Margherita “Mara” Cagol
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Precipitating the Decline of Terrorist Groups : a Systems Analysis
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1994-03 Precipitating the decline of terrorist groups : a systems analysis DeGhetto, Todd H. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/30893 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS PRECIPITATING THE DECLINE OF TERRORIST GROUPS: A SYSTEMS ANALYS!S by Todd H. DeGhctto March, 1994 Thesis Advisor JamcsJ. Wirtz Approve<J for public release, distribution IS unlimited The s~s D2111ill DUDLEY KNOX LlBRPRY NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOl MONTEREY CA 93943-5101 Unclassified SecuntyCl ..l!ifiClllionoflhis~ REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Is Report SecurityCI ..sificBlIon: Unclassified lbReslricli""MBI'klI\g!i 2aScaonlYCJMSlfic:ationAuibority 3 Di5lributioofAvailabilityofRepon lbDecl8SSlfi""lioniDowngraililgScbcdule Approved fur public release~ distribution is l-.llimited. 4 Pemnning Olpnizalioo Report Number(.) SMOIIi1oring0rpnizllionReponNumber(s) 6aN..-acofPerfunningOrilaniution 7a NlIIDe of Moniloriog OrgaDlzation Naval Postgraduate School Naval PostgradUIltl: School 6cAddress(cil)l.&/ak.andZlPcodI) 1bAddress(city._e. tmdZIP cotk) Monterey CA 93943-5000 MontereyCA93943-SOOO Addresslcily.SI<W.Qtt(iZlP~ WSourceofFuDdlngNumbcr.l Program Eli:ment No ProjecL No Task No Work Unit Accession No 11 Tille (incl'" ~ily cltu.ljkmklll) PRECIPITATING mE DECLINE OF TERRORIST GROUPS: A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS 12 PClllOlloi Autboti') Todd H. DeGbetto 16 SupplemCOlory Notation The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position 0 the Depanment of Defense or the U.s. Government. 18Sub;1ea. TQm$ (com", ... "" !f""<UJaryundidcmi/Yl!I'bI<>ct""",btI,) Subgroup Terror ... a System.. Red Bripdos. FLQ. Critical EmIr, DcI"IIilimi.:B1lon. MeI'l:lIIial Success. Burnout. 19Abs1f11C1(contI""""" ",i/""""'_""'whybl<>d""""-J This thesis shows how a government actor can use systems theory to hasten the deeline of a terrorist group. -
Carte Italiane, Vol
The Ambiguity ofViolence in the Decade after 1968: A Memoir of "GH anni di piombo" Simonetta Falasca-Zatnponi Dcpartmcììt of Socioloiiy iJìiiversity oj California, Santa Barbara In the second half of the 1970s, Italy experienced yet another crisis of faith in its state institutions, in part due to the governnient's inability to provide solutions to the high uneniploynient rate, particularly aniong youth. Mass education, the conquered right of the student niovenient of 1968, appeared to have nierely prolonged the tnne before young nien and wonien began hunting for a job, rather than resolve the issue ot uneniployment. Those tew students who were actually physi- cally attending mass universities in the 1970s (aniong the niany more thoiisands enrolled) became more and more aware of their problematic future and challenged education from within.The occupation of major universities sites took place in 1977 with the interruption of lectures and seminars and the physical expulsion ot professors. 1 977 was my first year in Rome as a sociology student. Sociology was not necessarily the only discipline at the vanguard of protests. Historically, the Facoltà ot Architecture, among others, had also pro- duced the main leaders ot the student movement. But since the originai founders ot the Red Brigades were sociology students at the University of Trento, sociology 's radicalism was an accepted fact m the public imagination, and sociology students did not wish to disclaim this belief. Thus, in the winter of 1977, the Facoltà di Magistero in Rome, where sociology was housed, closed down and Autonomia Operaia organized asseniblies and protests. -
L'édition Des Témoignages De Membres Des Brigades Rouges 2
Samantha WHARMBY L’édition des témoignages de membres des Brigades Rouges : Manifestations du passé et vecteurs de mémoire. Livret des annexes « Vorrei vedere con i miei piccoli occhi mortali come ci si vedrà dopo… » M A S T E R 1 Homme, Sociétés, Technologies Mention : Histoire et Histoire de l’art Spécialité : Histoire des relations et des échanges culturels internationaux Parcours MIFI La France et l’Italie : formes, cultures et relations dans l’espace européen. Sous la direction de Mme M.-A. MATARD BONUCCI Session de Juin Année universitaire 2006/2007 TABLE DES ANNEXES ANNEXE 1 : LES ORGANISATIONS D’EXTREME GAUCHE ITALIENNES. .................. 4 ANNEXE 2 : CHRONOLOGIE 1969-2006. ............................................................................. 6 ANNEXE 3 : TYPOLOGIE DES EX-BRIGADISTES/TEMOINS. ....................................... 25 ANNEXE 4 : TYPOLOGIE DES RECOLTEURS DE MEMOIRE. ...................................... 29 ANNEXE 5 : “RENATO CURCIO. IO, GUERRIGLIERO”, ENTRETIEN DE LINA COLETTI, 1990 ....................................................................................................................... 32 ANNEXE 6 : LETTRE DE DISSOCIATION D’ALBERTO FRANCESCHINI, 21 FÉVRIER 1987. ......................................................................................................................................... 36 ANNEXE 7 : “NOI LOTTIAMO PER LA ROTTURA STORICA”, ENTRETIEN DE RENATO CURCIO PAR MARIO SCIALOJA, 15 JANVIER 1975. ..................................... 37 ANNEXE 8 : ENTRETIEN DE RENATO CURCIO -
L'édition Des Témoignages De Membres Des Brigades
L’édition des témoignages de membres des Brigades Rouges : manifestations du passé et vecteurs de mémoire Samantha Wharmby To cite this version: Samantha Wharmby. L’édition des témoignages de membres des Brigades Rouges : manifestations du passé et vecteurs de mémoire. Histoire. 2007. dumas-00345738 HAL Id: dumas-00345738 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-00345738 Submitted on 9 Dec 2008 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License Samantha WHARMBY L’édition des témoignages de membres des Brigades Rouges : Manifestations du passé et vecteurs de mémoire. « Vorrei vedere con i miei piccoli occhi mortali come ci si vedrà dopo… » M A S T E R 1 Homme, Sociétés, Technologies Mention : Histoire et Histoire de l’art Spécialité : Histoire des relations et des échanges culturels internationaux Parcours MIFI La France et l’Italie : formes, cultures et relations dans l’espace européen. Sous la direction de Mme M.-A. MATARD BONUCCI Session de Juin Année universitaire 2006/2007 EN COUVERTURE : Morucci, V., La peggio gioventù: una vita nella lotta armata, Rizzoli, Milan, 2004 Franceschini, A., Mara, Renato e io: storia dei fondatori delle Br, A. -
Sandberg on Orsini, 'Anatomy of the Red Brigades: the Religious Mind-Set of Modern Terrorists'
H-War Sandberg on Orsini, 'Anatomy of the Red Brigades: The Religious Mind-Set of Modern Terrorists' Review published on Thursday, October 10, 2013 Alessandro Orsini. Anatomy of the Red Brigades: The Religious Mind-Set of Modern Terrorists. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2011. vi + 317 pp. $29.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-8014-4986-4. Reviewed by Brian Sandberg (Northern Illinois University) Published on H-War (October, 2013) Commissioned by Margaret Sankey Political violence shook modern Italian society during the anni di piombo, or Years of Lead (1969-83). Beginning in 1969, the left-wing Brigate rosse (Red Brigades) carried out numerous shootings, kidnappings, and assassinations of politicians, judges, professors, and civil servants. The Red Brigades’ most notorious attack was the audacious kidnapping and assassination of former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro in 1978. In the same period, the Brigate nere (Black Brigades), composed of right-wing militants, organized their own bombings and assassinations against political and economic targets. Although the attacks tapered off in the 1980s, the trauma of this turbulent period continues to haunt Italian society. Italian politics arguably still reflects the deep divisions of the anni di piombo, and the historical memory of the violence has not yet been seriously examined.[1] Alessandro Orsini’s Anatomy of the Red Brigades: The Religious Mind-Set of Modern Terrorists proposes a new reading of the violence of the Red Brigades. The book was originally published in Italian asAnatomia delle Brigate rosse: Le radici ideologiche del terrorismo rivoluzionario (2009). This English-language translation now introduces the Red Brigades and their ideology to broader audiences interested in political violence and terrorism. -
The Cases of Rote Armee Fraktion and Brigate Rosse
Araştırma Makalesi Research Article Factors behind the Rise and Fall of Left-Wing 469 Güvenlik Terrorism in Western Europe: Stratejileri The Cases of Rote Armee Fraktion Cilt: 15 Sayı: 31 and Brigate Rosse Batı Avrupa’da Sol Tandanslı Terörizmin Yükselişinin ve Düşüşünün Arkasındaki Faktörler: Kızıl Ordu Fraksiyonu ve Kızıl Tugaylar Örnekleri Göktuğ SÖNMEZ* Abstract The article discusses the rise and fall of the two famous left-wing terrorist groups, namely Rote Armee Fraktion and Brigate Rosse. After a brief discussion about left-wing extremism, following sections will focus on each group in more detail. After these sections, an analysis of 469 commonalities and differences about their rise and fall will be presented. Güvenlik It is expected that a causal mechanism will be fleshed out not only Stratejileri regarding left-wing terrorist groups but also terrorist groups all around Yıl: 8 the world regardless of their particular mind-set, which can both open up Sayı:16 space for future research and help devising more effective counter- terrorism strategies. Keywords: Rote Armee Fraktion, Brigate Rosse, extreme-left terrorism, Stasi, KGB. * Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University, Department of International Relations; Director, Centre for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies, Security Studies,e-mail: [email protected]. Geliş Tarihi / Arrived: 06.05.2018 Kabul Tarihi / Accepted: 22.01.2019 Göktuğ SÖNMEZ 470 Öz Güvenlik Bu makale öne çıkan iki aşırı sol terörist grubu, Kızıl Ordu Stratejileri Fraksiyonu (Red Armee Fraktion-RAF) ve Kızıl Tugaylar (Brigate Rosse- Cilt: 15 BR) yapılanmalarını ele almaktadır. Aşırı sol terörizme dair kısa bir Sayı: 31 tartışmayı takip edecek bölümler bu grupların her birini daha detaylı biçimde ele alacaktır. -
Il Sol Dell'avvenire 2008) and Carlo Lizzani
presents a documentary film produced by Alessandro Bonifazi Bruno Tribbioli a Blue Film production IL SOL DELL’AVVENIRE RED SUNRISE a film created, written and carried out by Giovanni Fasanella Gianfranco Pannone director Gianfranco Pannone Based on the book “Che cosa sono le Br” by Giovanni Fasanella Alberto Franceschini IL SOL DELL’AVVENIRE (RED SUNRISE) ● credits Created, written and carried out by Giovanni Fasanella Gianfranco Pannone Director Gianfranco Pannone Photography Marco Carosi Editing Erika Manoni Original music Rudy Gnutti Offlaga Disco Pax Assistant director Tommaso Valente Sound Angelo Bonanni Camera Antonio Covato Sound editing Fabio Cerretti Sound mix Gabriele Gubbini Produced by Alessandro Bonifazi and Bruno Tribbioli Produced with the Italian Ministry of Culture Contribution of MiBAC Regione Lazio F.I.L.A.S. Emilia Romagna Film Commission Development Storyfinders Country Italy Year of production 2008 Location Reggio Emilia Duration 78’ Format HD high Definition Standard – colour Sound Dolby Digital 5.1 Press Agency Lionella Bianca Fiorillo Storyfinders Via Nomentana, 126 - 00161 Roma ITALY Tel. +39 06 45436244 +39 340 7364203 [email protected] credits not contractual 1 IL SOL DELL’AVVENIRE (RED SUNRISE) The witnesses in order of appearance Alberto Franceschini Paolo Rozzi Tonino Loris Paroli Annibale Viappiani Roberto Ognibene Adelmo Cervi Corrado Corghi Peppino Castellani And with the participation of Offlaga Disco Pax Max Collini (voice) Enrico Fontanelli (base, electronics) Daniele Carretti (guitar, base) credits not contractual 2 IL SOL DELL’AVVENIRE (RED SUNRISE) ● premise “The Red Brigades were not born in a void. They are not the product of a lab, created by the Secret service department of some country or other, they are the result of the culture and the political tradition of Italian Left wing politics. -
Decline and Dissolution of Italian Terrorism: the Case of the Brigate Rosse, 1970-2001
DECLINE AND DISSOLUTION OF ITALIAN TERRORISM: THE CASE OF THE BRIGATE ROSSE, 1970-2001 Beatrice de Graaf Leiden University, Holanda INTRODUCTION: DECLINE AND DISSOLUTION, A MODEL Italian terrorism has predominantly been studied by Donatella della Porta, who published various books and articles about the social context and political system within which the Red Brigades emerged. She carried out a research process both based on sociological research into political opportunity structures and social movement theory, as on individual pathways into radicalization. Her trinity of macropolitical, mesodynamic group level and individual psychological radicalization processes has proved to be very useful to study not only Italian but other left wing and even present day Islamic terrorism as well.1 However, radicalization processes, are not a film that can easily be rewinded, nor should deradicalization and decline of movements be taken as the reverse process of the mechanisms described above. Therefore, to gain better understanding in decline and dissolution processes, I have chosen to make use of another model, developed by a group of Dutch social scientists. Thus, although I will be using Della Porta‘s theory in this paper to describe the emergence of the Red Brigades, I will use Demant et al‘s theory to explain their demise. 1 Donatella Della Porta, ‗Left-wing terrorism in Italy‘, in: Martha Crenshaw (ed.), Terrorism in context (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995), p. 105-159; Donatella Della Porta, Social Movements, Political Violence and the State. A Comparative Analysis of Italy and Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). 1 Palacio de la Aljafería – Calle de los Diputados, s/n– 50004 ZARAGOZA Teléfono 976 28 97 15 - Fax 976 28 96 65 fundació[email protected] www.fundacionmgimenezabad.es Demant et al. -
Processo-Alle-Brigate-Rosse-E-Ai
Processo alle Brigate Rosse e ai GAP di Feltrinelli A cura di Francesco Lisanti L'istruzione aveva preso avvio il 15 marzo 1972, allorché, sotto un traliccio dell'alta tensione n. 16 in località «Cascina Nuova», a Segrate, era stato rinvenuto il cadavere di un uomo, con abbigliamento di tipo militare e con indosso documenti di riconoscimento intestati a Maggioni Vincenzo. Il corpo appariva dilaniato dall’esplosione che aveva investito il traliccio, e ai piedi di questo e su uno dei montanti erano ancora presenti dei candelotti di dinamite collegati a batterie e orologi. In realtà si tratta di Giangiacomo Feltrinelli. Protagonisti delle indagini sono Evento: Giambattista Lazagna e Carlo Fioroni, quest’ultimo intestatario di un’assicurazione di un furgone Volkswagen ritrovato nei pressi del traliccio e di una Fiat 124 vista circolare nei pressi del traliccio stesso. Lazagna, unitamente a Italo Saugo, Giuseppe Saba, Verena Vogel, Franco Marinoni e in concorso con Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, era accusato di avere promosso, costituito, organizzato una struttura denominata G.A.P. diretta a sovvertire violentemente gli ordinamenti economici e sociali dello Stato, utilizzando basi segrete, documenti e nominativi falsi, commettendo, per raggiungere gli 2018 Processo alle Brigate Rosse e ai GAP di Feltrinelli scopi fissati, delitti comuni, attentati a linee elettriche e ferroviarie, interferenze in trasmissioni radiotelevisive, contraffazioni di timbri e sigilli di Enti Pubblici, detenzione, trasporto ed introduzione nel territorio nazionale di armi, munizioni ed esplosivo, diffusione di stampa clandestina inneggiante alla guerriglia e alla lotta rivoluzionaria. I G.A.P. vengono accusati di numerosi reati. Il 20 aprile 1970 attentato alla Sezione del P.S.U. -
CONSTRUCTING a COLLECTIVE MEMORY of ALDO MORO in ITALIAN CINEMA Katherine Greenburg Gilliom a Dissertation
SEARCHING FOR TRUTH: CONSTRUCTING A COLLECTIVE MEMORY OF ALDO MORO IN ITALIAN CINEMA Katherine Greenburg Gilliom A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Studies Chapel Hill 2016 Approved by: Marisa Escolar Federico Luisetti Samuel Amago Ennio Rao Amy Chambless © 2016 Katherine Greenburg Gilliom ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Katherine Greenburg Gilliom: Searching for Truth: Constructing a Collective Memory of Aldo Moro in Italian Cinema (Under the Direction of Marisa Escolar) This dissertation will address Aldo Moro’s presence in film and the changing manifestations of the politician in film throughout the years. I will argue that through film a comprehensive collective memory can be formed from examining what is known of the statesman, before and after his death, helping to ease the continuing sense of guilt felt by the Italian people in regards to his tragic end. In the first chapter of my dissertation I will discuss the concept of martyrdom in two films that depict Aldo Moro before his death; Elio Petri’s Todo Modo (1976) and Marco Tulio Giordana’s Romanzo di una strage (2012). Although two totally different films, historically and stylistically, both films portray a devoutly Catholic Moro and a rhetoric dealing with political martyrdom. In the second chapter of my dissertation I will address the conspiracy theories surrounding Aldo Moro’s death depicted in the films Il caso Moro (Ferrara 1986) and Piazza delle cinque lune (Martinelli 2003). Both films present their retellings of the Moro affair as revelations of the truth, focusing on the possible involvement of the Italian government, as well as the United States, in Moro’s death. -
TERROR VANQUISHED the Italian Approach to Defeating Terrorism
TERROR VANQUISHED The Italian Approach to Defeating Terrorism SIMON CLARK at George Mason University TERROR VANQUISHED The Italian Approach to Defeating Terrorism Simon Clark Copyright ©2018 Center for Security Policy Studies, Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University Library of Congress Control Number: 2018955266 ISBN: 978-1-7329478-0-1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from: The Center for Security Policy Studies Schar School of Policy and Government George Mason University 3351 Fairfax Avenue Arlington, Virginia 22201 www.csps.gmu.edu PHOTO CREDITS Cover: Dino Fracchia / Alamy Stock Photo Page 30: MARKA / Alamy Stock Photo Page 60: The Picture Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photo Page 72: Dino Fracchia / Alamy Stock Photo Page 110: Dino Fracchia / Alamy Stock Photo Publication design by Lita Ledesma Contents Foreword 5 Preface 7 Introduction 11 Chapter 1: The Italian Approach to Counter-Terrorism 21 Chapter 2: Post War Italian Politics: Stasis And Chaos 31 Chapter 3: The Italian Security Apparatus 43 Chapter 4: Birth of the Red Brigades: Years of Lead 49 Chapter 5: Attacking the Heart of the State 61 Chapter 6: Escalation, Repentance, Defeat 73 Chapter 7: State Sponsorship: a Comforting Illusion 81 Chapter 8: A Strategy for Psychological Warfare 91 Chapter 9: Conclusion: Defeating A Terrorist Threat 111 Bibliography 119 4 Terror Vanquished: The Italian Approach to Defeating Terrorism Foreword 5 Foreword It is my pleasure to introduce Terrorism Vanquished: the Italian Approach to Defeating Terror, by Simon Clark. In this compelling analysis, Mr. -
Anni 70 | Insorgenze
Anni 70 | Insorgenze insorgenze.net/category/anni-70/ By insorgenze Arrestato a Milano il 4 aprile del 1981, dopo una trappola tesa in realtà ad Enrico Fenzi da un ex detenuto divenuto informatore della polizia, Mario Moretti, 75 anni compiuti il 16 gennaio 2021, ha raggiunto il suo quarantesimo anno di esecuzione pena. E’ l’unico membro del nucleo storico e del comitato esecutivo delle Brigate rosse ad essere ancora in carcere, in regime di semilibertà, misura ottenuta nel 1997 e che ha visto in questi anni chiusure, riaperture, restrizioni. Una circostanza che da sola dovrebbe fare giustizia dell’accusa che da più parti gli viene mossa di essere stato un infiltrato all’interno delle Brigate rosse. Nel corso dei decenni trascorsi è stata costruita sulla sua persona una leggenda nera che lo rappresenta come una figura ambigua, un doppiogiochista che ha operato per conto di imprecisati Servizi segreti la cui nazionalità, o campo di appartenenza, varia di volta in volta secondo le opinioni e gli schieramenti dei suoi accusatori. Nonostante la presenza di una ricca pubblicistica e filmografia che lo rappresenta in questo modo, prove anche minime di queste affermazioni non ne esistono. Ma in questi casi non servono, basta il brusio di fondo, il gioco di specchi e di echi reciproci dove il rimbalzo delle parole dell’uno e dell’altro diventa fonte del vero. Una macchina del fango a cui basta inchiodare la persona al sospetto, all’illazione, alla congettura. Le diffamazioni del «Mega» A puntare il dito contro di lui, trasformando la dialettica politica, la diversità di punti vista sul modo di fare la lotta armata in attacchi alla purezza e integrità politica personale, sono stati all’inizio due suoi ex compagni.