DOCSLIB.ORG

Just and Unjust Sanctions: the Case Study of Iran by Shani Hormozi a Thesis Presented to the University of Waterloo in Fulfilmen

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Just and Unjust Sanctions: the Case Study of Iran by Shani Hormozi a Thesis Presented to the University of Waterloo in Fulfilmen Just and Unjust Sanctions: The Case Study of Iran by Shani Hormozi A thesis presented to the University Of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Global Governance Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2016 © Shani Hormozi 2016 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract This dissertation aims to accomplish two major goals: 1. To provide a theoretical framework for studying and evaluating justice in sanctions by modifying and expanding the Just War Tradition (JWT); 2. To apply this theoretical framework, Just Sanctions theory (JST), in order to study justice in sanctions on Iran. Accordingly, first I introduce a new theoretical framework: Just Sanctions Theory (JST), and then I use the theory to explore the degree to which the authorization and implementation of sanctions against Iran have been just. In this analysis, it is important to distinguish, compare and contrast the sanctions authorized by the United Nations (UN) from those authorized by the US and the EU. I carry out this analysis realizing fully that the contexts of UN and non-UN sanctions on Iran are deeply intertwined. The findings of this research substantiate my hypothesis that the authorization of non-UN sanctions against Iran has not been just and that non-UN sanctions have not been implemented justly. In contrast, I argue that both the authorization and implementation of UN sanctions on Iran were less unjust. At the same time, however, I show that the impacts of sanctions against Iran from all three sources, in general, have been overarching and indiscriminate. Furthermore, I examine the degree to which the rapid globalization of transnational economic connections facilitates to this day the deep and destructive living conditions of the citizens of Iran. Such conditions have emerged as a consequence of the sweeping and crunching impositions of sanctions. Lastly, given the recent developments in Iran’s nuclear case and the partial sanctions relief Iran has received, I briefly analyze “Just Post Sanctions” in the case of Iran. In carrying out the necessary research, I have conducted both field research (in Iran) and library research (primary and secondary sources); in addition, I have devoted a portion of iii my research to the content analysis of statements by both sides (sanctioner(s) and target) as well as content analysis of sanctions-related documents. iv Acknowledgements First and foremost I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my advisor, Professor William D. Coleman. Professor Coleman has been an exceptional academic role model. His unique teaching, mentoring and advising style have all been highly motivating for me especially as I also aim for a career as a university professor. Professor Coleman skillfully helped me stay focused on my research during tough times and made my first experience of studying abroad one of the most joyful, fruitful, and satisfactory experiences in both my personal and professional lives. I am also especially grateful to Professor janet M. Lang and Professor James G. Blight for their insightful comments and encouragement with my research. They have always been an invaluable source of friendship and support throughout my entire Ph.D program experience. I would similarly like to thank Professor Paul Freston for his constructive criticisms and suggestions with my research. He truly helped widen my research to include more perspectives. Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge and thank all of the funding sources that generously facilitated my studies and research. I was awarded with the Ontario Trillium Scholarship for the first four years, the Balsillie Doctoral Fellowship for the past five years, the International Doctoral Student Award for the first four years, and University of Waterloo Doctoral Thesis - Completion Award for my final semester. I would also like to acknowledge the Dana Porter Library at the University of Waterloo, where I was openhandedly provided with research facilities and a peaceful research environment during many long days and nights. Finally, I would like to thank my beloved parents for their immense love and encouragement throughout all of my pursuits. v Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my father, Fereidoun, and mother, Simin, who have been an endless source of love and support throughout my entire life. I cannot express how grateful I am to have such a wonderful parents. I would also like to dedicate my thesis to all those who have tried and will try to promote justice in the world and mitigate the suffering of people either through their academic research or their practices. vi Table of Contents Author’s Declaration ........................................................................................................ ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ v Dedication .......................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………….x List of Graphs…………………………………………………………………………....xi List of Charts……………………………………………………………………………xii List of Tables.….…………………………………………………………….……….....xii Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 War, Sanctions, and Justice ...................................................................................................... 2 Research questions and hypothesis .......................................................................................... 4 Research Plan ............................................................................................................................. 5 Chapter One: Addressing the Argument; Theoretical Framework, Contribution and Literature Reviews, and Methodology ............................................................................ 8 1. Just War Tradition (JWT) ................................................................................................ 9 1.1. Justice of War (jus ad bellum) .................................................................................... 10 1.2. Justice In War (jus in bello) ........................................................................................ 11 1.3. Justice Before War (jus ante bellum) & Justice After War (jus post bellum) ............. 12 2. How Is the Theoretical Foundation of JWT Applicable to Studying Sanctions? ....... 13 3. Just Sanctions Theory (JST): Operationalization of Key Concepts ............................ 13 3.1. Just Authorization of Sanctions .................................................................................. 14 3.2. Just Implementation of Sanctions ............................................................................... 23 3.3. Just Post-Sanctions ...................................................................................................... 27 4. Contribution and Innovation According to the Existing Literature Review .............. 28 5. Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 33 Chapter 2: Just Authorization of Sanctions (Part I) .................................................... 34 1. Comparative Just Cause .................................................................................................. 35 1.1. Comparative Just Cause for Nuclear-Related Sanctions Against Iran ........................ 36 1.2. Comparative just cause for human rights-related sanctions against Iran .................... 59 1.3. Comparative just cause for terrorism-related sanctions against Iran .......................... 68 Chapter 3: Just Authorization of Sanctions (Part II) .................................................. 71 1. Right objective .................................................................................................................. 72 1.1. The sanctioners’ narrative on sanctions core objectives ............................................. 72 1.2. Iran’s narrative on sanctions’ core objectives ............................................................. 73 1.3. Examining the criterion ............................................................................................... 75 2. Last resort ......................................................................................................................... 76 2.1. The opposing countries’ narrative on appealing to nuclear-related sanctions as the “last resort” ............................................................................................................................ 76 2.2. Iran’s narrative on appealing to nuclear-related sanctions as the “last resort” ........... 80 2.3. Studying the “last resort” criterion regarding human rights and terrorism-related sanctions against Iran ............................................................................................................ 83 2.4. Examining the criterion ............................................................................................... 84 3. Proportionality
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Japan-Iran Relations Japan-Iran Relations June 2009
    1. Japan-Iran Relations Japan-Iran Relations June 2009 (1) Japan-Iran Political Relations • Japan highly values its relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran in view of a stable supply of crude oil and ensure stability in the Middle East. • Based on friendly relations, Japan has conveyed Iran of its stance, as well as the international community’s stern view, on the nuclear issue. • Last year, Japan continued to maintain a close exchange of views with Iran through mutual visits, including the Regular Japan-Iran Vice-Ministerial Consultations in May in Teheran and in December in Tokyo; a visit to Japan in February by Dr. Mohammad-Javad ARDASHIR=LARIJANI, Secretary General of National Supreme Council of Human Rights of the Judiciary; a visit to Iran in June by Senior Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs Itsunori Onodera; a visit to Japan in October by H.E. Dr. Mohammad Baqer Ghalibaf, Mayor of Tehran; a visit to Iran in November by Mr. Taro Nakayama, chairman of the Japan-Iran Parliamentarians Friendship League; and a visit to Japan in November by Vice President Esfandyar Rahim MASHAEE. This year, Minister for Foreign Affairs Hirofumi Nakasone held a telephone conference in January with Iranian Minister of Foreign Affairs Manouchehr Mottaki (on the situation in Gaza). Mr. Samareh Hashemi, Senior Advisor to the President of Iran, visited Japan as a special presidential envoy, and met with Prime Minister Taro Aso, Chief Cabinet Secretary Takeo Kawamura, and Foreign Minister Nakasone. In April, Foreign Minister Mottaki visited Japan to attend the Pakistan Donors Conference and met with Prime Minister Aso and Foreign Minister Nakasone.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 8Th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Cyber Power
    2016 8th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Cyber Power N.Pissanidis, H.Rõigas, M.Veenendaal (Eds.) 31 MAY - 03 JUNE 2016, TALLINN, ESTONIA 2016 8TH International ConFerence on CYBER ConFlict: CYBER POWER Copyright © 2016 by NATO CCD COE Publications. All rights reserved. IEEE Catalog Number: CFP1626N-PRT ISBN (print): 978-9949-9544-8-3 ISBN (pdf): 978-9949-9544-9-0 CopyriGHT AND Reprint Permissions No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence ([email protected]). This restriction does not apply to making digital or hard copies of this publication for internal use within NATO, and for personal or educational use when for non-profit or non-commercial purposes, providing that copies bear this notice and a full citation on the first page as follows: [Article author(s)], [full article title] 2016 8th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Cyber Power N.Pissanidis, H.Rõigas, M.Veenendaal (Eds.) 2016 © NATO CCD COE Publications PrinteD copies OF THIS PUBlication are availaBLE From: NATO CCD COE Publications Filtri tee 12, 10132 Tallinn, Estonia Phone: +372 717 6800 Fax: +372 717 6308 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.ccdcoe.org Head of publishing: Jaanika Rannu Layout: Jaakko Matsalu LEGAL NOTICE: This publication contains opinions of the respective authors only. They do not necessarily reflect the policy or the opinion of NATO CCD COE, NATO, or any agency or any government.
    [Show full text]
  • Blood-Soaked Secrets Why Iran’S 1988 Prison Massacres Are Ongoing Crimes Against Humanity
    BLOOD-SOAKED SECRETS WHY IRAN’S 1988 PRISON MASSACRES ARE ONGOING CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2017 Cover photo: Collage of some of the victims of the mass prisoner killings of 1988 in Iran. Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons © Amnesty International (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2017 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: MDE 13/9421/2018 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS GLOSSARY 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 METHODOLOGY 18 2.1 FRAMEWORK AND SCOPE 18 2.2 RESEARCH METHODS 18 2.2.1 TESTIMONIES 20 2.2.2 DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE 22 2.2.3 AUDIOVISUAL EVIDENCE 23 2.2.4 COMMUNICATION WITH IRANIAN AUTHORITIES 24 2.3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 25 BACKGROUND 26 3.1 PRE-REVOLUTION REPRESSION 26 3.2 POST-REVOLUTION REPRESSION 27 3.3 IRAN-IRAQ WAR 33 3.4 POLITICAL OPPOSITION GROUPS 33 3.4.1 PEOPLE’S MOJAHEDIN ORGANIZATION OF IRAN 33 3.4.2 FADAIYAN 34 3.4.3 TUDEH PARTY 35 3.4.4 KURDISH DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF IRAN 35 3.4.5 KOMALA 35 3.4.6 OTHER GROUPS 36 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Hostage Crisis in Iran May Or May Not Have Been a Proportionate Response
    AP United States History Document-Based Question Note: The following document is adopted from the AP U.S. History College Board Examples United States History Section II Total Time – 1 hour, 30 minutes Question 1 (Document-Based Question) Suggested reading period: 15 minutes Suggested writing period: 40 minutes This question is based on the accompanying documents. The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise. In your response you should do the following: Thesis: Present a thesis that makes a historically defensible claim and responds to all parts of the question. The thesis must consist of one or more sentences located in one place, either in the introduction or in the conclusion. Argument Development: Develop and support a cohesive argument that recognizes and accounts for historical complexity by explicitly illustrating relationships among historical evidence such as contradiction, corroboration, and/or qualification. Use of Documents: Utilize the content of at least six documents to support the stated thesis or a relevant argument. Sourcing the Documents: Explain the significance of the author’s point of view, author’s purpose, historical context, and/or audience for at least four documents. Contextualization: Situate the argument by explaining the broader historical events, developments, or processes immediately relevant to the question. Outside Evidence: Provide an example or additional piece of specific evidence beyond those found in the documents to support or qualify the argument. Synthesis: Extend the argument by explaining the connections between the argument and one of the following o A development in a different historical period, situation, era, or geographical area. o A course theme and/or approach to history that is not the focus of the essay (such as political, economic, social, cultural, or intellectual history).
    [Show full text]
  • Examining 10 Warning Signs of Iran Nuclear Weapons
    International Committee In Search of Justice (ISJ) President: Dr. Alejo Vidal-Quadras Rue d’Arlon 63, B-1040 Brussels Belgium Tel : +32 2 400 1071 [email protected] www.isjcommittee.com EXAMINING 10 WARNING SIGNS OF IRAN NUCLEAR WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT NOVEMBER 20,2014 Dr. Alejo Vidal Quadras, Former Vice‐President of European Parliament, Professor of Atomic and Nuclear Physics: “An objective, thoroughly researched report on the core issue of the nature of Iranian nuclear program and its status”. Bob Jospeh, Former US Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, Senior White House Security Council staff on weapons of mass destruction: “A critically important report at a critically important time”. John Bolton, former US Ambassador to the UN, former Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security: "A timely and well document report with alarming findings on Iran's nuclear program." Contents Executive summary Chapter 1: SPND (organ in charge of weaponization) Chapter 2: Procurement of dual purpose equipment and its possible use for military dimensions of nuclear program Chapter 3: Secret enrichment of uranium Chapter 4: Enrichment using laser technology Chapter 5: High explosives tests and trigger mechanism Chapter 6: Neutron initiator Chapter 7: Manufacturing uranium metal (uranium hemisphere) Chapter 8: Hydro-dynamic tests and explosion vessels at Parchin site Chapter 9: Research on nuclear warhead Chapter 10: Key scientists and researchers engaged in possible military dimensions of nuclear program International Committee In Search of Justice (ISJ) was initially formed in 2008 as an informal group of EU parliamentarians to seek justice for the Iranian democratic opposition.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran's Nuclear Ambitions From
    IDENTITY AND LEGITIMACY: IRAN’S NUCLEAR AMBITIONS FROM NON- TRADITIONAL PERSPECTIVES Pupak Mohebali Doctor of Philosophy University of York Politics June 2017 Abstract This thesis examines the impact of Iranian elites’ conceptions of national identity on decisions affecting Iran's nuclear programme and the P5+1 nuclear negotiations. “Why has the development of an indigenous nuclear fuel cycle been portrayed as a unifying symbol of national identity in Iran, especially since 2002 following the revelation of clandestine nuclear activities”? This is the key research question that explores the Iranian political elites’ perspectives on nuclear policy actions. My main empirical data is elite interviews. Another valuable source of empirical data is a discourse analysis of Iranian leaders’ statements on various aspects of the nuclear programme. The major focus of the thesis is how the discourses of Iranian national identity have been influential in nuclear decision-making among the national elites. In this thesis, I examine Iranian national identity components, including Persian nationalism, Shia Islamic identity, Islamic Revolutionary ideology, and modernity and technological advancement. Traditional rationalist IR approaches, such as realism fail to explain how effective national identity is in the context of foreign policy decision-making. I thus discuss the connection between national identity, prestige and bargaining leverage using a social constructivist approach. According to constructivism, states’ cultures and identities are not established realities, but the outcomes of historical and social processes. The Iranian nuclear programme has a symbolic nature that mingles with socially constructed values. There is the need to look at Iran’s nuclear intentions not necessarily through the lens of a nuclear weapons programme, but rather through the regime’s overall nuclear aspirations.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline of Iran's Foreign Relations Semira N
    Timeline of Iran's Foreign Relations Semira N. Nikou 1979 Feb. 12 – Syria was the first Arab country to recognize the revolutionary regime when President Hafez al Assad sent a telegram of congratulations to Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The revolution transformed relations between Iran and Syria, which had often been hostile under the shah. Feb. 14 – Students stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, but were evicted by the deputy foreign minister and Iranian security forces. Feb. 18 – Iran cut diplomatic relations with Israel. Oct. 22 – The shah entered the United States for medical treatment. Iran demanded the shah’s return to Tehran. Nov. 4 – Students belonging to the Students Following the Imam’s Line seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. The hostage crisis lasted 444 days. On Nov. 12, Washington cut off oil imports from Iran. On Nov. 14, President Carter issued Executive Order 12170 ordering a freeze on an estimated $6 billion of Iranian assets and official bank deposits in the United States. March – Iran severed formal diplomatic ties with Egypt after it signed a peace deal with Israel. Three decades later, Egypt was still the only Arab country that did not have an embassy in Tehran. 1980 April 7 – The United States cut off diplomatic relations with Iran. April 25 – The United States attempted a rescue mission of the American hostages during Operation Eagle Claw. The mission failed due to a sandstorm and eight American servicemen were killed. Ayatollah Khomeini credited the failure to divine intervention. Sept. 22 – Iraq invaded Iran in a dispute over the Shatt al-Arab waterway.
    [Show full text]
  • Continuation of the National Emergency with Respect to Iran
    1 116th Congress, 1st Session – – – – – – – – – – – – – House Document 116–79 CONTINUATION OF THE NATIONAL EMERGENCY WITH RESPECT TO IRAN COMMUNICATION FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES TRANSMITTING NOTIFICATION THAT THE NATIONAL EMERGENCY WITH RESPECT TO IRAN, DECLARED IN EXECUTIVE ORDER 12170 OF NOVEMBER 14, 1979, IS TO CONTINUE IN EFFECT BEYOND NOVEMBER 14, 2019, PURSUANT TO 50 U.S.C. 1622(d); PUBLIC LAW 94–412, SEC. 202(d); (90 STAT. 1257) NOVEMBER 13, 2019.—Referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs and ordered to be printed U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 99–011 WASHINGTON : 2019 VerDate Sep 11 2014 05:28 Nov 15, 2019 Jkt 099011 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4012 Sfmt 4012 E:\HR\OC\HD079.XXX HD079 Sspencer on DSKBBXCHB2PROD with REPORTS E:\Seals\Congress.#13 VerDate Sep 11 2014 05:28 Nov 15, 2019 Jkt 099011 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 4012 Sfmt 4012 E:\HR\OC\HD079.XXX HD079 Sspencer on DSKBBXCHB2PROD with REPORTS To the Congress of the United States: Section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)) provides for the automatic termination of a national emer- gency unless, within 90 days before the anniversary date of its dec- laration, the President publishes in the Federal Register and trans- mits to the Congress a notice stating that the emergency is to con- tinue in effect beyond the anniversary date. In accordance with this provision, I have sent to the Federal Register for publication the en- closed notice stating that the national emergency with respect to Iran declared in Executive Order 12170 of November 14, 1979, is to continue in effect beyond November 14, 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran'in Siber Güvenlik Stratejisinin Saldiri Ve
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334583513 İRAN’IN SİBER GÜVENLİK STRATEJİSİNİN SALDIRI VE SAVUNMA KAPASİTESİ BAKIMINDAN ANALİZİ Article in Turkish Studies - Social Sciences · January 2019 DOI: 10.29228/TurkishStudies.22799 CITATIONS READS 0 225 1 author: Ali Burak Darıcılı 35 PUBLICATIONS 21 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Ali Burak Darıcılı on 25 July 2019. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Turkish Studies Social Sciences Volume 14 Issue 3, 2019, p. 409-425 DOI: 10.29228/TurkishStudies.22799 ISSN: 2667-5617 Skopje/MACEDONIA-Ankara/TURKEY Research Article / Araştırma Makalesi A r t i c l e I n f o / M a k a l e B i l g i s i Received/Geliş: 04.02.2019 Accepted/Kabul: 10.06.2019 Report Dates/Rapor Tarihleri: Referee 1 (15.03.2019)-Referee 2 (11.03.2019)- Referee 3 (18.03.2019) This article was checked by iThenticate. ANALYSIS OF IRAN'S CYBER SECURITY STRATEGY WITH REGARD TO THE ATTACK AND THE DEFENSE CAPACITY Ali Burak DARICILI ABSTRACT The Stuxnet Virus was released in June 2010 and has affected Iran's nuclear facilities in Bushehr and Natanz. It was claimed that the United States of America (USA) and Israel secret services together have a role in the planning of this cyber-attack. Following this cover activity, also known as Operation Olympic Games in the literature, Iran considered the need to take serious measures in the field of cyber security and aimed to reach an effective cyber security capacity in cyber space with the investments made in 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • Andrew Futter Nuclear Weapons .Indd
    # 56 VALDAI PAPERS September 2016 www.valdaiclub.com NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN THE CYBER AGE: NEW CHALLENGES FOR SECURITY, STRATEGY AND STABILITY Andrew Futter About the author: Andrew Futter Senior Lecturer in International Politics, Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Leicester ; Fellow of the UK Higher Education Academy The views and opinions expressed in this Paper are those of the author and do not represent the views of the Valdai Discussion Club, unless explicitly stated otherwise. NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN THE CYBER AGE: NEW CHALLENGES FOR SECURITY, STRATEGY AND STABILITY The safe, secure and reliable management of nuclear weapons has always been a complex and complicated business, plagued by uncertainty and risks. But these challenges are being magnified and aggravated by new cyber tools, dynamics and capabilities, and from the threat posed by hackers seeking to gain access to, or interfere with, nuclear systems. The challenge is myriad in its scope, and ranges from the safe, secure and reliable nuclear C2, through fresh problems for information security, proliferation, and the safeguarding of highly sensitive nuclear secrets, to new complications for strategic deterrence and escalation, and the emergence of a cyber-nuclear security dilemma. While cyber threats may not currently undermine or supersede the role of nuclear weapons as the ultimate symbol of national security, increased uncertainty about the integrity and security of these systems raises questions for nuclear force management, thinking and strategy for all nuclear-armed states. The cyber challenge is nuanced and subtle, complicating and obfuscating the intrinsic difficulties of nuclear C2 and nuclear strategy rather than fundamentally transforming them.
    [Show full text]
  • Earlier Report on Saudi Arabia's Measures to Combat Money
    MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA FINANCIAL ACTION TASK FORCE FINANCIAL ACTION TASK FORCE Mutual Evaluation Report Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 25 June 2010 The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a member of the Middle East & North Africa Financial Action Task Force (MENAFATF). It is also a member of the Gulf Co-operation Council, which is a member of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). The Mutual Evaluation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was conducted as a joint exercise between the MENAFATF and the FATF. The Mutual Evaluation Report was considered and adopted by the MENAFATF at its plenary meeting in Yasmine Hammamet, Tunisia on 4 May 2010, and then by the FATF at its plenary in Amsterdam on 25 June 2010, which introduced limited changes to it. © 2010 FATF/OECD. All rights reserved. No reproduction or translation of this publication may be made without prior written permission. Requests for permission to further disseminate, reproduce or translate all or part of this publication should be made to the FATF Secretariat, 2 rue André Pascal 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France (fax +33 1 44 30 61 37 or e-mail: [email protected]) Mutual Evaluation Report of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE INFORMATION AND METHODOLOGY USED FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA .................................................................................................................. 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • USAF Counterproliferation Center CPC Outreach Journal #867
    USAF COUNTERPROLIFERATION CENTER CPC OUTREACH JOURNAL Maxwell AFB, Alabama Issue No. 867, 14 December 2010 Articles & Other Documents: WH: Obama Won't Leave DC until Nuke Deal is Done S. Korea, U.S. Launch Joint Committee to Deter N. Korea's Nuclear Threats START Pact Has Enough Votes, U.S. Aide Says N Korea's Nuclear Capacity Worries Russia Clock Ticking, Obama Urges Senate OK of Arms Treaty S.Korea Suspects Secret Uranium Enrichment in North Senate Working on Ratification of U.S.-Russian Strategic Arms Treaty - White House US Suspects Secret Burma Nuclear Sites Manouchehr Mottaki Fired from Iran Foreign Minister Burma Not Nuclear, Says Abhisit Job Test of Agni-II's Advanced Version Fails Intelligence Chiefs Fear Nuclear War between Israel and Tehran Russian Military to Receive 1,300 Types of Weaponry by 2020 Rudd Calls for Inspections of Israel's Nuclear Facility Russia, NATO May Make Soon Progress in Joint Iran Foreign Policy 'Unchanged' by Mottaki Sacking Missile Defense Progress North Korea Stresses Commitment to Nuclear Weapons Bolivia Rejects Alvaro Uribe’s Accusations about Nuclear Program N. Korean FM Defends Pyongyang's Decision to Bolster Nuclear Arsenal U.S. to Spend $1B Over Five Years on Conventional Strike Systems Japan Plans more Patriot Systems to Shoot Down N. Korean Missiles Talks with Iran Just a Start Iran's Nuclear Plans Give West a Tough Choice Welcome to the CPC Outreach Journal. As part of USAF Counterproliferation Center’s mission to counter weapons of mass destruction through education and research, we’re providing our government and civilian community a source for timely counterproliferation information.
    [Show full text]