DOCSLIB.ORG

“Women, Peace and Security”

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“Women, Peace and Security” Estonia’s Action Plan for the Implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 “WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY” in Estonia 2010–2014 Estonian health care expert Anu Raisma carrying out a first aid training course in southern Afghanistan’s Helmand Province. Photo: Anu Raisma Introduction In October 2000 the UN Security Council unani- and post-conflict reconstruction and protect 1. mously adopted resolution 1325 where it ac- women from gender-based and sexual violence knowledged the disproportionately harmful im- in armed conflict. pact of armed conflicts on women and the need Estonia supports the implementation of Secu- to take into account the gender perspective in rity Council resolution 1325 and is a co-sponsor conflict resolution and post-conflict reconstruc- of its follow-up resolutions 1820 and 1888. The tion. The Security Council also admitted the sig- implementation of the objectives set out in res- nificant contribution of women to the mainte- olution 1325 is important for Estonia for three nance of peace and security. main reasons. Firstly, as a member of the UN, The resolution was based on the worrisome rec- European Union, NATO and the OSCE, Estonia ognition that as a result of the changing char- participates actively in maintaining internation- acter of military conflicts the majority of the al peace and security. Secondly, the promotion victims of conflicts continued to be civilians. of the rights and situation of women is one of Women are in a particularly poor situation, as the priorities of Estonia’s foreign policy, devel- conflicts increase gender-based and sexual vio- opment cooperation and human rights activi- lence targeted against women and restrict their ties. And thirdly, Estonia is contributing to inter- access to health care, education and economic national military and civil missions in countries and political activities. where conflict resolution and peace-building is directly linked to the implementation of reso- The Security Council resolution set binding lution 1325 and where the inclusion of gender tasks for the Council itself, the UN system, in- dimension in the planning and implementation ternational organisations, Member States as of missions will enhance the efficiency of inter- well as for all parties to armed conflicts. These national efforts. are aimed at ensuring inclusion of the gender perspective in crisis management operations, The implementation of the objectives estab- increase the role women in conflict resolution lished in the resolution is also vital for Estonia ESTONIAN MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS 1 as a candidate for the UN Security Council for Security Council resolution 1325 and its follow- 2020–2021. up resolutions. The plan incorporates Estonia’s activities related to women, peace and security Although this autumn marks the 10th anniver- in the field of foreign policy, human rights, de- sary of the adoption of the resolution, the UN as velopment cooperation and humanitarian as- well as the member states are far from achieving sistance as well as international military and civil their goals. Women and girls are still involved in missions. The action plan shall be implemented armed conflicts with serious effects and interna- in cooperation with the representatives of the tional efforts to include the gender perspective Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Defence, in conflict resolution have often reached only Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of Social Affairs, the initial stage. Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Education and Re- The objective of this action plan is to systema- search, their agencies and civil society organisa- tise and enhance Estonia’s efforts to implement tions. Principles and Process of Compiling the Plan The following principles have served as a basis The plan covers the areas where Estonia can 2. for compiling the action plan: contribute to the implementation of the ob- jectives of resolution 1325, including interna- . to base the plan on the already existing ac- tions in the field of peace, security, develop- tional diplomacy, development cooperation ment and gender equality, reinforcing and and humanitarian assistance as well as interna- systematising them through the plan; tional military and civil missions. to focus on specific priorities to ensure the The action plan was compiled by an interde- maximum efficiency of Estonia’s contribu- partmental working group formed by the tion; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which included min- istries, agencies and other parties whose activi- . to associate Estonia’s other planning docu- ties are related to the subject of women, peace ments, including development plans and and security. The working group consisted of strategies, with the action plan consider- the representatives of the Ministry of Foreign ing the action plan’s interrelatedness with a Affairs, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of the Inte- number of different fields of activity. rior, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Justice, The plan covers all the main areas of resolution Ministry of Education and Research, General 1325 and its follow-up resolutions, including Staff of the Defence Forces, Police and Border the inclusion of the gender perspective in con- Guard Board, Rescue Board, Academy of Se- flict resolution and peace-building, the partici- curity Sciences and civil society organisations. pation of women in maintaining peace and se- The working group finalised its work in October curity and the protection of the rights of women 2010. in conflict, including protection from violence. The compilation of the action plan was founded The efforts included in the plan have been di- on an analysis of Estonia’s activities related to vided between activities to be implemented women, peace and security to date in order to at the national level and in international or- define, on this basis, its further priorities. The ganisations. The purpose of the division is to analysis also included the latest steps taken to ensure the efficiency of Estonia’s activities and implement resolution 1325 in international or- avoid duplication, focusing on the activity in ganisations whose efforts Estonia through its the context where it leads to the best results. membership is contributing to. The increasing incorporation of the gender per- spective in the EU, NATO and the UN activities In addition to putting together the action plan, on peace and security and efforts within the the objective of the working group was to de- framework of these organisations enable Esto- velop closer contacts and increase awareness nia to multiply the impact of its activities. How- among parties related to the issue of women, ever, the engagement in international organisa- peace and security, especially in connection tions does not mean disregarding work at the with the 10th anniversary of the adoption of res- national level. olution 1325. ESTONIAN MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS 2 Priorities of the Action Plan In accordance with Estonia’s current activities, . increasing the number of experts on gender 3. capacities and its main objectives related to issues and the provision of training for them, peace and security, the action plan focuses on as well as increasing general awareness of the following activities: women, peace and security in institutions . political and diplomatic activities in interna- dealing with peace and security; tional organisations; . expansion of women’s opportunities to par- . bilateral and multilateral development co- ticipate in international military and civil op- operation, and humanitarian assistance to erations and increasing the representation of improve the conditions of women in post- women in international positions related to conflict situations; the maintenance of peace and security. Women in Conflict – UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) and International Efforts in Implementing the Resolution By resolution 1325 (2000) adopted in 2000, the The first Security Council resolution on women, 4. UN Security Council for the first time affirmed peace and security was followed by resolution the importance of the gender perspective in the 1820 (2008) in 2008 that supplemented the maintenance of peace and security. The resolu- provisions of resolution 1325 with respect to tion has led to the recognition of the following sexual violence in conflict. The Security Council aspects of armed conflicts: noted that sexual violence, when used or com- missioned as a tactic of war in order to deliber- . Conflicts have a different impact on women ately target civilians or as part of a widespread and men. Conflict prevention, resolution or systematic attack against civilian popula- and post-conflict peace-building affect tions, can significantly exacerbate situations of women and men in a dissimilar manner and armed conflict and may impede the restora- both have a differing role in these proc- tion of international peace. In the autumn of esses. The planning and implementation of 2009 the Security Council adopted two other peacekeeping operations and post-conflict resolutions taking the previous texts further. recovery has to take into account the various Resolution 1888 (2009) endorsed the creation needs of women and men and the different of a position of a Special Representative of the impact that these activities have on them. Secretary-General on sexual violence in armed Disregard for this consideration decreases conflict and the establishment of a rapid reac- the efficiency and sustainability of the activi- tion team of experts. The second resolution ties overall. 1889 (2009) requested that the UN with the as- . Due to widespread gender-based violence, sistance of Member States collect information including sexual violence, conflicts have a about the needs of women in a conflict and specific and serious impact on women. The also requested that the UN Secretary-General use of sexual violence as a tactic of war has submit to the Security Council the proposals for become increasingly frequent. The overrid- a set of indicators that would enable tracking ing majority of victims of armed conflicts are the implementation of resolution 1325. The UN, civilians. Member States and civil society have continued to develop the indicators in 2010.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Estonian Ministry of Education and Research
    Estonian Ministry of Education and Research LANGUAGE EDUCATION POLICY PROFILE COUNTRY REPORT ESTONIA Tartu 2008 Estonian Ministry of Education and Research LANGUAGE EDUCATION POLICY PROFILE COUNTRY REPORT ESTONIA Estonian Ministry of Education and Research LANGUAGE EDUCATION POLICY PROFILE COUNTRY REPORT ESTONIA Tartu 2008 Authors: Language Education Policy Profile for Estonia (Country Report) has been prepared by the Committee established by directive no. 1010 of the Minister of Education and Research of 23 October 2007 with the following members: Made Kirtsi – Head of the School Education Unit of the Centre for Educational Programmes, Archimedes Foundation, Co-ordinator of the Committee and the Council of Europe Birute Klaas – Professor and Vice Rector, University of Tartu Irene Käosaar – Head of the Minorities Education Department, Ministry of Education and Research Kristi Mere – Co-ordinator of the Department of Language, National Examinations and Qualifications Centre Järvi Lipasti – Secretary for Cultural Affairs, Finnish Institute in Estonia Hele Pärn – Adviser to the Language Inspectorate Maie Soll – Adviser to the Language Policy Department, Ministry of Education and Research Anastassia Zabrodskaja – Research Fellow of the Department of Estonian Philology at Tallinn University Tõnu Tender – Adviser to the Language Policy Department of the Ministry of Education and Research, Chairman of the Committee Ülle Türk – Lecturer, University of Tartu, Member of the Testing Team of the Estonian Defence Forces Jüri Valge – Adviser, Language Policy Department of the Ministry of Education and Research Silvi Vare – Senior Research Fellow, Institute of the Estonian Language Reviewers: Martin Ehala – Professor, Tallinn University Urmas Sutrop – Director, Institute of the Estonian Language, Professor, University of Tartu Translated into English by Kristel Weidebaum, Luisa Translating Bureau Table of contents PART I.
    [Show full text]
  • Legal Considerations
    © 2010 Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCD COE) Contact: Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCD COE) 12 Filtri Rd. 10132 Tallinn, Estonia [email protected] www.ccdcoe.org All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of CCD COE. The views, opinions, and/or findings and recommendations contained in this analysis are those of the authors and should not be construed as an official position, policy, or decision of NATO or any NATO entity. Layout, design and illustrations: Marko Söönurm ISBN: 978-9949-9040-0-6 INTERNATIONAL CYBER INCIDENTS: LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS Eneken Tikk Kadri Kaska Liis Vihul 2010 4 Contents PREFACE ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDIES..........................................................................................................................................................................................10 ESTONIA 2007 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14
    [Show full text]
  • Commission Federale Des Officiels Techniques
    COMMISSION FEDERALE DES OFFICIELS TECHNIQUES Nominations des arbitres français sur les compétitions internationales 2019, au 04 octobre 2019 Niveau Dates Tournoi Lieu Arbitre ou UM désigné Compétition 08-13 janv Thailand Masters Bangkok BWF Super 300 MESTON François 10-13 janv Estonian International Tallinn Int. Series LAPLACE Patrick 17-20 janv Swedish Open Lund Int. Series DAMANY Xavier 22-27 janv Indonesia Masters Jakarta BWF Super 500 VENET Stéphane 15-17 fév Spanish Junior Oviedo Junior Int. Series VIOLLETTE Gilles 15-17 fév France U17 Open Aire sur la Lys BEC-U17 voir liste 19-24 fév Spain Masters Barcelone BWF Super 300 RUCHMANN Emilie 22-24 fév Italian Junior Milan Junior Int. Series LOYER Julie 26 fév - 03 mars German Open Muelheim an der Ruhr BWF Super 300 BERTIN Véronique Junior Int. Grand 27 fév-03 mars Dutch Junior Haarlem DAMANY Xavier Prix 06-10 mars All England Open Birmingham BWF Super 1000 DITTOO Haidar 07-10 mars Portuguese International Caldas da Rainha Int. Series MATON Evelyne Junior Int. Grand 07-10 mars German Junior Berlin LAPLACE Patrick Prix 12-17 mars Swiss Open Bâle BWF Super 300 SAUVAGE Micheline 19-24 mars Orléans Masters Orléans BWF Super 100 voir liste 26-31 mars India Open New Delhi BWF Super 500 GOUTTE Michel 28-31 mars Polish Open Czestochowa Int. Challenge STRADY Jean-Pierre FAUVET Antoine 04-07 avril Finnish Open Vantaa Int. Challenge COUVAL Sébastien (Assessment) 11-14 avril Dutch International Wateringen Int. Series DELCROIX Claude 18-21 avril Croatian International Zagreb Future Series JOSSE Stéphane 09-12 mai Denmark Challenge Farum Int.
    [Show full text]
  • ESTONIA Iäli MINISTRY of ECONOMIC AFFAIRS \^Ш) and COMMUNICATIONS
    Ref. Ares(2015)3436902 - 19/08/2015 REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA iÄli MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS \^Ш) AND COMMUNICATIONS European Commission DG MOVE Unit C.3 ρ, CM De Mot 28, B-1040, Brussels Our Ref: nr 24.1-1/09-00383/OOÑ Belgium SRD/ DG: į\ ļ AJ ļ ACTION: ÉCHÉANCE: ļ CODE DOSSIER: 1 Estonian ITS report 2015 under Directive 3 2010/40/EU 1 9 -08- 2015 A В ļp3J D E DG tee [ooi 01 SI AC Report under Directive 2010/40/EU DGA DGA 1ÕG4 DBC DCĐE į ÒDE The following report provides an overview of the activities carried out by the Estonian administration in the field of road transport ITS and the implementation of the directive 2010/40/EU. Before the adoption of the Directive 2010/40/EU Estonia had been developing a number of ITS solutions in the road sector for several years but they have not been a part of a specific ITS strategy. In the end of 2010 it was decided that a specific action plan for the development of ITS was needed and the Estonian Road Administration carried out a preliminary study to create a concept paper for ITS in road sector. In this study the current ITS solutions where surveyed, different management structures where presented and further activities were proposed. Based on this study Estonian Road Administration was appointed as the agency responsible for development and coordination of ITS in road sector in Estonia. Estonian Road Administration adopted the first action plan for ITS development in 2012 for the next five years.
    [Show full text]
  • La Place Des Événements Internationaux Dans Le Développement De La Marque Fédérale
    U.F.R. : Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives Mémoire présenté en vue de l’obtention du Master 1 en Management du sport La place des événements internationaux dans le développement de la marque fédérale. Le cas des fédérations de badminton Par Matthieu Hecker Sous la direction de Mr. Michel Desbordes Année 2016/2017 Matthieu HECKER – Master 1 Management du Sport Tableau des contacts : 2 Matthieu HECKER – Master 1 Management du Sport Remerciements Je tiens à remercier toutes les personnes qui, de près ou de loin, m’ont apporté leur aide et sans qui la réalisation de cette étude n’aurait pas été possible. Tout d’abord, Michel DESBORDES, pour ses conseils qui m’ont permis d’affiner et d’orienter ma réflexion au début de ce projet. Je remercie tout particulièrement Penny Dougray, Sharon MacKechnie et Hugo Mussou de m’avoir mis à disposition une partie de leur réseau, ce qui m’a grandement aidé dans la recherche de personnes à interviewer Je tiens aussi à remercier Badminton Scotland et sa directrice générale, Anne Smillie, de m’avoir offert l’opportunité d’effectuer mon stage en tant qu’assistant marketing à l’organisation des championnats du monde de badminton 2017. Un grand merci à l’ensemble des professionnels avec qui j’ai pu m’entretenir, pour le temps qu’ils m’ont consacré et la qualité de leurs réponses : • Alice Ekonomou - responsable des opérations commerciales chez Infront Sports & Medias • Bettina Mortensen - coordinatrice marketing et communication de la fédération danoise de badminton • Jimmy Andersen -
    [Show full text]
  • Commission Federale Des Officiels Techniques
    COMMISSION FEDERALE DES OFFICIELS TECHNIQUES Nominations des arbitres français sur les compétitions internationales 2018, au 10 octobre 2018 Niveau Dates Tournoi Lieu Arbitre ou UM désigné Compétition 09-14 janv Thailand Masters Bangkok BWF Level 5 DITTOO Haidar 11-14 janv Estonian International Tallinn Int. Series MORALI Philippe 18-21 janv Swedish Open Lund Int. Series MATON Evelyne 30 janv-04 fév India Open New Delhi BWF Level 4 VENET Stéphane LE SAINT Catherine 13-18 fév European Men's and Women's Team Championships Kazan BE Event RUCHMANN Emilie LE SAINT Catherine 13-18 fév European U15 Championships Kazan BE Event RUCHMANN Emilie 16-18 fév France U17 Open Aire sur la Lys BEC U17 voir liste jointe 20-25 fév Swiss Open Bâle BWF Level 5 LANDRY Antonius 21-24 fév Austrian Open Vienne Int. Challenge COUVAL Sébastien 28 fév-03 mars Slovak Open Zamarovce-Trencin Future Series DAMANY Xavier Junior Int 28 fév-04 mars Dutch Junior Haarlem SERGENT Adeline Grand Prix 06-11 mars German Open Mühlheim an der Ruhr BWF Level 5 MESTON François FAUVET Antoine 08-11 mars Portuguese International Caldas da Rainha Int. Series COUVAL Sébastien (BE Course) Junior Int 08-11 mars German Junior Berlin DELCROIX Claude Grand Prix 14-18 mars All England Open Birmingham BWF Level 2 VENET Stéphane 27 mars-01 avril Orléans Masters Orléans BWF Level 6 voir liste jointe 29 mars-01 avril Croatian International Zagreb Future Series DELANSAY Joël 05-08 avril Finnish Open Vantaa Int. Challenge MORALI Philippe 12-15 avril Dutch International Wateringen Int.
    [Show full text]
  • Politeness in Estonia: a Matter of Fact Style
    Politeness in Estonia: A matter of fact style Leelo Keevallik Book Chapter The self-archived postprint version of this journal article is available at Linköping University Institutional Repository (DiVA): http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-103083 N.B.: When citing this work, cite the original publication. Keevallik, L., (2005), Politeness in Estonia: A matter of fact style. In Politeness in Europe, Leio Hickey and Miranda Stewart (eds), 203-217. ISBN: 1853597384, 1853597376 Original publication available at: Copyright: Multilingual Matters Publisher URL Missing Contents Notes on the Contributors ....................................... vii Introduction Leo Hickey and Miranda Stewart .................................... l Western Europe 1 Politeness in Germany: Politeness in Germany? Juliane House ................................................ 13 2 Politeness in France: How to Buy Bread Politely Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni ................................... 29 3 Politeness in Belgium: Face, Distance and Sincerity in Service-exchange Rituals Emmanuelle Danblon, Bernard de Clerck and Jean-Pierre van Noppen .. 45 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 4 Politeness in Luxemburg: Greetings from Foreign Parts Politeness in Europe/Edited by Leo Hickey and Miranda Stewart. Johannes Kramer ............................................. 58 Multilingual Matters: 127) ~ Includes bibliographical references and index. 5 Politeness in The Netherlands: Indirect Requests 1. Sociolinguistics-Europe. 2. Etiquette-Europe. I. Hickey, Leo. II. Stewart, Miranda. ~k~ ...................................... 66 III. Series. 6 Politeness in Austria: Politeness and Impoliteness P40.5.E752E856 2004 306.44'094-dc22 2003024120 Silvia Haumann, Ursula Koch and Karl Sornig .................... 82 7 Politeness in Switzerland: Between Respect and Acceptance British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Guiseppe Manno .................................. , ......... 100 A catalogue entry for this book is available from the British library.
    [Show full text]
  • English/Conventions/1 1 1969.Pdf
    Women, Business and the Law Removing barriers to economic inclusion 2012 Measuring gender parity in 141 economies © 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone 202-473-1000 Internet www.worldbank.org All rights reserved. A copublication of The World Bank and the International Finance Corporation. This volume is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. This publication was made possible with the funding from the Nordic Trust Fund for Human Rights. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of any of the Nordic Trust Fund for Human Rights’ donors. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone 978-750-8400; fax 978-750-4470; Internet www.copyright.com All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax 202-522-2422; e-mail [email protected] Women, Business and the Law Removing barriers to economic inclusion 2012 Measuring gender parity in 141 economies Table of Contents Foreword ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Commission Federale Des Officiels Techniques
    COMMISSION FEDERALE DES OFFICIELS TECHNIQUES Nominations des arbitres français sur les compétitions internationales 2019, au 19 août 2019 Niveau Dates Tournoi Lieu Arbitre ou UM désigné Compétition 08-13 janv Thailand Masters Bangkok BWF Super 300 MESTON François 10-13 janv Estonian International Tallinn Int. Series LAPLACE Patrick 17-20 janv Swedish Open Lund Int. Series DAMANY Xavier 22-27 janv Indonesia Masters Jakarta BWF Super 500 VENET Stéphane 15-17 fév Spanish Junior Oviedo Junior Int. Series VIOLLETTE Gilles 15-17 fév France U17 Open Aire sur la Lys BEC-U17 voir liste 19-24 fév Spain Masters Barcelone BWF Super 300 RUCHMANN Emilie 22-24 fév Italian Junior Milan Junior Int. Series LOYER Julie 26 fév - 03 mars German Open Muelheim an der Ruhr BWF Super 300 BERTIN Véronique Junior Int. Grand 27 fév-03 mars Dutch Junior Haarlem DAMANY Xavier Prix 06-10 mars All England Open Birmingham BWF Super 1000 DITTOO Haidar 07-10 mars Portuguese International Caldas da Rainha Int. Series MATON Evelyne Junior Int. Grand 07-10 mars German Junior Berlin LAPLACE Patrick Prix 12-17 mars Swiss Open Bâle BWF Super 300 SAUVAGE Micheline 19-24 mars Orléans Masters Orléans BWF Super 100 voir liste 26-31 mars India Open New Delhi BWF Super 500 GOUTTE Michel 28-31 mars Polish Open Czestochowa Int. Challenge STRADY Jean-Pierre FAUVET Antoine 04-07 avril Finnish Open Vantaa Int. Challenge COUVAL Sébastien (Assessment) 11-14 avril Dutch International Wateringen Int. Series DELCROIX Claude 18-21 avril Croatian International Zagreb Future Series JOSSE Stéphane 09-12 mai Denmark Challenge Farum Int.
    [Show full text]
  • The Estonian Ict Manufacturing and Software Industry
    THE ESTONIAN ICT MANUFACTURING AND SOFTWARE INDUSTRY: Current State and Future Outlook TARMO KALVET The author of this report is solely responsible for the content, style, language and editorial control. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission APRIL 2004 Technical Report EUR 21193 EN European Commission Joint Research Centre (DG JRC) Institute for Prospective Technological Studies http://www.jrc.es Legal notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. Techncial Report EUR 21193 EN © European Communities, 2004 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Spain Acknowledgments ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to express his gratitude to the ICT Unit at the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (part of the Directorate General Joint Research Centre) for initiating this research project. Several most interesting round-table discussions led by Bernard Clements (Head of the ICT Unit), Jean-Claude Burgelman and Marc Bogdanowicz, took place from 2002 to 2004. I would particularly like to thank Marc Bogdanowicz for these professional and stimulating debates. I would also like to acknowledge the help of my colleagues, Wolfgang Drechsler and Rainer Kattel at the Innovation Program at the PRAXIS Centre for Policy Studies, and the foreign experts at PRAXIS – most notably Carlota Perez and Erik S. Reinert – for thought provoking and inspiring discussions. Special thanks for discussing related issues over the years go to Marek Tiits and Tarmo Pihl. I have also received help and advice in the preparation of this report from (listed alphabetically): Rein Haavel, Andres Jagomägi, Jaan Oruaas, Toomas Rang, and Indrek Reimand.
    [Show full text]
  • Download [Pdf]
    European Research Centre for Anti-Corruption and State-Building Working Paper No. 32 The Long Transition to Good s Governance: the Case of Estonia Looking at the changes in the governance regime and anti- corruption policy Aare Kasemets (Paper presented at the XXII World Congress of International Political Science Association, Madrid, July 8-12 2012) ERCAS WorkingPaper July 2012 www.againstcorruption.eu Abstract: This paper deals with the post-communist positive outlier Estonia, which made according to international comparisons perhaps the most spectacular progress in the world, from a totalitarian regime to a quality democracy in less than twenty years. The country has seen improvement in all four dimensions of control of corruption described in the equilibrium model of Alina Mungiu-Pippidi (2011) since the restoration of its independence in 1991. The changes in the different dimensions happened almost simultaneously. During the first government of Mart Laar (1992-1995), policies that reduced material resources and strengthened legal constraints were implemented. Estonia pioneered important liberal reforms, for instance the adoption of a flat tax which then became very trendy in Eastern Europe and a very advanced e-government inspired from the neighbouring Finland. It also had the most radical policy towards Soviet time judiciary, replacing most of it and restarting practically all over with new magistrates. Normative constraints are also high, with a public opinion intolerant of particularism, an active civil society and a free press. The paper tries to explain why Estonian elites succeeded in promoting good governance and anti-corruption measures more than most other Central and Eastern European countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Official Positions of the Applicant Countries
    BULGARIA On 14 October 1999, the Prime Minister Ivan Kostov made a statement before the National Assembly regarding the European Commission's recommendations to open accession negotiations with Bulgaria The Prime Minister asserted that this is a crucial moment for Bulgaria because it implies the initiation of an accession procedure and the narrowing of the wide gap between Bulgaria and the first-wave countries. He expressed his content with the performance of the National Assembly and other state institutions in their efforts to harmonise Bulgarian legislation with that of Europe. Bulgaria had had to make tangible progress to meet the Copenhagen criteria, which the Prime Minister felt was now made. It is obvious that Bulgaria may not be capable of maintaining a highly competitive economy but Bulgaria does have a market economy. Bulgaria projects its prestige of a stable country, respecting the principles of democracy, rule of law and market economy. Mr. Kostov pointed out that if Bulgaria had not been supportive of the EU and NATO during the Kosovo crisis the country would probably have been isolated from the process of accession to the European Union. Bulgaria was expected at that time to show solidarity and support and contribute to this action, without which the European Commission would not have reached its positive decision to start negotiations. He then moved on to the important tasks and challenges that lay ahead for the country. Bulgaria has yet to build a strong and competitive market economy out of the present weak one (low incomes, low productivity, high prices, unsatisfactory quality) to meet European requirements.
    [Show full text]