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A Mini-Review on the Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Selected Apocynaceae Plants

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A Mini-Review on the Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Selected Apocynaceae Plants J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2019; 8(4): 269-273. http://www.herbmedpharmacol.com doi: 10.15171/jhp.2019.39 Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology A mini-review on the phytochemistry and biological activities of selected Apocynaceae plants Abiche Ekalu1* ID , Rachael Gbekele-Oluwa Ayo2, James Dama Habila2, Ibrahim Hamisu2 1Department of Chemistry, Nigerian Army School of Education, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria 2Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article Type: This review aims at studying the phytochemistry and biological activities of some selected Mini Review Apocynaceae plants. Eleven members of this family were reviewed for their phytochemistry and biological activities. Interestingly, the commonly isolated compounds reported from Mondia Article History: whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels, Secondatia floribunda A. DC, Carissa carandas, Tabernaemontana Received: 12 April 2019 divaricate, Nerium oleander, Wrightia tinctoria, Tabernaemontana divaricate, Alstonia scholaris, Accepted: 21 June 2019 Carrisa spinarum Linn, Thevetia peruviana and Caralluma lasiantha were triterpenoids, flavonoids, phytosterols, cardiac glycosides and lignans. All of them exhibited remarkable Keywords: biological activities, mostly similar to each other. This review provides a detailed insight into Phytochemistry, Biological activities, the pharmacological activities of these selected members of this family. Medicinal plants Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: This review provides a detailed insight into the pharmacological activities of Apocynaceae plants and showed that selected members of this family can be used as a reliable source for preparation of new drugs. Please cite this paper as: Ekalu A, Ayo RG, Habila JD, Hamisu I. A mini-review on the phytochemistry and biological activities of selected Apocynaceae plants. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2019;8(4):269-273. doi: 10.15171/jhp.2019.39. Introduction seen to be harmless to people; they do not hesitate to The plants used for medicinal purposes are known to be take them without any prescription and in any dosage. potential sources of therapeutics and play important role in However, some of these plats may be toxic and can cause our daily life (1,2). In developing nations, medicinal plants grave health problems. However, some that are taken may are used as alternative source of treatments (3) whereby not be effective and some may even interact with other the extracts and phytochemicals isolated from them have drugs used. Assessing the quality and standard of these shown in vitro and in vivo biological activities (4). herbal products is very important so as to determine the Mankind has used herbal products to treat pains and bioactive ingredients that confers on them these huge to even cure different forms of ailments (4) for the past medicinal potentials (8). This review provides s detailed 60 000 years (5). Presently, over 50 % of natural drugs that insight into the pharmacological activities of these selected are being used for medication, are derived from plants members of this family. (5,6). The World Health Organization (WHO) has reviewed The Apocynaceae family that about 80% of the population all over the world use Apocynaceae family (also called the dogbane family) herbs to treat various ailments (7) as well as for their other includes flowering plants which are made up of herbs, healthcare needs (2). shrubs, trees, stem succulents and vines (5). The origin of Herbals are natural products that have been found to members of this family were traced to the Europe, Asia, be safe because of the limited side-effects. Apart from Africa, Australia, and American tropics or subtropics, with the medicinal uses of these herbals, they are also used as some temperate members (9). The former family called dietary supplements assisting the human body as defensive Asclepiadaceae (and now Asclepiadoideae) is considered mechanism against these diseases. These days, herbal to be a subfamily of the Apocynaceae which contains 348 products are being sold in powder form, tablets, capsules genera (10). Many of these species are mainly the tall trees and tea extracts (4). Traditionally, herbal products are found in tropical forests. However, some members grow *Corresponding author: Abiche Ekalu, Email: [email protected] Ekalu et al in tropical dry areas while some members are perennial (6). Because of the huge medicinal values of this family, herbs found in temperate zones (5). Many of these plants many of them have been used in the treatment of various are known to have milky latex while some species of the ailments (11). They are also consumed by many tribes as family are known to be poisonous if ingested. For instance, food and used as poisons (1). The Apocynaceae plants Adenium a genera of the Apocynaceae family have been are reported to be rich in triterpenoids, flavonoids, reported to have a milky latex while Pachypodium have alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, phenols and lactones, only clear sap without latex (3). (4,11). Phytochemicals like sugars, sterols and lignans Major characteristic features of this family are that as well as lactones have been reported in this family almost all species are known to produce milky sap (10). (4). Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and Ethnomedicinally, the Apocynaceae family is being used cytotoxic activities of crude extracts and the compounds to treat malaria, gastrointestinal ailments, fever, pain isolated from various members of the Apocynaceae family and diabetes as well as skin infections (10). Some of the have been reported (6,11). The summary of phytochemical Apocynaceae plants have been reported for the anticancer and pharmacological activities of selected Apocynaceae and antimalarial properties (1). This family is known plants is given in Table 1. as one of the largest and useful families in angiosperm Table 1. Summary of the most important phytochemicals and pharmaceutical activities of selected Apocynaceae plants Plant source Phytochemicals Biological activity Ref. Propacin, coumarinolignan, 5-cloropropacin, (-)-loliolide, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde Mondia whitei Anti-inflammatory, aphrodisiac, antimicrobial, anti- and isovanilin, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (8,11-13) (Hook.f.) Skeels tyrosinase and antioxidant activity. and 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzatdehyde (isovanillin) Secondatia Gallic acid, cafeic acid, cianidin, apigenin, catechin Antibacterial activity clinically significant against strains (7) floribunda A. DC and quercetin. of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Flavonoids exhibited anti-inflammatory activity against croton oil-induced edema in an albino mouse model with IC of 500 μg/ml. Stigmasterol exhibited marked Rutin, epicatechin, quercetin, and kaempferol, 50 anti-inflammatory activity. The compounds exhibited Sitosterol glucoside, Triterpenoids, lupeol, anti-inflammatory activity against proinflammatory (4,9,11,14- Carissa carandas betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, α-amyrin and mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis 18) β-amyrin, Oleanolic acid, carinol, carissanol, and factor-α, and interlukin-1b. Exhibited anti-tumor activity, (-)-nortrachelogenin. anti-plasmodial activity against the chloroquin-senitive (D6) strains of plasmodium falciparum parasite with IC50 value of 1.95 Dg/ml. These flavonoids exhibited anti-inflammatory activity Tabernaemontana Calycosin and formononetin. against croton oil-induced edema in an albino mouse (4,11) divaricata model with IC50 of 500 μg/ml. Nerium oleander oleandric acid and kaneroside. Exhibited anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity. (11) These triterpenoids exhibited antimicrobial, anti- Wrightia tinctoria wrightial and lupeol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, inflammatory, and antitumor activity. Exhibited (4,11,15) campesterol, phytosterol and lanosterol. hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperlipidemic activities Tabernaemontana Exhibited antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and Taraxasterol acetate. (4,11) divaricata antitumor activity. These triterpenoids exhibited antimicrobial, anti- Alstonic acids and oleanolic acid, stigmasterol, inflammatory, and antitumor activity. Exhibited Alstonia scholaris. (4,11) β-sitosterol, and campesterol. hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperlipidemic activities Exhibited antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and Spinarum Linn odoroside and evomoside. (4,17,19) antitumor activity. Thevefolin was reported to be effective for TRAIL Thevetia peruviana Thevefolin. (4,20) resistance in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. luteoline-4-O-neohesperiodoside and 3β,14β- Exhibited antibacterial activity against both Gram (-) Caralluma lasiantha (2,17,21) dihydroxy-14β-pregn-5-en-20-one. bacteria and Gram (+) bacteria 270 Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, Volume 8, Number 4, October 2019 http://www.herbmedpharmacol.com Biological activities of selected Apocynaceae plants Phytochemistry and biological activities of Apocyanaceae (-)-loliolide, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde and family isovanilin (12). Biological assays have been done on Mondia whitei A methylene chloride extract of Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels including anti-inflammatory, anti- (Hook.f.) Skeels yielded various compounds including tyrosinase, antimicrobial, anti-aphrodisiac and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde and 3-hydroxy-4- antioxidant activities (8). The qualitative phytochemical methoxybenzatdehyde (isovanillin) (11,13). The chemical analysis of ethanol extract of M. whitei led to
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