SUBMITTED TO LOCAL INVESTMENT CLIMATE, LIC

Mapping of Agricultural Training Resource Centers in Kigoma Region Final Draft

Prepared by Madawa E. Mhanga 8/29/2018

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1. INTRODUCTION

In a bid to unleash the potential for economic growth in rural Tanzania, The Local Investment Climate (LIC) invests in agriculture and facilitates Public Private Dialogue aiming at improving business environment for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and investment climate. Tied to this, LIC has been given a mandate to invest in business infrastructure and business facilities and directly target the obstacles in business growth at the local level in Kigoma and Dodoma Regions. LIC is engaging both, the Local Government Authorities (LGAs) and the Local Business Community through facilitating dialogue and consultatively working in a concrete manner with a view of creating the conditions for actual improvement of the business environment, investments and sustainable economic growth and to support and invest in specific value chains with potential to make profit in selected locations. LIC has identified agricultural resource centers as one of the key stakeholders in the implementation of its mission. It is for this reason that LIC has commissioned this study i.e. ‘A comprehensive mapping and profiling of the agricultural resource centers and other agricultural training centers and institutions in Kigoma region’ in order to get an overview of the current status of the existing centers and establish whether youth related agriculture programs can be designed and implemented by building the capacity of these centers. This study entailed the identification and profiling of agricultural resource centers in all districts of Kigoma region. In order to gain an insight into the situation of the youth in agriculture, attempts were made to engage with young people (individually and those organized in groups) in some of the visited districts. This report presents the findings of the study organized in 5 main sections. The Key Findings Section is introduced by a brief overview about Kigoma (brief profile of Kigoma Region), followed by the key features about agricultural sector development in Kigoma region, the situation of the

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existing agricultural resource centers in Kigoma (actual profiling), and the situation of the youth involvement in agriculture. The report also offers a set of key conclusions and recommendations linked to the key findings.

2. METHODS USED TO UNDERTAKE THE ASSIGNMENT

This study used typical exploratory qualitative methods combined with a brief quantitative survey (youth-farmer survey) to generate and triangulate information. Exploratory qualitative method were mainly used to collect primary data from a range of cadres – including the key staff from the agriculture, irrigation, and cooperatives and livestock and fisheries departments at district levels. To accelerate fast trickle down of information, the consultant visited government officials at the district council/town council level where appropriate key informants were identified and engaged. This was generally more of a back-and-forth process in most of the visited districts due to overlapping/overwhelming nature of activities (especially during the time this study was undertaken). Interviews were mainly conducted through face to face interview sessions; however, in some instances this was not possible due to competing responsibilities held by the government staff. On such occasions, phone calls and/ or electronic mails were used as a follow-up on the developments. The review of the various (regional and district) socio- economic profiles and strategic plans from the visited districts and online resources constituted an important part of the data collection regime. The collected data was reviewed and processed to form the basis for the compilation of this report. Quantitative data (from the youth-farmer survey) and qualitative responses (youth focus group discussions and multi-stage key informant information) were analyzed using Microsoft spreadsheet and content/thematic analysis respectively.

3. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS

3.1. Brief Profile about Kigoma

Kigoma region is located in the far west of Tanzania along the shores of Lake Tanganyika. Administratively, Kigoma is composed of eight districts

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which are Kigoma-Ujiji Municipal Council, Kigoma DC, Uvinza DC, Kasulu DC, Buhigwe DC, Kibondo DC, Kakonko DC; and Kasulu Town Council. Kigoma is situated between Longitudes 29.5 and 31.5 East and Latitudes 3.5 and 6.5 South of the Equator. It shares boundaries with Burundi and Kagera region to the North, Shinyanga and Tabora regions to the East, Congo to the West and Rukwa region to the South. The entire region has an area of 45,075 sq. kilometers of which 8,552 sq. km is water and 36,623 is land area. The average temperature ranges between 20 degrees and 30 degrees centigrade. Annual rainfall ranges between 600mm and 1800mm, with mean annual rainfall gauged at 1100mm. the region embraces a uni-modal rainfall pattern with the rain season lasting from October to May, followed by a prolonged dry season.

Kigoma holds a huge potential for agricultural development due to its abundant natural resource endowment (virgin agricultural land, ample water resources and good rainfall, and latent fisheries potential) and prime geographical location (lake port at the regional capital which offers a direct and least cost link to Dar on the Indian Ocean via the central railway line for land-locked Eastern DRC and Burundi thus serves as a trade hub of the Great Lakes Region). Kigoma can also be considered as a food basket for neighbours – Burundi, Eastern DRC as well as Mwanza, Shinyanga and Tabora regions. The region holds a comparative advantage in the production of palm oil and cassava; without forgetting the unique fresh-water fish species found in the famous Lake Tanganyika. Its composite agro-ecological zonation allows for a wide range of agricultural and non-agricultural activities including crop production (maize, beans, oil palm, cotton, paddy, cassava), tourist activities (due to presence of unique National Parks and The Lake Tanganyika), honey hunting/bees wax (presence of extensive forests), livestock keeping (cattle, sheep, and goats), and fishing. Kigoma is a host to thousands of refugees and migrants from the conflict struck Lake Zone regions. The presence of

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refugees has had direct and indirect impact on human security and the socio-economic life of the inhabitants in Kigoma. The region has also experienced a relative increase in poverty between the two population and household surveys.

3.2. Key Features about Agricultural Sector Development in Kigoma

• Overall, agriculture is the main economic activity employing the vast majority of the households in Kigoma region. Agriculture provides food, cash and employment opportunities. Main cash crops grown in Kigoma include coffee, ginger, and palm oil. Food crops grown include bananas, maize, beans, cassava, and sweet potatoes.

 Number of households engaged in agriculture – 65.8%

 Farming was the most common occupation – 76%

 Agriculture was the major employer – 74%

Source: 2012 Population and Household Survey, Kigoma Region

• Within the government programming, the district councils implement earmarked agricultural programs as captured and provided for within the larger agricultural development program (ASDP) framework, which is now at its second phase of implementation. Building on ASDP I, ASDP II aims at addressing critical constraints and challenges to agricultural sector performance and therefore speed up agriculture GDP, improve growth of smallholder incomes and ensure food security and nutrition by 2025.

• Some of the on-going agricultural programs in Kigoma include:

o The Sustainable Agriculture in Kigoma Region Program (SAKiRP), funded by the Belgian Government through their Belgian Technical Cooperation, BTC (also known as enabel).

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SAKiRP focusses mainly of developing the cassava and beans value chains.

o The Kigoma Joint Program – is a comprehensive area-based UN joint programme that cuts across multiple sectors to improve development and human security in Kigoma. The programme involves 16 different UN Agencies cooperating across 6 themes which are sustainable energy and environment; youth and women’s economic empowerment; violence against women and children; education with a focus on girls and adolescent girls; WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) and agriculture with a focus on developing local markets.

o The Luiche Valley Irrigation Development Project – is an irrigation development project of the Government of Tanzania (under the Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives) which will cover about 3,000 hectares of land in Kigoma/Ujiji Municipality intended for paddy (2,800 ha), maize (150 ha), and vegetables (50 ha) production. This project is expected to be funded by the Government of Kuwait. The project is worth over 25 billion TZS. MoU between the two governments has already been signed. Project’s feasibility study has been completed.

• Despite the existing huge agricultural potential, agricultural production in Kigoma is stagnant coupled with low productivity. This can be explained by the realities on the ground including government underfunding on the sector (critical understaffing of the agricultural extension officers, low budget allocation and liquidation, and minimal supply of the subsidized agro-inputs, etc.), limited agro-mechanization, dependence on rain-fed agriculture, inadequate irrigation infrastructures and/ or underutilization of the existing few irrigation schemes, and underutilization of key farm inputs. There is also a

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weakening labour force due to the growing rural-urban migration of the youth.

• Currently, only few agricultural value chains are being targeted by actors. Developing other potential value chains can as well have an effect in stimulating economic growth from various fronts (synergy).

3.3. The Situation of The Existing Agricultural Resource Centers

3.3.1. Agricultural Resource Centers in Kigoma-Ujiji Municipal Council

Apparently, there are no agricultural training resource centers in Kigoma-Ujiji Municipal Council. There are transient actors such as YARA and East Africa Seeds (both agro-input multi-national companies) who only provide field demonstrations as a promotion strategy for their products on one-off basis. Farmers heavily rely of government extension services, which are critically limited due to inadequate staff within the district agriculture department. The government through the municipal council is working on 2 major projects i.e.  The Luiche Valley Irrigation Project - where about 3,000 ha of agricultural land will be involved, with 2800 ha set apart for paddy, 150 ha for maize, and 50 ha for vegetable production.  The Palm Oil Development Project – about 789 ha of agricultural land has been set for expanding and further developing the palm oil sector. The Private Agricultural Sector Support Trust, PASS, has also been involved in supporting palm oil through importation and distribution of improved palm oil seedlings.

3.3.2. Agricultural Resource Centers in Kigoma District Council

In implementing the ASDP II, Kigoma District Council has identified areas that require more attention including horticultural development. Kigoma DC is currently working on a program that aims at improving

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fruit production within the DC by promoting and distributing improved (grafted) fruit seedlings. This initiative targets especially young people who seem to be interested in typical fast-going and more lucrative agri- ventures including horticulture.

Belgian Technical Cooperation, BTC (also known as enable), is one of key stakeholder in agricultural development mainly supporting cassava and pulses (beans) value chains. BTC is currently supporting a Sustainable Agriculture in Kigoma Region Program (SAKiRP), which is being implemented in collaboration with the Government of Tanzania and other private sector actors in Kigoma Region. SAKiRP focuses on cassava and beans value chains. Private Agricultural Sector Support Trust (PASS) has also been a key partner in supporting the commercialization of palm oil sector in Kigoma through promotion and distribution of palm oil trees to farmers in Kigoma region.

List of Agricultural Training Resource Centers in Kigoma DC Name (of resource center, Resources available/existing potential (focus brief description & contact onservices offered, utilization capacity, available details & contact person) resources, &challenges)

Kidahwe Ward Agricultural • There is one building with a training hall and Resource Centre (WAC) - an office (for the resident ward agricultural This center was built by extension officer). The hall can government under the ASDP accommodate up to 50 people. The center I with a view to devolve sits on two (2) ha of land. services closer to farmers. They were supposed to • Finishing has not yet been completed. The function as farmer resource building still requires electrical installation and innovation centers (there is no wiring), there are no furniture, through training, practical and the training resources are also lacking. demonstration and availing Demonstration plots have not been set up as relevant resources for well. farmers to access. The center is located at Kidahwe • The center is currently not functional, partly ward, on the way to Kasulu. because of lack of funds to do the finishing

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CONTACT PERSON: and equip the center with the necessary Ms. Siwajibu Ally Selemani, resources (for training and practical District Agriculture Irrigation demonstration). Additionally, the ward and Cooperatives Officer agricultural extension officer who was (DAICO)-Kigoma DC, installed to run the center has been Mob. 0755546431; transferred to a different location (without E-mail: replacement), which means there is no [email protected] human resource (personnel) to make the center operational.

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Kihinga FDC – is a • Kihinga FDC offers mainly folk and government owned and run vocational education training (courses) to institution under the Ministry young people coming from Kigoma DC and of Education, Science and even outside the district. The college is Technology (formerly was currently offering a range of folk and under the Ministry of Health, vocational education courses targeting Community Development, people of all ages; however, most applicants Gender, Elderly and are young people. Courses offered include Children). It was established electrical installation, motor vehicle in 1979 with a view to mechanics, tailoring, and tailoring/sewing.

provide the essential • The college has stopped offering agriculture knowledge and skills (agricultural sciences) as a core stand-alone (through training) required course due to shortage of resources (human, for a competent life funds, and equipment). Agriculture was one (livelihoods improvement) in of the core stand-alone courses offered by the rural areas. Folk the college up until 1996. Development Colleges • (FDCs) constitute an integral In 2015, in a bid to revamp the agricultural component of the adult sciences training, Kihiga FDC (represented education initiative in by the Ministry of Health, Community Tanzania. The college is Development, Gender, Elderly and Children located at Mungonya Ward, by that time) entered a MoU with Tanzania within Kigoma DC. Training and Research Outreach, TATROC, but the partnership broke lose due to changes within the government system CONTACT PERSON(S): The Principal: Mr. Ryoba which affected the processes and terms of engagement. (0757422822) • The college has a total number of 41 Agricultural Sciences Tutor: students, so far. There are 4 hostels (with a Mr. Emmanuel Damas capacity to host 80 students) and 4 classes (0768087718) (which can accommodate up to 120 students). This translates into 51 percent Projects’ Coordinator: Mr. utilization of the installed capacity.

Dugu (0769506671) • The center sits on 920 acres of land, with between 200 and 300 acres being suitable for agricultural production.

Notable Challenges: • In 2015 the government hired an agricultural sciences tutor (agronomist), but this did not go hand in hand with making available other

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resources necessary for revamping agricultural training as a core stand-alone course; therefore the college has not yet started offering agricultural sciences training as a core stand-alone course. The college also lacks a tutor in fisheries and/ livestock development. • The college requires comprehensive refurbishment of its aging structures including re-doing the electrical wiring, re- fixing windows and doors, upgrading teaching equipment/aids (such as chalk boards, etc.), fixing the ceiling board, and re- building the boys toilet. • There is also a critical shortage of water at the college following a total collapse of the existing water infrastructures. • The college does not possess a title deed for the its land, and this has prompted encroachment by people living nearby. • There exists no agro-machinery neither any irrigation infrastructure within the college as the college does not do any significant agricultural production.

3.3.3. Agricultural Resource Centers in Uvinza District Council

Four (4) ward agricultural resource centers were established at Lugufu, Nguluka, Igagala, and Kalya Wards. Kalya agricultural resource center has a building in place and a tractor. Lugufu agricultural resource center, which was formerly a refugee camp, is now the headquarters of Uvinza District Council. Nguruka agricultural resource has a building and one tractor and it is served by the district agricultural extension officer from the Uvinza. Igagala ward has a tractor, but there is no building. Tractors were introduced at Kalya, Lugufu, and Nguruka for farmers to hire them at an affordable price. Uvinza DC is also taking

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part in the implementation of the SAKiRP, targeting cassava and beans value chains.

3.3.4. Agricultural Resource Centers in Kasulu Town Council

Name (of resource center, Resources available/existing potential (focus brief description & contact onservices offered, utilization capacity, available details & contact person) resources, &challenges)

Kasulu FDC undertakes • Kasulu FDC is currently offering eight (8) the same basic functions courses, which are: electrical installation as Kihinga FDC. the (domestic and industrial), motor vehicle operations are partly mechanics, tailoring, cookery and decorations, funded (subsidized) by the masonry, carpentry, secretarial and computer government, but also application courses. These courses are meant students have to pay for to bridge the technical gap in the local market the training (724,000 TZS based on perceived needs (though they did per year) not carry out a formal labour market survey before introducing the courses). The various courses designed for young people, though even those at a higher age bracket can also CONTACT PERSON(S): apply for the training.

The principal, Helena • Agriculture (agricultural sciences) is taught as Shemweta an additional subject to help course (0744297230/0613000618) participants grasp extra knowledge and skills for income generation. The college does not Agricultural Sciences Tutor possess the necessary resources for practical – Mr. HamiduKambuga, learning including funds, equipment and 0762 860 179 qualified tutors for effective agricultural training, as such agriculture is just being taught partially. The curriculum being used requires much of practical training than theory, but this has not been the case due to lack of resources.

• The college has the capacity to enroll up to 120 students, but has only 60 students in the

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meantime. The college has 2 classes and 3 hostels, which can comfortably accommodate up to 120 students; however, there are only 60 students in the meantime. This is 50% utilization (relative to installed capacity).

• The college has total acreage of 50.39 hectares, but with no title deed. There is massive encroachment the neighbouring community members and there exists some unresolved conflicts between the college and the neighbouring community members. Only about 8 hectares are free from such encumbrances, and can be accessed/made available for agricultural production.

Gaps: Basic irrigation infrastructure and reliable water source is lacking. There is only one tutor (agronomist), a tutor on livestock/animal husbandry is lacking. MATI Mubondo– is one of As the name suggests, MATI Mubondo is a the institutes under the Ministry of Agriculture Training Institute with a Ministry of Agriculture, mandate to provide professional agricultural Food Security and training. The institute was officially started in 1975 Cooperatives. to provide professional agricultural training with a view to improve the much needed workforce for The institute is located at agricultural development; however, later in the Kanazi Village, Luhita 1990s (in 1994, to be precise), the institute’s Ward, about 10 kilometers operations were halted due to major policy from the Kasulu Township changes (in the agricultural sector) and was Council headquarters. It is therefore converted into a secondary school. a government owned Later in 2012, the institute resumed its former institution, and receives status and the first intake was admitted. Since 100 per cent subsidy from then, the institute has exclusively provided the government for running training with graduates earning a Certificate in its various activities i.e. General Agriculture. The institute is currently students studying at MATI offering a Certificate in General Agriculture; Mubondo do not have to however, there are plans, in the near future, to pay for college fees, introduce a diploma course in Agriculture General. instead the government Form four leavers constitute the major catchment covers all the training

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costs. for this institute. Those who wish to join the college should have passed at least any of the 3 CONTACTS: science subjects (at O-Level) i.e. any of the The Principal, following subjects: chemistry, physics, biology, Mr Nicholous geography, agriculture, mathematics, and 0682315275 nutrition.

At ministry level, the institute is directly managed under the directorate of agricultural training whereas at the institution level the college is headed by the principal who provides leadership through its various established departments. Due to its gradual reformation (recovery) partly related to shortage of workforce and other pertinent resources, the institute has only one active department – the farm department. Other departments are yet to be established i.e. the extension, crops, livestock, and agribusiness departments.

Currently, the institute has 9 teaching staff against the required 15 staff. There is a shortage of 6 staff, and this will likely pose serious challenges especially for next year (2019) as the college plans to introduce a new course – A Diploma in Agriculture General, which will definitely lead to increased teaching labour force requirement.

The college has a total of 109 students, whereas 33 students will be graduating in June (2018). 50 new students are expected to join the college in September, 2018.

Infrastructures: The college operates on relatively old buildings, built in the1970s. Because of age, heavy repair is required especially for the classrooms and hostels. There are 4 classrooms with the capacity to accommodate up to 250 students. There are also 4 hostels with the capacity to take up 75 students each; however, only 2 hostels are functional, the remaining 2 are under repair. The college has a good supply of water,

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apparently from 2 sources i.e. piped water and a bore hole (used as backup). The college is also connected to the national grid electricity, and is installed with solar panels and a heavy duty generator for backup. The college sits on a 2200 acre land, but without a title deed. As a result, about 760 acres of land is currently being disputed due to encumbrances related to ownership with the community around the college. Apart from the buildings, this land is being used for agriculture, agro-forestry, and livestock production. About 6 acres are dedicated for fruits (an orchard), and 5 acres are occupied by a banana plantation. There is also a prominent honey bee keeping project going on which is being used as a learning site (demonstration) for those who would like to learn about honey bee keeping. 20 acres are dedicated for the production of seasonal crops including maize, cassava, beans, and sunflower. The livestock unit has a total of 13 cattle, 92 pigs, 40 chicken, 7 sheep, and 20 goats. The college has a tractor with a trailer, harrow, and plough; but has been grounded for 2 months now due to some mechanical problems. The college owns 2 Nissan Patrol station wagons, but they are considerably old (requiring frequent repairs) and cannot provide enough space especially when used for study tours.

Future Plans: Currently developing a curriculum for short courses suited for farmers. A diploma course in general agriculture will be launched as from next year (2019).

3.3.5. Agricultural Resource Centers in Kibondo District Council

Name (of resource center, Resources available/existing potential (focus brief description & contact onservices offered, utilization capacity, available details & contact person) resources, &challenges)

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Kibondo FDC • Kibondo FDC is providing vocational training to young people (so they can employ Governance structure: themselves) with a motive to spur self- Activities under FDCs are employment. Courses being offered include: governed by a board secretarial and computer application, tailoring, composed of a chairperson carpentry, masonry, electrical installation, and (District Executive motor vehicle mechanics. Short courses Director) and members offered under the folk education last up to 6 represented by the District months, where as those offered under the Community Development VETA curriculum last up to 2 years.

Officer, District Adult • As with other FDCs, agriculture is taught just Education Officer, as an additional subject to equip the course Resident Councilor (where participants with an additional skill for income the college is located), one generation (is treated as additional skill set). representative from VETA, Due to lack of resources to adequately deliver and one representative the agricultural training, the college from the community who collaborates with the district council where an can be considered as an agricultural extension officer visits the college exemplary case for others for orienting students on some of the practical to emulate from aspects. (successful individual). • Available resources: total acreage is 39 CONTACT PERSON: hectares, about a quarter of it is suitable for agriculture. There is one (1) working power Mr. Robert Kihwele, Principal – Kibondo FDC, tiller. With the present infrastructure, the 0766957981, college can enroll up to 200 students; [email protected]/ however, presently there are only 90 students. [email protected] There are 8 classes and 5 hostels (2 for girls, and 3 for boys). There is electricity and a reliable source of water (borehole) which caters for the water needs for the college and the neighbouring community members.

• Gaps: the college lacks agricultural tutors (agronomist and/ or livestock tutor). The structures (buildings) require general maintenance such as painting, re-working the floor, and repairing windows and doors, and toilet construction (for the boys’ hostel).

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3.3.6. Agricultural Resource Centers in Kakonko District Council

Kakonko DC does possess any agricultural training resource center at the moment. LIC and RERAI are the major stakeholders in the agricultural development sector in Kakonko DC and have been quite instrumental in promoting rice value chain in Kakonko DC. LIC has provided training on agro-processing and is working on plans to support rice processing and storage facilities; whereas RERAI has engaged farmers and other related actors through its market infrastructure value addition and rural finance (MIVAF) program.

Through MIVAF, a limited number of farmers have been occasionally sent to MATI Tumbi for short training on rice value chain. MATI Tumbi is the training institute under the Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives located in Tabora region. Rice is one of the crops of significant importance in Kakonko DC. There are six (6) irrigation schemes (Ruhwit, Katengera, Bagunga A, Bagunga B, Mwiruzi, and Nyaronga Irrigation Schemes) with the seventh one (Gwanumpu Irrigation Scheme) being under development; two of them (Ruhwit and Katengera Irrigation Schemes) which are considered as national-class irrigations schemes (because of their comprehensiveness).

Other crops include grown in Kakonko DC are cassava and beans. Cassava is the leading crop as it takes a relatively larger chunk of the productive farm land in Kakonko DC and has fetched good (export) market in Burundi and Rwanda; however, less is currently being exploited from cassava production due to limited value chain development. It is largely sold without being processed. There is also one private company (GAFCO) which is trying to promote beans farming through contract farming in Kakonko DC.

Kakonko DC once tried to establish an agricultural resource center (kituo cha mafunzo ya kilimo) at Kasuga ward. This center would be called a District Agricultural Center where farmers from across the

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district would convene and learn new farming methods and/ or appropriate agro-technologies. The area for setting up the center has been identified, demarcated and officially inaugurated; however there have been succession issues with the coming of a new member of parliament. So far nothing has been developed, and the whole thing is still stuck at the idea stage.

3.3.7. Agricultural Resource Centers in Buhigwe District Council

Through ASDP I, Buhigwe DC has been able to build one agricultural resource center which is located at Kibwigwa ward. Also BTC is supporting farmers through the SAKiRP focusing on cassava and beans value chains.

Status of the center: construction work has been completed, but due to lack of resources the finishing has not been done. Things yet to be finalized include: electrical installation, construction of toilets/wash rooms, and water supply. This center, upon its completion, is expected to be a sole center where farmers will access training and other extension services. This center would provide agricultural training to farmers and a place where farmers would practically appreciate improved management practices and other agro-technologies. It would also cater as center of excellence where farmers can access various resources in the form of on-demand technical advice, booklets, fliers, brochures, etc. on improved agricultural practices and technologies, markets, processing, etc; also demonstration of key farming technologies would be included. Six acres have been set apart for demo plots. The structure is composed of: 1 training hall (with a capacity to host up to 50 people at once), a library (but there are no resources yet), office rooms (for the resident extension officer). The construction/finishing halted since 2015 due to lack of funds to complete the remaining parts (budgetary constraints). It is the

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responsibility of the DC to set aside funds for the completion of this center, but due to chronic budgetary deficit this has not been possible. What is needed to complete this center: furniture (doors, windows, tables, chairs, etc), farmer resources (brochures/leaflets, books, etc), electrical installation, water supply, installation of irrigation infrastructure, and fencing.

St. Lufino Secondary School, this is a secondary school owned by the Catholic Church and provides agricultural training (it has a bias in agriculture). It is located at Kajana ward, about 30 kilometers from the Buhigwe DC headquarters.

3.4. Youth in Agriculture: The situation of youth involvement in agriculture

3.4.1. Overview

In Kigoma region, young people constitute a significant proportion of the population. According to the 2012 population and household census (PHC), the proportion of young people aged between 15 – 34 years was 30.5%. If properly tapped and channeled, young people constitute a considerable amount of workforce that could revolutionize agricultural value chains in the region. But the question is: are young people interested in agriculture? What are their ideas, struggles, breakthrough, and hopes about agriculture as a profitable enterprise, in general? This section hopes to contribute some ideas and provide insights on some of this.

It is commonly understood that majority of young people don’t place agriculture as a first priority economic activity; instead they are forced into it after all other options have failed. Many young people are obsessed with employment – being employed! Young people consider agriculture as a drudgery activity that does not have immediate returns. This can be partly

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be confirmed by the skyrocketing rural-urban migration that is storming many parts of the country.

3.4.2. Summary of the challenges faced by young agri-preneurs

Climate change – is becoming a serious concern as it challenges the resilience of farmers. The past (farming) season was characterized by heavy rains leading to floods which affected crops. There was also an upsurge of crop pests and diseases – this increased the costs of production (for those who managed to use agro-chemicals) and adversely affected crop harvests.

Lack of capital (sources) - has crippled the ability of young farmers from buying and using the required/recommended agro- inputs resulting to poor production and/ or productivity. Lack of capital is also making it hard for those (novice/new entrants) aspiring/planning to start farming for the first time.

“Improved avocado seedlings are very expensive to buy in my place (unless you have some good source of funds); but as for me, and since I’m determined to pursue this venture I plan to grow my own seedlings because I do not have money to buy them (from the local suppliers). My plan is to have 270-300 avocado trees. I happened to visit an avocado farmer in Iringa, who has motivated me into trying out this venture though he wasn’t open enough to share the inside-out of avocado farming to me. I know in the beginning I will require a lot of manure which is costly as well, and I don’t know yet how I’m going to overcome this!” Male Young Farmer, Buhigwe District Council

Problems with access to land – this is a national problem and is linked to predominant land tenure system. About 39 per cent of the youth (in survey) did not possess agricultural land of their own; whereas those who possessed land, the average acreage was 2.8 acres. This means youths might most likely not benefit

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from agribusiness activities requiring big chunks of land on long- term basis (palm oil, coffee, etc.) unless special provisions/arrangements are made to address the access to land issue.

Lack of comprehensive enterprise development support services for youth-lead enterprises - most young people do not have the exposure of the existing opportunities in agriculture (value chains). At most cases; training sessions miss-out young people due to targeting issues or lack of appropriate engagement modalities/lack of youth-friendly approaches. As a result, most young people have continued to run their agri- ventures without having adequate requisite knowledge and skills, technical and soft, thus contributing to poor performance of their agri-ventures. The survey indicates that only 13 per cent of the surveyed youth have had received some form training/technical backstopping over the last 1-2 years (from the time the survey was done). At a much higher level, many programs/projects use weak business models (either do not fit within the context/ or do not directly address the critical issues). Most of them lack components on practical business modeling and planning, motivation, continuous learning support/coaching, and appropriate (business) stimulation. Market and marketing issues – generally, farmers are encountering bad markets for their produce due to several reasons including low volumes being produced by individual farmers, lack of value addition, poor engagement/bargaining skills, and lack of projected/proactive marketing strategies. Looking from an ecosystem point of view, there is an imbalance in the distribution of actors along most of the promoted value chains in Kigoma region, with most being stuck at the primary

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production node, which is as well characterized by lots of inefficiencies in the meantime.

Issues with the agro-inputs supply chain - there are widely reported cases of delay/late delivery of the government- subsidized inputs (especially fertilizers). Farmers prefer the government subsidized fertilizers to avoid the high costs involved in procuring the non-subsidized fertilizers. There are also quality concerns with some of the distributed agro-inputs, especially seeds.

Access to agro-technology - production is still dependent on traditional mode of production, considered as being ineffective and inefficient way of production. Rain-fed agriculture is still predominant whereas irrigation farming is least practiced. There is also limited agro-processing/value addition, with many actors in the value chain being heaped at the primary production point of the value chain.

3.4.3. Preliminary ideas on what can be done to attract more young people in agriculture value chains

 Focus on value chain development approach by targeting agricultural value chains that are of relatively high value and have potential for synergy within the ecosystem in the context of youth (in agriculture) empowerment. Since young people are very dynamic and prefer undertaking business activities that are relatively fast moving/ businesses with a potential to generate quick returns; the process of selecting potential value chains should take note of this.

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“I have chosen to do bodaboda business because it has some good money and it pays fast; but in the recent I have seen some of the farmers doing tomato farming getting some good money more than my business can generate. But this only happens when they encounter good market for the tomatoes. I also want to try grow some tomatoes this season (beginning December, 2018), though I will have to rent a small plot of land (about 0.5 acres) since I do not have one of my own. I will use the money that I have saved in my bodaboda business as start-up capital” Male Youth, Buhigwa District Council

 Addressing organizational and business capacity issues of the youth-led enterprises (youth business organizations) Most of the established youth-lead enterprises are apparently weak due to limited organizational capacity. There are struggles on how to create business strategies and implement them. Generally, there is limited knowledge and skills in business modeling, planning, and creation of underlying strategies (business strategy development, execution, and tracking). There is also a clear case of lack of strategic networking and resource mobilization knowledge and skills among the youth-lead enterprises. As such, they have not been able to (access) benefit from the various resources set for youth development including the government funds (youth fund) available at District Council and National levels.

The environment on which most of these enterprises are thriving is not very supportive. Young people lack immediate platforms where they can learn and accelerate their knowledge, skills, and competences in doing business. Apparently, there are no incubation or youth learning hubs/labs where potential business ideas can be challenged,

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modeled and translated into viable business ventures. Comprehensive enterprise development services are generally lacking in the ecosystem; which would otherwise help to spur the growth of the youth-lead enterprises in Kigoma region.

“About 50% of the funds set apart for youth entrepreneurial activities (youth fund) in each of the district council have not been accessed by young people partly because they are disorganized. Young people are disorganized and have no address – thus it is very difficult to reach them! In response to this KIYADO is expecting to work with Tanzania Education Authority, TEA, with possible funding from World Bank, to promote young people’s involvement in Agro-Processing ” Leopold Heneriko, Managing Director, KIYADO

At an individual level, education is also an important factor that can influence the change/transformation process. From the 2012 population and household survey, Kigoma had the vast majority (nearly 90 per cent) of its population with primary education, with a very few climbing higher to secondary (8%) and even fewer at university levels (0.8). In the Tanzanian context, primary education is the lowest literacy threshold one can attain, and this must be seriously taken into consideration when planning for development interventions in this part of the country.

4. KEY CONCLUSIONS • Kigoma holds a huge potential for agricultural developmentdue to its abundant natural resource endowment and prime geographical location • The region holds a comparative advantage in the production of palm oil and cassava; and can also be considered as a food basket for neighbours – Burundi, Eastern DRC as well as Mwanza, Shinyanga and Tabora regions.

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• The presence of refugees has had direct and indirect impact on human security and the socio-economic life of the inhabitants in Kigoma. The region has also experienced a relative increase in poverty between the two population and household surveys. • Despite the existing huge agricultural potential, agricultural production in Kigoma is stagnant coupled with low productivity, with only few agricultural value chains are being targeted by actors • There is also a weakening labour force due to the growing rural-urban migration of the youth. • there is a possibility to establish youth incubation programs with the identified agricultural (training) resource centers, but this will be determined by existing potential (resource endowment) and organizational arrangements in each of the visited resource centers. The folk development colleges have gone through some changes and have a bit more complex hierarchical structures (local board, and the ministry levels), whereas the ward agricultural resource centers have had a much simpler and elaborate organizational structure. these are key considerations when it comes to decision making processes • The potential of the existing agricultural (training) resource centers vary considerably; ranging from those with no or simply basic infrastructures (but generally not operating, most ward agricultural resource centers fall under this category) to those ones which are a bit more comprehensive (functional, but with challenges to be addressed, most folk development colleges fall under this category) • the folk development colleges can be considered as the promising option for implementing youth incubation programs due to the existing resources, and most importantly their background history – they were meant to serve as rural development centers with a view to further develop and enhance rural livelihoods through (practical) and theoretical training. Most of the FDCs have the basic infrastructure and preparedness for handling

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incubation programs, as this complements very well with their existing youth training programs on various vocational education skills. • working with/ revamping the ward agricultural resource centers is another possibility, but would require more time and resources (resource intensive) to develop them. This would involve resolving the human resources issues and finalizing the finishing up of the buildings and other amenities. In their core design, most of the ward agricultural resource centers are more for providing/devolving and increasing the range of agricultural extension services to much lower levels. The ward agricultural resource centers seem to have much simpler organizational structure, with most of the activities left to the resident ward agricultural extension officer. The ward agricultural resource centers are supposed/expected to be funded locally through district council budgets. • Agribusiness activities being undertaken by young people are mostly at very small scale, informal, characterized by lack of core business strategy • Young people in agriculture are confronted by serious challenges ranging from climate change, lack of capital, problems with access to land, lack of comprehensive youth-friendly enterprise development support services, access to land issues, access to agro-technology, and markets and marketing issues. • Most young people do not have the exposure of the existing opportunities in agriculture (value chains)

5. RECOMMENDATIONS • Focus on value chain development approach by targeting agricultural value chains that are of relatively high value and have potential for synergy within the ecosystem in the context of youth (in agriculture) empowerment • Addressing organizational and business capacity issues of the youth-led enterprises–It is important to invest on ideas that will promote active youth involvement such as having innovation hubs specially designed for young people (deploying youth-friendly approaches) where young people will meet

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and learn/exchange business ideas. Innovation hubs would constitute a platform for dynamic exchange of business information and stimulation; as well as provide leverage for knowledge and skills, technical and soft, and resources required for effective business modeling, planning, and establishment/start-up. The aspect of youth skill set development (both, upgrading and expanding) should involve relevant training and continuous support on the technical and business aspects of doing/running a particular agri-venture. It is important to concretely feature in the aspect of business modeling and planning in order to challenge the prevalent notions that young people don’t regard agriculture as a lucrative business at all! • Conduct comprehensive value chain mapping and analysis – in a bid to uncover existing opportunities, and gaps within the ecosystem using a territorial (mapping) approach. Horticulture is one of the proposed value chain suitable for young people, but as a principle, this should be informed by a detailed (value chain) analysis that identifies not only the specific value chains in specific areas/locations, but also identifies the specific nodes where young people can participate and benefit significantly. This will include identifying some specific activities, products, and/ or services within a particular value chain on which young people have the potential to participate and benefit.

6. ANNEXES/ ATTACHMENTS Annex 1: 1a. List of key informants – Mapping of Agricultural Resource Centers in Kigoma Region

Sn. Name & Contact Details Designation & District Institution 1. Mr. Kahabi Jackson Municipal KIGOMA-UJIJI Mob. 0762935248 Agricultural MUNICIPAL Extension Officer COUNCIL 2. Mr. Faustine Munga Zonal Manager, Kigoma-Ujiji Mob. 0785507722 Private Agricultural Municipal Council Support Sector Trust 3. Ms. Siwajibu Ally Selemani District Agriculture Mob. 0755546431; Irrigation and KIGOMA DC E-mail: [email protected] Cooperatives Officer

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(DAICO) 4. Mr. Henry Lyoba Principal – Kihinga KIGOMA DC Mob. 0757 422 822 FDC 5. Mr. Emmanuel Damas Agricultural Sciences KIGOMA DC Mob. 0768087718 Tutor – Kihinga FDC 6. Mr. Albert Dugu Projects’ Coordinator KIGOMA DC Mob. 0769 506 671 – Kihinga FDC 7. Eng. Salum Masolwa Assistant DAICO UVINZA DC Mob. 0766194176 8. Mr. Kechegwa Masumbuko, Acting DED Uvinza District Mob. 0768438925 9. Mr. Nyiganda C. Nyiganda Agricultural Field Kasulu DC Mob. 0763832985 Officer 10. Ms. Helena Shemweta Principal – Kasulu Kasulu Town Mob. 0744297230/0613000618 FDC Council 11. Mr. Hamidu Kambuga Agricultural Sciences Kasulu Town Mob. 0762 860 179 Tutor – Kasulu FDC Council

12. Masalu Aron C Agricultural Officer Kasulu TC Mob. 0759730244 13. Fabian P. Kashinde TAICO Kasulu TC Mob. 0754495115/786495115 14. Benjamin Kibabi Ag. Town Kasulu TC Mob. 0752389860/686841530 Community Development Officer 15. Mr. Nicholous (0682315275) Principal – MATI Kasulu TC Mubondo 16. Mr. Elias Lubimbi (0755 908 200) Tutor – MATI Kasulu TC Mubondo 17. Hamis Amanje DAICO Kibondo DC Mob. 0755506694 Mail: [email protected] 18. Mr. Robert Kihwele Principal – Kibondo Kibondo DC Mob. 0766957981, FDC [email protected]/ [email protected] 19. Leopold Heneriko, Managing Director, Kibondo DC Mob. 0753364175/688144353 KIYADO 20. Mr. Albert Fatakanwa District Extension Kakonko DC Mob. 0758439025, Officer [email protected] 21. Eng. Mjairi B. Julius Acting DAICO Buhigwe District Mob. 0756166051 Council

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1b. List of youth who participated in the focus group discussions and a short survey

Contacts Sn. Name (of respondent Location/ District Age Gender 1 Izack Katabizi Kibondo 33 M 0766250258 2 Epaphrodita Mathias Buhigwe 19 F 3 Maneno Gabo Buhigwe 37 M 0766887699 4 Elikana Lukasi Buhigwe 31 M 5 Baraka Charles Buhigwe 20 M 6 Anitha Elia Buhigwe 17 F 7 Fredrick Maliyatabu Buhigwe 35 M 0768288514 8 Abel Gulaka Kigoma Ujiji 31 M 0758114392 0768566548 9 Christina Rutayega Kigoma Ujiji 26 F 10 Neema Said Kigoma Ujiji 29 F 11 Jackline Kornelius Kigoma Ujiji 27 F 0762080366 12 George Vangisauli Kigoma Ujiji 38 M 0755979432 13 Marcus Modestus Kibondo 32 M 0744886892 14 Frimina Petro Kibondo 24 F 0764912496 15 Adam Pius Kibondo 20 M 0742014547 0757688484 16 Daud Elias Kibondo 24 M 0753111379 17 Gasper Richard Kibondo 30 M 18 Jackline Joshua Kakonko 16 F 19 Janeth Christopher Kakonko 18 F 20 Kasian Mateso Kakonko 22 M 0622257592 21 Grace Evaristo Kakonko 24 F 0692308945 22 Edinata Veliveli Kakonko 34 F 0682735913 23 Everine Medadi Kakonko 27 F

Annex 2: Short Youth Survey Tool CODE:

Farmer Survey Questionnaire

Date: ______District ______A. Basic Details:

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1. Age (what year were you born?): ______2. Gender: Male Female 3. Marital Status: Single Married Divorced 4. Education (highest education attained): No formal schooling Primary Education Secondary Education Some college Graduate degree

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5. Are you a member of any group/association/club? Yes No 6. Do you have your own land (used for agricultural activities?) Yes [# of acres______) No 7. Do you have access to irrigation water? Yes No 8. What sort of agricultural activities are you on?

9. Did you receive any training/support (meant to enhance your farming competence/agri- enterprise) in the past 1-2 years? Yes No Brief description (of the training/any other support received):

B. Enterprise Development 10. Do you keep (written) records for your business? Always Usually About Half the Time Seldom Never 11. Do you have a (written) business plan for your farm enterprise? Yes No 12. What are the major challenges constraining the growth of your enterprise/agribusiness; and what are the possible solutions, in your opinion (how can these challenges be averted)? (FGD)