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Hesteavl Og Hesteraser

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Hesteavl Og Hesteraser HESTEAVL OG HESTERASER. Forelesninger 1948-49 ved Norges Land.brukøhøgekole av S. Berge. r ,,, . r ' , a· , ·. Skrivauashinstua tkl-o i mars 1949 I n n h o .l el. side :: ~;;~···············································J, ··································································· 3 ! 0 ,. ~- /, .. .. '---6..., æ ~ ~- t J·1-.,••~ ) ~. ..y=ter }J.V }i.e~te~lekta ················ r "I"'· a • ..,/Zeby,,· · 13 ✓ ~l ·: , ,.: Vi:~. ~~~r : : ::. : : : : : l . ~ ~- Tambest~ h:is:t;orj.e ·)!'···· ~ ......• : ...............................•....•.....•........•. : ~ .. 12 ~~ ~ ""·;f ~;': v••"P{,"'1Æ . ._ / A r:-·1dti~ -~""- '~ .·-.-.•·;i,·• t'· ,, .. ·•t.A--•~ 12 , e • v: .•....••••..•.••... :·····;· :··'-··-~································ ·.·~······'-··········•···················· &, • Oldtida i Skandinavia 13 e;,6_. Middelalderen 14 .,--G_ Den ~ere tid . 15 ~. ~~"s?f~;_~ ~ ·;~teh~:t:· .. ;j ;;,.:i,·.·;i""·::. .. ;·:···;:: .. , ,6 4. Verdens hestehold, statistisk: :'. 17 5. Irmdelingamåter for hesterasene : 19 II~ §yesiell avlslære. 1 • Avl av hest · . 21 a.. Alder hos avlsdyra. .......•......................................................................... 21 b. Brunst og pa.rinq; . 22 c. :Sruk av hingstene 25 d. Fruktbarheten 21 A. Antall levendefødte føll 27 B • Tvillingshyppighet .. 28 C. Kjønnsproporsjon 28 D. Forhold som påvirker fruktberhete!l 28 E. Pari~utgifter . 32 en Fostertidas lengde 32 f" Hoppa under drektighetstida 47 g. Folinga 36 / - II - Side 2 • :Bruksegenskaper og enkelte bygningstrekk 38 a. -:Rørsle 38 b • Trekk-kraft 39 o. Enkel te bygningstrekk : 41 3" Merking og navn 45 4. Fotografering 46 · III. Hest!.~len_!, Norge. 1 • Bestehold.ets omfang 48 a. Betydni~n av hesteholdet '. · 48 b. Antall' a.v hest ......................... ·•····· . 48 o ~ Diverae statistiske oppgaver SO 2, a. 'c ::'t:~-ri~~ : : : :::: :: :: :: : b., - /ra 1660 til vlr tid 57 3. Innføring av utenlandske r~ser 1. 61 4. Til tak for A fremme avlen . 64 a. Stutteriet på Hjerkinn . 64 Stodhingster . 65 o. Hesteavlasetre-ne . 68 d, Sjå · , 68 Upghestsjå 2g kåring :- •· 72 /,<,'<.,t,,· /.,o..J. iC . \. ,.(.•C. ·••-{' i •.... t ; :, ' •• , ' f. .,{ ,. Stambo øring .. J ] . 1, Militærhestene i Norge - 74 Statskonsulentene i hesteavl ··············"•'·•·····················. 76 Det norske travselskap . 76 Veddeløpssporte~ . 78 )ie;,•ak f o!reft:t. !t& f 9 r ua:rnibJadw h9etea.vl. 7a,-1. ,... - III - Sid.e IV. Norske Hesteraser. 1 • Innledning . .. 19 2. Dølehesten ,........................................... ·eo :: ~~~~··················7:;·i'. : .. i.~r;···································--··················· ~ gs~t<:¾ ,/ ···········"··· .. ·············· · . c. Dovre linjen .. 83 d. Brimin 825 (1908-1929) 86 e. Qjei,tar. 11.,85 . , 89 3. Fjordhesten 9? a. Innledning "············ ···••-··············· .. ···· · .. ··························· 97 /., l ,. b. Hingstelinje~· .\ ..{ l,:r·.~ . .-.~ ..~ ::J:.~.,f,,,I..,.................................................... 99 c. Fjord.hestens eksteriør 101 d. Avls område ..105 4. Iqngshesten 106 5. Andre norske hesteraser . 106 V. ;H,tsteavl og raser ,uten.for Norge. 1 • Sverige , 107 2. Finnland .-............ 109 3. Danmark C!g Island . 110 4. Storbritannia og Irland , 112 5. Nord-.Amerika -............................... 118 6.. Belgiat Frankrike og Nederlani 120 7. Tyskland 123 8. Donaulanda og Balkan . 126 9. Russland .. 1·2f 10. Orientalske hesteraser . 129 -t/ • __ Tabell over _man.~!hø~de 131 ,._~_ . ~ ~ ,; I . ,, µ .. , ~ 1 J ,:,, \ ~ i /). c,._~; /1 :' 1) . ~ f, , " . ' , 'I ~ ,. ~ . ~ (:~ ~ )'.,1/\l,.'-',fI °f,,.'(r ~.I.• ''' • ."• l,' () j L i t t e_L_a t u r: , I L, 1/r, :, Berges S ~ ~ Østlandshestens fruktbarhet. Tidsskrift for det norske Land• bruk 1944-45 • Berge, S._: (-:.~;1t:~Jiden.hos }~~r~s-.,~~,vest~~-~-shest. N,J,_F. 1945. Brandt9 N~: Østlandshestens kroppsutvikling 1902-1933, Tidsskrift for det norske Landbruk 1935. Brandt9 Vekst og morfologiske forandringer av tennene som grunnlag for alderbestemmelse hos hesten. 1947. ,., I • ~ • '" f ,· • ' ,B.aash'.lU_t!_:::-I&~~!.1!.1- J.,. :- )ly .j.Jlld.d,Q1,ing.a;11---,fte8temr'!"aver-~-- Trd:sskrirt····nl"-det no_!'~te. .. -1a.ndbruk 1914. Castlet W.E.; The Genetics of coat Color in Horses, Jour. Hered, bd. 31, "1940. Crew og A,D~B. Smith: Tho Genetics of th~ Horse. Bibl. Gen. b. 6, 1930. E~iksson, K,: Hastirrel. Stockholm, 1945. Eriksson, K.: Prestationsprøvning avdraghesten. 1947. Ewart, J .c.: Flere arbeider 1904-14. Edinburgh og London. Frølich-Schwarznecker: Lehrbuoh der Pferd.ezuoht. Berlin 1926. Goldsohmldt, H.: Hest,ms Yd.re. København 1922. Gremmel, Fred: Coat Colors in Horses, Jour. Hered. bd. 30, 1939. Inter. Inst. of Agr.: The International Situation and Problems of Horse- breeding. Rom 1936. Jacobsen, A.P.: Hesteracer og Hesteavl 6. utg. København 1923. Jespersen~ Johs.: HestPns Avl og Fodring, København i945_ J~spersE>r og medarb.!..:, :S:!o~ten i Avl og B;rug_. Købe~avn 1944. f~' :, ._ l { , , , , _.,, ; ,.. .' _,-, . ' ' :• , • , , Kjær og Sønder~d: Hesten. Bd •. I og II. København 1~_43. _, ~, ~ t ~ I ,-· j ·;,'' - , t f : L - , ' .. , , _.._ j' -:-. Langhelle, M.T~: ~tambok o~er fjordhest~. Fø;rste bi~d .1910. ' • f < 1 f. , , ,, t_; ' ' l ' / l,... Loøn, Johs.: Far°genedarvinga hos ,vestlandshesten. Stambok over vestlands- hest, bind Il, 1939. Lydekker, R.: .The HorsP and its Rolatives~ Londo~ 1912. : ,. ' : ' l, '. ' . ' . ' . Munckel, H.: Untersuchungen iiber Farben lllld Ab~eichen des Pferdes und ihre Vererbung. Zeitschrift fur Ziichtung, Reihe B. Band 16, 1929. r~~unQkelt H.: Erganzende Untersuchungan li.ber die Abzeiohen em Pferde Ulld { ,J • :- · · · , 0i :i.hre VerE>rbung. Zeitschrift fl.ir Zuohtung, Reihe B. Ba.nd :30• · 1934,; , ~ • -t I'• Petersen, Sigv.: · Nogle Opplysninger om den Gudbrandsdalske Hest, Kristia• nia 1877. Petersen, Sigv,: Sta.mbog over Heste af Gudbrandsdalsk Race. Første bind, • 1~02, ,(/ _I ·✓,-· ( I -~- <. (~C _,. I . ·-. •. r • \ #, r.;I ('[ •.. _ ({, / ( t 1 ,:'_./{fl" I l C,J,.," ( '. --· \ '-(r, . ...,D, ;!, ' ~ - .•. Salisbury7 G.W,1 The Inheritanoe of Equine Coat Color. Jour. Hered. bd. 32, 1941 • ,( _ ~ / ''.__, )·fc~~e.1;~-~ f!s;e_n/: ~~~f;~~~~l~,:~d.~ (. ~~:~---1~25,1 1~,:t, Skappel, S.: Træk af den norske &ateavls og !Msteholds Historie i Mldre Tid, særlig i det 18de Aarhundrede. Tidsskrift for det norske Landbruk 1901 • - II - Stenersen, S.J.1 Vestlandshesten, 1888. Stjernswa.rd og medarb.: Ha.sten. tantbruksforbundets Tidsskri:t'taktiebolag, Stockholm 1945. Tandberg, G.1 Det o:f'fentlige landb:ruksvæsen i Norge indtil 1914. Oslo 1914. Tra.g!rd.h og med.arb.: Ha.sten i Sverige. Stockholm 1 ~Z9. Tuff, P.: Genetiske undersøkelser over heatetarver. Helsingfors 1933. Wallace, R.: 7arm Live Stook of Great Britain. London 1923. Wirstad, H.F .• : Hesten vår. Oslo 1940. Wriedt, Chr .1 Hingetelinjer i østlandshesten. 2. utg. 1923. Wried t, Chr• : Arvelæren og den økonomiske hus4yravl. Oslo 1926. Wriedt, Chr.: Biologisohe Essays uber Pterdezueht un4 Pfer4era.ssen. Berlin 1929. Aase>, A.: Serie av artikler i Vb-e Hester 1928, 1g29 og 1930 æa hingstelinjer i vestlandshesten og innblanding av fremmed blod. I. I N N L E D N I N G,. 1 • .!L.2_! t e s~.J. .. ~ k t a · ø u t v i k l i n :«• a G Defi~!ljJJg_~~-~.B."P-.a:æ.:., Hesteslekta (1!lguus) er den eneste slekt av hestef81'1lilien (lg_uidae). Hestefamilien sammen med neshornfamilien og tapirfamilien tilhører under• ordenen 6d.detået (Perissodactyla) av hovdyras orden (Upsulata). lølgenie skjema gir en oversikt over slektskapet: Rekke ··············:··········· Vertebrata (hvirv-el~) Klasse Mammalia (pattedyr) Orden Ungulata (bovdyr) Underorden Perissodaotyla (oddetlet, ikk.e=i,i.rtløt) I Familie Tapirida.e Rhinooerotidae 111,uidae (Tapirfam.) (Neshorntam.) (Hestetam.) 4+3 3+3 · 1+i Slekt Bquue (hesteslekt•) Underslekter .. Zebra Esel Halvesal Heat. Hestefalnilien (Eguidae) med sin eneste &lekt, hesteslekta {1,,ua) omfatter upartåede ( oddetåede) hovdyr hvor bare den mellomste ( tre4je) ti kommer til utvikling og hvor d8nne tå er omgitt av ~n vel utv~et horn• dannelse som kalles hov. Navnet hest er således meget omfattende. I noe snevrere betyd• ning blir det vanlig brukt om tamhesten (Eguus Cfballus), men brukes ogal om ville,hester og selv i den snevrere betydning ba-r det ikke helt aka.rpe definisjoner. Det vanlig'f' navnet på handyret er hingst og på. hundyret hoppe og ~• Ordet hest synes å ha sin opprinnelse i ordet hengist. Rengist or hingst synes opprinnelig å ha omfattet begge kjønn, men etter hvert er ordet hingst blitt brukt bare om handyret. Ordet hest har i visse strek hatt en lignende utvikling. Fra først ær omfattet det begge kjønn, men over hele Vestlandet og deler av Østlandet og i Jylland er hest blitt brukt bare om handyret. Det gamle svenske navn sgg.t for hest var tidligere brukt også i Norge. I Norge var sk,jut brukt om hundyrF>t, ifølge Ivar Aasen. g~ betydde opprinnelig en passgjengeI' og navnet skal komme av - passgjengerens humpende gang. ~. som over store deler av landet er brukt om arbeidshest av begge kjønn, skal værs avledet av en lignende rot som - 2 - hoppe. Det norske ord øyk (gln. oykr) er tramleis i visse strøk brukt om arbeidehest av begge kjønn. Gamp og øyk tilsvarer det tyske ord Gaul. M.!!:!: (flertall marar) er i store deler av landet brukt om hun• dyret. Det tilsvarer det engelske mare. Det tyske ord M""ahre har samme rot, men betyr i dåg omtrent det samme som det danske $U5., et elend.iJ dyr som ikke er til annet enn slakt. Opprinnelig var Miihre den tyske betegnelae for den fornemme
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