVC properties enhancer

Coloured pigments, Mulch film / 45’50 Transparent or black LDPE Carbon black

UV stabilizers, Covering vineyard / 200’230 LDPE-EVA Coloured pigments

Floating covers (nonwoven) PP, perforated PE

Nets for collecting PP-HDPE Coloured pigments

Woven nets (hail, bird, shade) HDPE Coloured pigments Silage and protective covering PE Coloured pigments

Irrigation* and Drainage PE, PVC, PRFV Coloured pigments

LDPE-PP-PS-HDPE- Other (pots, binder, twine, etc) Coloured pigments PRFV-PVC-PMMA

Pesticides cans LDPE-HDPE Coloured pigments

LDPE-HDPE Coloured pigments Fertilizers bags

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*There are many pipes, different among them for their diameter but the thickness is around 220 micron.

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2.4.1.4 Quantities of agricultural plastics (kg/ha) per cultivation and per type of AP per year

Table 82: Quantities of agricultural plastics (t/ha) per type of AP per year.

Consumption main AP (ton/ha*year)

greenhouse film 1,7

mulching film 0,5

irrigation pipe 0,18

irrigation tube 0,06

net 0,52

2.4.1.5 Temporal - spatial quantities distribution of APW per cultivation and AP type APPW from fertilization practice Amount of APPW from fertilization practice is about 8.5 kg/ha*year of which the 80% (equal 6,8 kg/ha*year) is from packaging of fertilizer bags while the 20% (equal 1,7 kg/ha*year) is from packaging of fertilizer products.

The 50 kg PE bags weigh 158 g while the 500 kg PE bags weigh 284 g.

Considering the only 50 kg PE bags weigh 158 and assuming the fertilizer consumptions shown in the Table 83, it‘s possible to estimate the APPW for the main cultivation

Table 83: Estimate the APPW for the main cultivation. Waste from Fertilizer packaging of fertilizer Cultivation consumption products (q/ha*year) (kg/ha*year) Cereals (weath) 9 2,8

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Vineyard 5 1,6 Orchards 6 1,9 Vegetables 10 3,2

APPW from sowing practice Generally the seeds is contained in paper bags, causing paper waste (average 0.4 kg/ha*year). This is a dangerous waste due agrochemical products used for the seed treatment, but it isn‘t plastic waste so it is not in our interest.

APPW from protection practice The estimate is based on knowledge of the average weights of bottles and small tank containing pesticides, shown in Table 84, and average consumption of plant protection product by type of crop (arable, vineyards, fruit trees and vegetables) of Table 85.

Table 84: Average weights of agrochemical plastic packaging. Plastic packaging average weight [g] bottles of 1 liter 100 small tank (5 liters) 390

Table 85: Average consumption of agrochemical product per cultivation. Average consumption of agrochemical Cultivation product [kg-l/ha*year] cereals (weath) 6 Vineyard 15 Orchards 30 vegetables 12

The coefficients of production per unit of agricultural area (UAA) thereof, are reported below:

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Table 86: Average of production coefficient of empty pesticide containers. production coefficient Cultivation [kg/ha*year] cereals (weath) 0,6 – 0,468 Vineyard 1,5 – 1,17 Orchards 3,6 – 2,81 vegetables 1,2 – 0,94

The total estimated quantities have been calculated considering the unit rate reported only 1 liter bottles. The evolution of the packaging typologies used for plant protection products can have some influence on the production of waste: an increased use of water-soluble film can contribute to a decrease in the rate of production per unit.

2.4.1.6 Degree of contamination of each category of APW The duration of agricultural plastic films is from some months to 3-4 years. The expected service life and compositional changes of a film (or a net) can be also reduced by exceptional climatic events, like hail or wind storm. The duration of covering film is related to the climate and location where the film is exposed (depending on solar radiation energy – traditionally expressed in kiloLangley/year – kLy/year) (Source: Labelagriwaste, D1) Different factors may reduce the correlation between the duration of a film used on a greenhouse and the duration of the same film exposed to artificial weathering; among them the use of pesticides containing sulphur, that could inhibit the protective action of HALS, and the contact area of the film with the structure of the greenhouse that causes an overheating of the film. This is an important aspect, because it has a direct influence on the duration of the plastic film and the consequent production of agricultural plastic wastes: a different duration of working life immediately translates into different quantities per year of Agricultural Plastic Wastes (Source: Labelagriwaste, D1). Contrary to the wastes from other sectors, the agricultural plastic wastes are characterized by deposits of agrochemicals, mainly pesticides and plant protection products. In particular, based on 73,000 tons of cladding film the chemical pollution due to pesticides is estimated as follows: Average Sulphur content: 500 ppm (36,5 tons) Average Chlorine content: 200 ppm (14,6 tons) (Source: Labelagriwaste, D1).

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2.4.1.7 Bio-based. Biodegradable plastics, Compostable, Degradable and other special categories In the Province of Bari, the use of biodegradable materials is still not widespread, therefore it is difficult to quantify them

2.4.2 Current practices for APW management in Province of Bari 2.4.2.1 Current disposal practices for the APW In Italy the Law Decree n. 22 dated 1997 (Ronchi Decree) has implemented a series of UE Directives (91/156, 91/689 and 94/62) in environment matters that aligned Italian legislation with EU requirements. Article 48 of this Law Decree identified polyethylene (not only agricultural) as one of the particular categories of waste requiring specific management procedures. The question of polyethylene waste management required the creation of a compulsory Consortium (PolieCo) with the primary objective of promoting collection, re-use, recycling and re-utilisation of polyethylene (Source: Labelagriwaste, D2.4). The Consortium has undertaken actions designed to reduce and denounce abusive exports of plastic waste, that is a raw material in these categories, to countries such as China, Asia in general and Eastern Europe. PolieCo must fulfil the following obligations: to collect APW at the end of their useful life, in order to prevent their dispersion in the environment; to send agricultural plastic waste to the recycling and/or recovery, when it‘s possible; to send agricultural plastic waste to landfill disposal when this is the only possible solution; to collect the surplus of the agricultural waste in the storage centres; to verify the plastic materials suitable for energy recovery.

Normally, the transport to the conferment areas is managed by transporters that withdraw the plastic waste freely from the farm. When the farmer transports by oneself.

2.4.2.2 Problems experienced with specific disposal solutions applied The yield of interception (that is the ratio between sold agricultural plastic material and post-consumer collected and recycled one) by the PolieCo is estimated at around 32%. This shows that there is still a lack of interest of the farmers to environmental sustainability and that, at the same time, they have not been sufficiently involved and supported by "campaigns."

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Therefore, particular systems (economic, logistics, consulting, legal, etc.) should be established to facilitate associations of farmers, so they are encouraged to stimulate the collection shared by many farmers in the collection centers operated by the PolieCo and/or other associations/agencies, in strict compliance with national regulations.

2.4.2.3 What works and what does not work with regard to APW management practices The National Polieco Consortium for recycling polyethylene waste materials involves : producers and importers of polyethylene goods; processors of polyethylene goods; representative national category associations of companies involved in collection, transport and storage of polyethylene waste; companies recycling and recovering polyethylene waste. Unfortunately, the number of members of the Consortium is yet very small.

2.4.2.4 Available relevant legislation – standards applied for biodegradable and compostable agricultural plastics In Italy a previous standard (UNI 10785), concerning the compostability of plastics (Requirements and test methods), was recently replaced by its European version (UNI EN 14995: Plastics - Evaluation of compostability - Test scheme and specifications) . This standard is the implementation of the European standard EN 14995 (December 2006 edition), which takes so the status of Italian national standard. This standard was developed under the jurisdiction of the UNIPLAST - Ente Italiano di Unificazione nelle Materie Plastiche. This standard has been ratified by the President of UNI and joined the national regulatory body on July 5 2007. UNI EN 14995 ―Evaluation of compostability‖ is the Italian Standard that specifies the requirements and procedures to determine the compostability or anaerobic treatment of plastic materials (excepted packaging, UNI EN 13432), with reference to the characteristics of biodegradability, disintegration during treatment biological effect on quality of the compound found. Currently, Mater-Agro is . the only mulching film in the world that has managed to achieve the OK biodegradable SOIL standard, issued by the Belgian certification institute AIB Vinçotte (one of the top international certification institutes). This explains why Mater- Bi film is the only one to be approved for use in organic farming by the Italian organic farming association, AIAB, which is a member of the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement, IFOAM, and by the Norwegian Farming Ministry organisation DEBIO, in conformity with Norwegian regulations. The biodegradation of Mater-Bi products has been certified by a number of organizations (AIB Vincotte, in Belgium; DIN Certco, in Germany; IIP - Istituto Italiano

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Plastici, in Italy), in accordance with international standards (EN 13432, DIN 54900, UNI 10785): EN 13432 : 2000 - Packaging. Requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation. Test scheme and evaluation criteria for the final acceptance of packaging. UNI 10785:1999 31/01/99 – Compostability of plastics – Requirements and test method. The complete non-toxicity of Mater-Bi products was certified by the Belgian institute OWS (Organic Waste System) as part of the ―OK compost‖ certification, following eco- toxicology tests carried out on both plants and animals. Mater-Bi products have also been included in the GreenPla positive lists of BPS (Japanese company that produces biodegradable plastics).

2.4.2.5 Challenges and constrains for possible synergy between APPW and APW management Currently, in Italy POLIECO (Consortium for recycling polyethylene waste materials) is hereby set up for collecting and recycling polyethylene waste, excluding packaging. Therefore, APPW cannot be collected by Polieco; indeed, Article n°9 of the Italian legislative decree n°22/97, in the 1st title ―Management of waste‖, states the "prohibition to mix the dangerous waste " with other waste to be disposed in landfills. Dangerous waste must be collected and washed before being mixed with other waste to be disposed in landfills. Pesticide or agrochemicals containers may be delivered under specific rules and conditions (to be further elaborated) as applicable, following the guidelines of the manager.

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2.5 County of Segrià (Spain) 2.5.1 Quantities of APW 2.5.1.1 Main categories of agricultural plastics (AP) other than agrochemical packaging Plastic sacks (fertilizers and substrate) Paper sacks (seed packaging) Packaging of liquid fertilizers Plastic for Protected cultivation Irrigation tubs Irrigation tapes Hydroponic sacks Sillage plastic

2.5.1.2 Type of agricultural plastics used per cultivation Sacks packaging: LDPE Fruit vegetable: Greenhouse: Thermal LDPE; Three layer (PE/EVA/PE) Fruit and leave vegetable: Big tunnels: LDPE, Thermal LDPE All kind of vegetable: Mulching: LDPE, LLDPE Leave and root vegetable: Direct cover: PP, PP+PA (nonwoven) Tutoring greenhouse crops and hail protection of orchards. Nets: HDPE, PP, LLDPE Irrigation tubs: LDPE, HDPE Irrigation tape: LDPE Hydroponic sacks: LDPE, LLDPE Bulk ensilage: LDPE, coextruded Micro ensilage: coextruded, LLDPE

2.5.1.3 Characteristics (thickness, compositional range and additives) per type Greenhouse: 200 µm, UV stabilized Big tunnels: 180 µm, UV stabilized Mulching: 15 a 25 µm, UV stabilized, carbon black Direct cover: 0.2-0,25 mm; 15-24g/m2 (frequent 17 g/m2), UV stabilized Nets: UV stabilized, pigments (white and black) Hydroponic sacks: white-black coextruded, UV stabilized Bulk ensilage: 150-200 µm, UV stabilized, carbon black or black-white Micro-ensilage (retractile): 25 µm, UV stabilized, carbon black, titanium dioxide

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2.5.1.4 Quantities of agricultural plastics (kg/ha) per cultivation and per type of AP per year There is not available information on the agricultural plastic (greenhouse, tunnels and mulching) in the region. It is assumed that is very low, because the surface dedicated to vegetable, ornamentals and nurseries is low and mostly vegetable are cultivated in the open air. The plastic used for silage could be important but there are no data available. For orchards drip irrigation tubes are very frequently used, but the live time of such plastics are more than 15 years, which is the time that the plantation lasts.

2.5.1.5 Degree of contamination of each category of APW The main contamination source comes from the burning of agricultural films used in the vegetable crop production and drip irrigation tubes coming from the orchards. Agrochemical contamination is estimate as low, because usually farmers (personal experience) wash quite well the agrochemical packaging. Furthermore there is a very pronounced tendency to use as low as possible agrochemicals. Some of these points will be checked during the project.

2.5.1.6 Bio-based. Biodegradable plastics, Compostable, Degradable and other special categories Biodegradable mulching is used in the region, mainly for the majority of organic vegetable farmers, who are dispersed in all the territory. The main material is Mater-Bi with carbon black. The plastic is used in all kind of crops; although the more common are spring summer crops (tomato, melon, pepper and eggplant) but also lettuce. The quantity used is about 114 Kg/ha. Compostable plastics a usually used at home level for collecting the organic fraction.

2.5.2 Current practices for APW management in County of Segrià 2.5.2.1 Current disposal practices for the APW The Waste Catalan Agency has authorized different companies which are in charge of industrial residues, for collecting and treating industrial and agricultural plastics other than Agrochemical packaging. Farmers have to deliver the APW in these centres.

2.5.2.2 Problems experienced with specific disposal solutions applied

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In the past, farmers usually burned the APW (films and irrigation tubes). This has been partially solved by allowing some authorized centres to accept the farmer APW. The solution seems not to be definitive.

2.5.2.3 What works and what does not work with regard to APW management practices What works: Some farmers bring the APW to the authorized centres.

What does not work: The solution given by the WCA is not entirely assumed by the farmer for the APW. Not always farmers transport and deliver agricultural waste, mainly agricultural films and irrigation tubes, to the authorized centres. The institutions are trying to educate the farmer. It is now under discussion if this problem could be avoided if the farmer would have just one place for delivering all agricultural waste.

2.5.2.4 Available relevant legislation – standards applied for biodegradable and compostable agricultural plastics There is no specific local legislation at agricultural level for biodegradable plastics.

2.5.2.5 Challenges and constrains for possible synergy between APPW and APW management Challenges: unifying the collect of all agricultural plastic waste could be the solution for avoiding the inadequate use of the APW by the farmer. A system of collecting APPW has been established and farmer is used to work with it. If there is a system that is already working well for APPW, it seems a good solution to use this system for the remaining APW, although the APW would have to be treated independently of the APPW at cooperative level.

Constraints: APW and APPW are residues of different nature according to Spanish legislation because APPW is considered hazardous and should be treated independently of the other residues that are considered as industrial waste. To integrate the APW in the APPW management system, the organization of the integrate system has to be changed. Cooperatives would have to assume again a main role, by communicating with the farmers and allowing new infrastructures to receive the new residues in their organization. This change would imply a cost, which the cooperative hardly will accept, without obligation by law.

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CONCLUSIONS Most of the European countries appears to not have a comprehensive and documented national strategy for managing agricultural waste, although certain countries such as Denmark and Finland have drawn specific attention to agricultural waste in their national waste plans. Several other Member States have focused attention at a national level on particular agricultural waste streams, namely pesticide packaging and silage and horticultural films. The latter includes Belgium, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and, more recently, France. Others, such as Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece, are in the early stages of considering arrangements for agricultural waste. On-farm waste disposal, stockpiling and burning appear to be common in each of these Member States, although regional variation is high (for example, in Andalusia in Spain the level of horticultural film recovery is high due to the substantial quantities used). The need for more formal arrangements is recognised in each country and research are in progress. Regarding, in particularly, the APPW, some European countries have national scheme for APPW recovery. For example in the Netherlands there are national schemes for the recovery of waste pesticide packaging and silage film; for other waste streams, farmers generally use municipal waste collection sites. Similarly, in Germany and Belgium where national schemes for pesticide ackaging recovery and local schemes for film recovery exist, farmers are also able to use municipal sites for other waste streams. In each of these countries, the level of waste recovery appears to be relatively high, although on farm disposal is still thought to occur in remote locations. In other countries thanks to introduction of a specific legislation or a tax recovery schemes have been established (Belgium Austria Germany France). However it can noticed some difference and that is : in Denmark, packaging waste from the agricultural sector is recovered via municipal waste collection sites; in Austria, two packaging waste recovery schemes have been developed (recovering packaging from all sectors, including agriculture) - one recovers a certain amount of agricultural packaging via municipal sites; the other recovers waste from collection centres operated by private waste companies and is developing arrangements to collect agricultural packaging via distributors‘premises; in Sweden, an agricultural co-operative (supplying seeds, silage plastics and fertilisers) has developed arrangements to recover packaging (and plastic films) in some regions - both collecting from farms and using collection points on the cooperative‘s premises - but the Scheme is experiencing difficulties and is currently being reviewed in consultation with the Swedish Government; in some countries it appears that a certain amount of agricultural packaging is recovered via the municipal waste collection system (e.g., in Germany and Sweden). Actually a national pesticide packaging recovery schemes exist in Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and France. These schemes shows that: all have been led by the national crop protection associations in response to, or the threat of, legislation or a tax; all are based on strong stakeholder partnerships, that is, between Government, manufacturers, distributors and farmers;

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apart from the Dutch scheme, all are financed via a product levy paid by pesticide manufacturers and passed on to distributors and users (farmers are not typically charged directly, although they are often charged for unrinsed containers); all include measures to encourage farmers to triple-rinse pesticide containers (triple- rinsed containers being classified as ‗non-hazardous waste‘ in each country); all include a comprehensive farmer awareness and education programme (for example, mailings, media coverage and exhibitions at agricultural shows).

In conclusion, as seen above, it is necessary to develop an APPW managing plan in these countries where no management system has been established and improve the existing schemes from the point of view of costs efficiency, environmental impact, operational scheme.

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References [1] Municipality of Nigrita, http://www.dimosnigritas.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=39&Itemid=144

[2] Municipality of Nigrita, http://www.dimosnigritas.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=93&Itemid=152

[3] Master Plan of Municipality of Nigrita, Nigrita 2001

[4] LIFE ENVIRONMENT STRYMON, Ecosystem Based Water Resources Management to Minimize Environmental Impacts from Agriculture Using State of the Art Modeling Tools in Strymonas Basin LIFE03 ENV/GR/000217, http://www.ekby.gr/ekby/el/StrymonWeb/ananeosi04_03_08/Impact_assessment.pdf

[5] Comparative analysis of population changes in the areas being crossed by the three main roads of the country:Egnatia Odos, Pathe and Ionia Odos, Giorgos Doris, Egnatia Odos A.E. - Observatory of Egnatia Odos 2006, http://observatory.egnatia.gr/reports/IO-EO- PATHE_popul_Doris_09-06.pdf

[6] Annual Agricultural Statistical Survey, Hellenic Statistical Authority, http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/PAGE-themes?p_param=A0403

[7] Government Gazette of Hellenic Democracy Issue 87, Law no 3852, 7 June 2010, http://www.ypes.gr/UserFiles/f0ff9297-f516-40ff-a70e-eca84e2ec9b9/nomos_kallikrati_9_6_2010.pdf

[8] ―Overview of practices, identification and analysis of key agricultural plastic waste generation parameters affecting the quality of the resulting waste stream in Europe‖, Responsible: AUA, Project No. COLL FP6-2003-SME2: 516256 "LABELAGRIWASTE" - Deliverable D1, 2009

[9] Norm input-output data for the main crop and livestock enterprises of Cyprus, Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, February 2007.

[10] Census of Agriculture 2003, Statistical Service,

[11] CAPO, Cyprus Agricultural Payments Organisation

[12] Agricultural Department, Ministry of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment

[13] LabelAgriWaste, Deliverable 1, 2007

[14] Corine maps

[15] Apulia Region – www.regionepuglia.it

[16] Province of Bari – www.provincia.ba.it 225

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[17] Census of Italian population, ISTAT Italian Institute od Statistics, www.istat.it

[18] Census of Italian Agriculture, ISTAT Italian Institute od Statistics, www.istat.it

[19] LabelAgriWaste, Deliverable 1, 2007; labelagriwaste.aua.gr

[20] www.polieco.it

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