A Construçao Do Conhecimento

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A Construçao Do Conhecimento Francisco Manuel de Paula Nogueira Roque de Oliveira A construção do conhecimento europeu sobre a China, c. 1500 – c. 1630 Impressos e manuscritos que revelaram o mundo chinês à Europa culta Tese apresentada ao Departamento de Geografia da Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Geografia Humana / Tesis presentada en el Departamento de Geografía de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona para optar al grado de Doctor en Geografía Humana Director: Prof. Horacio Capel Sáez Tutora / Ponente: Prof.ª Maria Dolors García Ramon Estudo subsidiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia Programa PRAXIS XXI: CIÊNCIA/BD/2754/93 – RO Departament de Geografia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Março de 2003 / marzo del 2003 ÍNDICE O autor agradecido ..................................................................................................................... xi Introdução .................................................................................................................................. xv Nota sobre transcrições, citações e abreviaturas ...................................................................... xix Parte I: A China e os Mares da Ásia, c. 1500 – c. 1630: cenários e protagonistas Resumo da Parte I ........................................................................................................................ 3 Enquadramento metodológico ................................................................................................. 7 1. Cronologia ............................................................................................................................. 7 2. Horizonte geográfico ............................................................................................................. 8 3. Selecção de dinâmica da vida material ................................................................................ 13 Capítulo 1 Do projecto ao encontro com a China .............................................................. 17 1. Um “plano das Índias” antes da descoberta do caminho marítimo para a Índia? ................ 17 2. Edificação e agentes do Estado Português da Índia versus aprendizagem das diplomacias paralelas nos Mares da Ásia ...................................................................................................... 23 Capítulo 2 Os Mares da Ásia no início do século XVI ....................................................... 35 1. Introdução ............................................................................................................................. 35 2. Os Mares da Ásia ................................................................................................................. 37 Capítulo 3 O Estado Português da Índia: estrutura e momentos ..................................... 59 1. Uma estrutura em rede ......................................................................................................... 59 2. Tempos e espaços ................................................................................................................ 65 Capítulo 4 A conjuntura chinesa .......................................................................................... 91 1. Sombras da China Azul nos Mares da Ásia ........................................................................ 91 2. China, c. 1500 – c. 1600: um Império entre o auto-derrotismo, o “Segundo Renascimento” e o definitivo desabar ..................................................................................................................... 118 Capítulo 5 De Malaca a Cantão, do Fujian a Macau: cronologia da presença portuguesa nos litorais da China ............................................................................................................... 129 1. 1508 – 1521: tempo das armadas ...................................................................................... 130 2. 1521 – 1557: pirataria e contrabando ................................................................................ 140 3. 1557 – c. 1630: na “república mercantil” de Macau .......................................................... 151 i Capítulo 6 O fim-de-século: concorrência luso-espanhola no Extremo Oriente e entrada das potências protestantes nos Mares da Ásia .................................................................... 175 1. Introdução .......................................................................................................................... 175 2. A disputa pelas Molucas, herança de Tordesilhas ............................................................. 177 3. As Filipinas antes e depois da torna-viagem a Acapulco .................................................. 196 4. A China vista de Manila .................................................................................................... 207 5. Manila vista de Macau e o inverso .................................................................................... 226 6. Realinhamentos no comércio marítimo do Extremo Oriente, c. 1600 – c. 1630 .............. 240 Mapas ...................................................................................................................................... 259 Parte II: A China de bolso ― Impressos e manuscritos que revelaram o mundo chinês à Europa, c. 1500 – c. 1630 Resumo da Parte II .................................................................................................................. 277 I. Enquadramento metodológico ........................................................................................ 283 1. Âmbito ................................................................................................................................ 283 2. O tempo da imprensa e a persistência do manuscrito ......................................................... 288 3. Paradoxos da produção tipográfica em Portugal ................................................................ 303 4. Seriação cronológica .......... ................................................................................................ 310 5. Em torno a uma tipologia das fontes ................................................................................... 329 II. A descoberta da China a partir das provas factuais da primeira metade do séc. XVI .................................................................................................................................................. 337 Introdução ................................................................................................................................ 337 Capítulo 1 Algures a Oriente, a Serica ou o Cataio ........................................................... 341 Capítulo 2 Da chegada a Calecute à véspera de Malaca, 1499-1510 ............................... 361 1. O anónimo Relato da primeira viagem de Vasco da Gama e a carta de D. Manuel ao cardeal D. Jorge da Costa, 1497-1499 ................................................................................................. 363 2. As cartas de Girolamo Sernigi e Guido di Tomaso Detti, 1499 ......................................... 366 3. A Relação do Piloto Anónimo, a carta de D. Manuel aos Reis Católicos, a Relação da Índia do Pe. José de Craganor e o relatório alemão anónimo da frota dos primos Albuquerque, 1501-c. 1504 ......................................................................................................................................... 371 4. A anónima Viagio de India fato per .3. Naue portogalese compilada por Alessandro Zorzi e a pretensa carta de D. Manuel ao rei de Castela, 1505 ............................................................ 377 5. O Itinerario de Ludovico di Varthema, 1510 ..................................................................... 381 6. Balanço da década ............................................................................................................... 387 Capítulo 3 Da Conquista de Malaca ao primeiro desembarque no litoral de Cantão, 1511-1520 .................................................................................................... 389 1. Correspondência reservada dos agentes do Estado Português da Índia .............................. 389 ii 2. As cartas de Giovanni da Empoli e Andrea Corsali e a Informatiõ luso-veneziana recolhida por Alessandro Zorzi, 1514-1517 ............................................................................................ 393 3. Os trabalhos de Francisco Rodrigues, Tomé Pires e Duarte Barbosa, 1511-c. 1516 ......... 400 4. Balanço da década ............................................................................................................... 416 Capítulo 4 A primeira década do fecho da China sobre si própria, 1521-1530 ............. 419 1. Informes reservados da Coroa portuguesa ......................................................................... 419 2. O opúsculo De Moluccis insulis de Maximiliano Transilvano, 1522-1523 ....................... 421 3. A Relação de Antonio Pigafetta, 1525 ................................................................................ 424 4. Actualizações cartográficas ................................................................................................ 430 5. Balanço da década ............................................................................................................... 435 Capítulo 5 A segunda década da clausura chinesa, 1531-1540 ....................................... 437 1. Silêncios de Itália e as cartas
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