Chi Erano Le Brigate Rosse
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Precipitating the Decline of Terrorist Groups : a Systems Analysis
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1994-03 Precipitating the decline of terrorist groups : a systems analysis DeGhetto, Todd H. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/30893 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS PRECIPITATING THE DECLINE OF TERRORIST GROUPS: A SYSTEMS ANALYS!S by Todd H. DeGhctto March, 1994 Thesis Advisor JamcsJ. Wirtz Approve<J for public release, distribution IS unlimited The s~s D2111ill DUDLEY KNOX LlBRPRY NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOl MONTEREY CA 93943-5101 Unclassified SecuntyCl ..l!ifiClllionoflhis~ REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Is Report SecurityCI ..sificBlIon: Unclassified lbReslricli""MBI'klI\g!i 2aScaonlYCJMSlfic:ationAuibority 3 Di5lributioofAvailabilityofRepon lbDecl8SSlfi""lioniDowngraililgScbcdule Approved fur public release~ distribution is l-.llimited. 4 Pemnning Olpnizalioo Report Number(.) SMOIIi1oring0rpnizllionReponNumber(s) 6aN..-acofPerfunningOrilaniution 7a NlIIDe of Moniloriog OrgaDlzation Naval Postgraduate School Naval PostgradUIltl: School 6cAddress(cil)l.&/ak.andZlPcodI) 1bAddress(city._e. tmdZIP cotk) Monterey CA 93943-5000 MontereyCA93943-SOOO Addresslcily.SI<W.Qtt(iZlP~ WSourceofFuDdlngNumbcr.l Program Eli:ment No ProjecL No Task No Work Unit Accession No 11 Tille (incl'" ~ily cltu.ljkmklll) PRECIPITATING mE DECLINE OF TERRORIST GROUPS: A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS 12 PClllOlloi Autboti') Todd H. DeGbetto 16 SupplemCOlory Notation The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position 0 the Depanment of Defense or the U.s. Government. 18Sub;1ea. TQm$ (com", ... "" !f""<UJaryundidcmi/Yl!I'bI<>ct""",btI,) Subgroup Terror ... a System.. Red Bripdos. FLQ. Critical EmIr, DcI"IIilimi.:B1lon. MeI'l:lIIial Success. Burnout. 19Abs1f11C1(contI""""" ",i/""""'_""'whybl<>d""""-J This thesis shows how a government actor can use systems theory to hasten the deeline of a terrorist group. -
Carte Italiane, Vol
The Ambiguity ofViolence in the Decade after 1968: A Memoir of "GH anni di piombo" Simonetta Falasca-Zatnponi Dcpartmcììt of Socioloiiy iJìiiversity oj California, Santa Barbara In the second half of the 1970s, Italy experienced yet another crisis of faith in its state institutions, in part due to the governnient's inability to provide solutions to the high uneniploynient rate, particularly aniong youth. Mass education, the conquered right of the student niovenient of 1968, appeared to have nierely prolonged the tnne before young nien and wonien began hunting for a job, rather than resolve the issue ot uneniployment. Those tew students who were actually physi- cally attending mass universities in the 1970s (aniong the niany more thoiisands enrolled) became more and more aware of their problematic future and challenged education from within.The occupation of major universities sites took place in 1977 with the interruption of lectures and seminars and the physical expulsion ot professors. 1 977 was my first year in Rome as a sociology student. Sociology was not necessarily the only discipline at the vanguard of protests. Historically, the Facoltà ot Architecture, among others, had also pro- duced the main leaders ot the student movement. But since the originai founders ot the Red Brigades were sociology students at the University of Trento, sociology 's radicalism was an accepted fact m the public imagination, and sociology students did not wish to disclaim this belief. Thus, in the winter of 1977, the Facoltà di Magistero in Rome, where sociology was housed, closed down and Autonomia Operaia organized asseniblies and protests. -
L'édition Des Témoignages De Membres Des Brigades Rouges 2
Samantha WHARMBY L’édition des témoignages de membres des Brigades Rouges : Manifestations du passé et vecteurs de mémoire. Livret des annexes « Vorrei vedere con i miei piccoli occhi mortali come ci si vedrà dopo… » M A S T E R 1 Homme, Sociétés, Technologies Mention : Histoire et Histoire de l’art Spécialité : Histoire des relations et des échanges culturels internationaux Parcours MIFI La France et l’Italie : formes, cultures et relations dans l’espace européen. Sous la direction de Mme M.-A. MATARD BONUCCI Session de Juin Année universitaire 2006/2007 TABLE DES ANNEXES ANNEXE 1 : LES ORGANISATIONS D’EXTREME GAUCHE ITALIENNES. .................. 4 ANNEXE 2 : CHRONOLOGIE 1969-2006. ............................................................................. 6 ANNEXE 3 : TYPOLOGIE DES EX-BRIGADISTES/TEMOINS. ....................................... 25 ANNEXE 4 : TYPOLOGIE DES RECOLTEURS DE MEMOIRE. ...................................... 29 ANNEXE 5 : “RENATO CURCIO. IO, GUERRIGLIERO”, ENTRETIEN DE LINA COLETTI, 1990 ....................................................................................................................... 32 ANNEXE 6 : LETTRE DE DISSOCIATION D’ALBERTO FRANCESCHINI, 21 FÉVRIER 1987. ......................................................................................................................................... 36 ANNEXE 7 : “NOI LOTTIAMO PER LA ROTTURA STORICA”, ENTRETIEN DE RENATO CURCIO PAR MARIO SCIALOJA, 15 JANVIER 1975. ..................................... 37 ANNEXE 8 : ENTRETIEN DE RENATO CURCIO -
L'édition Des Témoignages De Membres Des Brigades
L’édition des témoignages de membres des Brigades Rouges : manifestations du passé et vecteurs de mémoire Samantha Wharmby To cite this version: Samantha Wharmby. L’édition des témoignages de membres des Brigades Rouges : manifestations du passé et vecteurs de mémoire. Histoire. 2007. dumas-00345738 HAL Id: dumas-00345738 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-00345738 Submitted on 9 Dec 2008 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License Samantha WHARMBY L’édition des témoignages de membres des Brigades Rouges : Manifestations du passé et vecteurs de mémoire. « Vorrei vedere con i miei piccoli occhi mortali come ci si vedrà dopo… » M A S T E R 1 Homme, Sociétés, Technologies Mention : Histoire et Histoire de l’art Spécialité : Histoire des relations et des échanges culturels internationaux Parcours MIFI La France et l’Italie : formes, cultures et relations dans l’espace européen. Sous la direction de Mme M.-A. MATARD BONUCCI Session de Juin Année universitaire 2006/2007 EN COUVERTURE : Morucci, V., La peggio gioventù: una vita nella lotta armata, Rizzoli, Milan, 2004 Franceschini, A., Mara, Renato e io: storia dei fondatori delle Br, A. -
Sandberg on Orsini, 'Anatomy of the Red Brigades: the Religious Mind-Set of Modern Terrorists'
H-War Sandberg on Orsini, 'Anatomy of the Red Brigades: The Religious Mind-Set of Modern Terrorists' Review published on Thursday, October 10, 2013 Alessandro Orsini. Anatomy of the Red Brigades: The Religious Mind-Set of Modern Terrorists. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2011. vi + 317 pp. $29.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-8014-4986-4. Reviewed by Brian Sandberg (Northern Illinois University) Published on H-War (October, 2013) Commissioned by Margaret Sankey Political violence shook modern Italian society during the anni di piombo, or Years of Lead (1969-83). Beginning in 1969, the left-wing Brigate rosse (Red Brigades) carried out numerous shootings, kidnappings, and assassinations of politicians, judges, professors, and civil servants. The Red Brigades’ most notorious attack was the audacious kidnapping and assassination of former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro in 1978. In the same period, the Brigate nere (Black Brigades), composed of right-wing militants, organized their own bombings and assassinations against political and economic targets. Although the attacks tapered off in the 1980s, the trauma of this turbulent period continues to haunt Italian society. Italian politics arguably still reflects the deep divisions of the anni di piombo, and the historical memory of the violence has not yet been seriously examined.[1] Alessandro Orsini’s Anatomy of the Red Brigades: The Religious Mind-Set of Modern Terrorists proposes a new reading of the violence of the Red Brigades. The book was originally published in Italian asAnatomia delle Brigate rosse: Le radici ideologiche del terrorismo rivoluzionario (2009). This English-language translation now introduces the Red Brigades and their ideology to broader audiences interested in political violence and terrorism. -
Decline and Dissolution of Italian Terrorism: the Case of the Brigate Rosse, 1970-2001
DECLINE AND DISSOLUTION OF ITALIAN TERRORISM: THE CASE OF THE BRIGATE ROSSE, 1970-2001 Beatrice de Graaf Leiden University, Holanda INTRODUCTION: DECLINE AND DISSOLUTION, A MODEL Italian terrorism has predominantly been studied by Donatella della Porta, who published various books and articles about the social context and political system within which the Red Brigades emerged. She carried out a research process both based on sociological research into political opportunity structures and social movement theory, as on individual pathways into radicalization. Her trinity of macropolitical, mesodynamic group level and individual psychological radicalization processes has proved to be very useful to study not only Italian but other left wing and even present day Islamic terrorism as well.1 However, radicalization processes, are not a film that can easily be rewinded, nor should deradicalization and decline of movements be taken as the reverse process of the mechanisms described above. Therefore, to gain better understanding in decline and dissolution processes, I have chosen to make use of another model, developed by a group of Dutch social scientists. Thus, although I will be using Della Porta‘s theory in this paper to describe the emergence of the Red Brigades, I will use Demant et al‘s theory to explain their demise. 1 Donatella Della Porta, ‗Left-wing terrorism in Italy‘, in: Martha Crenshaw (ed.), Terrorism in context (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995), p. 105-159; Donatella Della Porta, Social Movements, Political Violence and the State. A Comparative Analysis of Italy and Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). 1 Palacio de la Aljafería – Calle de los Diputados, s/n– 50004 ZARAGOZA Teléfono 976 28 97 15 - Fax 976 28 96 65 fundació[email protected] www.fundacionmgimenezabad.es Demant et al. -
Processo-Alle-Brigate-Rosse-E-Ai
Processo alle Brigate Rosse e ai GAP di Feltrinelli A cura di Francesco Lisanti L'istruzione aveva preso avvio il 15 marzo 1972, allorché, sotto un traliccio dell'alta tensione n. 16 in località «Cascina Nuova», a Segrate, era stato rinvenuto il cadavere di un uomo, con abbigliamento di tipo militare e con indosso documenti di riconoscimento intestati a Maggioni Vincenzo. Il corpo appariva dilaniato dall’esplosione che aveva investito il traliccio, e ai piedi di questo e su uno dei montanti erano ancora presenti dei candelotti di dinamite collegati a batterie e orologi. In realtà si tratta di Giangiacomo Feltrinelli. Protagonisti delle indagini sono Evento: Giambattista Lazagna e Carlo Fioroni, quest’ultimo intestatario di un’assicurazione di un furgone Volkswagen ritrovato nei pressi del traliccio e di una Fiat 124 vista circolare nei pressi del traliccio stesso. Lazagna, unitamente a Italo Saugo, Giuseppe Saba, Verena Vogel, Franco Marinoni e in concorso con Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, era accusato di avere promosso, costituito, organizzato una struttura denominata G.A.P. diretta a sovvertire violentemente gli ordinamenti economici e sociali dello Stato, utilizzando basi segrete, documenti e nominativi falsi, commettendo, per raggiungere gli 2018 Processo alle Brigate Rosse e ai GAP di Feltrinelli scopi fissati, delitti comuni, attentati a linee elettriche e ferroviarie, interferenze in trasmissioni radiotelevisive, contraffazioni di timbri e sigilli di Enti Pubblici, detenzione, trasporto ed introduzione nel territorio nazionale di armi, munizioni ed esplosivo, diffusione di stampa clandestina inneggiante alla guerriglia e alla lotta rivoluzionaria. I G.A.P. vengono accusati di numerosi reati. Il 20 aprile 1970 attentato alla Sezione del P.S.U. -
CONSTRUCTING a COLLECTIVE MEMORY of ALDO MORO in ITALIAN CINEMA Katherine Greenburg Gilliom a Dissertation
SEARCHING FOR TRUTH: CONSTRUCTING A COLLECTIVE MEMORY OF ALDO MORO IN ITALIAN CINEMA Katherine Greenburg Gilliom A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Studies Chapel Hill 2016 Approved by: Marisa Escolar Federico Luisetti Samuel Amago Ennio Rao Amy Chambless © 2016 Katherine Greenburg Gilliom ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Katherine Greenburg Gilliom: Searching for Truth: Constructing a Collective Memory of Aldo Moro in Italian Cinema (Under the Direction of Marisa Escolar) This dissertation will address Aldo Moro’s presence in film and the changing manifestations of the politician in film throughout the years. I will argue that through film a comprehensive collective memory can be formed from examining what is known of the statesman, before and after his death, helping to ease the continuing sense of guilt felt by the Italian people in regards to his tragic end. In the first chapter of my dissertation I will discuss the concept of martyrdom in two films that depict Aldo Moro before his death; Elio Petri’s Todo Modo (1976) and Marco Tulio Giordana’s Romanzo di una strage (2012). Although two totally different films, historically and stylistically, both films portray a devoutly Catholic Moro and a rhetoric dealing with political martyrdom. In the second chapter of my dissertation I will address the conspiracy theories surrounding Aldo Moro’s death depicted in the films Il caso Moro (Ferrara 1986) and Piazza delle cinque lune (Martinelli 2003). Both films present their retellings of the Moro affair as revelations of the truth, focusing on the possible involvement of the Italian government, as well as the United States, in Moro’s death. -
Margherita “Mara” Cagol
MARGHERITA “MARA” CAGOL di Maurizio Barozzi «“ Tutto ciò che è possibile fare per combattere questo sistema è dovere farlo, perché questo io credo sia il senso profondo della nostra vita. Non sono cose troppo grosse, sai mamma. Sono piuttosto cose serie e difficili che tuttavia vale la pena di fare. […] La vita è una cosa troppo importante per spenderla male o buttarla via in inutili chiacchiere o battibecchi." - Mara ». MARGHERITA CAGOL [Sardagna di Trento, 8 aprile 1945 – Arzello d’Acqui (Al), 5 giugno 1975] A prescindere dalle idee, ci sono persone generose, coraggiose e valenti, poi ce sono altre grette e meschine. C’è anche gente “normale”, di valore o meno, ma solo i coraggiosi, quando rischiano la vita e si sacrificano, meritano di essere onorati; perché il sangue è spirito: è il sangue che fa la storia. La biografia di Margherita “Mara” Cagol e le testimonianze di quelli che l’hanno conosciuta, non danno dubbi in proposito e mostrano il valore di 1 una donna che ha dedicato e sacrificato la sua vita agli ideali in cui credeva, rinunciando a tutte le facilitazioni borghesi che pur poteva realizzare per bellezza femminile, intelligenza, titoli di studio ed estrazione (buona borghesia), rinunciando anche a vari sport praticati ed alla chitarra classica in cui era bravissima anche per la antica musica spagnola (aveva ottenuto il diploma, era ritenuta la terza chitarrista d’Italia con esibizioni anche all’estero). Avrebbe potuto avere una vita, diciamo tranquilla, con un marito, almeno un amante occasionale (che nelle migliori famiglie borghesi, non manca mai), e probabilmente dei figli; invece è morta combattendo . -
TERROR VANQUISHED the Italian Approach to Defeating Terrorism
TERROR VANQUISHED The Italian Approach to Defeating Terrorism SIMON CLARK at George Mason University TERROR VANQUISHED The Italian Approach to Defeating Terrorism Simon Clark Copyright ©2018 Center for Security Policy Studies, Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University Library of Congress Control Number: 2018955266 ISBN: 978-1-7329478-0-1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from: The Center for Security Policy Studies Schar School of Policy and Government George Mason University 3351 Fairfax Avenue Arlington, Virginia 22201 www.csps.gmu.edu PHOTO CREDITS Cover: Dino Fracchia / Alamy Stock Photo Page 30: MARKA / Alamy Stock Photo Page 60: The Picture Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photo Page 72: Dino Fracchia / Alamy Stock Photo Page 110: Dino Fracchia / Alamy Stock Photo Publication design by Lita Ledesma Contents Foreword 5 Preface 7 Introduction 11 Chapter 1: The Italian Approach to Counter-Terrorism 21 Chapter 2: Post War Italian Politics: Stasis And Chaos 31 Chapter 3: The Italian Security Apparatus 43 Chapter 4: Birth of the Red Brigades: Years of Lead 49 Chapter 5: Attacking the Heart of the State 61 Chapter 6: Escalation, Repentance, Defeat 73 Chapter 7: State Sponsorship: a Comforting Illusion 81 Chapter 8: A Strategy for Psychological Warfare 91 Chapter 9: Conclusion: Defeating A Terrorist Threat 111 Bibliography 119 4 Terror Vanquished: The Italian Approach to Defeating Terrorism Foreword 5 Foreword It is my pleasure to introduce Terrorism Vanquished: the Italian Approach to Defeating Terror, by Simon Clark. In this compelling analysis, Mr. -
Terrorism and Repentance: Representation in Italian Film
Terrorism and repentance: representation in Italian film. Dr Tiziana Ferrero-Regis, Lecturer, Creative Industries, QUT The title of this conference is Power, language, violence. In this paper I will refer to power as in the power struggle between red terrorism and the Italian state in the 1970s, which saw the Italian state victorious thanks to the special legislation on repentance that was passed at the end of the 1970s (I will explain later on this legislation in detail); the violence is the violence that resulted from this struggle, which culminated with the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro, the secretary of the Christian Democratic party by the Red Brigades, and the language is that of cinema in the 1990s and Third Millennium, which represented these events. I have chosen two films, one is La seconda volta (The second Time), directed by Mimmo Calopresti, 1994, with Nanni Moretti as a protagonist. For those who know little about current Italian cinema, Nanni Moretti is one of the most important director/producer/exhibitor/actor of Italian cinema of the last thirty years. His films, from the end of the 1970s have always questioned the Left responsibility in the failure of the project of social change that emerged in 1968. His films thus appeal to a Left-wing intelligentsia. La seconda volta tells the story of Alberto, a professor of economics at the University of Turin. He was wounded some 15 years before in his apartment by a group of terrorist. The second film is Buongiorno, notte (Goodmorning, Night), by veteran director Marco Bellocchio (2003). -
The Sphinx and the Gladiators: How Neo-Fascists Steered the Red Brigades
Click here for Full Issue of EIR Volume 32, Number 3, January 21, 2005 Book Review The Sphinx and the Gladiators: How Neo-Fascists Steered the Red Brigades by Claudio Celani bryo of the future Gladio. In 1953, after attending a program on psychological warfare at the NATO Defense College in La Sfinge delle Brigate Rosse (The Sphinx Paris, Sogno built a public anti-communist organization of the Red Brigades) called “Pace e Liberta`,” on the model of the French “Paix et by Sergio Flamigni Liberte´,” founded by former collaborationists in Paris, with Milan: KAOS Edizioni, 2004 the support of the French government. 362 pages, paperback, 19 euros ($23.18) In 1970, the year of the birth of the Red Brigades, Sogno founded another organization, called “Comitati di Resistenza Democratica” (CRD). Members of CRD and the NATO Stay Former Senator and anti-terrorist expert Sergio Flamigni’s Behind organization, Gladio, overlap. As Sogno himself re- latest book reveals new evidence that the Red Brigades terror- vealed in a later interview, CRD members took an oath that ist group, which was responsible for assassination of Chris- they would physically eliminate political leaders who com- tian Democratic leader Aldo Moro in 1978, and other murder- promised with the Italian Communist Party. ous acts, was directly steered by Gladio-NATO circles. These In 1974, Sogno attempted a coup d’e´tat, which was dis- circles were headed by the late Edgardo Sogno, an agent of covered and prevented by then Defense Minister Giulio An- the Anglo-American intelligence and special operations net- dreotti, who removed several military commanders.