FRAGMENTI SVJETSKE POVIJESTI POMORSTVA II. Dio

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FRAGMENTI SVJETSKE POVIJESTI POMORSTVA II. Dio FRAGMENTI SVJETSKE POVIJESTI POMORSTVA II. dio Henry Moreplovac1 Portugalski princ, Don Henrigues of Portugal poznatiji kao Henry Moreplovac, zaslužio je svoje mjesto u povijesti ranog europskog prekomorska širenja. Prepoznat od svojih suvremenika kao glavna sila portugalskih istraživanja afričkog Atlantika sredinom petnaestog stoljeća bio je uzdignut do narodnog heroja vremena napretka i suvremenog portugalskog nacionalizma u devetnaestom stoljeću. Iako obje uloge, u prekomorskom širenju i njegove osobne zasluge, često su bile preispitivane od suvremenih povjesničara, kako god, ostaje jedna od ključnih osoba Portugala i zapadne civilizacije. Henry je rođen u sjevernom Portugalu u gradu Portu, 4. ožujka 1396., četvrti sin kraljice Philippe od Lanchastera i kralja Johna I., osnivača Aviz dinastije koja je vladala Portugalom u zlatno doba u vrijeme XV. i XVI. st. Pokretačko iskustvo Henryjeve mladosti bilo je osvajanje marakanskog grada Ceuta, 21. kolovoza 1415. Uspjeh pohoda donio je portugalskoj kraljevskoj kući veliki prestiž u Europi, isto kao i zahtjevnu skupu potrebu obrane ispostave, opravdanu samo kroz očekivanje daljnjih osvajanja u Maroku. Sjeverno-afrička kampanja je bila jedna od najjačih pokretačkih sila Henryeva života. Poslije Ceute sudjelovao je samo u dva manje uspješna pothvata pokušaja osvajanja Tangier-a 1437. god. i osvajanja manjeg obalnog grada Alcácer Ceguer 1458. Unatoč tome posvetio je veliki dio svoje energije, političkog kapitala i osobne strategije u objedinjavanju resursa i podrške za buduće portugalsko širenje u sjevernoj Africi. Njegove ambicije su bile osviješćene domaćom situacijom u Portugalu, teško opterećenom obranom Ceute i neuspjehom pothvata 1437. na Tangier. Ipak ostavština njegova prestiža i utjecaja usmjerili su Portugal na nepopustljive agresije na Maroko i u slijedećem stoljeću. Mornaričko istraživanje afričkog Antlantika, razlog Henryjeva značajnog mjesta u povijesti bilo je zapravo podrška njegovih ambicija u sjevernoj Africi. Njegovi napori da sakupi ekonomske resurse otkriše pravi opseg muslimanske snage u Africi i stvori odgovarajuće prilike za mlade članove njegove velike svite, dovelo je do brojnih ekspedicija duž obale sjeverno-zapadne Afrike kombiniranih sa gusarenjem i istraživanjem. Ta su putovanja počela nedugo nakon osvajanja Ceute i nastavila su se kroz cijeli Henryjev život. Nakon 1448., trgovina prije nego agresija i grabež postali su glavni vidljivi ciljevi istraživačkih putovanja pod njegovom komandom. Za vrijeme Henryjeva života Portugalci su istražili obale sjevero-zapadne Afrike od Maroka do Sierra Leone. Dok su vode marokanskog Atlantika bila je dobro poznate u kasnije srednjem vijeku, područje južno od Kanarskih otoka ostalo je neistraženo, i na kartama je bilo označeno oznakama zabrane. Portugalski kroničari su objelodanili oplovljenje Cape Bojador 1434. kao prvi korak u nepoznato, korak za koji je bio potreban sav Henryjev autoritet da bi doveo do uspjeha. Nakon 1434. portugalska južno-granična istraživanja tekla su brzo. Portugalci su 1441. doplovili na obalu Mauritanije, a 1444. Nuno Tristao dosegao je Senegal, a Dinis Dias je plovio do Cape Verde 1446. Tristao je ubijen dok je pljačkao po ušću rijeke Gambije 1455. Alvise Ca da Mostoova ekspedicija dospjela je na ušće rijeke Geba i u vrijeme 1 Izvornik: Ivana Elbel, Henry the Navigator, The Oxford Encyclopedia od Maritime History, sv. 2, Oxford, 2007, 140-141.. Prevela Nikolina Halambek Henryjeve smrti 1460. ili kratko poslije, njegov suradnik Pedro de Sintra je odjedrio do Sierra Leone. Konkurencija istraživanja kopna bila je naseljavanje Portugalaca na Atlantske otoke. Dok su Kanarski otoci bili predmet pokušaja osvajanja raznih Europskih sila od XIV. st., dotle nenaseljeni arhipelag Madeira, Azori i Zelenortski otoci bili su proglašeni portugalskim za vrijeme života Henryja i njihova važnost je bila velika. Ekonomski potencijal atlantskih otoka, posebno Madiera, postao je vrlo brzo očit i osigurao je Henriju važne izvore prihoda. Atlantska istraživanja, oslikana dalekosežnim osvajanjima, donijela su Henryju prestiž za kojim je žudio. Također bio je osobno odgovoran za „samo“ jednu trećinu raznih Portugalskih putovanja ili istraživanja. Ali naredni naraštaji povjesničara učvrstili su njegov lik kao začetnika Europske prekomorske ekspedicije, koji je posvetio svoj život interesima znanosti i vjere. Takav opis kulturnog heroja je vrlo nepouzdan, ali i vrlo teško oboriv zbog trajnog mita „Školi Sagresa“, mornaričkoj akademiji najvjerojatnije utemeljenoj od Henrija. Kolumbo, Kristofer2 Kolumbo, Kristofer (1451-1506), pomorac koji je najpoznatiji po svom putovanju na zapad iz Europe prema Americi 1492. Najbolji dokaz o njegovu porijeklu govori nam da je rođen u ili blizu Genoe, sin obrtnika i gostioničara koji je povremeno obavljao manje političke dužnosti. Poslije skromne osnovne naobrazbe, Kolumbo je počeo služiti na trgovačkim putovanjima na istočnom i zapadnom Mediteranu. S vremenom se upoznao s mnogim aspektima pomorske trgovine i zapovijedanja na moru. Sredinom 1470-ih nastanio se u Lisabonu, tada centru istraživanja koja su se poduzimala na Atlantskom oceanu. Dok je bio smješten u Portugalu, Kolumbo je sudjelovao na putovanjima koja su se poduzimala duž afričke obale, najdalje do Gvineje i prema jugozapadu do Kanarskog otočja i Madeira. Prema sjeveru možda je plovio najdalje do Irske i Islanda, i sigurno je prikupio informacije o uvjetima na sjeverozapadnim morima. Kolumbo je ženidbom uspio uključiti u lisabonske dvorske krugove, naime ženidbom je dospio u Perestrello klan, obitelj porijeklom iz Genoe, koja je plemstvo stekla službom portugalskoj kruni. Poočim njegove žene bio je guverner otoka Porto Santo, smještenog blizu Madeire. Kolumbo je tamo proveo također nekoliko godina, povećavajući znanje o zapadnim oceanima. Također je čitao mnogo o geografiji i putovanjima, i sasvim sigurno je znao slavnu priču o putovanjima Marka Pola do Kine i Japana, poduzeta dva stoljeća prije. Do ranih 1480-ih Kolumbo je razvio teoriju da pomorci mogu doći do Indije ploveći na zapad, radije nego plovidbom duž afričke obale kao što su portugalski pomorci radili. Ovu teoriju izložio je portugalskom kralju ali nije uspio dobiti kraljevsku potporu da ih potvrdi. Nije potpuno jasno zbog čega, ali postoje dvije vjerojatne mogućnosti: stručnjaci na portugalskom dvoru možda su pretpostavljali da je Kolumbo uvelike podcijenio veličinu zapadnog oceana, ili su se Portugalci možda bojali da ne prekrše sporazum iz 1479. potpisan s Kastiljom, a koji je istraživanja zapadno od Kanarskog otočja predvidio Španjolcima. Odbijen, Kolumbo napušta Portugal 1485 te predstavlja svoje ideje kraljici Isabelli Kastiljskoj i njenom mužu kralju Ferdinandu Aragonskom. Mogućnost trgovine i širenja kršćanstva u Aziju snažno je privlačilo španjolske vladare, ali su odgodili odluku, zauzeti u prvom ratom protiv muslimanskog kraljevstva Granade. Usprkos tome počeli su plaćati Kolumba dok su njihovi stručnjaci razmatrali Kolumbov plan. Usprkos vlastitim sumnjama, vladari su odobrili putovanje 1492., pruživši osminu financijske potpore i osiguravši dva od tri broda koja je Kolumbo trebao karavele Nina (od 55 tona), te Pinta (od 75 tona). Uz pomoć 2 Izvornik: Carl Rahn Phillips, Columbus, Christopher, The Oxford Encyclopedia od Maritime History, sv. 1, Oxford, 2007, 449-451. Prevela Katarina Šarac njegovih veza u jugozapadnoj Španjolskoj, Kolumbo je uspio skupiti ostatak sredstava, regrutirao posade, te unajmio trgovački brod (nao) od 105 tona, koji je postao njegov admiralski brod, a koji je u povijesti upamćen pod imenom Santa Maria. Kombinirane posade sva tri broda brojale su nekih 97 ljudi i dječaka. Malena flota napustila je jugozapadnu Španjolsku 3. kolovoza 1492., uputivši se prema Kanarskom otočju, da bi nastavila putovanje s Kanara 8. rujna 1942. Poslije putovanja koje nije obilovalo nekim događajima, flota se iskrcala na obalu 12. listopada negdje na Bahamskom otočju, za koje je Kolumbo pretpostavio da se nalazi blizu azijskog kontinenta.. Doplovio je do otoka koji će kasnije dobiti ime Kuba i Hispaniola, a duž tog puta uspostavio je kontakt s lokalnim stanovništvom. Komunicirajući većinom putem gesta i razmjenom hrane i darova, Kolumbo se uvjerio da su mnogi od lokanog stanovništva sposobni za rad, trgovinu i preobraćanje na kršćanstvo. Također je proučio njihovo naoružanje i povremeno ratovanje u regiji, posebno između divljih Kariba i ostalih grupa koje su se bojale njih. Nakon izviđanja područja, zbog zlata, dobara za trgovanje i drugih prilika za stjecanje profita, Kolumbo se sa posadom Nine vratio u Španjolsku rane 1493., povevši sa sobom sedmoro lokalnih stanovnika. Za sobom je ostavio 39 ljudi na otoku Hispanoli zbog nedostatka prostora, poslije brodoloma Santa Marie na Badnju večer 1492., a zapovjednik Pinte, Martin Alonso Pinzon, nastavio je samostalno istraživati. Sva 39-ica ostavljenih na Hispanoli bili su mrtvi nakon par mjeseci, ubijeni u okršajima s lokalnim stanovništvom Kolumbo je dokazao da postoje zemlje udaljene samo par tjedana plovidbe na zapadnom oceanu, otkriće koje ga je ubrzo učinilo poznatim i slavnim diljem Europe. Španjolska kruna sponzorirala je još tri njegova putovanja na zapad (1493.-1496., 1498.-1500. i 1502.-1504.), tijekom kojih je istražio mnoge druge otoke, te obalu srednje Amerike, te veći dio sjeverne obale Južne Amerike, uvijek tražeći azijski kontinent. Trebalo je proći više godina tijekom kojih je poduzeto više putovanja da bi Europljani shvatili da zemlje koje je otkrio Kolumbo nisu dio Azije nego
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