Comanche Timeline
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Baylor Geological Studies
BAYLORGEOLOGICA L STUDIES PAUL N. DOLLIVER Creative thinking is more important than elaborate FRANK PH.D. PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY BAYLOR UNIVERSITY 1929-1934 Objectives of Geological Training at Baylor The training of a geologist in a university covers but a few years; his education continues throughout his active life. The purposes of train ing geologists at Baylor University are to provide a sound basis of understanding and to foster a truly geological point of view, both of which are essential for continued professional growth. The staff considers geology to be unique among sciences since it is primarily a field science. All geologic research in cluding that done in laboratories must be firmly supported by field observations. The student is encouraged to develop an inquiring ob jective attitude and to examine critically all geological concepts and principles. The development of a mature and professional attitude toward geology and geological research is a principal concern of the department. Frontis. Sunset over the Canadian River from near the abandoned settlement of Old Tascosa, Texas. The rampart-like cliffs on the horizon first inspired the name "Llano Estacado" (Palisaded Plain) among Coronado's men. THE BAYLOR UNIVERSITY PRESS WACO, TEXAS BAYLOR GEOLOGICAL STUDIES BULLETIN NO. 42 Cenozoic Evolution of the Canadian River Basin Paul N. DoUiver BAYLOR UNIVERSITY Department of Geology Waco, Texas Spring 1984 Baylor Geological Studies EDITORIAL STAFF Jean M. Spencer Jenness, M.S., Editor environmental and medical geology O. T. Ph.D., Advisor, Cartographic Editor what have you Peter M. Allen, Ph.D. urban and environmental geology, hydrology Harold H. Beaver, Ph.D. -
Tonkawa Indians Before the Time of the Spanish Explorers, Native Americans Inhabited the Open Ranges and Woodlands of Texas
Tonkawa Indians Before the time of the Spanish explorers, Native Americans inhabited the open ranges and woodlands of Texas. One group that made its mark in history is the Tonkawa Indians. These people were thought to have come to Texas as early as the seventeenth century. Tonkawa, a Waco Indian word, means, “they all stay together,” which eloquently describes this group of nomadic Indian tribes. There is scant archeological evidence of the Tonkawa people, and historians have several theories on the tribal structure and lifestyles of this group. Some believe the Tonkawa were actually a group of independent bands of Indians, which may have included the Sana, Toho, Tohaha, Cantona, and Cava Indians. In the early eighteenth century these bands of Indians were thought to have joined together to form Tonkawa Proper. There is some evidence that the Tonkawa actually came to Texas much earlier as one cohesive group of Tonkawa Indians that lived further north. These nomadic hunters lived in tepees made from buffalo hide, grass and other materials. Tepees allowed bands to easily pack their homes and move with the migrating herds of buffalo or to outrun their enemies. An elected tribal chief led each band of Tonkawa, and each band was composed of maternal clans. Unlike many societies that are patriarchal, the Tonkawa clan membership followed on the side of the mother. When a couple got married, the man would go live with his wife’s clan, and the children would become members of their mother’s clan as well. As a society that always stays together, the Tonkawa established a system that ensured all widows, widowers, and orphaned children were taken care of if their family members died. -
Hon. H. A. Beckwith, Chairman Board of Water Engineers 302 West Fifteenth Street Austin, Texas Opinion No
Hon. H. A. Beckwith, Chairman Board of Water Engineers 302 West Fifteenth Street Austin, Texas Opinion No. V-1307 Re: Purposes for which the appropriation to the In- terstate Compact Commis- Bion may be used during the biennium ending Au- gust 31, 1953. Dear Sir: You have requested an opinion of this office re- lating to the purposes for which expenditures may be made from the appropriation to the Interstate Compact Commission in the general anoronriation bill for the biennium ending August 31, 1953.--I-i.@. 426, Acts 52nd Leg., R. S. 1951, ch. 499, p. 1228, at p. 1374. The various statutes pertaining to the Interstate Compact Commission and related agencies will be summarized in chronological order so that your specific questions can be placed in the proper perspective. The Le lslature created the Interstate Compact Commission In 19& 9, and authorized the Governor to appoint an Interstate Compact Commissioner 'to negotiate an agree- ment with each of the affected States respecting the use, control and disposition of'the waters of the Canadian, Red and Sabine Rivers and their tributaries" and to tlmakethe necessary investigations and procure the necessary data for the proper performance of his duties, and may, with the approval of the Governor, employ such clerical, legal, engineering and other assistance as may be necessary in the performance of such duties." H.B. 594, Acts 51st Leg., R.S. 1949, ch. 380, p. 716 (Art. 7466g, V.C.S.) The stat- ute and emergency clause make clear that the Commissioner's duties were the negotiation of agreements and the investi- gating and procuring or data necessary to the negotiations concerning the above-named rivers. -
Letter from the Secretary of the Interior, Transmitting an Agreement with the Jiearilla Apache and Certain Ute Indians in the Territory of New Mexico
University of Oklahoma College of Law University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons American Indian and Alaskan Native Documents in the Congressional Serial Set: 1817-1899 2-3-1874 Letter from the Secretary of the Interior, transmitting an agreement with the Jiearilla Apache and certain Ute Indians in the Territory of New Mexico. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/indianserialset Part of the Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons Recommended Citation H.R. Exec. Doc. No. 130, 43d Cong., 1st Sess. (1874) This House Executive Document is brought to you for free and open access by University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in American Indian and Alaskan Native Documents in the Congressional Serial Set: 1817-1899 by an authorized administrator of University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 43n CoNGRESS, } IIOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. { Ex. Doc. ---lst Session. -= ____ -~ o. ~30. ~ JIOARILLA APACHE AND UTE INDIANS OF ~EW MEXICO. LETTER FF.OM 'THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, TRANSMITTING An agreement 'With tlte Jicarilla Apache and certain Ute Indians in tlte . 'Territory of New Mexico. FEnRUAHY 5, 1874.-Referred to the Committee on Indian Affairs. FEBRUARY 13, 1874.-0rdered to be printed. DEPAR1'1\1:EN1' OP THE INTERIOR, Wa.shington, D. 0., Februa1•y 0, 1874. SIR: I have the honor to present herewith, for the action of Congress, :an agreement concluded on the lOth of December, 1873, with the Jica rilla Apache and certain Ute Indians in the Territory of New Mexico, which provides for their location upon a reservation therein described, and for their relinquishment of all other lands heretofore claimed by them. -
The Native Fish Fauna of Major Drainages East of The
THE NATIVE FISH FAUNA OF MAJOR DRAINAGES EAST OF THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE IN NEW MEXICO A Thesis Presented to the Graduate Faculty of Biology Eastern New Mexico University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements fdr -the7Degree: Master of Science in Biology by Michael D. Hatch December 1984 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction Study Area Procedures Results and Discussion Summary Acknowledgements Literature Cited Appendices Abstract INTRODUCTION r (t. The earliest impression of New Mexico's native fish fauna =Ems during the 1850's from naturalists attached to various government survey parties. Without the collections from these and other early surveys, the record of the native fish fauna would be severely deficient because, since that time, some 1 4 native species - or subspecies of fish have become extirpated and the ranges of an additionial 22 native species or subspecies have become severly re- stricted. Since the late Miocene, physiographical changes of drainages have linked New Mexico, to varying degrees, with contemporary ichthyofaunal elements or their progenitors from the Rocky Mountains, the Great Plains, the Chihuahuan Desert, the Mexican Plateau, the Sonoran Desert and the Great Basin. Immigra- tion from these areas contributed to the diversity of the state's native ichthyofauna. Over the millinea, the fate of these fishes waxed and waned in ell 4, response to the changing physical and _chenaca-l-conditions of the surrounding environment. Ultimately, one of the most diverse fish faunas of any of the interior southwestern states developed. Fourteen families comprising 67 species of fish are believed to have occupied New Mexico's waters historically, with strikingly different faunas evolving east and west of the Continental Divide. -
Chapter 7 Comanche Historical Ethnography And
Chapter 7 Comanche Historical Ethnography and Ethnohistory ______________________________________________________ 7.1 Introduction The earliest mention of the Comanche in the historical record date to 1706. Comanche ethnogenesis took place about two centuries earlier, after their separation from the Shoshone near the Wind River region. In a step-wise migration bands left the parent society and moved south along the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains. Initially Comanche bands inhabited the central plains along the Platte, Republican, and Arkansas rivers in eastern Colorado. According to numerous scholars, the Comanche quickly transitioned from a Great Basin culture to a Great Plains life way, although the Comanche retained many Great Basin cultural beliefs and practices.1 However seeking greater trade opportunities and horses, along with the rapidly changing political economic conditions, Comanche bands migrated southeast. By the latter part of the eighteenth century the Comanche consolidated their position on the southern Great Plains after a series of territorial and economic conflicts various tribes and the Spanish.2 Strategically employing warfare, treaty negotiations, and alliances the Comanche controlled the region between the Arkansas and Pecos rivers, an area comprising present-day western Texas and Oklahoma, eastern New Mexico, southeast Colorado, and southwest Kansas.3 By 1820 the Comanche occupied primarily the territory south of the Arkansas River, while the Cheyenne and Arapaho occupied the lands north of the river.4 They controlled this region until the reservation period. The Comanche were never a tribe, unified under a centralized political structure. Rather Comanche ethnicity and social unity was based on common cultural traditions, 600 language, history, and political economic goals. -
Rio Grande National Forest – Assessment 12 Areas of Tribal Importance
Rio Grande National Forest – Assessment 12 Areas of Tribal Importance Rio Grande National Forest – Assessment 12 Areas of Tribal Importance Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 2 Information Sources and Gaps.................................................................................................................. 2 Existing Forest Plan Direction for Tribal Resources ................................................................................ 3 Scale of Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 3 Intertribal and Interagency Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act Memorandum of Understanding ................................................................................................................................... 4 Existing Tribal Rights ............................................................................................................................... 4 Previous Treaties with Ute Bands ......................................................................................................... 4 Hunting Rights: The Brunot Treaty ...................................................................................................... 5 Spiritual Rights .................................................................................................................................... -
Chapter 3 Arapaho Ethnohistory and Historical
Chapter 3 Arapaho Ethnohistory and Historical Ethnography ______________________________________________________ 3.1 Introduction The Arapaho believe they were the first people created on earth. The Arapaho called themselves, the Hinanae'inan, "Our Own Kind of People.”1 After their creation, Arapaho tradition places them at the earth's center. The belief in the centrality of their location is no accident. Sociologically, the Arapaho occupied the geographical center among the five ethnic distinct tribal-nations that existed prior to the direct European contact.2 3.2 Culture History and Territory Similar to many other societies, the ethnic formation of the Arapaho on the Great Plains into a tribal-nation was a complex sociological process. The original homeland for the tribe, according to evidence, was the region of the Red River and the Saskatchewan River in settled horticultural communities. From this original homeland various Arapaho divisions gradually migrated southwest, adapting to living on the Great Plains.3 One of the sacred objects, symbolic of their life as horticulturalists, that they carried with them onto the Northern Plains is a stone resembling an ear of corn. According to their oral traditions, the Arapaho were composed originally of five distinct tribes. 4 Arapaho elders remember the Black Hills country, and claim that they once owned that region, before moving south and west into the heart of the Great Plains. By the early nineteenth century, the Arapaho positioned themselves geographically from the two forks of the Cheyenne River, west of the Black Hills southward to the eastern front 87 of the central Rocky Mountains at the headwaters of the Arkansas River.5 By 1806 the Arapaho formed an alliance with the Cheyenne to resist against further intrusion west by the Sioux beyond the Missouri River. -
The Symbolic Role of Animals in the Plains Indian Sun Dance Elizabeth
17 The Symbolic Role of Animals in the Plains Indian Sun Dance 1 Elizabeth Atwood Lawrence TUFTS UNIVERSITY For many tribes of Plains Indians whose bison-hunting culture flourished during the 18th and 19th centuries, the sun dance was the major communal religious ceremony. Generally held in late spring or early summer, the rite celebrates renewal-the spiritual rebirth of participants and their relatives as well as the regeneration of the living earth with all its components. The sun dance reflects relationships with nature that are characteristic of the Plains ethos, and includes symbolic representations of various animal species, particularly the eagle and the buffalo, that once played vital roles in the lives of the people and are still endowed with sacredness and special powers. The ritual, involving sacrifice and supplication to insure harmony between all living beings, continues to be practiced by many contemporary native Americans. For many tribes of Plains Indians whose buffalo-hunting culture flowered during the 18th and 19th centuries, the sun dance was the major communal religious ceremony. Although details of the event differed in various groups, certain elements were common to most tribal traditions. Generally, the annual ceremony was held in late spring or early summer when people from different bands gathered together again following the dispersal that customarily took place in winter. The sun dance, a ritual of sacrifice performed by virtually all of the High Plains peoples, has been described among the Arapaho, Arikara, Assiniboin, Bannock, Blackfeet, Blood, Cheyenne, Plains Cree, Crow, Gros Ventre, Hidatsa, Kiowa, Mandans, Ojibway, Omaha, Ponca, Sarsi, Shoshone, Sioux (Dakota), and Ute (Spier, 1921, p. -
Final Environmental Assessment for the Jicarilla Apache Nation Water Subcontract
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE JICARILLA APACHE NATION WATER SUBCONTRACT (FORMERLY CALLED THE USBR/PNM WATER CONTRACT RENEWAL AND EXTENSION) US BUREAU OF RECLAMATION, WESTERN COLORADO AREA OFFICE SEPTEMBER 2001 nited Stat~-s---Departmentor-theInterior BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Upper Colorado Region WesternColondo AreaOffice 2764 CompassDrive, Suitc 106 rrn 835E 2'" Avcnuc, Suitc 300 GrandJunction CO 81506-8785 ~ 20 2001 DurangoCO 81301-5475 WCD-EJensen ENV-6.00 To: Interested Agencies, Indian Tribes, Organizations, and Individuals Subject: Finding of No Significant Impact: Jicarilla Apache Nation Water Subcontract (formally called the USBR/PNM Water Contract Renewal and Extension) Enclosed for your information is a copy of the subject Finding of No Significant Impact (FaNS I). The FONSI represents final compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act on thc approval of an agrecmcnt between the Public Service Company of Ncw Mexico (PNM) and the Jicarilla Apachc Nation. This significs that the agreement is clcared from an cnvironmental compliance perspective for future approval by the Secretaryof the Interior through Burcau of Reclamation. Thc agrecment will allow the Jicarilla Apache Nation to supply and c deliver 16.200 acre-feet (AF) of water per ycar to PNM for use in thc operation of the San Juan available to them through the Jicarilla Nation Water Rights Settlcment Act. A Draft Environmental Assessmentwas released to the public on July 31,2001, for public review and comment. Only minor comments were received on the Draft Environmental Assessment; therefore, no Final Environmental Assessmentwill be printed and distributed. An addendum showing where changes were made to the Draft Environmental Assessment is enclosed. -
Tribal and House District Boundaries
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribal Boundaries and Oklahoma House Boundaries ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 22 ! 18 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 13 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 20 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 7 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cimarron ! ! ! ! 14 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 11 ! ! Texas ! ! Harper ! ! 4 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! n ! ! Beaver ! ! ! ! Ottawa ! ! ! ! Kay 9 o ! Woods ! ! ! ! Grant t ! 61 ! ! ! ! ! Nowata ! ! ! ! ! 37 ! ! ! g ! ! ! ! 7 ! 2 ! ! ! ! Alfalfa ! n ! ! ! ! ! 10 ! ! 27 i ! ! ! ! ! Craig ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! h ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 26 s ! ! Osage 25 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! a ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribes ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 16 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! W ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 21 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 58 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 38 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribes by House District ! 11 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 Absentee Shawnee* ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Woodward ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2 ! 36 ! Apache* ! ! ! 40 ! 17 ! ! ! 5 8 ! ! ! Rogers ! ! ! ! ! Garfield ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 40 ! ! ! ! ! 3 Noble ! ! ! Caddo* ! ! Major ! ! Delaware ! ! ! ! ! 4 ! ! ! ! ! Mayes ! ! Pawnee ! ! ! 19 ! ! 2 41 ! ! ! ! ! 9 ! 4 ! 74 ! ! ! Cherokee ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Ellis ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 41 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 72 ! ! ! ! ! 35 4 8 6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 5 3 42 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 77 -
US Military Columns of the Red River
NPSFormlO-900-b OMBNo. 1024-0018 (March 1992) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form TONAL fiL^^hiSfO X New Submission Amended Submission & EDUCATION NATIONAL PARK SERVICE A. NAME OF MULTIPLE PROPERTY LISTING Battle Sites of the Red River War in the Texas Panhandle, 1874-1875. B. ASSOCIATED HISTORIC CONTEXTS The Red River War of 1874-1875 and the displacement of the Southern Plains Indian Tribes from the Texas Panhandle. C. FORM PREPARED BY Name/Title: Brett Cruse, Archeologist Organization: Texas Historical Commission Date: February 20, 2001 Street & Number: 1511 Colorado Telephone: (512)463-6096 City or town: Austin State: TX Zip: 78701 D. CERTIFICATION As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60 and the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation. (_See continuation sheet for additional comments.) Signature and title of certifying official Date State Historic Preservation Officer, Texas Historical Commission State or Federal agency and bureau I hereby certify that this multiple property documentation form has been approved as a basis for evaluating related properties for listing in the National Register. G Signature of the Keeper Date USDI/NPS NRHP Multiple Property Documentation Form Page 2 Battle Sites of the Red River War in the Texas Panhandle, 1874-1875 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR WRITTEN NARRATIVE PAGE NUMBERS E.