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Horse - Volume 1

A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton Contents

Articles Abtenauer 1 Abyssinian 2 3 Akhal-Teke 4 Albanian horse 12 Altai horse 13 14 18 20 25 33 American 39 41 Andravida horse 51 Anglo-Arabian 52 Anglo-Kabarda 54 56 AraAppaloosa 68 70 Ardennes horse 97 Arenberg-Nordkirchen 100 Asturcón 101 102 Horse 109 Australian 111 114 Auvergne horse 117 119 Azerbaijan horse 124 Azteca horse 126 Baise horse 129 Balearic horse 130 Balikun horse 131 Baluchi horse 132 Ban'ei 133 Banker horse 137 143 146 Basque mountain horse 148 149 152 155 Black Forest Horse 159 Blazer horse 160 Boulonnais horse 161 166 Brazilian 168 Breton horse 169 173 Budyonny horse 181 Burguete horse 183 Byelorussian Harness (horse) 184 Calabrese horse 185 horse 186 Camarillo 190 193 197 202 205 210 Catria horse 213 Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale 214 Chilean horse 216 Choctaw horse 219 Cleveland 220 226 Ranger 231 Coldblood trotter 234 Comtois horse 236 Costa Rican Horse 238 239 242 Cuban Criollo horse 244 Cumberland Island horse 246 249 Czech warm 252 References Article Sources and Contributors 254 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 258 Article Licenses License 263 Abtenauer 1 Abtenauer

Abtenauer

Distinguishing features Small draft

Country of origin Austria

Horse ( ferus caballus)

The Abtenauer is a rare breed. It is the smallest variant of the horse, but is very strong despite its small size. Bred in the isolated valley of Abtenau, south of Salzburg in Austria, it is a consolidated population in itself.[1]

Characteristics The Abtenauer has a quiet, willing disposition and stands between 14.3 to 15 hands high. Of lighter bone than the Noriker, the Abtenauer breeds true to type and is well adapted to the poor soil on which it lives. The breed is known for its easy, flowing trotting action. The Abtenauer is elegantly built with a well-shaped head and strong legs. Abtenauers are usually black, , or blue ; black is the most color but all colors are accepted, except spotting. and spend the summers in pasture high in the mountains and are fed salt once a week to prevent them from becoming . They spend the summer freely roaming the alpine meadows with . Often foals are born with peculiar curly coats that are lost when the baby hair is shed.

Uses Because of its agility and good sense of balance, this breed is valuable for work in mountain forests.[2]

References

[1] Hendricks, B: International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, page 3. University of Oklahoma Press : Norman and London, 1995 [2] Hendricks, B: International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, page 3. University of Oklahoma Press : Norman and London, 1995 Abyssinian horse 2 Abyssinian horse

Abyssinian

Image from C.G.Wrangel: Die Rassen des Pferdes

Country of origin

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Abyssinian is a light that originated in Ethiopia.

Characteristics They generally stand around 13.3 hands high but show wide variability in coloration, size and conformation. The breed's coat is generally short and harsh, but unique in that it displays many 'rosettes' and ridges, and also generally grows a moustache around its nose. Many , especially those in , have worked to improve this rosette pattern. Because the hair grows in so many directions, it can be hard to brush, and great care must be taken to keep the coat clean and free of dirt. Most are green eyed, due to uncommon .

Breed history The Abyssinian has spread from Ethiopia along the coastline of the Red Sea. The breed was first exported to England in 1861. Abyssinian also live in Sudan.

Uses Despite its small size, the Abyssinian has been bred for strength and for the ability to live and work in mountainous areas.[1]

References

[1] "The Abyssnian Horse, Ethiopian/Gala." (http:/ / horsecare. stablemade. com/ _articles/ abyssinian. htm) Accessed December 20. 2007

External links

• Abyssinian (http:/ / cowboyfrank. net/ fortvalley/ breeds/ Abyssinian. htm) Aegidienberger 3 Aegidienberger

Aegidienberger

Aegidienberger horse

Distinguishing features Small, gaited horse.

Country of origin

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Aegidienberger is a small gaited from Germany. Like the , it can naturally perform a gait known as the tölt. They were developed in Aegidienberg and first recognized as a breed in 1994.[1][2] The Aegidienberger is a cross between the and the Icelandic horse, created to produce a horse that was larger than the Icelandic, but still small and hardy enough to navigate difficult terrain. They generally stand between 13 and 15 hands high. All colors are permitted for this breed. There have never been more than 100 members of this breed at any one time, and the breed numbers have been in decline since the inception of the book.[3]

Breeding method The first generation, generation F1, was born after crossbreeding a pure Peruvian Paso with a pure Icelandic . The F1 generation was than crossbred with a pure Icelandic horse, this resulted in the R1 generation. Finally the generations F1 and R1 were crossed and the modern Aegidienberger was born: a 5/8 between Icelandic horse and Peruvian Paso, with 5/8 Icelandic blood and 3/8 Peruvian blood.[4]

References

[1] Gestüt Aegidienberg (http:/ / www. aegidienberger. de/ ), updated 27 March 2007

[2] "Horse Breeds A to Z: The Aegidienberger" (http:/ / www. askthefarrier. com/ horse-breeds-a-to-z-the-aegidienberger/ ). Ask the Farrier. Accessed 5/5/08.

[3] "Aegidienberger/Germany" (http:/ / dad. fao. org/ cgi-bin/ EfabisWeb. cgi?sid=-1,reportsreport8a_50008301) DAD-IS. Accessed 5/5/08.

[4] Aegidienberger (http:/ / www. aegidienberger. de/ aegidienberger/ index. html/ ), Gestüt Aegidienberg, archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/

web/ 20060719150948/ http:/ / www. aegidienberger. de/ aegidienberger/ index. html) at the Internet Archive, 19 July 2006 Aegidienberger 4

External links

• http:/ / dad. fao. org/ cgi-bin/ EfabisWeb. cgi?sid=-1,reportsreport8a_50008301

• http:/ / www. aegidienberger. de/

Akhal-Teke

Akhal-Teke

Akhal-Teke

Distinguishing features Riding horse bred for endurance; noted for 'metallic' coat of some individuals

Country of origin Turkmenistan

Breed standards

[1] Akhal-Teke Association of America Breed standards

[2] International Association of Akhal-Teke Breeding (MAAK) Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Akhal-Teke (/ˌækəlˈtɛk/ or /ˌækəlˈtɛki/; from Turkmen Ahalteke, [ahalˈteke]) is a horse breed from Turkmenistan, where they are a national emblem. They have a reputation for speed and endurance, intelligence, and a distinctive metallic sheen. The shiny coat of and buckskins led to their nickname "Golden Horses".[3] These horses are adapted to severe climatic conditions and are thought to be one of the oldest extant horse breeds.[4] There are currently about 6,600 Akhal-Tekes in the world, mostly in Turkmenistan and Russia, although they are also found throughout and .[5] There are several theories regarding the original ancestry of the Akhal-Teke, some dating thousands of years. The tribes of Turkmenistan selectively bred the horses, recording their pedigrees orally and using them for raiding. The breed was used in the losing fight against the Russian Empire, and was subsumed into the Empire along with its country. The Akhal-Teke has influenced many other breeds, including several Russian breeds. There has also been some crossbreeding with the to create a fast, long-distance racehorse, but the resulting horses did not have the endurance of the Akhal-Teke. The studbook was closed in 1932 [6] The Russians printed the first stud book for the breed in 1941, including over 700 horses. Akhal-Teke 5

Breed characteristics

The Akhal-Teke typically stands between 14.2 and 16 hands (58 and 64 inches, 147 and 163 cm). These horses are well known for those individuals who have a golden or color, a result of the cream , a that also produces the perlino and cremello colors. A number of other colors are recognized, including bay, black, chestnut, and grey. Aficionados of the breed claim that the color pattern served as camouflage in the . Many Akhal-Tekes have a natural metallic sheen to their coat, particularly noticeable in those with colors. Akhal-Tekes are not thought to carry the An Akhal Teke stallion or roan gene.

The Akhal-Teke has a refined head with predominantly a straight or slightly convex profile, and long ears. It can also have almond-shaped or "hooded" eyes.[7] The and are usually sparse. The long back is lightly muscled, and is coupled to a flat croup and long, upright neck. The Akhal-Teke possess sloping shoulders and thin skin. These horses have strong, tough, but fine limbs. They have a rather slim body and ribcage (like an equine version of the greyhound), with a deep chest. The conformation is typical of horses bred for endurance over

distance. The Akhal-Tekes are lively and alert, with a reputation for Perlino Akhal -Teke. Many members of this bonding to only one person. breed carry a gene for the cream dilution.

The breed is tough and resilient, having adapted to the harshness of Turkmenistan lands, where horses must live without much food or water. This has also made the horses good for sport. The breed is known for its endurance,[8] as shown in 1935 when a group of Turkmen riders rode the 2500 miles from Ashgabat to Moscow in 84 days, including a three-day crossing of 235 miles of desert without water.[9] The Akhal-Teke is also known for its form and grace as a show jumper. The quality of the Akhal Teke horses are determined by the studbook manager. Depending on type, conformation, pedigree, quality of offspring and in sport, the horses are designated as either Elite or Class I or Class II.[10] There are usually 2 annual grading events in Moscow, Russia called the "International Sport Meeting and World “Heavenly Argamak”" and "Golden Akhal-Teke Cup Shael" where breeders present their best horses to a group of judges. At the World Championship a group of judges evaluate the horses in age and gender categories as well as in various sport disciplines and a class. Akhal-Teke 6

History

The ancestors of the breed may date back to animals living 3,000 years ago, known by a number of names, but most often as the Nisean horse. The precise ancestry is difficult to trace, however, because prior to about 1600 AD, horse breeds in the modern sense did not exist; rather, horses were identified by local strain or type. According to one theory of origin, the Akhal-Teke were kept hidden by tribesmen in the area where the breed first appeared, the Turkmenistan desert Kara Kum, which is a rocky, flat desert surrounded by 1848 French image of a "Turkmene" horse mountains. Others claim that the horses are descendants of the mounts of Mongol raiders of the thirteenth and fourteenth century.

The breed is very similar to, and possibly the direct descendant of the , a breed believed to be extinct, though a related strain may be bred today in . Other breeds or strains with Turkoman roots also include the Yomud, Goklan and the Nokhorli.[11] Some historians believe that the two are different strains of the same breed. It is a disputed "chicken or egg" question whether the influential Arabian was either the ancestor of the breed or was developed out of this breed. But a substantial number of Arabian mares have reportedly been used to improve the breed in the 14th and 19th century.[12] It is also possible that the so-called "hot blooded" breeds, the Arabian, Turkoman, Akhal-Teke, and the Barb all developed from a single "" predecessor.[13] Tribal people in what today is Turkmenistan first used the Akhal-Teke for raiding. The horses were their most treasured possession since they were crucial for income and survival. They selectively bred their horses, keeping records of the pedigrees via an . Horses were managed and trained in very specific ways. were tethered next to the tent while mares and foals were free to seek forage. The stallions were covered from head to tail with up to seven layers of felt, which kept their coat short and shiny. Before raids they were put on a sparse diet to prepare them for the long ride through the desert with no water and hardly any feed.[14] The horses were called Argamaks (divine or Sacred Horses) by the Russians,[15] and were cherished by those who valued their speed and stamina in the desert and loyalty to their owner. Han emperors from China sacrificed armies to obtain just a few of the precious "Argamaks".[16]

Akhal-Teke stallion Mele Koush, foaled 1909 In 1881, Turkmenistan became part of the Russian Empire. The tribes fought with the tsar, eventually losing. In the process, however, the Russian general Kuropatkin developed a fondness for horses he had seen while fighting the tribesmen, founded a breeding after the war and renamed the horses, "Akhal-Tekes", after the Teke Turkmen tribe that lived around the Akhal oasis (near Geok Tepe). The Russians closed the studbook in 1932 which included 287 stallions and 468 mares. Stallions are not gelded in Central . The studbook was printed in 1941.

The Akhal-Teke has had influence on many breeds, possibly including the Thoroughbred; the Byerly Turk, which may have been Akhal-Teke, an Arabian, or a Turkoman Horse), was one of the three major foundation stallions of the breed. Three other stallions thought to be of Turkoman origin, known as the "Lister Turk", the "White Turk", and the "Yellow Turk" were among a number of minor stallions from the orient who contributed to the foundation bloodstock of the Thoroughbred breed.[17] The has also been influenced by the Akhal-Teke, most notably by the stallion, Turkmen-Atti, as have the Russian breeds Don, Budyonny, , and Karabakh. Akhal-Teke 7

The breed suffered greatly when the Soviet Union required horses to be slaughtered for meat, even though local Turkmen refused to eat them. At one point only 1,250 horses remained and export from the Soviet Union was banned. The government of Turkmenistan now uses the horses as diplomatic presents as well as auctioning a few to raise money for improved programs.[18] In the early twentieth century, crossbreeding between the Thoroughbred and the Akhal-Teke took place, aiming to create a faster long-distance racehorse. The Anglo Akhal-Tekes were not so resilient however, as their Akhal-Teke ancestors, and many died due to the harsh conditions of Central Asia. After the 2,600 mile endurance race from Ashkabad to Moscow in 1935, when the finished in much better condition than the part-breds, the studbook management decided to consider all crossbred horses born after 1936, as not purebred. Horses with English Thoroughbred ancestors born prior to that date were allowed to remain inside the studbook (e.g. 044 Tillyakush, grandson of Thoroughbred Burlak, 831 Makh, granddaughter of Thoroughbred Blondelli and great-great-granddaughter of Thoroughbred Junak, and line founder 9 Ak Belek, a direct descendent in the male line of the Thoroughbred stallion Fortingbrass). Since 1973, all foals must be blood typed to be accepted in the stud book in order to protect the integrity of the breed. From 2014 on, a DNA test based on hair follicles is sufficient if the DNA of the parents is on file.[19] A stallion not producing the right type of horse may be removed. Nowadays, is allowed as well as transfer. The surrogate mother, however, needs to be a pureblood Akhal Teke mare for the to be registered in the General Studbook as a pureblood Akhal Teke.

Turkmenistan Turkmenistan has a separate agency, Turkmen Atlary, responsible for the breeding, training and maintenance of Akhal-Teke horses.[20] However, the agency's work has been the focus of criticism from the President of the country, who holds the agency responsible for decreasing numbers of horses and inadequate facilities for their breeding, training and management.[21] At present Akhal-Teke horses in Turkmenistan are not registered with any other studbook. The main reason for this are allegations of a heavy infusion of Thoroughbred blood into the breed to create faster horses for racing in Turkenistan. There are estimates that as many as 30% of the horses in the Ashgabat hippodrome were not purebred.[22] This may have also been a main reason for the fabricated charges against the first horse minister of Turkmenistan, Geldy Kyarizov, who tried to avoid and remedy the secretive and found himself in severe opposition to fellow breeders.[] Turkmen Atlary, in its capacity as the administrative arm of the International Akhal-Teke Horse Association, hosts a meeting of the association once or twice a year upon invitation in Ashgabat. Most of the bigger breeding and national Akhal Teke associations as well as Akhal Teke owners and representatives of the from around the world attend.[23][24] There is a organization called "Galkinysh" .[25] In Ashgabat, the Ahalteke equestrian complex,[26] one of the largest in Central Asia, is a horse-breeding center. The former Akhal-Teke horse Holiday, celebrated on the last Sunday in April, has been renamed 'Turkmen Horse Day'[27][28] Akhal-Teke 8

Uses

The Akhal-Teke, due to its natural athleticism, can be a sport horse, good at , , , racing, and . A noted example was the Akhal-Teke stallion, Absent, who won the Grand Prix de Dressage at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, while being ridden by Sergei Filatov. He went again with Filatov to win the bronze individual medal in Tokyo in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and won the Soviet team gold medal under Ivan Kalita at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.[29] Other notable Akhal-Tekes include the 1986 winner of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, Dancing Brave. Akhal-Teke under saddle

Free jumping Akhal-Teke

Breeders

Akhal-Teke horses are bred all over the world. In addition to their motherland there are breeders in Russia and Central Asia, in Germany and other European countries and USA, and .[31]

Genetic diseases

There are several genetic diseases of concern to Akhal-Teke breeders. The genetic diversity of the breed is relatively low with an AVK (Ancestor Loss Coefficient [32]) of 30-50%,Wikipedia:Disputed statement which raises concerns for dealing with an increase in carriers of these conditions, and even some risk of

depression.Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources To date, there are no [30] The horse Yanardag of the first president of DNA tests for these conditions. Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov on the arms of • Naked Foal Syndrome or Hairless Foal Syndrome is most likely an Turkmenistan autosomal, lethal recessive gene, though the exact inheritance pattern has not yet been verified. It appears to be similar in clinical signs, though not identical to, junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) found in the Belgian horse and another condition of a similar nature identified in the American Saddlebred. The defect causes foals to be born without any hair coat, mane or tail. In some cases, the front teeth are in at birth or molars grow abnormally from normal jaws. Other symptoms include persistent diarrhea, frequent digestive disorders, and -like, treatment-resistant rotation of the coffin in the Akhal-Teke 9

hooves. Due the lack of normal skin protection, secondary symptoms include scaly, dry, and inflamed skin, as well as severe cases of sunburn in summer, and frequent pulmonary infections during . NFS is always fatal, most foals die within weeks of birth, although some horses have survived up to the age of two years. Early demise is usually caused by digestive problems, whereas older horses need to be humanely euthanized because of severe laminitis-induced pain. Cases were recorded within the Akhal-Teke breed as early as 1938. Some 35 carriers have been ascertained,Wikipedia:Disputed statement including 943 Arslan, 736 Keymir, 2001 Mariula, or 1054 Gilkuyruk, but the estimated number of unknown cases is likely higher, as several Russian and Turkmenian breeders have acknowledged that NFS foals are often just reported as stillborn or aborted.[33][34]

• Hereditary cryptorchidism exists within the Akhal-Teke breed and affected stallions can be traced through multiple generations. The influential foundation sire, 2a Boinou was a cryptorchid according to experts of the breed. Other verified cryptorchids include 779 Peren, 1248 Orlan, 971 Khalif, Sayvan, Saburbek, and Garayusup. 1069 Kortik produced a cryptorchid. Unlike many European and North American breed organisations, neither Russia nor Turkmenistan bar cryptorchids from breeding. Cryptorchidism is said to be related to health and behavior problems. Affected horses are more expensive to castrate. There are no studbook regulations related to the use of cryptorchid stallions. Breeders balance the risk of cryptorchidism against propagating other desirable qualities. Some national Akhal Teke associations, however, ban Cryptorchidism from breeding. • The Akhal-Teke is one of many light riding horse breeds that may be prone to cervical vertebral malformation (CVM), commonly called Wobbler syndrome, and to Degenerative suspensory desmitis (DSLD). These conditions are seen in a number of other breeds, including the Thoroughbred. There is likely a genetic component to Wobbler's, but the mechanism has not been clearly identified. There also is a possible connection to Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD).

Others Akhal-Teke is presented in the official coat of arms and banknotes of Turkmenistan, as well as on stamps of both the Turkmenistan and other countries.

Akhal-Teke horse in [[postage stamps]] and [[Currency|bank notes]]

Azerbaijan (1993) Azerbaijan (1997) Kazakhstan (2002) USSR (1968)

Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Turkmen manat (1992) (2001):Miniature 2001):Miniature sheet sheet Akhal-Teke 10

Monuments In different cities of Turkmenistan are monuments to the Akhal-Teke.[35] The largest number of sculptures located in Ashgabat.

Monument in Ashgabat Monument in International Equestrian Sports Complex

References

[1] http:/ / www. akhal-teke. org/ breed-standard. html

[2] http:/ / www. maakcenter. org/ ENG/ BREED/ grading. html

[3] Metallic Sheen as Observed in Individuals of the Akhal-Teke Breed (http:/ / www. cgakhaltekes. com/ index_files/ Page2110. htm); By Danielle Westfall, Zoology major, Wesleyan University

[4] Cieslak, Michael, et al. "Origin and history of mitochondrial DNA lineages in domestic horses." (http:/ / www. plosone. org/ article/ info:doi/

10. 1371/ journal. pone. 0015311) PLoS One 5.12 (2010): e15311. "Eleven out of these 39 haplotypes were lineages that were confined to a single primitive breed (B/Arabian; D2d/Cheju; G1/Akhal Teke; H/; H1/Marismeno; H1a/; K2b1/Sicilian Oriental Purebred; K3b/ Yakut; X1/Pottoka; X2a/Debao; X3c/Lusitano; X5/Fulani). "

[5] 01.10.2012, 1st Report from WATO President Christoph Vogel (http:/ / www. shael-teke. ru/ en/ publications/ 30/ ), The breed of Akhal-Teke is facing a crisis: "In her world census for 2012, Jessica Eile-Keith estimated a world population of about 6’600 Akhal-Teke: Turkmenistan ± 3’000, Russia ± 1’600, Central Asia ± 300, USA ± 450, ±1’300. With a total of 6’600 Akhal-Teke, one or two specialisation would be justifiable." [6] International Association of Akhal-Teke Breeding (MAAK); OPEN LETTER TO MAAK MEMBERS. Subject: Akhal-Teke studbook (http:/

/ www. maakcenter. org/ ENG/ announce. html)

[7] (http:/ / www. akhal-teke. org/ breed-standard. html), Akhal-Teke Association of America [8][8]Leisson, K., et al. "Myosin heavy chain pattern in the Akhal-Teke horses." animal 5.5 (2010): 658.

[9] VIDEO: Amazing equine trek from Ashkhabad to Moscow in 84 days over 4,300km (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=cCLIu31HXSE)

[10] Grading Rules for Purebred Akhal-Teke Horses: http:/ / www. maakcenter. org/ ENG/ BREED/ grading. html

[11] A Look at the Turkoman Horse in Iran (http:/ / www. museumofthehorse. org/ journal/ a-look-at-the-turkoman-horse-in-iran/ ) [12] Moser, Henri. À travers l'Asie Centrale. — : E. Plon, Nourrit ..., 1886. — 463 p. incl. front. : ill., plates, ports., fold. map. page 320

http:/ / www. columbia. edu/ cu/ lweb/ digital/ collections/ cul/ texts/ ldpd_6345164_000/ pages/ ldpd_6345164_000_00000360. html [13] Firouz, L. "The original ancestors of the Turkoman, Caspian horses." Proc. 1st Int. Conference on Turkoman Horse, Ashgabad,

Turkmenistan, May. 1998. http:/ / www. endangeredequines. com/ archivesdocuments/ 1998. pdf [14][14]À travers l'Asie Centrale: la Steppe kirghize, le Turkestan russe, Boukhara, Khiva, le pays des Turcomans et la Perse, impressions de voyage; Author: Henri Moser; Publisher: Plon, 1885; pp. 321-322 in Original from Princeton University; Digitized Jun 2, 2009; Length 463 pages

[15] Khiva and Turkestan (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=v3cEAAAAYAAJ& printsec=frontcover& source=gbs_ge_summary_r&

cad=0#v=snippet& q=argamaks& f=false), translated from Russian by Captain Henry Spalding FRGS, London, Chapman and Hall, 1874, p. 216

[16] page 114 in Mirrors of the Unseen: Journeys in Iran By Jason Elliot, 2007: http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=vnnxV3SHHx4C&

pg=PA114& dq=china+ turkoman+ horse& hl=en& sa=X& ei=8NgHUrjuDabgyQG69oHoAQ& ved=0CD8Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&

q=china%20turkoman%20horse& f=false and The Wars for Blood-Sweat Horses: http:/ / www. ourorient. com/ the-wars-for-blood-sweat-horses [17] Summerhayes, RS, Horses and , Warne & Co, London & New York, 1948

[18] Turkmenistan: Arkadag Rides Again! (http:/ / www. eurasianet. org/ node/ 67086) Akhal-Teke 11

[19] To register horses in the General Studbook, parentage used to be verified by blood typing. Bloodtyping is becoming obsolete: http:/ / www.

akhal-teke. org/ registration. html

[20] official website of Turkmen Atlary, the State Department for horses in Turkmenistan (http:/ / www. turkmenatlary. gov. tm)

[21] Turkmenistan’s President Rages at Poor Horse Industry (http:/ / www. eurasianet. org/ node/ 66574)

[22] The History of the Akhal-Teke Horses, Yesterday And Today, Retrieved on Feb 21, 2014 (http:/ / www. turanianhorse. org/ yesterday. html)

[23] http:/ / thbcc. com/ iatha/ IATHA

[24] Turkmenistan: Arkadag’s Day at the Races Redux (http:/ / www. eurasianet. org/ node/ 66992)

[25] Heavenly horses canter around ring (http:/ / www. sb. by/ files/ MT/ 12/ N46/ 10. pdf)

[26] Президент Туркменистана посетил Ахалтекинский конный комплекс (http:/ / tdh. gov. tm/ ?id=4586)

[27] Turkmenistan marks Fair and Conference marking Turkmen Horse Day opened in Ashgabat (http:/ / www. turkmenistan. ru/ en/ articles/

17162. html)

[28] Turkmenistan: Land Of The Akhal Teke (http:/ / www. chronofhorse. com/ turkmenistan-akhal-teke?page=3)

[29] Medals, Results, Sports, Athletes|Médailles, Résultats, Sports et Athlètes des Jeux Olympiques (http:/ / www. olympic. org/

content/ results-and-medalists/ eventresultpagegeneral/ ?athletename=& country=& sport2=31517& games2=& event2=& mengender=true&

womengender=true& mixedgender=true& goldmedal=true& silvermedal=true& bronzemedal=true& worldrecord=false&

olympicrecord=false& teamclassification=true& individualclassification=true& winter=true& summer=true& searchpageipp=10& searchpage=3)

[30] Yanardag is visible in the video from ~30 sec onward: http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=REl9VDNgrs0

[31] Breeders from around the world: http:/ / www. akhaltekehorse. org/ links. htm [32][32]AVK is the loss of ancestors of possible ancestors in the pedigree due to some ancestors showing up more than once in the pedigree [33][33]"The Stavropol Sphinx", Akhal Teke Inform 2006 [34][34]e.g. "10th Studbook, tome II, page 160": 2860 Mriya, naked foal (dead) b.2000, by 1201 Kavkas, published in 2005 by VNIIK, Ryasan

[35] Во славу ахалтекинского коня (http:/ / tdh. gov. tm/ ?id=6765)

External links

• The European Akhal-Teke Horse Association (http:/ / www. akhaltekehorse. org/ )

• (MAAK) International Association of Akhal-Teke Breeders (http:/ / www. maakcenter. org/ )

• Turkmenistan Akhal Teke government website (http:/ / www. ahalteke. gov. tm/ )

• Akhal-Teke Association of America (http:/ / www. akhal-teke. org/ )

• Akhal-Teke World association (http:/ / www. akhaltekeforsale. com/ akhal-teke_links_association. html/ )

• Akhal-Teke Switzerland (http:/ / achal-tekkiner. ch/ )

• Czech Akhal Teke Association (http:/ / www. achalteke. cz/ )

• The French Akhal-Teke Horse Association (http:/ / www. akhal-teke. fr/ ) Albanian horse 12 Albanian horse

Albanian

Country of origin Albania

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Albanian is a small horse which belongs to the Balkan group. It is reputed to be hardy and very efficient. The Myzeqea type of Albanian is larger and can grow up to 13.2 hands high, while the Mountain type averages about 12.2 to 12.3 hands.[1]

Characteristics There are two types of native Albanian horse, referred to as Mountain and Myzeqea (which refers to the Myzeqe plain). Due to recent interbreeding between the two types, the distinction is becoming less clear. The Myzeqea horse is exceptionally strong for its size and has an easily-ridden , making it useful as a long distance horse. Coloring is usually black, chestnut, gray or bay.

Temperament The Albanian horse is known for its high energy and endurance as well as sure-footedness, agility, and balance making them excellent horses for general riding, transportation, and pack animals.

Breed history During the reign of the in Albania, a great deal of Arabian blood influenced the local horses. The indigenous stock were thought to be various combinations of , Turkmenian and stock. Since 1980, there has been a great increase in the number of horses in Albania. In the early 1990s, measures were taken to promote and increase the number of Albanian horses and to improve them for agricultural work. The goals of Albanian breeders today are to increase the number of horses and improve their quality. Purebred Arabian, Nonius and horses are crossed with the Albanian and several improved types are emerging. Nonius horses are bred at the Zootechnic Station at Shkodër, and stallions and mares are distributed to other areas for breed improvement. The main reason for this crossbreeding is increased size for better agricultural work. The Haflinger was imported from Austria to help improve the working abilities of horses in hilly regions of the country.

Uses Albanian horses are used as horses and for riding and light draft work.

References

[1] Hendricks, Bonnie L. (1995). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=CdJg3qXssWYC& pg=PA10), pp 10-11. University of Oklahoma Press. Altai horse 13 Altai horse

Altai

An Altai with rider

Country of origin Central Asia

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Altai is a horse breed developed in the Altai Mountains of Central Asia.

Characteristics The Altai has a head with a slightly dished profile, set on a relatively short neck. They have a strong back, a well-developed croup, and short cannon bones. They stand an average of 13.2 - 13.3 hands high, and their coat colors are chestnut, bay, black, gray, and sometimes leopard spotted. Crossing Altais with other breeds usually results in larger, stronger horses that still retain the healthiness and easy management of the Altai. In the past, the Altai has been crossed with Lithuanian, Russian, and horses.

Breed history The Altai has been influenced significantly by the harsh climate in which it was developed and the need for survival on only year-round pasture grazing. They were bred for the characteristics most needed by the mountain tribesmen and nomads, including strong cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular and skeletal systems. They are also surefooted over steep mountain .

References American Cream Draft 14 American Cream Draft

American Cream Draft

American Cream Draft Horses in Minnesota State Fair Parade

Distinguishing features Cream color, medium-heavy build

Country of origin

Breed standards

[1] American Cream Draft Association Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The American Cream Draft is a rare draft horse breed, the only such breed developed in the United States that is still in existence. It is recognized by its cream color, known as "gold champagne", produced by the action of the champagne gene upon a chestnut base color, and by its amber eyes, also characteristic of the gene; the only other color found in the breed is chestnut. Like several other breeds of draft horses, the American Cream is at risk for the autosomal recessive genetic disease junctional epidermolysis bullosa. The breed was developed in Iowa during the early 20th century, beginning with a cream-colored mare named Old Granny. The Great Depression threatened the breed's existence, but several breeders worked to improve the color and type of the breed, and in 1944 a was formed. The mechanization of farming in the mid-20th century led to a decrease in the breed's population and the registry became inactive for several decades. It was reactivated in 1982 and population numbers have slowly grown since then. However, population numbers are still considered critical by The Conservancy and the Equus Survival Trust.

Characteristics American Creams have refined heads, with flat facial profiles that are neither concave nor convex. They have wide chests, sloping shoulders and short, strong backs. Their are well sprung, and they are short-coupled with well-muscled hindquarters and with strong well-proportioned legs set well apart. They are sure-footed with strong hooves, and their movement is free and easy. According to enthusiasts, the breed has a calm, willing temperament, particularly suited for owners who are new to handling draft horses. Mares stand 15–16 hands (60–64 inches, 152–163 cm) high and weigh 1,500–1,600 pounds (680–730 kg), while stallions and stand 16–16.3 hands (64–67 inches, 163–170 cm) and weigh 1,800 pounds (820 kg) or more. The ideal coat color for the breed is a medium cream with pink skin, amber eyes and a and tail. The characteristic cream color of the breed is produced by the champagne gene. Recognized colors include light, medium and dark cream, with amber or hazel eyes. A cream mare with dark skin and a light mane and tail may be accepted American Cream Draft 15

by the registry as , while stallions must have pink skin and white manes and tails to be registered. Purebred American Cream foals that are too dark to be accepted into the main breed registry may be recorded into an appendix registry. The appendix will also accept half-bred Cream Draft horses crossed with other draft bloodlines if they meet certain requirements, and the registry provides an upgrade system that uses appendix horses to strengthen genes, increase breed numbers, and allow more diversified bloodlines.

Color The champagne gene produces diluted color, and the gold champagne body color, light skin, light eyes, and ivory mane and tail associated with the American Cream Draft are produced by the action of the champagne gene on a chestnut base coat. In the adult horse, the skin is pink with abundant dark freckles or mottling, and the eyes are hazel or amber. The eyes of champagne foals are blue at birth, darkening as they age, and a foal's skin is bright pink. The breed registry describes foals' eyes as "almost white", which is consistent with the nature of the champagne blue foal eye, which is creamier than other types of blue eye. Champagne is a dominant trait, based on a in the SLC36A1 gene. The mapping of the gene was announced in 2008, and the American Cream Draft cross was among the breeds studied. The authors of this study noted that it was difficult to distinguish between homozygous and heterozygous animals, thus distinguishing champagne from incomplete dominant dilutions such as the cream gene. However they noted that homozygotes may have less mottling or a slightly lighter hair color than heterozygotes. Anecdotal reports also note mild Skin freckling is slightly visible around the differences, including lighter freckling, skin and hair coat, though eye muzzle of this resting horse color remains the same.

Dark-skinned American Cream Draft horses are actually chestnuts, as the breed is not homozygous for the champagne gene; only one is needed to produce the proper color. Champagne dilutes any base coat color, and in the American Cream Draft, the underlying genetic base color is chestnut. As of 2003, scientists have not found the breed to carry the cream gene, even though breeders refer to the desired color as "cream". The American Cream Draft is never cremello or white, and though the gold coat color with a white mane and tail resembles palomino, the breed's defining characteristics are the result of the champagne gene.

Junctional epidermolysis bullosa The autosomal recessive genetic disease junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) has been found in some American Cream Drafts. This is a lethal genetic disorder that causes newborn foals to lose large areas of skin and have other abnormalities, normally leading to of the animal. It is most commonly associated with Belgian horses, but is also found in other draft breeds. A DNA test was developed in 2002, and JEB can be avoided as long as two carriers are not bred to one another. The American Cream registry states that it has "been pro-active in testing its registered animals since JEB was discovered". American Cream Draft 16

Breed history

The American Cream is the only breed of draft horse developed in the United States that is still in existence today. The breed descends from a foundation mare named Old Granny. She was probably foaled between 1900 and 1905, and was first noticed at an auction in Story County, Iowa, in 1911 and purchased by Harry Lakin, a well known stock dealer. She was eventually sold to Brothers Farm in Jewell, Iowa. Her breeding is not known, but she was cream-colored and many of her foals were as well; they sold for above-average prices because of their color. Her cream-colored coat, pink skin and amber eyes are defining standards for the breed, and the color is now known as gold Head and shoulders of an American Cream champagne. In 1946, two years after the breed registry was formed, 98 percent of the horses registered could be traced back to Old Granny.

In 1920, a of Old Granny's named Nelson's Buck No. 2 impressed veterinarian Eric Christian to the point that Christian asked the Nelsons not to geld him. They agreed to let him remain a stallion, and he sired several cream-colored foals, though only one was registered: a colt named Yancy No. 3, whose dam was a black mare of Percheron breeding. Yancy sired Knox 1st, born in 1926 to an unregistered bay mare of mixed Shire ancestry. From this sire line, in 1931, a great-great-grandson of Nelson's Buck was born, named Silver Lace No. 9. Silver Lace was to become one of the most influential stallions of the American Cream breed. His dam was a Belgian mare with light chestnut coloring, and she is credited with Silver Lace's size – at 2,230 pounds (1,010 kg) he weighed considerably more than most of his bloodline. Silver Lace quickly became a popular stallion in Iowa. However, stallions standing for public stud service in Iowa were required to be registered with the Iowa Department of , and this agency only allowed horses of recognized breeds. As Silver Lace was not registered with any breed registry, his owners created a breeding syndicate, and mare owners who bought shares in the "Silver Lace Horse Company" could breed their mares to him. However, his main breeding career coincided with the economic struggles of the Great Depression, and Silver Lace was at one point hidden in a neighbor's barn to prevent his sale at auction. Another significant foundation stallion was Ead's Captain, whose bloodlines appear in about one-third of all American Cream Drafts. Around 1935, despite the Depression, a few breeders started to linebreed and inbreed cream-colored horses to fix their color and type. In particular, C.T. Rierson began buying cream-colored mares sired by Silver Lace and developing the American Cream breed in earnest. In 1944, a breed association, the American Cream Association, was formed by 20 owners and breeders and granted a corporate charter in the state of Iowa. In 1950, the breed was finally recognized by the Iowa Department of Agriculture, based on a 1948 recommendation by the National Stallion Enrollment Board. The mechanization of farming in the mid-20th century led to a decrease in the overall draft horse population, and with Rierson's death in 1957, American Cream Draft numbers began to decline. By the late 1950s there were only 200 living American Creams registered, owned by only 41 breeders. The registry became inactive until 1982, when three families who had retained their herds reactivated and reorganized the registry. In 1994, the organization officially changed its name to the American Cream Draft Horse Association (ACDHA). American Cream Draft 17

1990s to the present In 1982, owners began blood-typing their horses, and by 1990, found that "compared with other draft breeds and based upon gene marker data, the Creams form a distinct group within the draft horses." The American Cream Draft was found to have a genetic relationship with the Belgian breed that was no closer than the ones it had with the Percheron, and Haflinger breeds. Registry records dating to the early 20th century show no bloodlines other than draft breeding. As of 2000 there were 222 registered horses, a number that increased to 350 as of 2004. Of these, 40 were "tracking horses" – either purebred American Creams that did not meet color requirements or crossbred horses that mix American Cream and other draft blood, but still meet the physical requirements for the registry. These tracking horses are allowed by certain regulations to be used as breeding stock, with the resulting foals able to be registered as purebred American Creams. Around 30 new horses are registered each year. The Livestock Conservancy considers the breed to be at "critical" status, meaning that the estimated global population of the breed is less than 2,000 and there are less than 200 registrations annually in the US. The Equus Survival Trust also considers the population to be "critical", meaning that there are between 100 and 300 active adult breeding mares in existence today. To help replenish numbers, the ACDHA has developed regulations to permit foals to be registered when produced via methods such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer. Careful use of the appendix registry also allows numbers to increase. The American Creams that live in Colonial Williamsburg have been called "the most famous of all American Cream Draft horses". In the village they are used for and carriage rides, and as of 2006 there is a run by Colonial Williamsburg that is working to increase breed numbers.

References

[1] http:/ / www. acdha. net

External links

• American Cream Draft Horse Association (http:/ / www. acdha. net/ ) American Indian horse 18 American Indian horse

American Indian Horse

Country of origin North America

Breed standards

[1] American Indian Horse Registry Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The American Indian Horse is any horse of Spanish origin that has evolved to adapt to a particular environment within North America, with or without breeding from . The American Indian Horse does not refer to one specific breed; rather, it applies to any breed that has proved itself capable of withstanding a distinct ecotone, whether it be the high plains of the Midwest or the low swamplands of the South.

History The diverse nature of the "American Indian horse" results in a range of historical origins. Its earliest origin is from the Arabian breed that was imported to , then bred with Barb and Andalusian stock to become the Iberian horses which were brought over to the by the in the 16th century. The American Indian Horse Registry, established in 1961, has created five categories in which to group the horse: • Class A are those with unknown pedigrees, such as Bureau of Land Management horses • Class AA have at least a 50 percent traceable pedigree to distinct American Indian tribe horses •• Class M horses have modern type breed blood, such as Quarter Horse and Appaloosa. •• Class O horses are those horses which follow a distinct bloodline that follows back to specific Indian tribes •• Class P is reserved for ponies of Indian type.

Breed characteristics There is no single characteristic typical of this type, because the American Indian Horse Registry has not just one single breed or stock but is rather a group that has developed over time in the Americas from Spanish stock. At the most general, the American Indian Horse stands between 13 and 15 hands high and comes in any color from solid to lilac roan or peacock spotted leopard. It does not have small feet in comparison to the body structure, overly muscled/fat body style of the 'modern' horse breeds or overly straight legs. American Indian horse 19

References • American Indian Horse Registry [1] • American Indian Horse [2]

References

[1] http:/ / www. indianhorse. com/

[2] http:/ / www. redoaktree. org/ indianhorse/ index. htm American Paint Horse 20 American Paint Horse

American Paint Horse

American Paint Horse

Distinguishing features Broad pinto spotting patterns of white and dark hair

Alternative names Paint

Country of origin United States

Common nicknames Paint

Breed standards

[1] APHA Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The American Paint Horse is a breed of horse that combines both the conformational characteristics of a western stock horse with a pinto spotting pattern of white and dark coat colors. Developed from a base of spotted horses with Quarter Horse and Thoroughbred bloodlines, the American Paint Horse Association (APHA) breed registry is now one of the fastest-growing in North America. The registry allows some non-spotted animals to be registered as "Solid Paint Bred ," and considers the American Paint Horse to be a horse breed with distinct characteristics, not merely a .

Registration The American Paint Horse's combination of color and conformation has made the American Paint Horse Association (APHA) the second-largest breed registry in the United States.[2] While the colorful coat pattern is essential to the identity of the breed, American Paint Horses have strict bloodline requirements and a distinctive stock-horse body type. To be eligible for registry, a Paint's sire and dam must be registered with the American Paint Horse Association, the American Quarter Horse Association, or the Jockey Club (). At least one of the parents must be a registered American Paint Horse. There are two categories of registration, regular, for horses with color, and solid Paint-bred, for those without color. American Paint Horse 21

Regular APHA registration

In addition to bloodlines, to be eligible for the Regular Registry of the American Paint Horse Association (APHA), the horse must also exhibit a "natural paint marking", meaning either a predominant hair coat color with at least one contrasting area of solid white hair of the required size with some underlying unpigmented skin present on the horse at the time of its birth. Or, in the case of a predominantly white hair coat, at least one contrasting area of the required size of colored hair with some underlying pigmented skin present on the horse. Natural Paint markings usually must cover more than two inches and A regular registry Paint be located in certain designated areas of the body.[3]

Solid Paint-Bred

Solid colored offspring of two registered Paint parents, called "Solid Paint-Breds" or "Breeding Stock Paints," are also eligible for registration, with certain restrictions.[4] They are able to participate in some recognized Paint breed shows, and there are alternative programs offered, and many incentive programs within the registry are available to Solid Paint-bred horses. If a solid-colored horse is bred to a regular registry Paint horse, it is possible to produce a spotted foal. In some

Solid Paint-bred foal. Sire was a and white cases, such as the recessive sabino patterns, described below, even a , dam is a black and white . Foal is solid colored horse may still carry genes for color. However, in the a solid Chestnut. case of the dominant tobiano pattern, a Breeding Stock Paint will not carry these color genes, though it may retain other desirable traits.

Color

Each Paint Horse has a particular combination of white and another color of the equine spectrum. Most common are horses with white spots combined with black, bay, brown, and chestnut or sorrel. Less common are horses with spot colors influenced by dilution genes such as palomino, buckskin, cremello, perlino, pearl or "Barlink factor", and champagne,[5] various shades of roan, or various shades of dun, including .[6] Paints may also carry the gray gene and have spots that eventually fade to white hair, though retaining pigmented skin underneath the areas that were once dark.

Spots can be any shape or size, except patterning, A tobiano Paint which is characteristic of the Appaloosa, and located virtually anywhere on the Paint's body. Although Paints come in a variety of colors with different markings and different underlying genetics, these are grouped into only four defined coat patterns: (includes frame, splash and sabino), tobiano and tovero and solid.[7] Breeding Stock Paints can sometimes showcase small color traits, particularly if they carry sabino genetics. Such traits include blue eyes, pink skin on lips and nostrils, roan spots, and minimal roaning. American Paint Horse 22

Terms for color patterns defined

• Tobiano: The most common spotting pattern, characterized by rounded markings with white legs and white across the back between the withers and the dock of the tail, usually arranged in a roughly vertical pattern and more white than dark, with the head usually dark and with markings like that of a normal horse. i.e. star, snip, strip, or blaze. • Overo: A group of spotting patterns characterized by sharp, irregular markings with a horizontal orientation, usually more dark than white, though the face is usually white, sometimes with blue eyes. The white rarely crosses the back, and the lower An Overo Paint legs are normally dark. The APHA recognizes three overo patterns:

• Frame: The most familiar overo pattern, the gene for frame has been genetically mapped and in the homozygous form, results in Lethal White Syndrome (LWS). Visually identified frames have no health defects connected to their color, and are characterized by ragged, sharp white patches on the sides of the body, leaving a "frame" of non-white color that typically includes the topline. • Sabino: Often confused with roan or , sabino is a slight spotting pattern characterized by high white on legs, belly spots, white markings on the face extending past the eyes and/or patches of roaning patterns standing alone or on the edges of white markings. • : The least common spotting pattern, splashed whites typically have blue eyes and crisp, smooth, blocky white markings that almost always include the head and legs. The tail is often white or white-tipped, and body markings originate under the belly and extend "upwards". • Tovero: spotting pattern that is a mix of tobiano and overo coloration, such as blue eyes on a dark head. •• Solid: A horse otherwise eligible for registration as a Paint that does not have any white that constitutes a recognized spotting pattern. •• "Color": An informal term meaning that the horse has a spotting pattern. (The opposite of "Solid.") •• "Chrome": An informal term of approval used in some geographic regions to describe a particularly flashy spotting pattern.

Paint or Pinto? The terms "paint" and "pinto" are sometimes both used to describe spotted horses, but in modern use there is a clear difference between the two terms. A pinto differs from a Paint solely due to bloodlines. A pinto may be of any breed or combination of breeds, though some Pinto registries may have additional restrictions. (Some do not register draft horses or , for example.) For a horse to be registered as an American Paint Horse however, it must have registered American Quarter Horse, American Paint Horse, or Thoroughbred parents. Therefore, all Paint horses (except for the small number of "solids" allowed into the Paint registry) could be registered as pintos, but not all pintos qualify to be registered as Paints. American Paint Horse 23

History The American Paint Horse shares a common ancestry with the American Quarter Horse and the Thoroughbred. A registered Paint horse should conform to the same "stock horse" body type desired in Quarter Horses: a muscular animal that is heavy but not too tall, with a low center of gravity for maneuverability, and powerful hindquarters suitable for rapid acceleration and sprinting. When the American Quarter Horse Association emerged in 1940 to horses of the "stock" type, it excluded those with pinto coat patterns and "crop out" horses, those born with white body spots or white above the knees and hocks. Undeterred, fans of colorful stock horses formed a variety of organizations to preserve and promote Paint horses. In 1965 some of these groups merged to form the American Paint Horse Association.

Genetic Problems One medical issue associated with the breed is the genetic disease lethal white syndrome (LWS). Also called Overo Lethal White Syndrome (OLWS) or, less often, White Foal Syndrome (WFS), it is linked to a recessive gene associated with the frame overo pattern. Horses that are heterozygous carriers of the gene do not develop the condition and are physically healthy. However, when a foal is born that is homozygous for the LWS gene, it should be humanely euthanized shortly after birth, or else will die within a few days from complications involving an underdeveloped intestinal tract. A DNA test is available for LWS so that horses who are carriers of this gene are not bred to one another. Horses can carry the LWS gene and not visibly exhibit overo coloring; cases have appeared in the offspring of both tobiano and solid-colored parents, though all cases to date are horses that had overo ancestors. LWS is also not unique to Paint Horses; it can occur in any equine breed where the frame overo coat pattern is found. Due to the heavy influx of American Quarter Horse breeding, some Paints may also carry genetic disorders such as Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP), Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia (HERDA), Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (called PSSM - polysaccharide storage myopathy - in Paints, Quarter Horses and ), Malignant hyperthermia (MH) and Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED). The influence of Thoroughbred breeding puts some bloodlines at higher risk for Wobbler's syndrome.

References

[1] http:/ / www. apha. com/

[2] American Paint Horse Association (http:/ / www. apha. com/ )

[3] APHA Color Requirements (http:/ / www. apha. com/ breed/ colorreq. html)

[4] Solid Paint-Breds (http:/ / www. apha. com/ breed/ solidpaint-bred. html)

[5] (http:/ / www. painthorsejournal. com/ archives/ pdfs/ TrueChampagneOct08. pdf) Stamatelakys, Irene (October 2008). "True Champagne." Paint Horse Journal.

[6] APHA coat colors. (http:/ / www. apha. com/ breed/ coatcolors. html)

[7] APHA web site (http:/ / www. apha. com/ breed/ index. html) • Paul D. Vrotsos RVT and Elizabeth M. Santschi DVM. University of Minnesota Genetics Group. "Stalking the

Lethal White Syndrome". Paint Horse Journal. July 1998. (http:/ / www. apha. com/ breed/ lethalwhites03. html)

• Bowling, Ann T. "Coat Color Genetics: Positive Horse Identification" (http:/ / www. vgl. ucdavis. edu/ ~lvmillon/

coatcolor/ coatclr3. html) from Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis. Web site accessed February 9, 2007 American Paint Horse 24

External links

• American Paint Horse Association (http:/ / www. apha. com/ )

• Paint Horse Journal (http:/ / www. painthorsejournal. com/ )

• Paint Racing (http:/ / www. paintracing. com/ )

• Paint Horse Legends (http:/ / painthorselegends. googlepages. com/ ) American Quarter Horse 25 American Quarter Horse

American Quarter Horse

A palomino American Quarter Horse shown at halter.

Distinguishing features Great sprinting speed over short distances; short, refined head; strong, well-muscled body, featuring a broad chest and powerful, rounded hindquarters

Alternative names Quarter Horse

Country of origin United States

Common nicknames "America's Horse" "World's Fastest Athlete"

Breed standards

[1] American Quarter Horse Breed standards Association

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The American Quarter Horse is an American breed of horse that excels at sprinting short distances. Its name came from its ability to outdistance other horse breeds in races of a quarter mile or less; some individuals have been clocked at speeds up to 55 mph (88.5 km/h). The American Quarter Horse is the most popular breed in the United States today, and the American Quarter Horse Association is the largest breed registry in the world, with more than 5 million American Quarter Horses registered. The American Quarter Horse is well known both as a race horse and for its performance in , horse shows and as a working horse. The compact body of the American Quarter Horse is well-suited to the intricate and speedy maneuvers required in , , , , , and other events, especially those involving live cattle. The American Quarter Horse is also shown in English disciplines, , and many other equestrian activities. American Quarter Horse 26

Breed history

Colonial era In the 17th century, colonists on the eastern seaboard of what today is the United States began to cross imported English Thoroughbred horses with assorted "native" horses such as the Chickasaw horse, which was a breed developed by Native American people from horses descended from Spain, developed from Iberian, Arabian and Barb stock brought to what is now the Southeastern United States by the Conquistadors.[2] One of the most famous of these early imports was Janus, a Thoroughbred who was the grandson of the . He was foaled in 1746, and imported to colonial in 1756.[3] The influence of Thoroughbreds like Janus contributed genes crucial to the development of the colonial "Quarter Horse."[4][5] The breed is sometimes referred to as the "Famous American Quarter Running Horse." The resulting horse was small, hardy, and quick, and was used as a work horse during the week and a race horse on the weekends. As flat racing became popular with the colonists, the Quarter Horse gained even more popularity as a sprinter over courses that, by necessity, were shorter than the classic racecourses of England, and were often no more than a straight stretch of road or flat piece of open land. When matched against a Thoroughbred, local sprinters often won.[citation needed] As the Thoroughbred breed became established in America, many colonial Quarter Horses were included in the original American stud books,[] starting a long association between the Thoroughbred breed and what would later become officially known as the "Quarter Horse," named after the distance at which it excelled,[citation needed] with some individuals being clocked at up to 55 mph.

Westward expansion In the 19th century, pioneers heading West needed a hardy, willing horse. On the Great Plains, settlers encountered horses that descended from the Spanish stock Hernán Cortés and other Conquistadors had introduced into the viceroyalty of , which today includes the Southwestern United States and Mexico. These horses of the west included herds of feral animals known as , as well as horses domesticated by Native Americans, including the , Shoshoni and Nez Perce tribes.[citation needed] As the colonial Quarter Horse was crossed with these western horses, the pioneers found that the new crossbred had innate "cow sense," a natural instinct for working with cattle, making it popular with cattlemen on .[6]

Development as a distinct breed

Early foundation sires of Quarter horse type included Steel Dust, foaled 1843; Shiloh (or Old Shiloh), foaled 1844; Old Cold Deck (1862); Lock's Rondo, one of many "Rondo" horses, foaled in 1880; Old Billy—again, one of many "Billy" horses—foaled circa 1880; , a stallion of unknown breeding, known to have been in Texas by 1889;[7] and Peter McCue, foaled 1895, registered as a Thoroughbred but of disputed pedigree.

The main duty of the ranch horse in the American West was working A photograph of Peter McCue, taken in cattle. Even after the invention of the automobile, horses were still Oklahoma around 1905. irreplaceable for handling livestock on the range. Thus, major Texas cattle ranches, such as the Ranch, the 6666 (Four Sixes) Ranch, and the Waggoner Ranch played a significant role in the development of the modern Quarter Horse. The skills needed by cowboys and their horses became the foundation of the , a contest which began with informal competition between cowboys and expanded to become a major competitive event throughout the west. To this day, the Quarter Horse dominates the sport both in speed events and in competition that emphasizes the handling of live cattle.[citation needed] American Quarter Horse 27

However, sprint races were also popular weekend entertainment and racing became a source of economic gain for breeders as well. As a result, more Thoroughbred blood was added back into the developing American Quarter Horse breed. The American Quarter Horse also benefitted from the addition of Arabian, Morgan and even bloodlines.[citation needed] In 1940, the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA) was formed by a group of horsemen and ranchers from the southwestern United States dedicated to preserving the pedigrees of their ranch horses.[8] The horse honored with the first registration number, P-1, was Wimpy, a descendant of the King Ranch foundation sire . Other sires alive at the founding of the AQHA were given the earliest registration numbers Joe Reed P-3, P-5, Oklahoma Star P-6, P-12, and Waggoner's Rainy Day P-13.[9] The Thoroughbred race horse , alive in the early years of the AQHA, is recognized by the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame as one of the significant foundation sires for the Quarter Horse breed. Other significant Thoroughbred sires seen in early AQHA pedigrees include Rocket Bar, Top Deck and Depth Charge.[10]

"Appendix" and "Foundation" horses Since the American Quarter Horse formally established itself as a breed, the AQHA stud book has remained open to additional Thoroughbred blood via a performance standard. An "Appendix" American Quarter Horse is a first generation cross between a registered Thoroughbred and an American Quarter Horse or a cross between a "numbered" American Quarter Horse and an "appendix" American Quarter Horse. The resulting offspring is registered in the "appendix" of the American Quarter Horse Association's studbook, hence the nickname. Horses listed in the appendix may be entered in competition, but offspring are not initially eligible for full AQHA registration. If the Appendix horse meets certain conformational criteria and is shown or raced successfully in sanctioned AQHA events, the horse can earn its way from the appendix into the permanent studbook, making its offspring eligible for AQHA registration Since Quarter Horse/Thoroughbred crosses continue to enter the official registry of the American Quarter Horse breed, this creates a continual gene flow from the Thoroughbred breed into the American Quarter Horse breed, which has altered many of the characteristics that typified the breed in the early years of its formation. Some breeders, who argue that the continued infusion of Thoroughbred bloodlines is beginning to compromise the integrity of the breed standard, favor the earlier style of horse, have created several separate organizations to promote and register "Foundation" Quarter Horses. American Quarter Horse 28

Quarter Horses today

The American Quarter Horse is best known today as a show horse, race horse, reining and , rodeo competitor, ranch horse, and all-around family horse. Quarter horses compete well in rodeo events such as barrel racing, calf roping and ;[citation needed] and or O-Mok-See.[11] Other stock horse events such as cutting and reining are open to all breeds but also dominated by American Quarter Horse. Large purses allow top competitors to earn over a million dollars in some of these events.[citation needed]

The breed is not only well-suited for western riding and cattle work. Many race tracks offer Quarter Horses a wide assortment of pari-mutuel horse racing with purses in the millions.[citation needed] Quarter Horses have also been trained to compete in dressage and can be good jumpers. They are also used for recreational riding and in mounted police units.

The American Quarter Horse has also been exported worldwide. The Quarter Horse is well-suited for the western European nations such as Germany and have imported large disciplines. numbers of Quarter Horses. Next to the American Quarter Horse Association (which also encompasses Quarter Horses from ), the second largest registry of Quarter Horses is in , followed by Australia.[12] With the internationalization of the discipline of reining and its acceptance as one of the official seven events of the World Equestrian Games, there is a growing international interest in Quarter Horses. Countries like , Switzerland and Israel that did not have traditional stock horse industries have begun to compete with American Quarter Horses in their own nations and internationally.[citation needed] The American Quarter Horse is the most popular breed in the United States today, and the American Quarter Horse Association is the largest breed registry in the world, with over 5 million American Quarter Horses registered worldwide. American Quarter Horse 29

Breed characteristics

The modern Quarter Horse has a small, short, refined head with a straight profile, and a strong, well-muscled body, featuring a broad chest and powerful, rounded hindquarters. They usually stand between 14 and 16 hands high, although some Halter-type and English hunter-type horses may grow as tall as 17 hands.[citation needed] There are two main body types: the stock type and the hunter or racing type. The stock horse type is shorter, more compact, stocky and well muscled, yet agile. The racing and hunter type Quarter Horses are somewhat taller and smoother muscled than the stock type, more closely resembling the Thoroughbred.[citation needed]

Stock type

Reining and cutting horses are smaller in stature, with quick, agile movements and very powerful hindquarters. show horses are often slightly taller, with slower movements, smoother gaits, and a somewhat more level topline – though still featuring the [citation powerful hindquarters characteristic of the Quarter Horse. A halter-type Quarter Horse needed]

Halter type Horses shown in- in Halter competition are larger yet, with a very heavily muscled appearance, while retaining small heads with wide jowls and refined muzzles. There is controversy amongst owners, and veterinarians regarding the health effects of the extreme muscle mass that is currently fashionable in the specialized halter horse, which typically is 15.2 to 16 hands and weighs in at over 1,200 pounds (540 kg) when fitted for halter competition. Not only are there concerns about the weight to frame ratio on the horse's skeletal system, but the massive build is also linked to HYPP.[citation needed] (See Genetic diseases below))

Racing and hunter type

Quarter Horse race horses are bred to sprint short distances ranging from 220 to 870 yards. Thus, they have long legs and are leaner than their stock type counterparts, but are still characterized by muscular hindquarters and powerful legs. Quarter horses race primarily against other Quarter horses, and their sprinting ability has earned them the nickname, "the world's fastest athlete." The type is slimmer, even more closely resembling a Thoroughbred, usually reflecting a higher percentage of appendix breeding. They are shown in hunter/jumper classes at both breed shows and in open USEF-rated A quarter horse competing in an open hunter competition.[citation needed] show American Quarter Horse 30

Colors Quarter Horses come in nearly all colors. The most common color is sorrel, a brownish red, part of the color group called chestnut by most other breed registries. Other recognized colors include bay, black, brown, buckskin, palomino, gray, dun, red dun, grullo (also occasionally referred to as blue dun), red roan, blue roan, bay roan, perlino, cremello, and white. In the past, spotted color patterns were excluded, but now with the advent of DNA testing to verify parentage, the registry accepts all colors as long as both parents are registered.

Genetic diseases There are several genetic diseases of concern to Quarter Horse breeders: • Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), which is caused by an autosomal dominant gene linked to the stallion Impressive. It is characterized by uncontrollable muscle twitching and substantial muscle weakness or paralysis among affected horses. Because it is a dominant gene, only one parent has to have the gene for it to be transmitted to offspring. There is a DNA test for HYPP, which is required by the AQHA. Since 2007, the AQHA bars registration of horses who possess the homozygous form (H/H) of the gene,[13] and though heterozygous (H/N) horses, are still eligible for registration, altering that status is currently being discussed. Additionally all Quarter Horses born 2007 or later that are confirmed to be descendants of Impressive must carry a note about the risks of HYPP on their registration papers. Due to HYPP, the halter classes are undergoing significant changes. Halter classes are dominated by the Impressive bloodline. Impressive, a very prolific halter horse, brought to the stock breeds the muscle mass that is popular in halter competition today. This muscle mass is linked to HYPP, and as the condition is reduced within the breed, the style of horse in halter classes is also likely to change. Already there have been rule changes, including the creation of a "Performance Halter class" in which a horse must possess a Register of Merit in performance or racing before it can compete. • Malignant hyperthermia. A causative mutated allele, ryanodine receptor 1 gene (RyR1) at nucleotide C7360G, generating a R2454G amino acid substitution.[14] has been identified in the American Quarter Horse and breeds with Quarter Horse ancestry, inherited as an autosomal dominant[15][16] It can be caused by overwork, anesthesia, or stress. • Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia (HERDA), also known as hyperelastosis cutis (HC). This is caused by an autosomal recessive gene, and thus, unlike HYPP, HERDA can only be transmitted if both parents carry the gene. When a horse has this disease, there is a collagen defect that results in the layers of skin not being held firmly together. Thus, when the horse is ridden under saddle or suffers trauma to the skin, the outer layer often splits or separates from the deeper layer, or it can tear off completely. It rarely heals without disfiguring scars. Sunburn can also be a concern. In dramatic cases, the skin can split along the back and even roll down the sides, with the horse literally being skinned alive. Most horses with HERDA are euthanized for humane reasons between the age of two and four years. The very hotly debated and controversial theory, put forth by researchers at and Mississippi State University is that the sire line of the great foundation stallion is implicated as the origin of the disease. As of May 9, 2007, Researchers working independently at Cornell University and at the University of California, Davis announced that a DNA test for HERDA has been developed. Over 1,500 horses were tested during the development phase of the test, which is now available to the general public through both institutions.[17] • Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED) is a genetic disease where the horse is lacking an enzyme necessary for storing glycogen, the horse's heart muscle and skeletal muscles cannot function, leading to rapid death. The disease occurs in foals who are homozygous for the lethal GBED allele, meaning both parents carry one copy of the gene. The stallion King P-234 has been linked to this disease. There is a DNA blood test for this gene. American Quarter Horse 31

• Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy, also called EPSM or PSSM, is a metabolic muscular condition in horses that causes tying up, and is also related to a glycogen storage disorder.[18] While also seen in some draft horse breeds, PSSM has been traced to three specific but undisclosed bloodlines in Quarter Horses, with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. 48% of Quarter Horses with symptoms of neuromuscular disease have PSSM. To some extent it can be diet controlled with specialized low-starch diets, but genetic testing is advised before breeding, as the condition exists at a subclinical level in approximately 6% of the general Quarter Horse population.[19] • Lethal White Syndrome. Although "cropout" Quarter Horses with Paint markings were not allowed to be registered for many years, the gene for such markings is a recessive and continued to periodically appear in Quarter Horse foals. Thus, it is believed that some Quarter Horses may carry the gene for Lethal White Syndrome. There is a DNA test for this condition.

Notes

[1] http:/ / www. aqha. com/ [2] Denhardt Quarter Running Horse pp. 4–8 [3] Denhardt Quarter Running Horse pp. 20–32 [4] Mackay-Smith Colonial Quarter Race Horse p. 106 [5] Mackay-Smith Colonial Quarter Race Horse p. 138 [6] Mackay-Smith Colonial Quarter Race Horse p. 193 [7] Close, Legends 2: Outstanding Quarter Horse Stallions and Mares. [8] Denhardt Quarter Horse pp. 143–167 [9] American Quarter Horse Association Combined Stud Book 1-2-3-4-5 p. 1 [10] Wiggins Great American Speedhorse p. 166

[11] National Saddle Clubs Association (http:/ / www. omoksee. com/ )

[12] The Canadian Quarter Horse Association (http:/ / www. cqha. ca/ )

[13] Details on AQHA HYP rules for registration (http:/ / www. aqha. com/ association/ registration/ hypp. html) [14] Malignant Hyperthermia Associated with Ryanodine Receptor 1 (C7360G) Mutation in Quarter Horses - Aleman - 2009 - Journal of

Veterinary Internal Medicine - Wiley Online Librar... (http:/ / onlinelibrary. wiley. com/ doi/ 10. 1111/ j. 1939-1676. 2009. 0274. x/ abstract)

[15] http:/ / manc. umd. edu/ Abstracts2010/ LenzHYPP%20abstract. pdf

[16] ftp:/ / ftp. aave. inv. org. ar/ IVIS/ aaep/ Equine%20Malignant%20Hyperthermia.pdf

[17] Sellnow, " HERDA (http:/ / www. thehorse. com/ viewarticle. aspx?ID=9687)", The Horse Online News

[18] Valberg et al., " Exertional rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ sites/

entrez?cmd=Retrieve& db=PubMed& list_uids=10659313& dopt=AbstractPlus)", Equine Vet Journal Supplement, pp. 533–38

[19] Church, " ACVIM 2006 (http:/ / www. thehorse. com/ ViewArticle. aspx?ID=7628)", The Horse Online News

References • American Quarter Horse Association (1961). Official Stud Book and Registry Combined Books 1-2-3-4-5. Amarillo, TX: American Quarter Horse Association.

• Church, Stephanie L. (2006-09-14). "ACVIM 2006: Prevalence of PSSM in Quarter Horses" (http:/ / www.

thehorse. com/ ViewArticle. aspx?ID=7628). The Horse Online News (# 7628). Archived (http:/ / web. archive.

org/ web/ 20080606212010/ http:/ / www. thehorse. com/ ViewArticle. aspx?ID=7628) from the original on 6 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-12. • Close, Pat (1994). Legends 2: Outstanding Quarter Horse Stallions and Mares. Colorado Springs: Western Horseman. ISBN 0-911647-30-9. • Denhardt, Robert M. (1979). The Quarter Running Horse: America's Oldest Breed. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1500-9. • Mackay-Smith, Alexander (1983). The Colonial Quarter Race Horse. Richmond, VA: Whittet & Shepperson.

• Sellnow, Les (2007-05-28). "HERDA: DNA Tests Available for Disfiguring Skin Disease" (http:/ / www.

thehorse. com/ viewarticle. aspx?ID=9687). The Horse Online News. Retrieved 2007-05-07. American Quarter Horse 32

• Valberg SJ, Mickelson JR, Gallant EM, MacLeay JM, Lentz L, de la Corte F (July 1999). "Exertional rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds: one syndrome, multiple aetiologies". Equine Vet Journal

Supplement 30: 533–8. PMID 10659313 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 10659313). • Wiggins, Walt (1978). The Great American Speedhorse: A Guide to Quarter Racing. New York: Sovereign Books. ISBN 0-671-18340-0.

Further reading • Denhardt, Robert Moorman (1997). Foundation Sires of the American Quarter Horse. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2947-6.

External links

• American Quarter Horse Association (http:/ / www. aqha. com)

• Information about Quarter Horses in Europe (http:/ / www. quarter-horse-europe. net/ )

• Quarter Horse in New Caledonia (http:/ / www. membres. lycos. fr/ equitationwestern/ )

• Czech Quarter Horse Association (http:/ / www. czqha. cz/ ) American Saddlebred 33 American Saddlebred

American Saddlebred

Distinguishing features High stepping with exaggerated action

Alternative names Saddlebred, American Saddle Horse, American Saddler

Country of origin United States ()

Breed standards

[1] American Saddlebred Horse Association Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The American Saddlebred is a horse breed from the United States. Descended from riding-type horses bred at the time of the American Revolution, the American Saddlebred includes the , Canadian Pacer, Morgan and Thoroughbred among its ancestors. Developed into its modern type in Kentucky, it was once known as the "Kentucky Saddler", and used extensively as an officer's mount in the . In 1891, a breed registry was formed in the United States. Throughout the 20th century, the breed's popularity continued to grow in the United States, and exports began to South Africa and Great Britain. Since the formation of the US registry, almost 250,000 American Saddlebreds have been registered, and can now be found in countries around the world, with separate breed registries established in Great Britain, Australia, continental Europe, and southern Africa. Averaging 15 to 16 hands (60 to 64 inches, 152 to 163 cm) in height Saddlebreds are known for their sense of presence and style, as well as for their spirited, yet gentle, temperament. They may be of any color, including pinto patterns, which have been acknowledged in the breed since the late 1800s. They are considered a gaited breed, as some Saddlebreds are bred and trained to perform four-beat ambling gaits, one being a "slow gait" that historically was one of three possible ambling patterns, and the much faster rack. The breed does have a hereditary predisposition to , a curvature of the spine, as well as occupational predispositions to upper respiratory and issues. Since the mid-1800s, the breed has played a prominent part in the US horse show industry, and is called the "peacock of the horse world". They have attracted the attention of numerous celebrities, who have become breeders and exhibitors, and purebred and partbred American Saddlebreds have appeared in several films, especially during the Golden Age of Hollywood. Saddlebreds are mainly known for their performance in the show ring, but can also be seen in competition in several other disciplines and , as well as being used as a horse. American Saddlebred 34

Characteristics

American Saddlebreds stand 15 to 17 hands (60 to 68 inches, 152 to 173 cm) high, averaging 15 to 16 hands (60 to 64 inches, 152 to 163 cm), and weigh between 1,000 and 1,200 pounds (450 and 540 kg). Members of the breed have well-shaped heads with a straight profile, long, slim, arched necks, well-defined withers, sloping shoulders, correct leg conformation, and strong level backs with well-sprung ribs. The croup is level with a high-carried tail. Enthusiasts consider them to be spirited, yet gentle, animals. Any color is acceptable, but most common are chestnut, bay, brown and black.

Some are gray, roan, palomino and pinto. The first-known pinto High-stepping action is typical of the Saddlebred, Saddlebred was a stallion foaled in 1882. In 1884 and 1891, two as seen in this "five-gaited" horse, performing the additional pintos, both mares, were foaled. These three horses were rack. recorded as "spotted", but many other pinto Saddlebreds with minimal markings were recorded only by their base color, without making note of their markings. This practice continued into the 1930s, at which time breeders came to be more accepting of "colored" horses and began recording markings and registering horses as pinto. The Saddlebred has been called the "world's most beautiful horse" by admirers, and is known as the "peacock of the horse world". The United States Equestrian Federation (USEF) describes the Saddlebred as follows: "He carries himself with an attitude that is elusive of description—some call it "class", presence, quality, style, or charm. This superior air distinguishes his every movement."

Saddlebreds are popularly known as show horses, with horses being shown in both three-gaited and five-gaited classes. The former are the three common gaits seen in most breeds, the walk, and canter. The latter includes the three regular gaits, plus two four-beat ambling gaits known as the slow gait and the rack. The slow gait today is a four-beat gait in which the lateral pairs of legs leave the ground together, but strike the ground at different times, the hind foot connecting slightly before the forefoot. In the show ring, the gait should be performed with restraint and precision. The rack is also a four-beat gait, but with equal intervals between each footfall, making it a smooth gait to ride. In the show ring, the gait is performed with speed and action, appearing unrestrained. Historically, the slow gait could be either a running walk, the stepping pace, or the fox trot, however, the modern five-gaited Saddlebred usually performs the stepping pace. Lordosis, also known as swayback, low back or soft back, has been found to have a hereditary basis in Saddlebreds and a recessive mode of inheritance. The precise mutation has not yet been located, but researchers believe it to be somewhere on horse 20. Researching this condition may help more than just the Saddlebred breed as it may "serve as a model for investigating congenital skeletal deformities in horses and other species." Due to the head position common in the show ring, Saddlebreds can have impairments to the upper respiratory system, while the shoeing and movement required of the horses can cause leg and hoof injuries and increased lameness. A swayback is penalized as a fault at shows, in addition to other conformation flaws.

History The Saddlebred has origins in the Galloway and Hobby horses of the British Isles, animals sometimes called palfreys, which had ambling gaits and were brought to the United States by early settlers. These animals were further refined in America to become a now-extinct breed called the Narragansett Pacer, a riding and driving breed known for its ambling and pacing gaits. When colonists imported Thoroughbreds to America, beginning in 1706, they were crossed with the Narragansett Pacer, which, combined with massive exports, ultimately led to the of the Narragansett as a purebred breed. To preserve important bloodlines, Canadian Pacers were introduced instead. By the time of the American Revolution, a distinct type of riding horse had developed with the size and quality of the American Saddlebred 35

Thoroughbred, but the ambling gaits and stamina of the Pacer breeds. This animal was called the American Horse. Its existence was first documented in a 1776 letter when an American diplomat wrote to the Continental Congress asking for one to be sent to as a gift for Marie Antoinette.

19th century Other breeds which played a role in the development of the Saddlebred in the 1800s include the Morgan, Standardbred and Hackney. The Canadian Pacer had a particularly significant impact. The breed, originally of French origin, was also influential in the development of the Standardbred and Walking Horse. The most influential Canadian Pacer on Saddlebred lines was Tom Hall, a blue roan stallion foaled in 1806. After being imported to the United States from Canada, he was registered as an American Saddlebred and became the foundation stallion of several Saddlebred lines. The American Horse was further refined in Kentucky, where the addition of more Thoroughbred blood created a taller and better-looking horse that became known as the Kentucky Saddler. There were originally seventeen foundation stallions listed by the breed registry, but by 1908 the registry decided to list only one and the remainder were identified as "Noted Deceased Sires." Today, two foundation sires of the breed are recognized, both Thoroughbred crosses. The first was , son of an imported Thoroughbred, Yearlings at a farm in Kentucky who for many years was the only recognized foundation stallion. His son, Gaines' Denmark, was in the pedigrees of over 60 percent of the horses registered in the first three volumes of the breed's studbook. A second foundation sire was recognized in 1991, Harrison Chief. This sire was a descendent of the Thoroughbred , who is also considered a foundation stallion for the Standardbred breed.

During the American Civil War, American Saddlebreds were commonly used by the military, and known for their bravery and endurance. Many officers used them as mounts, and included in their numbers are General Lee's , General Grant's Cincinnati, General Sherman's Lexington, and General Jackson's Little Sorrell. Other generals who used them during the conflict include and Basil W. Duke during his time with Morgan's Raiders. Kentucky Saddlers were used during brutal marches with the latter group, and the historical record suggests that they held up better than horses of other breeds. The American Saddlebred Horse Association was formed in 1891, then called the National Saddle Horse Breeders Association (NSHBA). Private individuals had produced studbooks for other breeds, such as the Morgan, as early as 1857, but the NSHBA was the first national association for an American-developed breed of horse. A member of Morgan's Raiders, General John Breckinridge Castleman, was instrumental in forming the NSHBA. In 1899, the organization name was changed to the American Saddle Horse Breeders Association, clarifying the breed's name as the "American Saddle Horse," not simply "Saddle Horse." American Saddlebred 36

20th century to present

After , the American Saddlebred began to be exported to South Africa, and it is now the most popular non-racing breed in that country. Saddlebred horse show standards continued to evolve through the 1920s, as the popularity of the breed grew. The Saddlebred industry slowed during World War II, but began to grow again post-war, with Mexico, Missouri earning the title "Saddle Horse Capital of the World". Exports continued, and though attempts to begin a South African breed registry had started in 1935, it was not until 1949 that the Saddle Horse Breeders' Society of South Africa was formed. The 1950s saw continued growth of the Saddlebred breed, and The Lemon Drop Kid, a horse, became the first, and only, Saddlebred to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated. In the late 1950s, the Saddle Horse Capital became centered in Shelby County, Kentucky, largely due to the success of breeders Charles and Helen Crabtree, the American Saddlebred mare, circa 1906 latter a renowned coach. Although individual Saddlebreds had been exported to Great Britain throughout the breed's history, the first breeding groups were transported there in 1966. For the next three decades, enthusiasts worked to establish a breeding and showing platform for the breed in the UK.

In 1980, the name of the American Saddle Horse Breeder's Association was changed to the American Saddlebred Horse Association (ASHA), membership was opened to non-breeders, and the group began to focus on breed promotion. In 1985, the ASHA became the first breed registry to have their headquarters at the in Lexington, Kentucky. A decade later, in 1995, the United Saddlebred Association – UK was formed to register Saddlebreds in Great Britain, and acts as the British affiliate of the ASHA. Since the founding of the American registry, almost 250,000 horses have been accepted, with almost 3,000 new foals registered annually. It is the oldest still-functioning breed registry in the US. Most common in the eastern US, the breed is also found throughout North America, Europe, Australia, and in South Africa. Located at the Kentucky Horse Park is the American Saddlebred Museum, which curates a large collection of Saddlebred-related items and artwork, as well as a 2,500-volume library of breed-related works. There are two magazines which focus on the American Saddlebred: The National Horseman and Saddle and .

Show ring history

As a show horse, Saddlebreds were exhibited in Kentucky as early as 1816, and were a prominent part of the first national horse show in the United States, held at the St. Louis Fair in 1856. The Kentucky State Fair began running a World Championship show in 1917, offering a $10,000 prize for the five-gaited horse. Also in 1917, the American Horse Shows Association, now the United States Equestrian Federation, formed and began to standardize show formats and rules. In 1957, the American Saddlebred Pleasure Horse Association was formed to regulate classes. Today, the most Saddlebreds exhibited in "three-gaited" classes prestigious award in the breed industry is the American Saddlebred usually have a "roached" mane and trimmed tail as shown here "Triple Crown": Winning the five-gaited championships at the Lexington Junior League horse show, the Kentucky State Fair World's Championship Horse Show, and American Royal horse show; a feat that has only been accomplished by six horses. American Saddlebred 37

The breed's show history also paralleled major historical developments. Heavyweight boxing champion , who owned and exhibited Saddlebreds into the 1940s, organized the first "All-Negro" horse show in Utica, , allowing greater opportunities for African-American people to exhibit horses at a time when there was significant racial segregation in the United States. Gas shortages in the 1970s and 1980s put pressure on the recreational dollar, and saw the growth of single breed shows at the expense of the multi-breed traditional horse show. At the beginning of the 21st century, the number of women showing Saddlebreds increased, with female competitors winning several world championships.

Uses

Today, the Saddlebred is exhibited in the United States in multiple divisions, including assorted in-hand classes; ridden in saddle seat classes for three- and five-gaited horses in both Park and pleasure classes, hunter country pleasure, and western pleasure; plus , fine harness, harness classes. In five-gaited competition, they are shown with a full tail, often augmented with an artificial switch, and a full mane. Three-gaited horses are shown with a shaved off "roached" mane and with the hair at the top of their tails, an area called the dock, trimmed short. While use of a set tail in certain A Saddlebred in harness types of competition was common, today, tailsets are generally not allowed on the show grounds, except for horses in the Park Pleasure division, and horses with unset tails are not penalized in any division. Gingering is prohibited.

Outside of breed-specific shows, the Saddlebred is also promoted as suitable for competitive , endurance riding, dressage, combined driving, eventing, and show jumping. Some Saddlebreds are also suitable for fox , cutting and roping. Because they are so closely affiliated with their traditional show ring competition, they are sometimes mistaken for or Thoroughbred crosses when participating in other equine events. They are also suitable family horses used for trail and pleasure riding and ranch work. American Saddlebred 38

Film and celebrity affiliation

Many film and television horses of the Golden Age of Hollywood were also Saddlebreds, including the horses used in lead roles in My Friend Flicka, National Velvet, Fury and one version of Black Beauty. A half-Saddlebred played the lead role in the TV series Mr. Ed, and a Saddlebred was used in a prominent role in Giant. In the 1990s, , an actor and Saddlebred breeder, rode one of his own horses, a mare named Great Belles of Fire, in his role as James T. Kirk in Star Trek Generations. Numerous other celebrities have been owners and exhibitors of the breed, including Clark Gable, Will Rogers, Joe Louis, and Carson Kressley.

References

[1] http:/ / www. asha. net

External links

• American Saddlebred Horse Association (http:/ / www. saddlebred. William Shatner on a horse, wearing Saddle seat

com/ ) show attire, 2011

• American Saddlebred Horse Association of Australia (http:/ / www.

saddlebredaustralia. org. au/ news. html)

• American Saddlebred Horse Association of Canada (http:/ / www. saddlebredcanada. com/ )

• United Saddlebred Association-UK (http:/ / www. american-saddlebred. co. uk/ )

• Saddle Horse Breeders' Society of South Africa (http:/ / www. studbook. co. za/ Society/ saddlehorse/ )

• ASHA of Scandinavia (http:/ / saddlebred-sweden. com/ index. html)

• ASHA of Europe (http:/ / www. american-saddlebred. org/ )

• Namibian Saddle Horse Association (http:/ / www. namibiansaddlehorses. com/ ) 39 American Warmblood

American Warmblood

American Warmblood , three months old

Distinguishing features Sport horse type, can be any size or color, but are primarily 16-17 hands and solid colored

Country of origin United States of America

Breed standards

[1] American Warmblood Society Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The American Warmblood is a horse of warmblood type, intended primarily for the traditional sport horse disciplines of (dressage, show jumping, eventing) and combined driving.

Characteristics The American Warmblood is usually between 15 and 17 hands high and all colors are accepted, though the solid colors are the most common. Horses of nearly all bloodlines are eligible for registration as American Warmbloods, as long as they are of a sport horse or warmblood type, and are able to meet the appropriate studbook selection or performance criteria. The emphasis is on the quality of each individual horse, for both registration and breeding approval. Horses which are 100% hot or cold blooded are not eligible for registration, but may be "Nominated" if they are able to meet the registry's standards (this would include draft horses, Arabians, and Thoroughbreds). Breeding stock must be approved for breeding through studbook inspection, which requires mares and stallions to meet even more stringent inspection and/or performance criteria. Horses which fail to meet these criteria may still be issued recording papers, but are not considered registered American Warmbloods.[]

Breed history There are two registries in the United States which recognize American Warmbloods - the American Warmblood Society and the American Warmblood Registry, both of which are recognized by the World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses (WBFSH). The American Warmblood is more of a "type" than a "breed". Like most of the European warmbloods, the American Warmblood has an "open" book. There is more emphasis on producing quality sport horses, rather than the preservation of any particular bloodlines, which allows for much diversity in the bloodlines of American Warmbloods.[2][3] The American Warmblood has been influenced by the European warmbloods, the Thoroughbred and the Arabian, as well as some draft horse breeds. American Warmblood 40

References

[1] http:/ / www. americanwarmblood. org/ requirements/ index. htm

[2] American Warmblood Society (http:/ / www. americanwarmblood. org)

[3] Background on American Warmbloods (http:/ / www. americanwarmblood. com/ background. php/ )

• American Warmblood Society (http:/ / www. americanwarmblood. org/ )

• American Warmblood Registry (http:/ / www. americanwarmblood. com/ ) Andalusian horse 41 Andalusian horse

Andalusian

Andalusian horse

Distinguishing features Strongly built, compact, elegant, thick mane and tail

Alternative names Spanish Horse, Pura Raza Española

Country of origin Spain,

Common nicknames Horse of Kings

Breed standards

[1] ANCCE Breed standards

[2] IALHA Breed standards

[3] Australasia Andalusian Association Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Andalusian, also known as the Pure Spanish Horse or PRE (Pura Raza Española), is a horse breed from the Iberian Peninsula, where its ancestors have lived for thousands of years. The Andalusian has been recognized as an individual breed since the 15th century, and its conformation has changed very little over the centuries. Throughout its history, it has been known for its prowess as a war horse, and was prized by the nobility. The breed was used as a tool of diplomacy by the Spanish government, and kings across Europe rode and owned Spanish horses. During the 19th century, warfare, disease and crossbreeding reduced herd numbers dramatically, and despite some recovery in the late 19th century, the trend continued into the early 20th century. Exports of Andalusians from Spain were restricted until the 1960s, but the breed has since spread throughout the world, despite their low population. In 2010, there were more than 185,000 registered Andalusians worldwide. Strongly built, and compact yet elegant, Andalusians have long, thick manes and tails. Their most common coat color is gray, although they can be found in many other colors. They are known for their intelligence, sensitivity and docility. A sub-strain within the breed known as the Carthusian, is considered by breeders to be the purest strain of Andalusian, though there is no genetic evidence for this claim. The strain is still considered separate from the main breed however, and is preferred by breeders because buyers pay more for horses of Carthusian bloodlines. There are several competing registries keeping records of horses designated as Andalusian or PRE, but they differ on their definition of the Andalusian and PRE, the purity of various strains of the breed, and the legalities of stud book Andalusian horse 42

ownership. At least one lawsuit is in progress as of 2011[4], to determine the ownership of the Spanish PRE stud book. The Andalusian is closely related to the Lusitano of , and has been used to develop many other breeds, especially in Europe and the Americas. Breeds with Andalusian ancestry include many of the warmbloods in Europe as well as western hemisphere breeds such as the Azteca. Over its centuries of development, the Andalusian breed has been selected for athleticism and stamina. The horses were originally used for , driving, , and as stock horses. Modern Andalusians are used for many equestrian activities, including dressage, show jumping and driving. The breed is also used extensively in movies, especially historical pictures and fantasy epics.

Characteristics

Andalusians stallions and geldings average 15.11⁄ hands (61.5 inches, 156 cm) at the 2 withers and 512 kilograms (1,129 lb) in weight; mares average 151⁄ hands 2 (60.5 inches, 154 cm) and 412 kilograms (908 lb).[5] The Spanish government has set the minimum height for registration in Spain at 15.0 hands (60 inches, 152 cm) for males and 14.3 hands (59 inches, 150 cm) for mares - this standard is followed by the Association of Purebred Spanish Horse Breeders of Spain (Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Caballo de Pura Raza A "cobra" of Andalusians, that is, a group of mares shown by a single handler Española or ANCCE) and the Andalusian Horse Association of Australasia. The Spanish legislation also requires that in order for animals to be approved as either "qualified" or "élite" breeding stock, stallions must stand at least 15.1 hands (61 inches, 155 cm) and mares at least 151⁄ hands (60.25 inches, 4 153 cm).

Andalusian horses are elegant and strongly built. Members of the breed have heads of medium length, with a straight or slightly convex profile. Ultra convex and concave profiles are discouraged in the breed, and are penalized in breed shows. Necks are long and broad, running to well-defined withers and a massive chest. They have a short back and broad, strong hindquarters with a well-rounded croup. The breed tends to have clean legs, with no propensity for blemishes or injuries, and energetic gaits. The mane and tail are thick and long, but the legs do not have excess . Andalusians tend to be docile, while remaining intelligent and sensitive. When treated with respect they are quick to learn, responsive, and cooperative. There are two additional characteristics unique to the Carthusian strain, believed to trace back to the strain's foundation stallion Esclavo. The first is warts under the tail, a trait which Esclavo passed to his offspring, and a trait which some breeders felt was necessary to prove that a horse was a member of the Esclavo bloodline. The second characteristic is the occasional presence of "horns", which are frontal bosses, possibly inherited from Asian ancestors. The physical descriptions of the bosses vary, ranging from calcium-like deposits at the temple to small horn-like protuberances near or behind the ear. However, these "horns" are not considered proof of Esclavo descent, unlike the tail warts. In the past, most coat colors were found, including spotted patterns. Today most Andalusians are gray or bay; in the US, around 80 percent of all Andalusians are gray. Of the remaining horses, approximately 15 percent are bay and 5 Andalusian horse 43

percent are black, dun or palomino or chestnut. Other colors, such as buckskin, pearl, and cremello, are rare, but are recognized as allowed colors by registries for the breed. In the early history of the breed, certain white markings and whorls were considered to be indicators of character and good or bad luck.[6] Horses with white socks on their feet were considered to have good or bad luck, depending on the leg or legs marked. A horse with no white markings at all was considered to be ill-tempered and vice-ridden, while certain facial markings were considered representative of honesty, loyalty and endurance.[7] Similarly, hair whorls in various places were considered to show good or bad luck, with the most unlucky being in places where the horse could not see them – for example the temples, cheek, shoulder or heart. Two whorls near the root of the tail were considered a sign of courage and good luck.[8] The movement of Andalusian horses is extended, elevated, cadenced and harmonious, with a balance of roundness and forward movement. Poor elevation, irregular tempo, and excessive winging (sideways movement of the legs from the knee down) are discouraged by breed registry standards. Andalusians are known for their agility and their ability to learn difficult moves quickly, such as advanced collection and turns on the haunches. A 2001 study compared the kinematic characteristics of Andalusian, Arabian and Anglo-Arabian horses while moving at the trot. Andalusians were found to overtrack less (the degree to which the hind foot lands ahead of the front hoof print) but also exhibit greater flexing of both fore and hind joints, movement consistent with the more elevated way of going typically found in this breed. The authors of the study theorized that these characteristics of the breed's trot may contribute to their success as a riding and dressage horse. A 2008 study found that Andalusians experience ischaemic (reduced blood flow) diseases of the small intestine at a rate significantly higher than other breeds; and stallions had higher numbers of inguinal hernias, with risk for occurrence 30 times greater than other breeds. At the same time, they also showed a lower incidence of large intestinal obstruction. In the course of the study, Andalusians also showed the highest risk of laminitis as a medical complication related to the intestinal issues.

History

Early development ... the noblest horse in the world, the most beautiful that can be. He is of great spirit and of great courage and docile; hath the proudest trot and the best action in his trot, the loftiest gallop, and is the lovingest and gentlest horse, and fittest of all for a king in his day of triumph.

—William Cavendish, the Duke of Newcastle, 1667 The Andalusian horse is descended from the Iberian horses of Spain and Portugal, and derives its name from its place of origin, the Spanish region of .[9] Cave paintings show that horses have been present on the Iberian Peninsula as far back as 20,000 to 30,000 BCE. Although Portuguese historian Ruy d'Andrade hypothesized that the ancient breed was an ancestor of the Southern Iberian breeds, including the Andalusian, genetic studies using mitochondrial DNA show that the Sorraia is part of a genetic cluster that is largely separated from most Iberian breeds. Throughout history, the Iberian breeds have been influenced by many different peoples and cultures who occupied Spain, including the , the Carthaginians, the Romans, various Germanic tribes and the Moors. The Iberian horse was identified as a talented war horse as early as 450 BCE. Mitochondrial DNA studies of the modern Andalusian horse of the Iberian peninsula and Barb horse of present convincing evidence that both breeds crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and were used for breeding with each other, influencing one another's bloodlines. Thus, the Andalusian may have been the first European "warmblood", a mixture of heavy European and lighter Oriental horses.[10] Some of the earliest written pedigrees in recorded European history were kept by Carthusian monks,[11] beginning in the 13th century. Because they could read and write, and were thus able to maintain careful records, monastics were given the responsibility for horse breeding by certain members of the nobility, particularly in Spain. Andalusian horse 44

Andalusian stud farms for breeding were formed in the late 15th century in Carthusian monasteries in Jerez, and Cazalla. The Carthusians bred powerful, weight-bearing horses in Andalusia for the , using the finest Spanish as foundation bloodstock.[12] These horses were a blend of and warmblood breeding, taller and more powerfully built than the original Jennet.[13] By the 15th century, the Andalusian had become a distinct breed, and was being used to influence the development of other breeds. They were also noted for their use as horses. Even though in the 16th and 17th centuries Spanish horses had not reached the final form of the modern Andalusian, by 1667 William Cavendish, the Duke of Newcastle, called the Spanish horse of Andalusia the "princes" of the horse world, and reported that they were "unnervingly intelligent".[14] The Iberian horse became known as the "royal horse of Europe" and was seen at many royal courts and riding academies, including those in Austria, Italy, France and Germany. By the 16th century, during the reigns of Charles V (1500–1558) and Phillip II (1556–1581), Spanish horses were considered the finest in the world.[15] Even in Spain, quality horses were owned mainly by the wealthy. During the 16th century, inflation and an increased demand for harness and cavalry horses drove the price of horses extremely high. The always expensive Andalusian became even more so, and it was often impossible to find a member of the breed to purchase at any price.[16]

Dissemination

Spanish horses also were spread widely as a tool of diplomacy by the government of Spain, which granted both horses and export rights to favored citizens and to other royalty. As early as the 15th century, the Spanish horse was widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean, and was known in northern European countries, despite being less common and more expensive there. As time went on, kings from across Europe, including every French monarch from Francis I to Louis XVI, had equestrian portraits created showing themselves riding Spanish-type horses. The kings of France, including Louis XIII and Louis XIV, especially preferred the Spanish horse; the head groom to A 1743 engraving of a "Spanish horse" Henri IV, Salomon de la Broue, said in 1600, "Comparing the best horses, I give the Spanish horse first place for its perfection, because it is the most beautiful, , graceful and courageous".[17] War horses from Spain and Portugal began to be introduced to England in the 12th century, and importation continued through the 15th century. In the 16th century, Henry VIII received gifts of Spanish horses from Charles V, Ferdinand II of Aragon and the Duke of Savoy and others when he wed Katherine of Aragon. He also purchased additional war and riding horses through agents in Spain.[18] By 1576, Spanish horses made up one third of British royal studs at Malmesbury and Tutbury.[19] The Spanish horse peaked in popularity in Great Britain during the 17th century, when horses were freely imported from Spain and exchanged as gifts between royal families. With the introduction of the Thoroughbred, interest in the Spanish horse faded after the mid-18th century, although they remained popular through the early 19th century.[20] The Conquistadors of the 16th century rode Spanish horses, particularly animals from Andalusia, and the modern Andalusian descended from similar bloodstock. By 1500, Spanish horses were established in studs on Santo Domingo, and Spanish horses made their way into the ancestry of many breeds founded in North and . Many Spanish explorers from the 16th century on brought Spanish horses with them for use as war horses and later as breeding stock.[21] By 1642, the Spanish horse had spread to Moldovia, to the stables of Transylvanian prince George Rakoczi.[22] Andalusian horse 45

19th century to present

Despite their , all living Andalusians trace to a small number of horses bred by religious orders in the 18th and 19th centuries. An influx of heavy horse blood beginning in the 16th century, resulted in the dilution of many of the bloodlines; only those protected by remained intact to become the modern Andalusian. During the 19th century, the Andalusian breed was threatened because many horses were stolen or requisitioned in wartime, including the War of the Oranges, the and the three Carlist Wars. 's invading army also stole many horses. One herd of Andalusians was hidden from the invaders however, and subsequently used to renew the breed.[23] In 1822, breeders began to An Andalusian performing dressage at the 2007 add Norman blood into Spanish bloodlines, as well as further infusions World Cup Finals of Arabian blood. This was partially because increasing mechanization and changing needs within the military called for horses with more speed in cavalry charges as well as horses with more bulk for pulling gun . In 1832, an epidemic seriously affected Spain's horse population, from which only one small herd survived in a stud at the monastery in Cartuja. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, European breeders, especially the Germans, changed from an emphasis on Andalusian and Neapolitan horses (an emphasis that had been in place since the decline of ), to an emphasis on the breeding of Thoroughbreds and warmbloods, further depleting the stock of Andalusians.[24] Despite this change in focus, Andalusian breeding slowly recovered, and in 1869, the Seville Horse Fair (originally begun by the Romans), played host to between ten and twelve thousand Spanish horses.[25] In the early 20th century, Spanish horse breeding began to focus on other breeds, particularly draft breeds, Arabians, Thoroughbreds and crosses between these breeds, as well as crosses between these breeds and the Andalusian. The purebred Andalusian was not viewed favorably by breeders or the military, and their numbers decreased significantly.

Andalusians only began to be exported from Spain in 1962. The first Andalusians were imported into Australia in 1971, and in 1973 the Andalusian Horse Association of Australasia was formed for the registration of these Andalusians and their offspring. Strict quarantine guidelines prohibited the importation of new Andalusian blood to Australia for many years, but since 1999, regulations have been relaxed and more than half a dozen new horses have been imported. Bloodines in the United States also rely on imported stock, and all American Andalusians can be traced directly to the stud books in Portugal and Spain. There are around 8,500 animals in the United States, where the International Andalusian and Lusitano Horse Association (IALHA) registers around 700 new purebred foals every year. These numbers indicate that the Andalusian is a relatively rare breed in the United States. In 2003, there were 75,389 horses registered in the stud book, and they constituted almost 66 percent of the horses in Spain. Breed numbers have been increasing during the 21st century. At the end of 2010, a total of 185,926 Pura Raza Española horses were recorded in the database of the Spanish Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino. Of these, 28,801 or about 15% were in other countries of the world; of those in Spain, 65,371 or about 42% were in Andalusia.

Strains and sub-types The Carthusian Andalusian or Cartujano is generally considered the purest Andalusian strain, and has one of the oldest recorded pedigree lines in the world. The pure sub-type is rare, as only around 12 percent of the Andalusian horses registered between the founding of the stud book in the 19th century and 1998 were considered Carthusians. They made up only 3.6 percent of the overall breeding stock, but 14.2 percent of the stallions used for breeding. In the past, Carthusians were given preference in breeding, leading to a large proportion of the Andalusian population claiming ancestry from a small number of horses and possibly limiting the breed's genetic variability. A 2005 study Andalusian horse 46

compared the genetic distance between Carthusian and non-Carthusian horses. They calculated a Fixation index (F ) based on genealogical information and concluded that the distinction between the two is not supported by ST genetic evidence. However, there are slight physical differences; Carthusians have more "oriental" or concave head shapes and are more often gray in color, while non-Carthusians tend toward convex profiles and more often exhibit other coat colors such as bay. The Carthusian line was established in the early 18th century when two Spanish brothers, Andrés and Diego Zamora, purchased a stallion named El Soldado and bred him to two mares. The mares were descended from mares purchased by the Spanish king and placed at Aranjuez, one of the oldest horse breeding farms in Spain.[26] One of the offspring of El Soldado, a dark gray colt named Esclavo, became the foundation sire of the Carthusian line. One group of mares sired by Esclavo in about 1736 were given to a group of Carthusian monks to settle a debt. Other animals of these bloodlines were absorbed into the main Andalusian breed; the stock given to the monks was bred into a special line, known as Zamoranos. Throughout the following centuries, the Zamoranos bloodlines were guarded by the Carthusian monks, to the point of defying royal orders to introduce outside blood from the Neapolitan horse and central European breeds. They did, however, introduce Arabian and Barb blood to improve the strain.[27] The original stock of Carthusians was greatly depleted during the Peninsular Wars, and the strain might have become extinct if not for the efforts of the Zapata family.[28] Today, the Carthusian strain is raised in state-owned stud farms around , and Cordoba, and also by several private families. Carthusian horses continue to be in demand in Spain, and buyers pay high prices for members of the strain.

Influence on other breeds

Spain's worldwide military activities between the 14th and 17th centuries called for large numbers of horses, more than could be supplied by native Spanish mares. Spanish custom also called for mounted troops to ride stallions, never mares or geldings. Due to these factors, Spanish stallions were crossed with local mares in many countries, adding Spanish bloodlines wherever they went, especially to other European breeds.[]

Because of the influence of the later Habsburg families, who ruled in

both Spain and other nations of Europe, the Andalusian was crossbred An Andalusian performing the passage with horses of Central Europe and the and thus was closely related to many breeds that developed, including the Neapolitan horse, Groningen, Lipizzaner and .[29] Spanish horses have been used extensively in classical dressage in Germany since the 16th century. They thus influenced many German breeds, including the Hanoverian, Holstein, East Friesian and Oldenburg.[30] Dutch breeds such as the Friesian and Gelderland also contain significant Spanish blood, as do Danish breeds such as the Fredericksborg and .

Andalusians were a significant influence on the creation of the Alter Real, a strain of the Lusitano,[31] and the Azteca, a Mexican breed created by crossing the Andalusian with American Quarter Horse and Criollo bloodlines. The Spanish jennet ancestors of the Andalusian also developed the in America, which became the foundation bloodstock for many North and South American breeds. The Andalusian has also been used to create breeds more recently, with breed associations for both the (an Andalusian/) and the Spanish-Norman (an Andalusian/Percheron cross) being established in the 1990s. Andalusian horse 47

Naming and registration Until modern times, horse breeds throughout Europe were known primarily by the name of the region where they were bred.[32] Thus the original term "Andalusian" simply described the horses of distinct quality that came from Andalusia in Spain. Similarly, the Lusitano, a Portuguese horse very similar to the Andalusian, takes its name from Lusitania, an ancient Roman name for Portugal. The Andalusian horse has been known historically as the Iberian Saddle Horse, Iberian War Horse, Spanish Horse, Portuguese, Peninsular, Extremeno, Villanos, Zapata, Zamaranos, Castilian, and Jennet.[33] The Portuguese name refers to what is now the Lusitano, while the Peninsular, Iberian Saddle Horse and Iberian War Horse names refer to horses from the Iberian Peninsula as a whole. The Extremeno name refers to Spanish horses from the province of Spain and the Zapata or Zapatero name to horses that come from the Zapata family stud. The Villano name has occasionally been applied to modern Andalusians, but originally referred to heavy, crossbred horses from the mountains north of Jaen.[34] The Carthusian horse, also known as the Carthusian-Andalusian and the Cartujano, is a sub-type of the Andalusian, rather than a distinct breed in itself. A common nickname for the Andalusian is the "Horse of Kings". Some sources state that the Andalusian and the Lusitano are genetically the same, differing only in the country of origin of individual horses. In many areas today, the breeding, showing, and registration of the Andalusian and Lusitano are controlled by the same registries. One example of this is the International Andalusian and Lusitano Horse Association (IALHA), claimed to have the largest membership of any Andalusian registering organization. Other organizations, such as The Association of Purebred Spanish Horse Breeders of Spain (Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Caballo de Pura Raza Española or ANCCE), use the term "Pura Raza Española" or PRE to describe the true Spanish horse, and claim sole authority to officially register and issue documentation for PRE Horses, both in Spain and anywhere else in the world. In most of the world the terms "Andalusian" and "PRE" are considered one and the same breed, but the public position of the A Pure Spanish Horse ANCCE is that terms such as "Andalusian" and "Iberian horse" refer only to crossbreds, which the ANCCE considers to be horses that lack quality and purity, without official documentation or registration from official Spanish Stud Book.

In Australasia, the Australasia Andalusian Association registers Andalusians (which the registry considers an interchangeable term for PRE), Australian Andalusians, and partbred Andalusians. They share responsibility for the Purebred Iberian Horse (an Andalusian/Lusitano cross) with the Lusitano Association of Australasia. In the Australian registry, there are various levels of crossbred horses. A first cross Andalusian is a crossbreed that is 50 percent Andalusian, while a second cross Andalusian is the result of crossing a purebred Andalusian with a first cross – resulting in a horse of 75 percent Andalusian blood. A third cross, also known by the registry as an Australian Andalusian, is when a second cross individual is mated with a foundation Andalusian mare. This sequence is known as a "breeding up" program by the registry.

Pure Spanish Horse The name Pura Raza Española (PRE), translated as "Pure Spanish Horse," is the term used by the ANCCE, a private organization, and the Ministry of Agriculture of Spain. The ANCCE uses neither the term "Andalusian" nor "Iberian horse", and only registers horses that have certain recognized bloodlines. In addition, all breeding stock must undergo an evaluation process. The ANCCE was founded in 1972. Spain's Ministry of Agriculture recognizes the ANCCE as the representing entity for PRE breeders and owners across the globe, as well as the administrator of the breed stud book. ANCCE functions as the international parent association for all breeders worldwide who record Andalusian horse 48

their horses as PRE. For example, the United States PRE association is affiliated with ANCCE, follows ANCCE rules, and has a wholly separate governance system from the IALHA. A second group, the Foundation for the Pure Spanish Horse or PRE Mundial, has begun another PRE registry as an alternative to the ANCCE. This new registry claims that all of their registered horses trace back to the original stud book maintained by the Cria Caballar, which was a branch of the Spanish Ministry of Defense, for 100 years. Thus, the PRE Mundial registry asserts that their registry is the most authentic, purest PRE registry functioning today. As of August 2011[4], there is a lawsuit in progress to determine the legal holder of the PRE stud book. The Unión de Criadores de Caballos Españoles (UCCE or Union of Spanish Horse Breeders) has brought a case to the highest courts in , charging that the Ministry of Spain's transfer of the original PRE Libro de Origen (the official stud book) from the Cria Caballar to ANCCE was illegal. In early 2009, the courts decided on behalf of UCCE, explaining that the Cria Caballar formed the Libro de Origin. Because it was formed by a government entity, it is against European Union law for the stud book to be transferred to a private entity, a law that was broken by the transfer of the book to ANCCE, which is a non-governmental organization. The court found that by giving ANCCE sole control of the stud book, Spain's Ministry of Defense was acting in a discriminatory manner. The court held that Spain must give permission to maintain a breed stud book (called a Libro Genealógico) to any international association or Spanish national association which requests it. Based on the Brussels court decision, an application has been made by the Foundation for the Pure Spanish Horse to maintain the United States stud book for the PRE. As of March 2011[4], Spain has not revoked ANCCE's right to be the sole holder of the PRE stud book, and has instead reaffirmed the organization's status.

Uses

The Andalusian breed has over the centuries been consistently selected for athleticism. In the 17th century, referring to multi-kilometer races, Cavendish said, "They were so much faster than all other horses known at that time that none was ever seen to come close to them, even in the many remarkable races that were run."[35] In 1831, horses at five years old were expected to be able to gallop, without changing pace, four or five leagues, about 12 to 15 miles (19 to 24 km). By 1925, the Portuguese military expected horses to "cover 40 km over uneven terrain at a minimum speed of 10 km/h, and to gallop a flat course of 8 km at a mimimum speed of 800 metres per minute carrying a weight of at least 70 kg", and the Spanish military had similar standards.

From the very beginning of their history, Andalusians have been used for both riding and driving. Among the first horses used for classical dressage, they are still making a mark in international competition in dressage today. At the 2002 World Equestrian Games, two An Andalusian jumping Andalusians were on the bronze-medal winning Spanish dressage team, a team that went on to take the silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Today, the breed is increasingly being selectively bred for increased aptitude in classical dressage. Historically, however, they were also used as stock horses, especially suited to working with Iberian bulls, known for their aggressive temperaments. They were, and still are, known for their use in mounted bull fighting. Mares were traditionally used for la trilla, the Spanish process of threshing grain practiced until the 1960s. Mares, some pregnant or with foals at their side, spent full days trotting over the grain. As well as being a traditional farming practice, it also served as a test of endurance, hardiness and willingness for the maternal Andalusian lines.[36] Andalusian horse 49

Andalusians today are used for show jumping, western pleasure and many other classes at horse shows. The current Traveler, the mascot of the University of Southern California, is an Andalusian. The dramatic appearance of the Andalusian horse, with its arched neck, muscular build and energetic gaits, has made it a popular breed to use in film, particularly in historical and fantasy epics. Andalusians have been present in films ranging from Gladiator to Interview with a Vampire, and Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life to Braveheart. The horses have also been seen in such fantasy epics as The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, King Arthur, and The Chronicles of Narnia: The , the Witch and the Wardrobe. In 2006, a rearing Andalusian stallion, ridden by Mexican Don Juan de Oñate, was recreated as the largest bronze equine in the world. Measuring 36 feet (11 m) high, the statue currently stands in El Paso, Texas.

Footnotes

[1] http:/ / www. ancce. es/ ver_contenido. php?id=TXT_MORFOLOGIA& menu=1

[2] http:/ / www. ialha. org

[3] http:/ / www. ahaa. org. au/ purespanishhorse. aspx

[4] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Andalusian_horse& action=edit [5][5](To access, click "Breeds", then "Breed Data Sheet", then select "Spain", then "Espanola/Spain") [6] , This is the Spanish Horse, p. 313 [7] Llamas, This is the Spanish Horse, pp. 316–321 [8] Llamas, This is the Spanish Horse, pp. 330–335 [9] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 159 [10] Jankovich, They Rode Into Europe, p. 77 [11] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 163 [12] Bennett, Conquerors, pp. 139–140 [13] Bennett, Conquerors, pp. 161–163 [14] Raber, "A Horse of a Different Color" in The Culture of the Horse, p. 225 [15] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 167 [16] Jankovich, They Rode Into Europe, p. 107 [17] Quoted in Loch, The Royal Horse of Europe, p. 83 [18] Loch, The Royal Horse of Europe, p. 76 [19] Llamas, This is the Spanish Horse, p. 60 [20] Loch, The Royal Horse of Europe, pp. 94–95 [21] Loch, The Royal Horse of Europe, pp. 209–210 [22] Jankovich, They Rode Into Europe, p. 97 [23] Llamas, This is the Spanish Horse, pp. 63–70 [24] Jankovich, They Rode Into Europe, p. 134 [25] Loch, The Royal Horse of Europe, p. 118 [26] Hendricks, International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, p. 111 [27] Bongianni, Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies, Entry 6 [28] Loch, The Royal Horse of Europe, p. 29 [29] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 169 [30] Loch, The Royal Horse of Europe, p. 85 [31] Hendricks, International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, p. 14 [32] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 158

[33] Walker and Summerhays Summerhays' Encyclopaedia for Horsemen (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=6MgSAQAAMAAJ) p. 7 [34] Loch, The Royal Horse of Europe, pp. 30–34 [35] Llamas, This is the Spanish Horse, pp. 75–78 [36] Llamas, This is the Spanish Horse, pp. 70–72 Andalusian horse 50

References • Bennett, Deb (1998). Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship (1st ed.). Solvang, CA: Amigo Publications Inc. ISBN 0-9658533-0-6. • Bongianni, Maurizio (editor) (1988). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-671-66068-3. • Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8. • Jankovich, Miklos, translated by Anthony Dent (1971). They Rode Into Europe: The Fruitful Exchange in the Arts of Horsemanship between East and West. London: George G. Harrap & Co, Ltd. ISBN 0-684-13304-0. • Llamas, Juan, translated by Jane Rabagliati (1997). This is the Spanish Horse. London: J.A. Allen. ISBN 0-85131-668-9. • Loch, Sylvia (1986). The Royal Horse of Europe: The Story of the Andalusian and Lusitano. London: J. A. Allen. ISBN 0-85131-422-8. • Raber, Karen (2005). "A Horse of a Different Color: Nation and Race in Early Modern Horsemanship Treatises". In Raber, Karen and Treva J. Tucker. The Culture of the Horse: Status, Discipline, and Identity in the Early Modern World. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 1-4039-6621-4. • Walker, Stella A; Summerhays, R. S. (1975). Summerhays' Encyclopaedia for Horsemen. London: F. Warne. ISBN 978-0-7232-1763-3.

External links

• International Andalusian & Lusitano Horse Association (http:/ / www. ialha. org/ )

• United States P.R.E. Association (http:/ / usprea. com/ )

• The Foundation for the Pure Spanish Horse (http:/ / www. prehorse. org/ )

• Australasia Andalusian Association (http:/ / www. ahaa. org. au/ )

• National Association of Purebred Spanish Horse Breeders of Spain (http:/ / www. ancce. es/ index. php) Andravida horse 51 Andravida horse

Andravida

Country of origin Greece

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Andravida or Ellis valley horse,[citation needed] is a light riding draft breed found in the region of Ilia in Greece.[citation needed] It owes its development to the crossing of Anglo-Norman with local breeds with additional crosses of Nonius stallions after 1920. The breed is nearly extinct and its stud book was only established in 1995. The newest development in the history of the Elis valley horse may in fact lead the breed from extinction. In the early 90s, the Andravida's Selle Francais stallion Calin de Nanteuil renamed Pegasus covered some females, which colts were sent to breeders throughout western Greece. However, its numbers are still small, and the Andravida's without characteristics horse is at high risk of extinction.

References

Further reading

• Abstract of Journal of and Genetics article (http:/ / onlinelibrary. wiley. com/ doi/ 10. 1111/ j.

1439-0388. 2001. 00272. x/ full)

• PDF of a conference on rare breeds in Greece (http:/ / www. agrobiodiversity. net/ greece/ pdf/

Conclusions_Agrinio. pdf)

• Abstract of an Italian Journal of Zoology article (http:/ / www. informaworld. com/ smpp/ content~db=all~content=a908272242)

External links

• Forumish post at Everything2.com (http:/ / everything2. com/ index. pl?node_id=1512016) Anglo-Arabian 52 Anglo-Arabian

Anglo-Arabian

A gray Anglo-Arabian

Distinguishing features Well-formed, powerful, good gaits, sport horse characteristics. Combines traits of both Arabian and Thoroughbred breeds

Alternative names Anglo-

Country of origin Worldwide, most popular in the , France, and the United States

Breed standards

[1] Association Nationale Breed standards Anglo-Arabe

[2] Arabian Horse Association Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Anglo-Arabian or Anglo-Arab is a crossbred, part-Arabian horse that now also has its own status as a horse breed. It is a Thoroughbred (thus, the prefix "Anglo") crossed with an Arabian. The cross can be made between a Thoroughbred stallion and an Arabian mare, or vice-versa. It can also be a cross between either an Anglo-Arab and a Thoroughbred or, alternatively, an Anglo-Arab and an Arabian. Another permitted cross is between two Anglo-Arabians. No matter the cross, a horse must have a minimum 12.5% of Arabian blood to be considered an Anglo-Arabian. France is one of the greatest producers of Anglo-Arabians. The French Anglo-Arab traces back to two stallions: the Arabian stud Massoud and Aslam, a "Turkish" horse, probably of the now-extinct Turkoman or "Turkmene" breed. These Syrian imports were then crossed with a trio of Thoroughbreds, specifically, the Comus Mare, the Mare, and Daer. Some years later, three of their daughters — Clovis, Danae, and Delphine — formed the foundation of the French Anglo-Arabian breeding program. The program's primary Anglo-Arab breeding farm, Pompadour National Anglo-Arab Stud, is located in Arnac-Pompadour, a commune of central France's Corrèze department, home to the famous Château de Pompadour. In addition, the area serves as the French National Stud's headquarters. The Anglo-Arabian possesses one of France's oldest studbooks, and the Selle Francais, the country's leading sport horse, still bears the stamp of significant Anglo-Arab influence. In the past, the Anglo-Arab has been used for military purposes. However, at present, its most prominent occupation is that of a general riding or sport horse. The breed does well in eventing, due to its stamina, speed, and jumping ability. In the United States, the Anglo-Arabian is considered a "part-bred" Arabian and, consequently, is registered within a separate section of the Arabian Horse Association. Anglo-Arabian 53

Breed Characteristics

As a result of different crosses that can produce an Anglo-Arabian, the size and appearance is noticeably variable. However, on average, an Anglo-Arabian is a taller than the average Arabian and of somewhat less refined type. The largest horses are usually produced by breeding a Thoroughbred mare to an Arabian stallion. The best examples of this breed inherit the refinement, good bone, and endurance of the Arabian, as well as the speed and scope of the Thoroughbred. Anglo-Arabians average 15.2–16.3 hands (62–67 inches, 157–170 cm) high. The most common colors are chestnut, bay Anglo-Arabian competing in eventing. (sometimes called "brown") or gray. The breed ideal is for a horse to have conformation that more strongly resembles the Arabian, though they should not look entirely like either a Thoroughbred or an Arabian. They have a long neck, prominent withers, a compact and strong body (sturdier than the Thoroughbred), a deep chest, and solid bone. Anglo-Arabians should have small, fine heads, similar to an Arabian, but they should not be overly "dished" in profile.

Anglo-Arabian breed brand References

• Arnac - Pompadour [3] • Pays de Pompador – Horse Town [4]

References

[1] http:/ / www. anaa. fr/

[2] http:/ / www. arabianhorses. org

[3] http:/ / www. correze. org/ communes/ arn_pomp. htm

[4] http:/ / www. pompadour. net/ HTML_GB/ citecheval. htm Anglo-Kabarda 54 Anglo-Kabarda

Anglo-Kabarda

Anglo-Kabarda mare

Country of origin Russia

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Anglo-Kabarda or Anglo-Kabardin (also known as the Anglo-Kabardinskaya porodnaya gruppa) is a breed of horse that is a cross between the Kabarda and the Thoroughbred.

Characteristics Representatives of the breed may have between 25 percent and 75 percent Thoroughbred blood. The Anglo-Kabarda is divided into three different types: "basic," "oriental" and "massive." Horses belonging to the basic type are of medium size with a well-shaped head and are well muscled; those of the oriental type are smaller and lighter, they have smaller heads with large expressive eyes and smaller ears and clean legs; the massive type are heavier and taller with a build similar to carriage horses. These horses usually stand between 15.2 and 16 hands (62 and 64 inches, 157 and 163 cm) tall. They have legs which are long and strong with well-developed joints giving them the speed of the Thoroughbred and the resistance of the Kabarda. The breed's temperament is considered spirited and energetic but very reliable.[1] This breed is generally hardy, although due to the Thoroughbred blood, they may not necessarily be easy keepers and may require some supplemental nutrition.[2]

History The cross was developed beginning in the 1920s and 1930s to produce a horse that was larger and faster than the native Kabarda, but adapted to the climate of the northern Caucasus region of Russia and able to maneuver in mountainous terrain.

Use This breed has been used as saddle horses both locally in the Caucasus mountains and to compete in international Olympic events. Anglo-Kabarda 55

References

[1] http:/ / www. ponynhorse. com/ breed/ Anglo-Kabarda. html/

[2] http:/ / www. petmd. com/ horse/ breeds/ c_hr_anglo_kabarda#. UB8FKk1lRxA/

• "Anglo-Kabarda." Breeds of Livestock, Oklahoma State University. Web site accessed June 18, 2007 at http:/ /

www. ansi. okstate. edu/ breeds/ horses/ anglokabarda/ index. htm Appaloosa 56 Appaloosa

Appaloosa

Appaloosa horse

Distinguishing Most representatives have colorful spotted coat patterns, striped hooves, mottled skin and white sclera visible around the features iris when the eye is in a normal position.

Country of origin United States

Breed standards

[1] Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Appaloosa is a horse breed best known for its colorful leopard-spotted coat pattern. There is a wide range of body types within the breed, stemming from the influence of multiple breeds of horses throughout its history. Each horse's color pattern is genetically the result of various spotting patterns overlaid on top of one of several recognized base coat colors. The color pattern of the Appaloosa is of interest to those who study genetics, as it and several other physical characteristics are linked to the leopard complex mutation (LP). Appaloosas are prone to develop equine recurrent uveitis and congenital stationary night blindness; the latter has been linked to the leopard complex. Artwork depicting prehistoric horses with leopard spotting exists in prehistoric cave paintings in Europe. Images of domesticated horses with leopard spotting patterns appeared in artwork from through the early modern period; the Nez Perce people of what today is the United States Pacific Northwest developed the original American breed. Appaloosas were once referred to by settlers as the "Palouse horse", possibly after the Palouse River, which ran through the heart of Nez Perce country. Gradually, the name evolved into "Appaloosa". The Nez Perce lost most of their horses after the in 1877, and the breed fell into decline for several decades. A small number of dedicated breeders preserved the Appaloosa as a distinct breed until the Appaloosa Horse Club (ApHC) was formed as the breed registry in 1938. The modern breed maintains bloodlines tracing to the foundation bloodstock of the registry; its partially open stud book allows the addition of some Thoroughbred, American Quarter Horse and Arabian blood. Today, the Appaloosa is one of the most popular breeds in the United States; it was named the official state horse of in 1975. It is best known as a stock horse used in a number of western riding disciplines, but is also a versatile Appaloosa 57

breed with representatives seen in many other types of equestrian activity. Appaloosas have been used in many movies; an Appaloosa is the mascot for the State Seminoles. Appaloosa bloodlines have influenced other horse breeds, including the , the Nez Perce Horse, and several gaited horse breeds.

Breed characteristics

The Appaloosa is best known for its distinctive, preferred leopard complex spotted coat. Spotting occurs in several overlay patterns on one of several recognized base coat colors. There are three other distinctive, "core" characteristics: mottled skin, striped hooves, and eyes with a white sclera. Skin mottling is usually seen around the muzzle, eyes, anus, and genitalia. Striped hooves are a common trait, quite noticeable on Appaloosas, but not unique to the breed. The sclera is the part of the eye surrounding the iris; although all horses show white around the eye if the eye is rolled back, to have a readily visible white sclera with the eye in a normal position is a distinctive characteristic seen more often in Appaloosas than in other breeds. Because the occasional individual is born with little or no visible spotting pattern, the ApHC allows "regular" registration of horses with mottled skin plus at least one of the other core characteristics. Horses with two ApHC parents but no "identifiable Appaloosa characteristics" are registered as "non-characteristic," a limited special registration status. Mottling on the skin is particularly visible around the eyes and muzzle. There is a wide range of body types in the Appaloosa, in part because the leopard The sclera of an Appaloosa's eye is complex characteristics are its primary identifying factors, and also because white. several different horse breeds influenced its development. The weight range varies from 950 to 1,250 pounds (430 to 570 kg), and heights from 14 to 16 hands (56 to 64 inches, 142 to 163 cm). However, the ApHC does not allow pony or draft breeding. The original "old time" or "old type" Appaloosa was a tall, narrow-bodied, rangy horse.[2] The body style reflected a mix that started with the traditional Spanish horses already common on the plains of America before 1700. Then, 18th-century European bloodlines were added, particularly those of the "pied" horses popular in that period and shipped en masse to the Americas once the color had become unfashionable in Europe.[3] These horses were similar to a tall, slim Thoroughbred-Andalusian type of horse popular in Bourbon-era Spain.[3][4] The original Appaloosa tended to have a convex facial profile that resembled that of the warmblood-Jennet crosses first developed in the 16th century during the reign of Charles V.[2][5] The old-type Appaloosa was later modified by the addition of draft horse blood after the 1877 defeat of the Nez Perce, when U.S. Government policy forced the Indians to become farmers and provided them with draft horse mares to breed to existing stallions.[2] The original Appaloosas frequently had a sparse mane and tail, but that was not a primary characteristic as many early Appaloosas did have full manes and tails.[6] There is a possible genetic link between the leopard complex and sparse mane and tail growth, although the precise relationship is unknown.[7] After the formation of the Appaloosa Horse Club in 1938, a more modern type developed after the addition of American Quarter Horse and Arabian bloodlines. The addition of Quarter Horse lines produced Appaloosas that performed better in sprint racing and in halter competition. Many cutting and reining horses resulted from old-type Appaloosas crossed on Arabian bloodlines, particularly via the Appaloosa foundation stallion Red Eagle.[8] An infusion of Thoroughbred blood was added during the 1970s to produce horses more suited for racing.[9] Many current breeders also attempt to breed away from the sparse, "rat tail" trait, and therefore modern Appaloosas have fuller manes and tails.[6] Appaloosa 58

Color and spotting patterns

The coat color of an Appaloosa is a combination of a base color with an overlaid spotting pattern. The base colors recognized by the Appaloosa Horse Club include bay, black, chestnut, palomino, buckskin, cremello or perlino, roan, gray, dun and grulla. Appaloosa markings have several pattern variations. It is this unique group of spotting patterns, collectively called the "leopard complex", that most people associate with the Appaloosa horse. Spots overlay darker skin, and are often surrounded by a "halo", where the skin next to the spot is also dark but the overlying hair coat is white.[10] Few spot leopard Appaloosa with wet coat It is not always easy to predict a grown Appaloosa's color at birth. showing "halo" effect of dark skin under white Foals of any breed tend to be born with coats that darken when they coat around spots. shed their baby hair. In addition, Appaloosa foals do not always show classic leopard complex characteristics. Patterns sometimes change over the course of the horse's life although some, such as the blanket and leopard patterns, tend to be stable. Horses with the varnish roan and snowflake patterns are especially prone to show very little color pattern at birth, developing more visible spotting as they get older.[10]

The ApHC also recognizes the concept of a "solid" horse, which has a base color "but no contrasting color in the form of an Appaloosa coat pattern". Solid horses can be registered if they have mottled skin and one other leopard complex characteristic. Base colors are overlain by various spotting patterns, which are variable and often do not fit neatly into a specific category. These patterns are described as follows:

[11] Pattern Description Image

Spots General term that refers to a horse that has white or dark spots over all or a portion of its body.

[7] Blanket or snowcap A solid white area normally over, but not limited to, the hip area with a contrasting base color.

Blanket with spots A white blanket which has dark spots within the white. The spots are usually the same color as the horse's base color.

Leopard A white horse with dark spots that flow out over the entire body. Considered an extension of a [7] blanket to cover the whole body.

[7] Few spot leopard A mostly white horse with a bit of color remaining around the flank, neck and head.

Snowflake A horse with white spots, flecks, on a dark body. Typically the white spots increase in number and [7] size as the horse ages. Appaloosa 59

Appaloosa roan, marble A distinct version of the leopard complex. Intermixed dark and light hairs with lighter colored area on the forehead, jowls and frontal bones of the face, over the back, loin and hips. Darker areas may or varnish roan appear along the edges of the frontal bones of the face as well and also on the legs, stifle, above the eye, point of the hip and behind the elbow. The dark points over bony areas are called "varnish [7] marks" and distinguish this pattern from a traditional roan.

[7] Mottled A fewspot leopard that is completely white with only mottled skin showing.

Roan blanket or Frost Horses with roaning over the croup and hips. The blanket normally occurs over, but is not limited [7] to, the hip area.

Roan blanket with spots A horse with a roan blanket that has white and/or dark spots within the roan area.

Color genetics

Any horse that shows Appaloosa core characteristics of coat pattern, mottled skin, striped hooves, and a visible white sclera, carries at least one allele of the dominant "leopard complex" (LP) gene. The use of the word "complex" is used to refer to the large group of visible patterns that may occur when LP is present. LP is an autosomal incomplete dominant mutation in the TRPM1 gene located at horse chromosome 1 (ECA 1). All horses with at least one copy of LP show leopard characteristics, and it is hypothesized that LP acts together with other patterning genes (PATN) that have not yet been identified to produce the different coat patterns. Horses that are heterozygous for LP tend to be darker than homozygous horses, but this is not consistent.[12]

Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TRPM1 gene have been identified as closely associated with the LP mutation, although the mechanism by

which the pattern is produced remains unclear. A commercially available DNA Striped hooves are a characteristic based test is likely to be developed in the near future, which breeders can use to trait. determine if LP is present in horses that do not have visible Appaloosa characteristics.

Not every Appaloosa exhibits visible coat spotting, but even apparently solid-colored horses that carry at least one dominant LP allele will exhibit characteristics such as vertically striped hooves, white sclera of the eye, and mottled skin around the eyes, lips, and genitalia. Appaloosas may also exhibit sabino or pinto type markings, but because pinto genes may cover-up or obscure Appaloosa patterns, pinto breeding is discouraged by the ApHC, which will deny registration to horses with excessive white markings. The genes that create these different patterns can all be present in the same horse. The Appaloosa Project, a genetic study group, has researched the interactions of Appaloosa and pinto genes and how they affect each other. Appaloosa 60

History

Recent research has suggested that Eurasian prehistoric cave paintings depicting leopard-spotted horses may have accurately reflected a of ancient . Domesticated horses with leopard complex spotting patterns have been depicted in art dating as far back as Ancient Greece, Ancient Persia, and the Han Dynasty in China; later depictions appeared in 11th-century France and 12th-century England. French paintings from the 16th and 17th centuries show horses with spotted coats being used as riding horses, and other records indicate they were also used as coach horses at the court of Louis XIV of France.[13] In mid-18th-century Europe, there was a great demand for A 1674 painting of Louis XIV on a spotted horse horses with the leopard complex spotting pattern among the nobility and royalty. These horses were used in the schools of horsemanship, for parade use, and other forms of display. Modern horse breeds in Europe today that have leopard complex spotting include the Knabstrupper and the Pinzgau, or Noriker horse.

The Spanish probably obtained spotted horses through trade with southern Austria and Hungary, where the color pattern was known to exist.[14] The Conquistadors and Spanish settlers then brought some vividly marked horses to the Americas when they first arrived in the early 16th century.[14][15] One horse with snowflake patterning was listed with the 16 horses brought to Mexico by Cortez,[16] and additional spotted horses were mentioned by Spanish writers by 1604.[17] Others arrived in the western hemisphere when spotted horses went out of style in late 18th-century Europe,[3] and were shipped to Mexico, California and Oregon.[3]

Nez Perce people

The Nez Perce people lived in what today is eastern Washington, Oregon, and western Idaho,[18] where they engaged in agriculture as well as horse breeding.[19] The Nez Perce first obtained horses from the Shoshone around 1730. They took advantage of the fact that they lived in excellent horse-breeding country, relatively safe from the raids of other tribes, and developed strict breeding selection practices for their animals, establishing breeding herds by 1750. They were one of the few tribes that actively used the practice of inferior male horses and trading away poorer stock to remove unsuitable animals from the gene pool, and thus were notable as horse breeders by the Two Nez Perce men with an Appaloosa, about early 19th century. 1895

Early Nez Perce horses were considered to be of high quality. Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark Expedition wrote in his February 15, 1806, journal entry: "Their horses appear to be of an excellent race; they are lofty, eligantly [sic] formed, active and durable: in short many of them look like fine English coarsers [sic] and would make a figure in any country."[20] Lewis did note spotting patterns, saying, "... some of these horses are pided [pied] with large spots of white irregularly scattered and intermixed with the black brown bey [sic] or some other dark colour".[20] By "pied", Lewis may have been referring to leopard-spotted patterns seen in the modern Appaloosa,[20][21] though Lewis also noted that "much the larger portion are of a uniform colour".[20] The Appaloosa Horse Club estimates that only about ten percent of the horses owned by the Nez Perce at the time were spotted. While the Nez Perce originally had many solid-colored horses and only began to emphasize color in their breeding some time after the visit of Lewis and Clark, by the late 19th century they had many spotted horses.[22] As white settlers moved into traditional Nez Appaloosa 61

Perce lands, a successful trade in horses enriched the Nez Perce, who in 1861 bred horses described as "elegant chargers, fit to mount a prince."[23] At a time when ordinary horses could be purchased for $15, non-Indians who had purchased Appaloosa horses from the Nez Perce turned down offers of as much as $600.[24]

Nez Perce War Peace with the United States dated back to an alliance arranged by Lewis and Clark,[25] but the encroachment of gold miners in the 1860s and settlers in the 1870s put pressure on the Nez Perce.[26] Although a treaty of 1855 originally allowed them to keep most of their traditional land, another in 1863 reduced the land alloted to them by 90 percent.[27] The Nez Perce who refused to give up their land under the 1863 treaty included a band living in the Wallowa Valley of Oregon, led by Heinmot Tooyalakekt, widely known as .[28] Tensions rose, and in May 1877, General Oliver Howard called a council and ordered the non-treaty bands to move to the reservation.[26][29] Chief Joseph considered military resistance futile, and by June 14, 1877, had gathered about 600 people at a site near present-day Grangeville, Idaho.[25] But on that day a small group of warriors staged an attack on nearby white settlers,[26] which led to the Nez Perce War.[25] After several small battles in Idaho,[25] more than 800 Nez Perce, mostly non-warriors, took 2000 head of various livestock including horses and fled into , then traveled southeast, dipping into Yellowstone National Park.[26][28] A small number of Nez Perce fighters, probably fewer than 200, successfully held off larger forces of the U.S. Army in several skirmishes, including the two-day Battle of the Big Hole in southwestern Montana.[26] They then moved northeast and attempted to seek refuge with the Crow Nation; rebuffed, they headed for safety in Canada.[26] Throughout this journey of about 1,400 miles (2,300 km) the Nez Perce relied heavily on their fast, agile and hardy Appaloosa horses.[30] The journey came to an end when they stopped to rest near the Bears Paw Mountains in Montana, 40 miles (64 km) from the Canadian border. Unbeknownst to the Nez Perce, Colonel Nelson A. Miles had led an infantry-cavalry column from Fort Keogh in pursuit. On October 5, 1877, after a five-day fight, Joseph surrendered. The battle—and the war—was over.[30][31] With most of the war chiefs dead, and the noncombatants cold and starving, Joseph declared that he would "fight no more forever".[31][32]

Aftermath of the Nez Perce War When the U.S. 7th Cavalry accepted the surrender of Chief Joseph and the remaining Nez Perce, they immediately took more than 1,000 of the tribe's horses, sold what they could and shot many of the rest. But a significant population of horses had been left behind in the Wallowa valley when the Nez Perce began their retreat, and additional animals escaped or were abandoned along the way. The Nez Perce were ultimately settled on reservation lands in north central Idaho,[33] were allowed few horses, and were required by the Army to crossbreed to draft horses in an attempt to create farm horses.[34] The Nez Perce tribe never regained its former position as breeders of Appaloosas. In the late 20th century, they began a program to develop a new horse breed, the Nez Perce horse, with the intent to resurrect their , tradition of selective breeding, and horsemanship. Although a remnant population of Appaloosa horses remained after 1877, they were virtually forgotten as a distinct breed for almost 60 years. A few quality horses continued to be bred, mostly those captured or purchased by settlers and used as working ranch horses. Others were used in and related forms of entertainment, such as Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show.[35] The horses were originally called "Palouse horses" by settlers, a reference to the Palouse River that ran through the heart of what was once Nez Perce country.[36] Gradually, the name evolved into "Apalouse", and then "Appaloosa".[36] Other early variations of the name included "Appalucy", "Apalousey" and "Appaloosie". In one 1948 book, the breed was called the "Opelousa horse", described as a "hardy tough breed of Indian and Spanish horse" used by backwoodsmen of the late 18th century to transport goods to New Orleans for sale. By the 1950s, "Appaloosa" was regarded as the correct spelling. Appaloosa 62

Revitalization The Appaloosa came to the attention of the general public in January 1937 in Western Horseman magazine when Francis D. Haines, a history professor from Lewiston, Idaho, published an article describing the breed's history and urging its preservation.[24] Haines had performed extensive research, traveling with a friend and Appaloosa aficionado named George Hatley, visiting numerous Nez Perce villages, collecting history, and taking photographs.[37] The article generated strong interest in the horse breed, and led to the founding of the Appaloosa Horse Club (ApHC) by Claude Thompson and a small group of other dedicated breeders in 1938.[38] The registry was originally housed in Moro, Oregon;[38] but in 1947 the organization moved to Moscow, Idaho, under the leadership of George Hatley.[37] The Appaloosa Museum foundation was formed in 1975 to preserve the history of the Appaloosa horse. The Western Horseman magazine, and particularly its longtime publisher, Dick Spencer, continued to support and promote the breed through many subsequent articles.[39] A significant crossbreeding influence used to revitalize the Appaloosa was the Arabian horse, as evidenced by early registration lists that show Arabian-Appaloosa as ten of the first fifteen horses registered with the ApHC.[40] For example, one of Claude Thompson's major herd sires was Ferras, an Arabian stallion bred by W.K. Kellogg from horses imported from the of England. Ferras sired Red Eagle, a prominent Appaloosa stallion added to the Appaloosa Hall of Fame in 1988. Later, Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse lines were added, as well as crosses from other breeds, including Morgans and .[41] In 1983 the ApHC reduced the number of allowable outcrosses to three main breeds: the Arabian horse, the American Quarter Horse and the Thoroughbred. By 1978 the ApHC was the third largest horse registry for light horse breeds. From 1938 to 2007 more than 670,000 Appaloosas were registered by the ApHC. The state of Idaho adopted the Appaloosa as its official state horse on March 25, 1975, when Idaho Governor Cecil Andrus signed the enabling legislation. Idaho offers a custom license plate featuring an Appaloosa horse, the first state to offer a plate featuring a state horse.

Registration

Located in Moscow, Idaho, the ApHC is the principal body for the promotion and preservation of the Appaloosa breed and is an international organization. Affiliate Appaloosa organizations exist in many South American and European countries, as well as South Africa, Australia, , Canada, Mexico and Israel. The Appaloosa Horse Club has 33,000 members as of 2010, circulation of the Appaloosa Journal, which is included with most types of membership, was at 32,;00 in 2008. The American Appaloosa Association was founded in 1983 by members opposed to the A (left) has different markings than a registration of plain-colored horses, as a result of the color rule Leopard Appaloosa (right). Photo credit: Jean-Pol Grandmont controversy. Based in Missouri, it has a membership of more than 2,000 as of 2008. Other "Appaloosa" registries have been founded for horses with leopard complex genetics that are not affiliated with the ApHC. These registries tend to have different foundation breeding and histories than the North American Appaloosa. The ApHC is by far the largest Appaloosa horse registry, and it hosts one of the world's largest breed shows.[42]

The Appaloosa is "a breed defined by ApHC bloodline requirements and preferred characteristics, including coat pattern". In other words, the Appaloosa is a distinct breed from limited bloodlines with distinct physical traits and a desired color, referred to as a "color preference". Appaloosas are not strictly a "color breed". All ApHC-registered Appaloosas must be the offspring of two registered Appaloosa parents or a registered Appaloosa and a horse from an approved breed registry, which includes Arabian horses, Quarter Horses, and Thoroughbreds. In all cases, one parent Appaloosa 63

must always be a regular registered Appaloosa. The only exception to the bloodline requirements is in the case of Appaloosa-colored geldings or spayed mares with unknown pedigrees; owners may apply for "hardship registration" for these non-breeding horses. The ApHC does not accept horses with draft, pony, Pinto, or Paint breeding, and requires mature Appaloosas to stand, unshod, at least 14 hands (56 inches, 142 cm). If a horse has excessive white markings not associated with the Appaloosa pattern (such as those characteristic of a pinto) it cannot be registered unless it is verified through DNA testing that both parents have ApHC registration. Certain other characteristics are used to determine if a horse receives "regular" registration: striped hooves, white sclera visible when the eye is in a normal position, and mottled (spotted) skin around the eyes, lips, and genitalia. As the Appaloosa is one of the few horse breeds to exhibit skin mottling, this characteristic "...is a very basic and decisive indication of an Appaloosa." Appaloosas born with visible coat pattern, or mottled skin and at least one other characteristic, are registered with "regular" papers and have full show and breeding privileges. A horse that meets bloodline requirements but is born without the recognized color pattern and characteristics can still be registered with the ApHC as a "non-characteristic" Appaloosa. These solid-colored, "non-characteristic" Appaloosas may not be shown at ApHC events unless the owner verifies the parentage through DNA testing and pays a supplementary fee to enter the horse into the ApHC's Performance Permit Program (PPP). Solid-colored Appaloosas are restricted in breeding.

Color rule controversy

During the 1940s and 1950s, when both the Appaloosa Horse Club (ApHC) and the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA) were in their formative years, minimally marked or roan Appaloosas were sometimes used in Quarter Horse breeding programs.[43] At the same time, it was noted that two solid-colored registered Quarter Horse parents would sometimes produce what Quarter Horse aficionados call a "cropout", a foal with white coloration similar to that of an Appaloosa or Pinto. For a considerable time, until DNA testing could verify parentage, the AQHA refused to register such horses. The Mare and foal. The ApHC encourages early foal registration, even though coat patterns may ApHC did accept cropout horses that exhibited proper Appaloosa change later. traits, while cropout pintos became the core of the American Paint Horse Association. Famous Appaloosas who were cropouts included Colida, Joker B, Bright Eyes Brother and Wapiti.

In the late 1970s, the color controversy went in the opposite direction within the Appaloosa registry. The ApHC's decision in 1982 to allow solid-colored or "non-characteristic" Appaloosas to be registered resulted in substantial debate within the Appaloosa breeding community.[44] Until then, a foal of Appaloosa parents that had insufficient color was often denied registration, although non-characteristic Appaloosas were allowed into the registry. But breeder experience had shown that some solid Appaloosas could throw a spotted foal in a subsequent generation, at least when bred to a spotted Appaloosa. In addition, many horses with a solid coat exhibited secondary characteristics such as skin mottling, the white sclera, and striped hooves. The controversy stirred by the ApHC's decision was intense. In 1983 a number of Appaloosa breeders opposed to the registration of solid-colored horses formed the American Appaloosa Association, a breakaway organization. Appaloosa 64

Uses

Appaloosas are used extensively for both Western and English riding. Western competitions include cutting, reining, roping and O-Mok-See sports such as barrel racing (known as the Camas Prairie Stump Race in Appaloosa-only competition) and (called the Nez Percé Stake Race at breed shows). English disciplines they are used in include eventing, show jumping, and . They are common in endurance riding competitions, as well as in casual trail riding. Appaloosas are also bred for horse racing, with an active breed racing association promoting the sport. They are generally used for middle-distance racing at distances between 350 yards (320 m) and 0.5 miles (0.80 km); an Appaloosa holds the all-breed record for the 4.5 furlongs (3,000 ft; 910 m) distance, set in 1989.[45]

Appaloosas are often used in Western movies and television series. Examples A leopard Appaloosa is part of the include "Cojo Rojo" in the Marlon Brando film The Appaloosa,[46] "Zip mascot team for the Florida State University Seminoles. Cochise" ridden by John Wayne in the 1966 film El Dorado and "Cowboy", the mount of Matt Damon in True Grit. An Appaloosa horse is part of the controversial mascot team for the Florida State Seminoles, Chief Osceola and Renegade, even though the Seminole people were not directly associated with Appaloosa horses.

Influence There are several American horse breeds with leopard coloring and Appaloosa ancestry. These include the Pony of the Americas and the . Appaloosas are crossbred with gaited horse breeds in an attempt to create a leopard-spotted ambling horse.[47] Because such crossbred offspring are not eligible for ApHC registration, their owners have formed breed registries for horses with leopard complex patterns and gaited ability. In 1995 the Nez Perce tribe began a program to develop a new and distinct horse breed, the Nez Perce Horse, based on crossbreeding the Appaloosa with the Akhal-Teke breed from Central Asia. Appaloosa stallions have been exported to Denmark, to add new blood to the Knabstrup breed.

Health issues

Genetically linked blindness Appaloosas have an eightfold greater risk of developing Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU) than all other breeds combined. Up to 25 percent of all horses with ERU may be Appaloosas. Uveitis in horses has many causes, including eye trauma, disease, and bacterial, parasitic and viral infections, but ERU is characterized by recurring episodes of uveitis, rather than a single incident. If not treated, ERU can lead to blindness, which occurs more often in Appaloosas than in other breeds. Eighty percent of all uveitis cases are found in Appaloosas with physical characteristics including roan or light-colored coat patterns, little pigment around the eyelids and sparse hair in the mane and tail denoting the most at-risk individuals. Researchers may have identified a gene region containing an allele that makes the breed more susceptible to the disease. Appaloosas that are homozygous for the leopard complex (LP) gene are also at risk for congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB). This form of night blindness has been linked with the leopard complex since the 1970s, and in 2007 a "significant association" between LP and CSNB was identified. CSNB is a disorder that causes an affected animal to lack night vision, although day vision is normal. It is an inherited disorder, present from birth, and does not progress over time. Studies in 2008 and 2010 indicate that both CSNB and leopard complex spotting patterns are linked to TRPM1. Appaloosa 65

Drug rules In 2007 the ApHC implemented new drug rules allowing Appaloosas to show with the drugs furosemide, known by the trade name of Lasix, and acetazolamide. Furosemide is used to prevent horses who bleed from the nose when subjected to strenuous work from having bleeding episodes when in competition, and is widely used in horse racing. Acetazolamide ("Acet") is used for treating horses with the genetic disease hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), and prevents affected animals from having seizures.[48] Acet is only allowed for horses that test positive for HYPP and have HYPP status noted on their registration papers. The ApHC recommends that Appaloosas that trace to certain American Quarter Horse bloodlines be tested for HYPP, and owners have the option to choose to place HYPP testing results on registration papers. Foals of AQHA-registered stallions and mares born on or after January 1, 2007 that carry HYPP will be required to be HYPP tested and have their HYPP status designated on their registration papers. Both drugs are controversial, in part because they are considered drug maskers and diuretics that can make it difficult to detect the presence of other drugs in the horse's system. On one side, it is argued that the United States Equestrian Federation (USEF), which sponsors show competition for many different horse breeds,[49] and the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI), which governs international and Olympic equestrian competition, ban the use of furosemide.[50] On the other side of the controversy, several major stock horse registries that sanction their own shows, including the American Quarter Horse Association, American Paint Horse Association, and the Palomino Horse Breeders of America,[51] allow acetazolamide and furosemide to be used within 24 hours of showing under certain circumstances.

Notes

[1] http:/ / www. appaloosa. com/ [2] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 392. [3] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 391. [4] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 170. [5] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 308. [6] Richardson, Appaloosa, pp. 27–28. [7] Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, pp. 90–91. [8] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 393. [9] Harris, Horse Breeds of the West, p. 12. [10] Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, p. 92. [11] Based on images from Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, pp. 153–156. [12] Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, p. 93. [13] Richardson, Appaloosa, pp. 12–16. [14] Crowell, Cavalcade, p. 299. [15] Richardson, Appaloosa, pp. 17–18. [16] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 196. [17] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 207. [18][18]West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials", p. 7. [19] Malone Roeder & Lang, Montana, p. 134. [20] Moulton, Lewis and Clark Journals, p. 333. [21] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 390. [22] Bennett, Conquerors, pp. 390, 392. [23][23]West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials", p. 14. [24][24]Ciarloni, "Shaping Stock Horses", p. 82. [25] West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials", pp. 5–6. [26] Malone Roeder & Lang, Montana, pp. 135–136. [27][27]West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials", p. 9. [28][28]West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials", p. 4. [29] West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials", pp. 14–15. [30] Haines, Appaloosa, pp. 92–95. [31] Malone Roeder & Lang, Montana, p. 138. [32] Richardson, Appaloosa, p. 23. Appaloosa 66

[33] Chief Joseph and his band were settled in central Washington on the Colville Indian Reservation.West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials", p. 4. [34] Richardson, Appaloosa, p. 24–25. [35] Haines, Appaloosa, pp. 96–98. [36] Crowell, Cavalcade, pp. 296–297. [37][37]Ciarloni, "Shaping Stock Horses", p. 83. [38] Haines, Appaloosa, p. 98. [39] Ciarloni, "Shaping Stock Horses", pp. 83–84. [40] Appaloosa Horse Club, Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book, Vol. 1. [41] Appaloosa Horse Club, Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book, Vol. 2 & 3. [42] Evans, Horses, p. 132. [43] Holmes, Spotted Pride, p. 165. [44] Stanger, Fifty Years of Appaloosa History, p. 163. [45] Dutson, Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America, pp. 74–78. [46] Wilson, Animal Movies Guide, p. 161. [47] Such breeds include the , Spanish Jennet Horse and horse [48] Acetazolamide is not to be confused with acepromazine ("Ace"), a tranquilizer, which is illegal in all forms of competition. [49][49] Note: Specifically lists Furosemide. [50][50] Note: Specifically lists Furosemide. [51][51]The PHBA does not allow Lasix within 24 hours of show and only allows Acetazolamide for HYPP horses.

Footnotes

References • Appaloosa Horse Club. Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book Volume 1. Moscow, Idaho: Appaloosa Horse Club.

OCLC 9494129 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 9494129). • Appaloosa Horse Club. Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book Volume 2 & 3. Moscow, Idaho: Appaloosa Horse Club.

OCLC 9494129 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 9494129). • Bennett, Deb (1998). Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship (1st ed.). Solvang, California: Amigo Publications. ISBN 978-0-9658533-0-9. • Ciarloni, Diane (January 2011). "Shaping Stock Horses". Western Horseman: 76–84.

• Crowell, Pers (1951). Cavalcade of American Horses. New York: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 1428574 (http:/ / www.

worldcat. org/ oclc/ 1428574). • Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58017-612-5. • Evans, J. Warren (2000). Horses: A Guide to Selection, Care and Enjoyment. New York: W. H. Freeman. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-7167-4255-5. • Haines, Francis (1975) [1946]. Appaloosa: The Spotted Horse in Art and History. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-912830-21-6.

• Harris, Freddie S. (1973). Horse Breeds of the West. Houston, Texas: Cordovan Corp. OCLC 1583675 (http:/ /

www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 1583675). • Holmes, Frank (2003). Spotted Pride. Abilene, Kansas: Loft Enterprises. ISBN 978-0-9714998-3-6. • Malone, Michael P.; Roeder, Richard B.; Lang, William L. (1991). Montana: A History of Two Centuries. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-97129-2. • Moulton, Gary E., ed. (2003). The Lewis and Clark Journals. Lincoln, : University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-8039-7. • Richardson, Bill; Richardson, Dona (1968). The Appaloosa. New York: A. S. Barnes. ISBN 978-0-498-06787-7.

• Sponenberg, Dan Phillip (2003). Equine Color Genetics (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=ihTMGxdBXb8C) (Second ed.). Ames, Iowa: Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-8138-0759-1. • Stanger, Edith M. (1997). Fifty Years of Appaloosa History. (No location listed): Double Arrow Appaloosas. ISBN 978-0-9661160-4-5. Appaloosa 67

• West, Elliott (Autumn 2010). "The Nez Perce and Their Trials: Rethinking America's Indian Wars". Montana: the Magazine of Western History 60 (3): 3–18.

• Wilson, Staci Layne (2007). Animal Movies Guide (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=dGYzZLrBrS4C&

pg=PA161& dq=animal+ movies+ guide+ appaloosa). (No location listed): Running Free Press. ISBN 978-0-9675185-3-4.

External links

• The Appaloosa Horse Club (http:/ / www. appaloosa. com/ )

• American Appaloosa Association (http:/ / www. amappaloosa. com/ mainpage. cfm)

• Appaloosa Horse Club of Canada (http:/ / www. appaloosa. ca/ )

• Appaloosa Horse Club of Denmark (http:/ / www. appaloosa. dk/ )

• Appaloosa Horse Club of Germany (http:/ / www. aphcg. com/ )

• American Appaloosa Horse Club Holland (http:/ / www. appaloosa. nl/ )

• Appaloosa Horse Association of New Zealand (http:/ / www. appaloosaassn. co. nz/ )

• Appaloosa Horse Club of the United Kingdom (http:/ / www. aphcuk. org/ ) AraAppaloosa 68 AraAppaloosa

AraAppaloosa

Distinguishing features Combination of Arabian and Appaloosa traits

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The AraAppaloosa, also known as the Araloosa, Arappaloosa and the Ara-Appaloosa, is a horse breed that is a part-Arabian cross between an Arabian horse and an Appaloosa, combining the refined phenotype of the Arabian with the leopard-spotted coloring of the Appaloosa. As both breeds are noted for endurance and intelligence, the resulting cross is usually able to excel at endurance riding as well as other disciplines performed by either breed, including ranch work, and a variety of horse show disciplines. An AraAppaloosa with one purebred Arabian parent may be registered as a half-Arabian with the Arabian Horse Association, and because the Appaloosa breed still has an open stud book to horses of Arabian breeding, many Arappaloosas can also be registered with the Appaloosa Horse Club (ApHC). However, they also have their own organization, the AraAppaloosa and Foundation Breeders' International (AAFBI)

History The AAFBI was established in an effort to protect the original or "foundation" Appaloosa, and promotes the incorporation of Arabian bloodlines into "foundation-bred" Appaloosa Breeding programs, preserving what they consider to be the original type of Appaloosa horse. According to AAFBI, the AraAppaloosa of today is considered a re-establishment or preservation of the best examples of the Appaloosa breed originally developed by the Nez Perce people of the American Pacific Northwest in the 18th and 19th centuries. The AAFBI believes that the backgrounds of leopard-spotted horses and the Arabian breed have much in common, with prototypes of each dating to antiquity. AAFBI notes that certain "oriental"-type horses were often particolored, as shown in and Ancient Egyptian art. The association also promotes the standards set by one of the founders of the Appaloosa Horse Club, Claude Thompson, who, beginning in the 1930s, used Arabian blood in his Appaloosa breeding program and believed that Arabian blood was a crucial part of the Appaloosa . AraAppaloosa 69

Characteristics The AraAppaloosa exhibits the "leopard" or "Lp" gene and thus must have one of the color patterns found on the Appaloosa. They average between 14 and 15 hands high. They are to have the general conformation of the Arabian, including a refined head, high-carried tail and overall elegance. Like both the Arabian and the Appaloosa, they are to possess considerable endurance, sure-footedness, and intelligence. Overall, an AraAppaloosa will be of a more refined build than the more common type of Appaloosa, those with a high percentage of American Quarter Horse breeding, more commonly seen in the modern show ring.

References • Oklahoma State [1] • Cowboy Frank [2] • Central [3]

References

[1] http:/ / www. ansi. okstate. edu/ breeds/ horses/ araappaloosa/ index. htm

[2] http:/ / cowboyfrank. net/ fortvalley/ breeds/ AraAppaloosa. htm

[3] http:/ / www. centralpets. com/ animals/ / horses/ hrs214. html Arabian horse 70 Arabian horse

Arabian horse

An Arabian mare

Distinguishing features finely chiseled bone structure, concave profile, arched neck, comparatively level croup, high-carried tail.

Alternative names Arabian, Arab

Country of origin Developed in the , most notably

Breed standards

[2] Arabian Horse Association (USA) Breed standards

[1] The Arabian Horse Society of Breed standards Australia

[2] The Arab Horse Society (UK) Breed standards

[3] World Arabian Horse Organization Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

ħisˤaːn ʕarabiː], DMG ḥiṣān ʿarabī) is a breed of horse that ] ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ :The Arabian or Arab horse ( originated on the Arabian Peninsula. With a distinctive head shape and high tail carriage, the Arabian is one of the most easily recognizable horse breeds in the world. It is also one of the oldest breeds, with archaeological evidence of horses in the Middle East that resemble modern Arabians dating back 4,500 years. Throughout history, Arabian horses have spread around the world by both war and trade, used to improve other breeds by adding speed, refinement, endurance, and strong bone. Today, Arabian bloodlines are found in almost every modern breed of riding horse. The Arabian developed in a desert climate and was prized by the nomadic people, often being brought inside the family tent for shelter and protection from theft. Selective breeding for traits including an ability to form a cooperative relationship with humans created a horse breed that is good-natured, quick to learn, and willing to please. The Arabian also developed the high spirit and alertness needed in a horse used for raiding and war. This combination of willingness and sensitivity requires modern Arabian horse owners to handle their horses with competence and respect. The Arabian is a versatile breed. Arabians dominate the discipline of endurance riding, and compete today in many other fields of equestrian activity. They are one of the top ten most popular horse breeds in the world. They are now found worldwide, including the United States and Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, continental Europe, South Arabian horse 71

America (especially Brazil), and its land of origin, the Middle East.

Breed characteristics

Arabian horses have refined, wedge-shaped heads, a broad forehead, large eyes, large nostrils, and small muzzles. Most display a distinctive concave, or "dished" profile. Many Arabians also have a slight forehead bulge between their eyes, called the jibbah by the Bedouin, that adds additional sinus capacity, believed to have helped the Arabian horse in its native dry desert climate.[4][5] Another breed characteristic is an arched neck with a large, well-set windpipe set on a refined, clean throatlatch. This structure of the poll and throatlatch was called the mitbah or mitbeh by the Bedouin. In the ideal Arabian it is long, allowing flexibility in the bridle and room for the windpipe. A purebred Arabian stallion, showing dished profile, arched neck, level croup and high-carried tail Other distinctive features are a relatively long, level croup, or top of the hindquarters, and naturally high tail carriage. The USEF breed standard requires Arabians have solid bone and standard correct . Well-bred Arabians have a deep, well-angled hip and well laid-back shoulder.[6] Within the breed, there are variations. Some individuals have wider, more powerfully muscled hindquarters suitable for intense bursts of activity in events such as reining, while others have longer, leaner muscling better suited for long stretches of flat work such as endurance riding or horse racing.[7] Most have a compact body with a short back. Arabians usually have dense, strong bone, and good hoof walls. They are especially noted for their endurance,[8] and the superiority of the breed in Endurance riding competition demonstrates that well-bred Arabians are strong, sound horses with superior stamina. At international FEI-sponsored endurance events, Arabians and half-Arabians are the dominant performers in distance competition. Arabian horse 72

Skeletal analysis

Some Arabians, though not all, have 5 instead of the usual 6, and 17 pairs of ribs rather than 18.[9] A quality Arabian has both a relatively horizontal croup and a properly angled as well as good croup length and depth to the hip (determined by the length of the pelvis), that allows agility and impulsion.[10] A misconception confuses the topline of the croup with the angle of the "hip" (the pelvis or ilium), leading some to assert that Arabians have a flat pelvis angle and cannot use their hindquarters properly. However, the croup is formed by the sacral vertebrae. The hip angle is determined by the attachment of the ilium to the spine, the structure and length of the femur, and other aspects

of hindquarter anatomy, which is not correlated to Mounted of an Arabian horse, showing underlying structure of the topline of the . Thus, the Arabian has breed characteristics including short back, high-set tail, distinction conformation typical of other horse breeds built for between level croup and well-angulated hip. This specimen also has only 5 lumbar vertebrae. speed and distance, such as the Thoroughbred, where the angle of the ilium is more oblique than that of the croup.[11][12][13] Thus, the hip angle is not necessarily correlated to the topline of the croup. Horses bred to gallop need a good length of croup and good length of hip for proper attachment of muscles, and so unlike angle, length of hip and croup do go together as a rule.

Size The breed standard stated by the United States Equestrian Federation, describes Arabians as standing between 14.1 to 15.1 hands (57 to 61 inches, 145 to 155 cm) tall, "with the occasional individual over or under." Thus, all Arabians, regardless of height, are classified as "horses", even though 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) is the traditional cutoff height between a horse and a pony.[14] A common myth is that Arabians are not strong because they are relatively small and refined. However, the Arabian horse is noted for a greater density of bone than other breeds, short cannons, sound feet, and a broad, short back, all of which give the breed physical strength comparable to many taller animals. Thus, even a smaller Arabian can carry a heavy rider. For tasks where the sheer weight of the horse matters, such as farm work done by a draft horse,[15] any lighter-weight horse is at a disadvantage. However, for most purposes, the Arabian is a strong and hardy light horse breed able to carry any type of rider in most equestrian pursuits.[] Arabian horse 73

Temperament

For centuries, Arabian horses lived in the desert in close association with humans. For shelter and protection from theft, prized war mares were sometimes kept in their owner's tent, close to children and everyday family life.[16] Only horses with a naturally good disposition were allowed to reproduce, with the result that Arabians today have a good temperament that, among other examples, makes them one of the few breeds where the United States Equestrian Federation rules allow children to exhibit stallions in nearly all show ring classes, including those limited to riders under 18.[17]

On the other hand, the Arabian is also classified as a "hot-blooded" breed, a category that includes other refined, spirited horses bred for speed, such as the Akhal-Teke, the Barb and the Thoroughbred. Like other hot-bloods, Arabians' sensitivity and intelligence enable quick learning and greater communication with their riders; however, their Arabians are noted for both intelligence and a intelligence also allows them to learn bad habits as quickly as good spirited disposition ones,[18] and they do not tolerate inept or abusive training practices.[19] Some sources claim that it is more difficult to train a "hot-blooded" horse. Though most Arabians have a natural tendency to cooperate with humans, when treated badly, like any horse, they can become excessively nervous or anxious, but seldom become vicious unless seriously spoiled or subjected to extreme abuse. At the other end of the spectrum, romantic myths are sometimes told about Arabian horses that give them near-divine characteristics.[20]

Colors The Arabian Horse Association registers purebred horses with the coat colors bay, gray, chestnut, black, and roan. Bay, gray and chestnut are the most common; black is less common.[21] The classic roan gene does not appear to exist in Arabians;[22] rather, Arabians registered by breeders as "roan" are usually expressing rabicano or, sometimes, sabino patterns with roan features. All Arabians, no matter their coat color, have black skin, except under white markings. Black skin provided protection from the intense desert sun.[23]

Gray and white

Although many Arabians appear to have a "white" hair coat, they are not genetically "white". This color is usually created by the natural action of the gray gene, and virtually all white-looking Arabians are actually grays. A specialized colorization seen in some older gray Arabians is the so-called "bloody-shoulder", which is a particular type of "flea-bitten" gray with localized aggregations of pigment on the shoulder.

There are a very few Arabians registered as "white" having a white coat, pink skin and dark A gray Arabian; note white hair coat but black skin eyes from birth. These animals are believed to Arabian horse 74

manifest a new form of , a result of a in DNA tracing to a single stallion foaled in 1996. This horse was originally thought to be a sabino, but actually was found to have a new form of dominant white mutation, now labeled W3. It is possible that white have occurred in Arabians in the past or that mutations other than W3 exist but have not been verified by genetic testing.

Sabino One spotting pattern, sabino, does exist in purebred Arabians. Sabino coloring is characterized by white markings such as "high white" above the knees and hocks, irregular spotting on the legs, belly and face, white markings that extend beyond the eyes or under the chin and jaw, and sometimes lacy or roaned edges. The genetic mechanism that produces sabino patterning in Arabians is undetermined, and more than one gene may be involved. Studies at the University of California, Davis indicate that Arabians do not appear to carry the autosomal dominant gene "SB1" or sabino 1, that often produces bold spotting and some completely white horses in other breeds. The inheritance patterns observed in sabino-like Arabians also do not follow the same mode of inheritance as sabino 1.

Rabicano or roan?

There are very few Arabians registered as roan, and according to researcher D. Phillip Sponenberg, roaning in purebred Arabians is actually the action of rabicano genetics. Unlike a genetic roan, rabicano is a partial roan-like pattern; the horse does not have intermingled white and solid hairs over the entire body, only on the midsection and flanks, the head and legs are solid-colored. Some people also confuse a young with a roan because of the intermixed hair colors common to both. However, a roan does not consistently lighten with age, while a gray does. A chestnut rabicano Arabian horse

Colors that do not exist in purebreds Purebred Arabians never carry dilution genes.[24] Therefore, purebreds cannot be colors such as dun, cremello, palomino or buckskin.[25] However, there is pictorial evidence from pottery and tombs in Ancient suggesting that spotting patterns may have existed on ancestral Arabian-type horses in antiquity.[26] Nonetheless, purebred Arabians today do not carry genes for pinto or Leopard complex ("Appaloosa") spotting patterns, except for sabino. Spotting or excess white was believed by many breeders to be a mark of impurity until DNA testing for verification of parentage became standard. For a time, horses with belly spots and other white markings deemed excessive were discouraged from registration and excess white was sometimes penalized in the show ring. To produce horses with some Arabian characteristics but coat colors not found in purebreds, they have to be crossbred with other breeds. Though the purebred Arabian produces a limited range of potential colors, they do not appear to carry any color-based lethal disorders

such as the frame overo gene ("O") that can produce lethal white A tobiano patterned , a type syndrome (LWS). Because purebred Arabians cannot produce LWS of partbred Arabian foals, Arabian mares were used as a non-affected population in some of the studies seeking the gene that caused the condition in other breeds. Nonetheless, partbred Arabian offspring can, in some cases, carry these genes if the non-Arabian parent was a carrier.[27] Arabian horse 75

Genetic disorders There are six known genetic disorders in Arabian horses. Two are inevitably fatal, two are not inherently fatal but are disabling and usually result in euthanasia of the affected animal; the remaining conditions can usually be treated. Three are thought to be autosomal recessive conditions, which means that the flawed gene is not sex-linked and has to come from both parents for an affected foal to be born; the others currently lack sufficient research data to determine the precise mode of inheritance.[28] Arabians are not the only breed of horse to have problems with inherited diseases; fatal or disabling genetic conditions also exist in many other breeds, including the American Quarter Horse, American Paint Horse, American Saddlebred, Appaloosa, , and Belgian. Genetic diseases that can occur in purebred Arabians, or in partbreds with Arabian ancestry in both parents, are the following: • Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID). Recessive disorder, fatal when homozygous, carriers (heterozygotes) show no signs. Similar to the "bubble boy" condition in humans, an affected foal is born with a complete lack of an immune system, and thus generally dies of an opportunistic infection, usually before the age of three months. There is a DNA test that can detect healthy horses who are carriers of the gene causing SCID, thus testing and careful, planned matings can now eliminate the possibility of an affected foal ever being born. • (LFS), also called Coat Color Dilution Lethal (CCDL). Recessive disorder, fatal when homozygous, carriers show no signs. The condition has its name because most affected foals are born with a coat color dilution that lightens the tips of the coat hairs, or even the entire hair shaft. Foals with LFS are unable to stand at birth, often have seizures, and are usually euthanized within a few days of birth.[29] In November 2009, Cornell University announced that a DNA test has been developed to detect carriers of LFS. Simultaneously, the University of Pretoria also announced that they had also developed a DNA test.[30] • (CA or CCA). Recessive disorder, homozygous horses are affected, carriers show no signs. An affected foal is usually born without clinical signs, but at some stage, usually after six weeks of age, develops severe incoordination, a head tremor, wide-legged stance and other symptoms related to the death of the purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Such foals are frequently diagnosed only after they have crashed into a fence or fallen over backwards, and often are misdiagnosed as suffering from a head injury caused by an accident. Severity varies, with some foals having fast onset of severe coordination problems, others showing milder signs. Mildly affected horses can live a full lifespan, but most are euthanized before adulthood because they are so accident-prone as to be . As of 2008, there is a genetic test that uses DNA markers associated with CA to detect both carriers and affected animals. Clinical signs are distinguishable from other neurological conditions, and a diagnosis of CA can be verified by examining the brain after euthanasia. •• Occipital Atlanto-Axial Malformation (OAAM). This is a condition where the occiput, atlas and axis vertebrae in the neck and at the base of the skull are fused or malformed. Symptoms range from mild incoordination to the paralysis of both front and rear legs. Some affected foals cannot stand to nurse, in others the symptoms may not be seen for several weeks. This is the only cervical spinal cord disease seen in horses less than 1 month of age, and a radiograph can diagnose the condition. There is no genetic test for OAAM, and the hereditary component of this condition is not well researched at present. • Equine juvenile , or Juvenile Idiopathic Epilepsy, sometimes referred to as "benign" epilepsy, is not usually fatal. Foals appear normal between epileptic seizures, and seizures usually stop occurring between 12 and 18 months. Affected foals may show signs of epilepsy anywhere from two days to six months from birth.[31] Seizures can be treated with traditional anti-seizure medications, which may reduce their severity. Though the condition has been studied since 1985 at the University of California, Davis, the genetic mode of inheritance is unclear, though the cases studied were all of one general bloodline group. Recent research updates suggest that a dominant mode of inheritance is involved in transmission of this trait. One researcher hypothesized that epilepsy may be linked in some fashion to Lavender Foal Syndrome due to the fact that it occurs in similar bloodlines and some horses have produced foals with both conditions. Arabian horse 76

• Guttural Pouch Tympany (GPT) occurs in horses ranging from birth to 1 year of age and is more common in than in colts. It is thought to be genetic in Arabians, possibly polygenic in inheritance, but more study is needed. Foals are born with a defect that causes the pharyngeal opening of the eustachian tube to act like a one-way valve – air can get in, but it cannot get out. The affected guttural pouch is distended with air and forms a characteristic nonpainful swelling. Breathing is noisy in severely affected animals.[32] Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and radiographic examination of the skull. Medical management with NSAID and antimicrobial therapy can treat upper respiratory tract inflammation. Surgical intervention is needed to correct the malformation of the guttural pouch opening, to provide a route for air in the abnormal guttural pouch to pass to the normal side and be expelled into the . Foals that are successfully treated may grow up to have fully useful lives.[33] The Arabian Horse Association in the United States has created a foundation that supports research efforts to uncover the roots of genetic diseases. The organization F.O.A.L. (Fight Off Arabian Lethals) is a clearinghouse for information on these conditions. Additional information is available from the World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO).

Mythology

Arabian horses are the topic of many myths and legends. One origin story tells how chose his foundation mares by a test of their courage and loyalty. While there are several variants on the tale, a common version states that after a long journey through the desert, Muhammad turned his herd of horses loose to race to an oasis for a desperately needed drink of water. Before the herd reached the water, Muhammad called for the horses to return to him. Only five mares responded. Because they faithfully returned to their master, though desperate with thirst, these mares became his favorites and were called Al Khamsa, meaning, the five. These mares became An Arabian horse in the desert. Antoine-Jean Gros, c. 1810 the legendary founders of the five "strains" of the Arabian horse.[34] Although the Al Khamsa are generally considered fictional horses of legend,[35] some breeders today claim the modern Bedouin Arabian actually descended from these mares.[36]

Another origin tale claims that King was given a pure Arabian-type mare named Safanad ("the pure") by the . A different version says that Solomon gave a stallion, Zad el-Raheb or Zad-el-Rakib ("Gift to the Rider"), to the Banu people when they came to pay tribute to the king. This legendary stallion was said to be faster than the and the gazelle, and every hunt with him was successful, thus when he was put to stud, he became a founding sire of legend.[37] Yet another creation myth puts the origin of the Arabian in the time of , the son of .[38] In this story, the Angel Jibril (also known as ) descended from Heaven and awakened Ishmael with a "wind-spout" that whirled toward him. The Angel then commanded the thundercloud to stop scattering dust and rain, and so it gathered itself into a prancing, handsome creature - a horse - that seemed to swallow up the ground. Hence, the bestowed the title "Drinker of the Wind" to the first Arabian horse.[39] Finally, a Bedouin story states that created the Arabian horse from the south wind and exclaimed, "I create thee, Oh Arabian. To thy , I bind Victory in battle. On thy back, I set a rich spoil and a Treasure in thy loins. I establish thee as one of the Glories of the Earth... I give thee flight without wings." Other versions of the story Arabian horse 77

claim Allah said to the South Wind: "I want to make a creature out of you. Condense." Then from the material condensed from the wind, he made a kamayt-colored animal (a bay or burnt chestnut) and said: "I call you Horse; I make you Arabian and I give you the chestnut color of the ant; I have hung happiness from the forelock which hangs between your eyes; you shall be the Lord of the other animals. Men shall follow you wherever you go; you shall be as good for flight as for pursuit; you shall fly without wings; riches shall be on your back and fortune shall come through your meditation."[40]

Origins Arabians are one of the oldest -developed horse breeds in the world. The progenitor stock, the Oriental subtype or "Proto-Arabian" was a horse with oriental characteristics similar to the modern Arabian. Horses with these features appeared in rock paintings and inscriptions in the Arabian Peninsula as far back as 2500 BC. In ancient history throughout the Ancient Near East, horses with refined heads and high-carried tails were depicted in artwork, particularly that of in the 16th century BC.[41] Some scholars of the Arabian horse once theorized that the Arabian came from a separate subspecies of horse,[42] known as equus caballus pumpelli. Other scholars, including Gladys Brown Edwards, a noted Arabian researcher, believe that the "dry" oriental horses of the desert, from which the modern Arabian developed, were more likely Equus ferus caballus with specific characteristics based on the environments in which they lived, rather than being a separate subspecies. Horses with similar, though not identical, physical characteristics include the of , the Barb of North Africa, the Akhal-Teke of western Asia and the now-extinct Turkoman Horse.

Desert roots

There are different theories about where the ancestors of the Arabian originally lived. Most evidence suggests the proto-Arabian came from the area along the northern edge of the .[] Another hypothesis suggests the southwestern corner of the Arabian peninsula, in modern-day , where three now-dry riverbeds indicate good natural pastures existed long ago, perhaps as far back as the Ice Age.[43] This hypothesis has gained renewed attention following a 2010 discovery of artifacts dated between 6590 and 7250 BCE in Al-Magar, in southwestern , that appeared to portray horses.

The proto-Arabian horse may have been domesticated by the people of the Arabian peninsula known today as the Bedouin, some time after they learned to use the , approximately 4,000–5,000 years ago.[44] Other scholars, noting that horses were common in the Fertile Crescent but rare in the Arabian peninsula prior to the rise of , theorize that the breed as it is known today only developed in large numbers when the conversion of the Persians to Islam in the 7th pictured on an Anazeh warmare century brought knowledge of horse breeding and horsemanship to the Bedouin. The oldest depictions in the Arabian Peninsula of horses that are clearly domesticated date no earlier than 1800-2000 BCE.

Regardless of origin, climate and culture ultimately created the Arabian. The desert environment required a domesticated horse to cooperate with humans to survive; humans were the only providers of food and water in certain areas, and even hardy Arabian horses needed far more water than in order to survive (most horses can Arabian horse 78

only live about 72 hours without water). Where there was no pasture or water, the Bedouin fed their horses dates and camel's milk.[45] The desert horse needed the ability to thrive on very little food, and to have anatomical traits to compensate for life in a dry climate with wide temperature extremes from day to night. Weak individuals were weeded out of the breeding pool, and the animals that remained were also honed by centuries of human warfare.[46] The Bedouin way of life depended on camels and horses: Arabians were bred to be war horses with speed, endurance, soundness, and intelligence. Because many raids required stealth, mares were preferred over stallions as they were quieter, and therefore would not give away the position of the fighters. A good disposition was also critical; prized war mares were often brought inside family tents to prevent theft and for protection from weather and predators.[47] Though appearance was not necessarily a survival factor, the Bedouin bred for refinement and beauty in their horses as well as for more practical features.

Strains and pedigrees For centuries, the Bedouin tracked the ancestry of each horse through an oral tradition. Horses of the purest blood were known as Asil and crossbreeding with non-Asil horses was forbidden. Mares were the most valued, both for riding and breeding, and pedigree families were traced through the female line. The Bedouin did not believe in gelding male horses, and considered stallions too intractable to be good war horses, thus they kept very few colts, selling most, and those of poor quality.[48] Over time, the Bedouin developed several sub-types or strains of Arabian horse, each with unique characteristics, and traced through the maternal line only.[49] According to the Arabian Horse Association, the five primary strains were known as the Keheilan, Seglawi, Abeyan, Hamdani and Hadban. Carl Raswan, a promoter and writer about Arabian horses from the middle of the 20th century, held the belief that there were only three strains, Kehilan, Seglawi and Muniqi. Raswan felt that these strains represented body "types" of the breed, with the Kehilan being "masculine", the Seglawi being "feminine" and the Muniqi being "speedy".[50] There were also lesser strains, sub-strains, and regional variations in strain names.[51] Therefore, many Arabian horses were not only Asil, of pure blood, but also bred to be pure in strain, with crossbreeding between strains discouraged, though not forbidden, by some tribes. Purity of bloodline was very important to the Bedouin, and they also believed in , believing if a mare was ever bred to a stallion of "impure" blood, the mare herself and all future offspring would be "contaminated" by the stallion and hence no longer Asil.[52] This complex web of bloodline and strain was an integral part of Bedouin culture; they not only knew the pedigrees and history of their best war mares in detail, but also carefully tracked the breeding of their camels, , and their own family or tribal history. Eventually, written records began to be kept; the first written pedigrees in the Middle East that specifically used the term "Arabian" date to 1330 AD. As important as strain was to the Bedouin, modern studies of mitochondrial DNA suggest that Arabian horses alive today with records stating descent from a given strain may not actually share a common maternal ancestry.[53] Arabian horse 79

Historic development

Role in the ancient world

Fiery war horses with dished faces and high-carried tails were popular artistic subjects in Ancient Egypt and , often depicted pulling chariots in war or for hunting. Horses with oriental characteristics appear in later artwork as far north as that of Ancient Greece and the . While this type of horse was not called an "Arabian" in the Ancient Near East until later, (the word "Arabia" or "Arabaya" first appeared in Hittite chariot (drawing of an Egyptian relief) writing in Ancient Persia, c. 500 BC)[54] these proto-Arabians shared many characteristics with the modern Arabian, including speed, endurance, and refinement. For example, a horse skeleton unearthed in the , dated to 1700 BC and probably brought by the invaders, is considered the earliest physical evidence of the horse in Ancient Egypt. This horse had a wedge-shaped head, large eye sockets and small muzzle, all characteristics of the Arabian horse.[55]

In Islamic history Following the Hijra in AD 622 (also sometimes spelled Hegira), the Arabian horse spread across the known world of the time, and became recognized as a distinct, named breed.[56] It played a significant role in the History of the Middle East and of Islam. By 630, Muslim influence expanded across the Middle East and North Africa, by 711 Muslim warriors had reached Spain, and they controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula by 720. Their war horses were of various oriental types, including both Arabians and the Barb horse of North Africa. Arabian horses also spread to the rest of the world via the Ottoman Empire, which rose in 1299. Though it never fully dominated the heart of the Arabian Peninsula, this Turkish empire obtained many Arabian horses through trade, diplomacy and war. The Ottomans encouraged formation of private stud farms in order to ensure a supply of cavalry horses,[57] and Ottoman nobles, such as Muhammad Ali of Egypt also collected pure, desert-bred Arabian horses. El Naseri, or Al-Nasir Muhammad, of Egypt (1290–1342) imported and bred numerous Arabians in Egypt. A record was made of his purchases describing many of the horses as well as their abilities, and was deposited in his library, becoming a source for later study.[][58] Through the Ottomans, Arabian horses were often sold, traded, or given as diplomatic gifts to Europeans and, later, to Americans.

Egypt Historically, Egyptian breeders imported horses bred in the of and the Arabian peninsula as the source of their foundation bloodstock.[59] By the time that the Ottoman Empire dominated Egypt, the political elites of the region still recognized the need for quality bloodstock for both war and for horse racing, and some continued to return to the deserts to obtain pure-blooded Arabians. One of the most famous was Muhammad Ali of Egypt, also known as Muhammad Ali Pasha, who established an extensive stud farm in the 19th century.[60][61] After his death, some of his stock was bred on by Abbas I of Egypt, also known as Abbas Pasha. However, after Abbas Pasha was assassinated in 1854, his heir, El Hami Pasha, sold most of his horses, often for crossbreeding, and gave away many others as diplomatic gifts.[62] A remnant of the herd was obtained by Ali Pasha Sherif, who then went back to the desert to bring in new bloodstock. At its peak, the stud of Ali Pasha Sherif had over 400 purebred Arabians.[63] Unfortunately, an epidemic of in the 1870s that killed thousands of horses throughout Egypt Arabian horse 80

decimated much of his herd, wiping out several irreplaceable bloodlines. Late in his life, he sold several horses to Wilfred and Lady Anne Blunt, who exported them to Crabbet Park Stud in England. After his death, Lady Anne was also able to gather many remaining horses at her Sheykh Obeyd stud.[64] Meanwhile, the passion brought by the Blunts to saving the pure horse of the desert helped Egyptian horse breeders to convince their government of the need to preserve the best of their own remaining pure Arabian bloodstock that descended from the horses collected over the previous century by Muhammad Ali Pasha, Abbas Pasha and Ali Pasha Sherif. The government of Egypt formed the Royal Agricultural Society (RAS) in 1908,[65] which is known today as the Egyptian Agricultural Organization (EAO).[66] RAS representatives traveled to England during the 1920s and "Mameluck en Attaque" 18th-century painting by Carle Vernet purchased eighteen descendants of the original Blunt exports from Lady Wentworth at Crabbet Park, and returned these bloodlines to Egypt in order to restore bloodlines had been lost. Other than several horses purchased by Henry Babson for importation to the United States in the 1930s,[67] and one other small group exported to the USA in 1947, relatively few Egyptian-bred Arabian horses were exported until the overthrow of King Farouk I in 1952.[68] Many of the private stud farms of the princes were then confiscated and the animals taken over by the EAO. In the 1960s and 1970s, as oil development brought more foreign investors to Egypt, some of whom were horse fanciers, Arabians were exported to Germany and to the United States, as well as to the former Soviet Union.[69] Today, the designation "Straight Egyptian" or "Egyptian Arabian" is popular with some Arabian breeders, and the modern Egyptian-bred Arabian is an outcross used to add refinement in some breeding programs. Arabian horse 81

Arrival in Europe

Probably the earliest horses with Arabian bloodlines to enter Europe came indirectly, through Spain and France. Others would have arrived with returning Crusaders—beginning in 1095, European armies invaded Palestine and many returned home with Arabian horses as spoils of war. Later, as knights and the heavy, armored war horses who carried them became obsolete, Arabian horses and their descendants were used to develop faster, agile horses that were used in warfare into the 20th century.

Another major infusion of Arabian horses into Europe occurred when the Ottoman Turks sent 300,000 horsemen into Hungary in 1522, many of whom were mounted on pure-blooded Arabians, captured during raids into Arabia. By 1529, the Battle of La Higueruela, 1431. Spanish fighting the Moorish forces of Ottomans reached , where they were Nasrid Sultan Muhammed IX of . Note the differences in tail stopped by the Polish and Hungarian armies, who carriage of the various horses in the painting. The Arabian's high-carried captured these horses from the defeated Ottoman tail is a distinctive trait that is seen even in part-blooded offspring. cavalry. Some of these animals provided foundation bloodstock for the major studs of eastern Europe.[70][71]

Polish and Russian breeding programs

With the rise of light cavalry, the stamina and agility of horses with Arabian blood gave an enormous military advantage to any army who possessed them. As a result, many European monarchs began to support large breeding establishments that crossed Arabians on local stock, one example being Knyszyna, the royal stud of Polish king Zygmunt II August, and another the Imperial Russian Stud of . European horse breeders also obtained Arabian stock directly from the desert or via trade with the Ottomans. In Russia, Count Alexey Orlov obtained many Arabians, including Smetanka, an Arabian stallion who became a foundation sire of the .[72] Orlov then provided Arabian horses to , who in 1772 owned 12 pure Arabian stallions and 10 mares. By 1889 two members of the Russian nobility, Count Stroganov and Prince Shcherbatov, established Arabian stud farms to meet the continued need to breed Arabians as a source of pure bloodstock. In , notable imports from Arabia included those of Prince Hieronymous Sanguszko (1743–1812), who founded the Slawuta stud.[73] Poland's first state-run Arabian stud farm, Janów Podlaski, was established by the decree of in 1817, and by 1850, the great stud farms of Poland were well-established, including Antoniny, owned by the Polish Count Potocki (who had married into the Sanguszko family); later notable as the farm that produced the stallion .[][74] Arabian horse 82

Central and western Europe

The 18th century marked the establishment of most of the great Arabian studs of Europe, dedicated to preserving "pure" Arabian bloodstock. The Prussians set up a royal stud in 1732, originally intended to provide horses for the royal stables, and other studs were established to breed animals for other uses, including mounts for the Prussian army. The foundation of these breeding programs was the crossing of Arabians on native horses; by 1873 some English observers felt that the Prussian calvalry mounts were superior in endurance to those of the British, and credited Arabian bloodlines for this superiority.[75]

Other state studs included the Babolna Stud of Hungary, set up in 1789,[76] and the Weil stud in Germany (now Weil-Marbach or the ), founded in 1817 by King William I of [77] Several noble families of Poland became major Württemberg. King James I of England imported the first Arabian breeders of Arabian horses. Eustachy Erazm [78] stallion, the Markham Arabian, to England in 1616. Arabians were Sanguszko, painted by Juliusz Kossak. also introduced into European race horse breeding, especially in England via the , Byerly Turk, and Godolphin Arabian, the three foundation stallions of the modern Thoroughbred breed, who were each brought to England during the 18th century.[79] Other monarchs obtained Arabian horses, often as personal mounts. One of the most famous Arabian stallions in Europe was Marengo, the war horse ridden by Napoleon Bonaparte.

During the mid-19th century, the need for Arabian blood to improve the breeding stock for light cavalry horses in Europe resulted in more excursions to the Middle East. Queen Isabel II of Spain sent representatives to the desert to purchase Arabian horses and by 1847 had established a stud book; her successor, King Alfonso XII imported additional bloodstock from other European nations. By 1893, the state military stud farm, Yeguada Militar was established in Córdoba, Spain for breeding both Arabian and Iberian horses. The military remained heavily involved in the importation and breeding of Arabians in Spain well into the early 20th century, and the Yeguada Militar is still in existence today. This period also marked a phase of considerable travel to the Middle East by European civilians and minor nobility, and in the process, some travelers noticed that the Arabian horse as a pure breed of horse was under threat due to modern forms of warfare, inbreeding and other problems that were reducing the horse population of the Bedouin tribes at a rapid rate.[80] By the late 19th century, the most farsighted began in earnest to collect the finest Arabian horses they could find in order to preserve the blood of the pure desert horse for future generations. The most famous example was Lady Anne Blunt, the daughter of Ada Lovelace and granddaughter of .[81] Arabian horse 83

Rise of the Crabbet Park Stud

Perhaps the most famous of all Arabian breeding operations founded in Europe was the Crabbet Park Stud of England, founded 1878.[82] Starting in 1877, and Lady Anne Blunt made repeated journeys to the Middle East, including visits to the stud of Ali Pasha Sherif in Egypt and to Bedouin tribes in the Nejd, bringing the best Arabians they could find to England. Lady Anne also purchased and maintained the Sheykh Obeyd stud farm in Egypt, near . Upon Lady Anne's death in 1917, the Blunts' daughter, Judith, Lady Wentworth, inherited the Wentworth title and Lady Anne's portion of the estate, and obtained the remainder of the Crabbet Stud following a protracted legal battle with her father.[83][84] Lady Wentworth expanded the stud, added new bloodstock, and exported Arabian horses worldwide. Upon her death in 1957, the stud passed to her manager, Cecil Covey, who ran Crabbet until 1971, when a motorway was cut through the property, forcing the sale of the land Lady Anne Blunt with her favorite Arabian mare, Kasida and dispersal of the horses.[85] Along with Crabbet, the Hanstead Stud of Lady Yule also produced horses of worldwide significance.

Early 20th-century Europe In the early 20th century, the military was involved in the breeding of Arabian horses throughout Europe, particularly in Poland, Spain, Germany, and Russia; private breeders also developed a number of breeding programs. Significant among the private breeders in continental Europe was Spain's Cristobal Colon de Aguilera, XV Duque de Veragua, a direct descendant of , who founded the Veragua Stud in the 1920s.[86]

Modern warfare and its impact on European studs Between World War I, the , and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, many historic European stud farms were lost; in Poland, the Antoniny and Slawuta Studs were wiped out except for five mares.[87] Notable among the survivors was the Janów Podlaski Stud. The Russian Revolution, combined with the effects of World War I, destroyed most of the breeding programs in Russia, but by 1921, the Soviet government reestablished an Arabian program, the , on the site of the former Stroganov estate, which included Polish bloodstock as well as some importations from the Crabbet Stud in England.[88] The programs that survived the war re-established their breeding operations and some added to their studs with new imports of desert-bred Arabian horses from the Middle East. Not all European studs recovered. The Weil stud of Germany, founded by King Wilhelm I, went into considerable decline; by the time the Weil herd was transferred to the Marbach State Stud in 1932, only 17 purebred Arabians remained. The and World War II also had a devastating impact on horse breeding throughout Europe. The Veragua stud was destroyed, and its records lost, with the only survivors being the broodmares and the younger Arabian horse 84

horses, who were rescued by .[89] Crabbet Park, Tersk, and Janów Podlaski survived. Both the Soviet Union and the United States obtained valuable Arabian bloodlines as spoils of war, which they used to strengthen their breeding programs. The Soviets had taken steps to protect their breeding stock at Tersk Stud, and by utilizing horses captured in Poland they were able to re-establish their breeding program soon after the end of World War II. The Americans brought Arabian horses captured in Europe to the United States, mostly to the Pomona U.S. Army Remount station, the former W.K. Kellogg Ranch in California.[90] In the postwar era, Poland,[91] Spain,[] and Germany developed or re-established many well-respected Arabian stud farms.[92] The studs of Poland in particular were decimated by both the Nazis and the Soviets, but were able to reclaim some of their breeding stock and became particularly world-renowned for their quality Arabian horses, tested rigorously by racing and other performance standards.[93] During the 1950s, the Russians also obtained additional horses from Egypt to augment their breeding programs.[94]

After the While only a few Arabians were exported from behind the during the Cold War, those who did come to the west caught the eye of breeders worldwide. Improved international relations between eastern Europe and the west led to major imports of Polish and Russian-bred Arabian horses to western Europe and the United States in the 1970s and 1980s.[95] The collapse of the former Soviet Union in 1991, greater political stability in Egypt, and the rise of the European Union all increased international trade in Arabian horses. Organizations such as the World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) created consistent standards for transferring the registration of Arabian horses between different nations. Today, Arabian horses are traded all over the world.[96]

In America The first horses on the American mainland since the end of the Ice Age arrived with the Spanish Conquistadors. Hernán Cortés brought 16 horses of Andalusian, Barb, and Arabian ancestry to Mexico in 1519. Others followed, such as Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, who brought 250 horses of similar breeding to America in 1540.[97] More horses followed with each new arrival of Conquistadors, , and settlers. Many horses escaped or were stolen, becoming the foundation stock of the American .[98][99]

Early imports Colonists from England also brought horses of Arabian breeding to the eastern seaboard. One example was Nathaniel Harrison, who imported a horse of Arabian, Barb and Turkish ancestry to America in 1747. Arabian horse 85

One of 's primary mounts during the American Revolutionary War was a gray half-Arabian horse named "", sired by the stallion "Ranger", also known as "Lindsay's Arabian", said to have been obtained from the Sultan of .[100] Other Presidents are linked to ownership of Arabian horses; in 1840, President received two Arabians from the Sultan of , and in 1877, President Ulysses S. Grant obtained an Arabian stallion, Leopard, and a Barb, Linden Tree, as gifts from Abdul Hamid II, the "Sultan of Turkey."[101] Washington Taking Control of the American Army, at Cambridge, A. Keene Richard was the first American known to Massachusetts July 1775. Copy of lithograph by Currier & Ives, 1876. have specifically bred Arabian horses. He traveled to the desert in 1853 and 1856 to obtain breeding stock, which he crossed on Thoroughbreds, and also bred purebred Arabians. Unfortunately, his horses were lost during the Civil War and have no known purebred Arabian descendants today.[102] Leopard is the only stallion among the early imports who left known purebred descendants in America.[103] In 1888 Randolph Huntington imported the desert-bred Arabian mare *Naomi, and bred her to Leopard, producing Leopard's only purebred Arabian son, Anazeh, who sired eight purebred Arabian foals, four of whom still appear in pedigrees today.[104]

Development of purebred breeding in America

In 1908, the Arabian Horse Registry of America was established, recording 71 animals, and by 1994, the number had reached half a million. Today there are more Arabians registered in North America than in the rest of the world put together. The origins of the registry date to 1893, when the Hamidie Society sponsored an exhibit of Arabian horses from what today is at the World Fair in . This exhibition raised considerable interest in Arabian horses. Records are unclear if 40 or 45 horses were imported for the exposition, but seven died in a fire shortly after arrival. The 28 horses that remained at the end of the exhibition

stayed in America and were sold at auction when Exhibitor from Syria holding an Arabian horse at the Hamidie Society the Hamidie Society went bankrupt. These horses exhibition, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893. caught the interest of American breeders,[105] including Peter Bradley of the Hingham Stock Farm, who purchased some Hamidie horses at the auction, and , another admirer of the Hamidie imports.

Major Arabian importations to the United States included those of Davenport and Bradley, who teamed up to purchase several stallions and mares directly from the Bedouin in 1906. Spencer Borden of the Interlachen Stud made several importations between 1898 and 1911;[106] and W.R. Brown of the Maynesboro Stud, interested in the Arabian as a cavalry mount, imported many Arabians over a period of years, starting in 1918. Another wave of imports came in the 1920s and 30s when breeders such as W.K. Kellogg, Henry Babson, Roger Selby, James Draper, Arabian horse 86

and others imported Arabian bloodstock from Crabbet Park Stud in England, as well as from Poland, Spain and Egypt.[107] The breeding of Arabians was fostered by the U. S. Army Remount Service, which stood purebred stallions at public stud for a reduced rate.[108] Several Arabians, mostly of Polish breeding, were captured from and imported to the U.S.A. following World War II.[109] In 1957, two deaths in England led to more sales to the United States: first from Crabbet Stud on the demise of Lady Wentworth,[110] and then from Hanstead with the passing of Gladys Yule. As the tensions of the Cold War eased, more Arabians were imported to America from Poland and Egypt, and in the late 1970s, as political issues surrounding import regulations and the recognition of stud books were resolved, many Arabian horses were imported from Spain and Russia.[111]

Modern trends In the 1980s, Arabians became a popular status symbol and were marketed similarly to . Some individuals also used horses as a tax shelter.[112] Prices skyrocketed, especially in the United States, with a record-setting public auction price for a mare named NH Potion, who sold for $2.55 million in 1984, and the largest syndication in history for an Arabian stallion, Padron, at $11,000,000. The potential for profit led to over-breeding of the Arabian. When the Tax Reform Act of 1986 closed the tax-sheltering "passive investment" loophole, limiting the use of horse farms as tax shelters,[113] the Arabian market was particularly vulnerable due to over-saturation and artificially inflated prices, and it collapsed, forcing many breeders into bankruptcy and sending many purebred Arabians to slaughter. Prices recovered slowly, with many breeders moving away from producing "living art" and towards a horse more suitable for amateur owners and many riding disciplines. By 2003, a survey found that 67% of purebred Arabian horses in America are owned for recreational riding purposes. As of 2013[114], there are more than 660,000 Arabians that have been registered in the United States, and the US has the largest number of Arabians of any nation in the world.

In Australia

Early imports

Arabian horses were introduced to Australia in the earliest days of European Settlement. Early imports included both purebred Arabians and light Spanish "jennets" from Andalusia, many Arabians also came from India. Based on records describing stallions "of Arabic and Persian blood", the first Arabian horses were probably imported to Australia in several groups between 1788 and 1802.[115] About 1803, a merchant named Robert Campbell imported a bay Arabian stallion, Hector, from India; Hector was said to have been owned by Arthur The Arabian stallion Hector, or "Old Hector" was [116] an early import to Australia whose bloodlines are Wellesley, who later became known as the Duke of Wellington. In still found today in the pedigrees of some 1804 two additional Arabians, also from India, arrived in Australian Thoroughbreds. one of whom, White William, sired the first purebred Arabian foal born in Australia, a stallion named Derwent.

Throughout the 19th century, many more Arabians came to Australia, though most were used to produce crossbred horses and left no recorded purebred descendants. The first significant imports to be permanently recorded with offspring still appearing in modern purebred Arabian pedigrees were those of James Boucaut, who in 1891 imported several Arabians from Wilfred and Lady Anne Blunt's Crabbet Arabian Stud in England.[117] Purebred Arabians were used to improve racehorses and some of them became quite famous as such; about 100 Arabian sires are included in the Australian Stud Book (for Thoroughbred racehorses). The military was also involved in the Arabian horse 87

promotion of breeding calvalry horses, especially around World War I. They were part of the foundation of several breeds considered uniquely Australian, including the , the and the .[118]

In the 20th and 21st centuries In the early 20th century, more Arabian horses, mostly of Crabbet bloodlines, arrived in Australia. The first Arabians of Polish breeding arrived in 1966, and Egyptian lines were first imported in 1970. Arabian horses from the rest of the world followed, and today the Australian Arabian horse registry is the second largest in the world, next to that of the United States.

Modern breeding

Arabian horses today are found all over the world. They are no longer classified by Bedouin strain, but are informally classified by the nation of origin of famed horses in a given pedigree. Popular types of Arabians are labeled "Polish", "Spanish", "Crabbet", "Russian", "Egyptian", and "Domestic" (describing horses whose ancestors were imported to the United States prior to 1944, including those from programs such as Kellogg, Davenport, Maynesboro, Babson, Dickenson and Selby). In the USA, a specific mixture of Crabbet, Maynesboro and Kellogg bloodlines has acquired the copyrighted designation "CMK."

Each set of bloodlines has its own devoted followers, with the virtues of each hotly debated. Most debates are between those who value the Arabian most for its refined beauty and those who value the horse for its stamina and athleticism; there are also a number of breeders who specialize in of various bloodlines. Controversies exist over the relative "purity" of certain animals; breeders argue about the genetic "purity" of various pedigrees, discussing whether A postage stamp from the Soviet Union featuring the Arabian horse some horses descend from "impure" animals that cannot be traced to the desert Bedouin.[119] The major factions are as follows:

•• The Arabian Horse Association (AHA) states, "The origin of the purebred Arabian horse was the Arabian desert, and all Arabians ultimately trace their lineage to this source." In essence, all horses accepted for registration in the United States are deemed to be "purebred" Arabians by AHA. • The World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) has the broadest definition of a purebred Arabian. WAHO states, "A Purebred Arabian horse is one which appears in any purebred Arabian Stud Book or Register listed by WAHO as acceptable." By this definition, over 95% of the known purebred Arabian horses in the world are registered in stud books acceptable to WAHO. WAHO also researched the purity question in general, and its findings are on its web site, describing both the research and the political issues surrounding Arabian horse bloodlines, particularly in America. Arabian horse 88

• At the other end of the spectrum, organizations focused on bloodlines that are the most meticulously documented to desert sources have the most restrictive definitions. For example, The Asil Club in Europe only accepts "a horse whose pedigree is exclusively based on Bedouin breeding of the Arabian peninsula, without any crossbreeding with non-Arabian horses at any time." Likewise, the Al Khamsa organization takes the position that "The horse...which are called "Al Khamsa Arabian Horses," are those horses in North America that can reasonably be assumed to descend entirely from bedouin Arabian horses bred by horse-breeding bedouin tribes of the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula without admixture from sources unacceptable to Al Khamsa." Most restrictive of all are horses identified as "straight Egyptian" by the Pyramid Society, which must trace in all lines to the desert and also to horses owned or bred by specific Egyptian breeding programs. By this definition, straight Egyptian Arabians constitute only 2% of all Arabian horses in America. • Ironically, some pure-blooded desert-bred Arabians in Syria had enormous difficulties being accepted as registrable purebred Arabians because many of the Bedouin who owned them saw no need to obtain a piece of paper to verify the purity of their horses. However, eventually the Syrians developed a stud book for their animals that was accepted by the World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) in 2007.

Influence on other horse breeds

Because of the genetic strength of the desert-bred Arabian horse, Arabian bloodlines have played a part in the development of nearly every modern light horse breed, including the Thoroughbred, Orlov Trotter,[120] Morgan,[121] American Saddlebred,[122] American Quarter Horse, and Warmblood breeds such as the Trakehner.[123] Arabian bloodlines have also influenced the development of the Welsh Pony, the Australian Stock Horse, Percheron draft horse, Appaloosa, and the Colorado Ranger Horse.

Today, people cross Arabians with other breeds to The Darley Arabian, a foundation sire of the Thoroughbred. add refinement, endurance, agility and beauty. In the USA, Half-Arabians have their own registry within the Arabian Horse Association, which includes a special section for Anglo-Arabians (Arabian-Thoroughbred crosses). Some crosses originally registered only as Half-Arabians became popular enough to have their own breed registry, including the National Show Horse (an Arabian-Saddlebred cross), the (Arabian-Quarter Horse), the the (Arabian-Welsh Pony), and the (Arabian-Morgan). In addition, some Arabians and Half Arabians have been approved for breeding by some Warmblood registries, particularly the Trakehner registry.

There is intense debate over the role the Arabian played in the development of other light horse breeds. Before DNA-based research developed, one hypothesis, based on body types and conformation, suggested the light, "dry", oriental horse adapted to the desert climate had developed prior to ;[124] DNA studies of multiple horse breeds now suggest that while domesticated horses arose from multiple mare lines, there is very little variability in the Y-chromosome between breeds. Following domestication of the horse, due to the location of the Middle East as a crossroads of the ancient world, and relatively near the earliest locations of domestication,[125] oriental horses spread throughout Europe and Asia both in ancient and modern times. There is little doubt that humans crossed "oriental" blood on that of other types to create light riding horses; the only actual questions are at what point the "oriental" prototype could be called an "Arabian", how much Arabian blood was mixed with local animals, and at what point in history.[126] Arabian horse 89

For some breeds, such as the Thoroughbred, Arabian influence of specific animals is documented in written stud books.[127] For older breeds, dating the influx of Arabian ancestry is more difficult. For example, while outside cultures, and the horses they brought with them, influenced the predecessor to the Iberian horse in both the time of and again with the Islamic invasions of the 8th century, it is difficult to trace precise details of the journeys taken by waves of conquerors and their horses as they traveled from the Middle East to North Africa and across Gibraltar to southern Europe. Mitochondrial DNA studies of modern Andalusian horses of the Iberian peninsula and Barb horses of North Africa present convincing evidence that both breeds crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and influenced one another.[128] Though these studies did not compare Andalusian and Barb mtDNA to that of Arabian horses, there is evidence that horses resembling Arabians, whether before or after the breed was called an "Arabian", were part of this genetic mix. Arabians and Barbs, though probably related to one another, are quite different in appearance,[129] and horses of both Arabian and Barb type were present in the Muslim armies that occupied Europe. There is also historical documentation that Islamic invaders raised Arabian horses in Spain prior to the ; the Spanish also documented imports of Arabian horses in 1847, 1884 and 1885 that were used to improve existing Spanish stock and revive declining equine populations.

Uses Arabians are versatile horses that compete in many equestrian fields, including horse racing, the horse show disciplines of saddle seat, Western pleasure, and , as well as dressage, cutting, reining, endurance riding, show jumping, eventing, youth events such as equitation, and others. They are used as pleasure riding, trail riding, and working ranch horses for those who are not interested in competition.

Competition Arabians dominate the sport of endurance riding because of their stamina. They are the leading breed in competitions such as the Tevis Cup that can cover up to 100 miles (160 km) in a day, and they participate in FEI-sanctioned endurance events worldwide, including the World Equestrian Games. There is an extensive series of horse shows in the United States and Canada for Arabian, Half-Arabian, and Anglo-Arabian horses, sanctioned by the USEF in conjunction with the Arabian Horse Association. Classes offered include Western pleasure, reining, hunter type and saddle seat English pleasure, and halter, plus the very popular "Native" costume class. "Sport horse" events for Arabian horses have become popular in North America, particularly after the Arabian Horse Association began hosting a separate Arabian and Half Arabian Sport Horse National Championship in 2003 that by 2004 grew to draw 2000 entries. This competition draws Arabian and part-Arabian horses that perform in hunter, jumper, sport horse under saddle, sport horse in hand, dressage, and combined driving competition. Other nations also sponsor major shows strictly for purebred and partbred Arabians, including Great Britain France,[130] Spain, Poland, and the . Purebred Arabians have excelled in open events against other breeds. One of the most famous examples in the field of western riding competition was the Arabian mare Ronteza, who defeated 50 horses of all breeds to win the 1961 Reined Cow Horse championship at the Cow Palace in San Francisco, California.[131] Another Arabian competitive against all breeds was the stallion Aaraf who won an all-breed cutting horse An Arabian horse in "native" costume, used in both competition at the Quarter Horse Congress in the 1950s.[132] In exhibition and competition Arabian horse 90

show jumping and show hunter competition, a number of Arabians have competed successfully against other breeds in open competition, including the purebred gelding Russian Roulette, who has won multiple jumping classes against horses of all breeds on the open circuit, and in eventing, a purebred Arabian competed on the Brazilian team at the 2004 Athens Olympics. Part-Arabians have also appeared at open sport horse events and even Olympic level competition. The Anglo-Arabian Linon was ridden to an Olympic silver medal for France in Dressage in 1928 and 1932, as well as a team gold in 1932, and another French Anglo-Arabian, Harpagon, was ridden to a team gold medal and an individual silver in dressage at the 1948 Olympics. At the 1952 Olympics, the French rider Pierre d'Oriola won the Gold individual medal in show jumping on the Anglo-Arabian Ali Baba. Another Anglo-Arabian, Tamarillo, ridden by William Fox-Pitt, represents the United Kingdom in FEI and Olympic competition, winning many awards, including first place at the 2004 . More recently a gelding named Theodore O'Connor, nicknamed "Teddy", a 14.1 (or 14.2, sources vary) hand pony of Thoroughbred, Arabian, and breeding, won two gold medals at the 2007 American Games and was finished in the top six at the 2007 and 2008 Rolex Kentucky Three Day CCI competition.

Other activities Arabians are involved in a wide variety of activities, including fairs, movies, parades, circuses and other places where horses are showcased. They have been popular in movies, dating back to the silent film era when Rudolph Valentino rode the Kellogg Arabian stallion Jadaan in 1926's Son of the Sheik,[133] and have been seen in many other films, including The Black Stallion featuring the stallion Cass Ole, The Young Black Stallion, which used over 40 Arabians during filming, as well as Hidalgo[134] and the 1959 version of Ben-Hur.[135] Arabians are mascots for football teams, performing crowd-pleasing activities on the field and sidelines. One of the horses who serves as "Traveler", the mascot for the University of Southern California Trojans, has been a purebred Arabian. "", a stage name for the purebred Arabian stallion J B Kobask, was mascot for the Denver Broncos from 1993 until his retirement in 2004, when the Arabian gelding Winter Solstyce took over as "Thunder II".[136] Cal Poly Pomona's W.K. Kellogg Arabian Horse Center Equestrian Unit has made Arabian horses a regular sight at the annual Tournament of Roses Parade held each New Year's Day in Pasadena, California. Arabians also are used on search and rescue teams and occasionally for police work. Some Arabians are used in in the USA and Europe, in the Turkish equestrian sport of Cirit (pronounced [dʒiˈɾit]), as well as in circuses, therapeutic horseback riding programs, and on guest ranches.

Notes

[1] http:/ / www. ahsa. asn. au/

[2] http:/ / www. arabhorsesociety. org/ registrationguidelines. htm

[3] http:/ / www. waho. org/ [4] Upton, Arabians pp. 21–22 [5] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 89–92 [6] Edwards, Gladys Brown (January 1989). "How I Would 'Build' an Arabian Stallion". Arabian Horse World. p. 542. Reprinted in Parkinson, pp. 157–158. [7] Schofler, Flight Without Wings, pp. 11–12 [8] Edwards, The Arabian, pp. 245–246 [9] Edwards, The Arabian, pp. 27–28 [10] Schofler, Flight Without Wings, p. 8 [11][11]Typically the hip angle is about 35 degrees, while the croup is about 25 degrees [12] Edwards, "Chapter 6: The Croup", Anatomy and Conformation of the Horse, pp. 83–98 [13] Edwards, Gladys Brown. "An Illustrated Guide to Arabian Horse Conformation." Arabian Horse World Quarterly, Spring, 1998, p. 86. Reprinted in Parkinson, p. 121 [14] Plumb, Types and Breeds of Farm Animals, p. 168 [15] Ensminger, Horses and Horsemanship p. 84 Arabian horse 91

[16] Upton, Arabians, p. 19 [17] Stallions may be shown in most youth classes, except for 8 and under walk-trot: 2008 USEF Arabian, Half-Arabian and Anglo-Arabian

Division Rule Book, Rule AR-112 (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 05-AR. pdf)

Breeds not allowing stallions in youth classes include, but are not limited to, Rule 404(c) American Quarter Horse (http:/ / www. aqha. com/

Resources/ Handbook. aspx); Rule 607 Appaloosa (http:/ / www. appaloosa. com/ pdfs/ rulebook12. pdf); SB-126 Saddlebreds (http:/ / www.

usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 26-SB. pdf); PF-106 Paso Finos - no children under 13 (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/

2008/ 23-PF. pdf); MO-104 Morgans (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 20-MO. pdf); 101 Children's and Junior Hunters

(http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 19-JH. pdfJH); HP-101 Hunter Pony (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/

2008/ 17-HP. pdf); HK-101 Hackney (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 14-HK. pdf); FR-101 Friesians (http:/ / www. usef.

org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 13-FR. pdf); EQ-102 Equitation - stallions prohibited except if limited only to breeds that allow stallions

(http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 11-EQ. pdf); CP-108 Carriage and Pleasure Driving (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/

ruleBook/ 2008/ 07-CP. pdf); WS 101 Western division (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 30-WS. pdf).

Other breeds allowing stallions in youth classes include AL-101, Andalusians (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 04-AL.

pdf), CO-103 Connemaras (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 06-CO. pdf) and [18] Pavord, Handling and Understanding the Horse, p. 19 [19] Rashid, A Good Horse Is Never a Bad Color, p. 50 [20] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 28 [21] Ammon, Historical Reports on Arab Horse Breeding and the Arabian Horse, p. 152 [22] Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, p. 69 [23] Stewart, The Arabian Horse, p. 34 [24] Beaver, Horse color, p. 98 [25] Gower, Horse Color Explained, p. 30 [26] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 5 [27] Parry, "xc overo/lethal white", Compendium, pp. 945–950 [28] Goodwin-Campiglio, et al. "Caution and Knowledge", pp. 100–105

[29] Fanelli, "Coat Color Dilution Lethal" (http:/ / onlinelibrary. wiley. com/ doi/ 10. 1111/ j. 2042-3292. 2005. tb00386. x/ abstract), Equine Veterinary Education, pp. 260–263

[30] "Bierman, A., 4 November 2009, Lavender Foal Syndrome - Genetic test developed in South Africa" (http:/ / web. up. ac. za/ default.

asp?ipkCategoryID=11671& articleID=3268) [31] Equus Staff, "Good news about recovery from foal epilepsy", Equus

[32] Marcella, "The guttural pouch" (http:/ / www. thoroughbredtimes. com/ horse-health/ 2006/ January/ 30/

The-mysterious-guttural-pouch. aspx), Thoroughbred Times

[33] Blazyczek, "Inheritance of Guttural Pouch Tympany in the Arabian Horse" (http:/ / jhered. oxfordjournals. org/ cgi/ content/ full/ 95/ 3/ 195#F01P01), Journal of Heredity, pp. 195–199 [34] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 92–93 [35] Upton, Arabians, p. 12 [36] Schofler, Flight Without Wings, pp. 3–4 [37] Chamberlin, Horse, pp. 166–167 [38] Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 2 [39] Raswan, The Raswan Index and Handbook for Arabian Breeders, Section: "The Kuhaylat", p. 6. [40] Sumi, Description in Classical Arabic Poetry, p. 19 [41] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 2 [42] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 27 [43] Edwards, The Arabian, pp.6–7

[44] Lumpkin, "Camels: Of Service and Survival" (http:/ / nationalzoo. si. edu/ Publications/ ZooGoer/ 1999/ 5/ camelservicesurvival. cfm), Zoogoer [45] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 24 [46] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 2–4

[47] Schofler, "Daughters of the Desert" (http:/ / www. usef. org/ pressbox/ images/ magazine/ pdf/ 9f17eb24658b529f7516f2d820dceb3b. pdf), Equestrian Magazine [48] Edwards, The Arabian, pp. 24–26 [49] Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 104–105 [50] Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 92 [51] Forbis Classic Arabian Horse pp. 274–289 [52] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 22 [53] Bowling, "A pedigree-based study of mitochondrial d-loop DNA sequence variation among Arabian horses", Animal Genetics, p. 1 [54] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 16 [55] Upton, Arabians, p. 10 [56] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 130 Arabian horse 92

[57] Derry, Horse and Society, p. 106 [58] Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 6 [59] Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, p. 178 [60] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 268 [61] Greely Arabian Exodus pp. 27–33 [62] Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, pp. 191–192 [63] Jobbins, "Straight Down the Line", Al-Ahram Weekly Online [64] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 41 [65] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 137 [66] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 149 [67] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 139 [68] Derry Bred for Perfection p. 123 [69] Carpenter Arabian Legends p. 102-111

[70] Harrigan, "The Polish Quest For Arabian Horses" (http:/ / weekly. ahram. org. eg/ 2004/ 717/ feature. htm), Saudi Aramco World [71] Derry Bred for Perfection p. 107 [72] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 178 [73] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 172 [74] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 56–57 [75] Derry, Horses in Society, pp. 107–108 [76] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 162 [77] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 155 [78] Derry, Horses in Society, p. 31 [79] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 104–109 [80] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 23 [81] Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, p. 70 [82] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 11–15. [83] Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, pp. 79–82 [84] Greely Arabian Exodus p. 54 [85] Archer et al., The Crabbet Arabian Stud: Its History and Influence, pp. 201-202 [86] Greely, Arabian Exodus, pp. 198–199 [87] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 176 [88] Greely, Arabian Exodus, pp. 182–184 [89] Greely, Arabian Exodus, pp. 199–201 [90] Upton, Arabians, p. 72 [91] Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 117–118 [92] Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 126–127 [93] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 58–61 [94] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 185 [95] Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 120–126 [96] Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 139–155

[97] Green, "The Arabian Horse in America" (http:/ / www. saudiaramcoworld. com/ issue/ 198602/ the. arabian. horse-in. america. htm), Saudi Aramco World [98] Forbis Classic Arabian Horse p. 15 [99] Patten Light Horse Breeds p. 24

[100] Hur, "Washington's Best Saddle Horse" (http:/ / cmkarabians. com/ articles/ BHWashingtonsRanger. html), Western Horseman [101] Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 71 [102] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 29 [103] Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 72 [104] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 30 [105] Derry, Horses in Society, pp. 137–139 [106] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 72–73 [107] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 73–76 [108] Derry, Horses in Society, p. 236 [109] Edwards, The Arabian, pp. 111–114 [110] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 79 [111] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 78–80. [112] Derry Bred for Perfection p. 129 [113] Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 129–138

[114] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Arabian_horse& action=edit Arabian horse 93

[115] Upton, Arabians, pp. 74–75 [116] Barrie, The Australian Bloodhorse, p. 96 [117] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 121

[118] Gordon, "A Condensed History of the Arabian Horse Society of Australia" (http:/ / www. arabianlines. com/ online_mag/ apr2006/ april

edition 2006. htm), Arabian Lines [119] Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 139–155 [120] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp.113–114 [121] Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 115 [122][122]Arabian influence via the Thoroughbred [123] Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 114 [124] Bennett, Conquerors, p.7 [125] Matossian Shaping World History p. 43 See also: [126] Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, pp. 177–182 [127] Derry Bred for Perfection p. 155

[128] Royo, "The Origins of Iberian Horses Assessed via Mitochondrial DNA" (http:/ / jhered. oxfordjournals. org/ cgi/ content/ abstract/ 96/ 6/ 663), Journal of Heredity, pp. 663–669 [129] Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, pp. 36–37

[130] Mazzawi " The Arabian Horse In Europe (http:/ / www. saudiaramcoworld. com/ issue/ 198602/ the. arabian. horse-in. europe. htm)" Saudi Aramco World [131] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 247 [132] "America's First Lady of ", Women and Horses, pp. 21–25

[133] Roeder, "Jadaan, The Sheik, and the Cereal Baron" (http:/ / www. csupomona. edu/ ~library/ specialcollections/ history/ jadaan. html), The Cal Poly Scholar, pp. 99–103 [134] Francaviglia, et al., Lights, camera, history, p. 86 [135] Cyrino, Big Screen Rome, p. 63 [136] Train, "Thundering Down the Field", Arabian Horse Magazine, pp. 94–101

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• Pavord, Marcy and Tony Pavord (2001). Handling and Understanding the Horse (http:/ / books. google. com/

?id=MG4uX8Jq2_wC& pg=PA19& dq=hot+ blood+ horse+ training). Globe Pequot. ISBN 1-58574-369-0.

• Plumb, Charles Sumner (1920). Types and Breeds of Farm Animals (http:/ / books. google. com/

?id=GbxBAAAAIAAJ& pg=PA168& dq=horse+ pony+ height). Ginn. • Rashid, Mark (1996). A Good Horse Is Never a Bad Color. Lincoln: Johnson Printing. • Raswan, Carl (1967, 1969, 1990). The Raswan Index and Handbook for Arabian Breeders. Volume 1 (1990 ed.). Richmond, Virginia: The William Byrd Press.

• Roeder, Walter H. (Fall 1988). "Jadaan, The Sheik, and the Cereal Baron" (http:/ / www. csupomona. edu/

~library/ specialcollections/ history/ jadaan. html). The Cal Poly Scholar 1. • Royo, LJ; Alvarez, I; Beja-Pereira, A; Molina, A; Fernández, I; Jordana, J; Gómez, E; Gutiérrez, JP; Goyache, F

(2005). "The Origins of Iberian Horses Assessed via Mitochondrial DNA" (http:/ / jhered. oxfordjournals. org/

cgi/ content/ abstract/ 96/ 6/ 663). Journal of Heredity 96 (6): 663–669. doi: 10.1093/jhered/esi116 (http:/ / dx.

doi. org/ 10. 1093/ jhered/ esi116). PMID 16251517 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 16251517). Retrieved 2008-05-29.

• Schofler, Patti (November 2004). "Daughters of the Desert" (http:/ / www. usef. org/ _staffIframes/ pressbox/

images/ magazine/ pdf/ 9f17eb24658b529f7516f2d820dceb3b. pdf) (PDF). Equestrian. Retrieved 2008-05-28.

• Schofler, Patti (2006). Flight Without Wings: The Arabian Horse and the Show World (http:/ / books. google.

com/ ?id=VV9S-jqaIpsC& printsec=frontcover#PPA3,M1). Globe Pequot. ISBN 1-59228-800-6. • Sponenberg, Dan Phillip (2003). Equine Color Genetics (2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-8138-0759-X.

• Stewart, Gail (1995). The Arabian Horse (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=GwsLqHgBdy8C& pg=PA34&

dq=arabian+ horse+ color). Capstone Press. ISBN 1-56065-244-6. • Sumi, Akiko Motoyoshi. (2003). ""Contest as ceremony: A pre-Islamic Poetic Contest in horse description of Imru' Al-Qays vs 'Alqaman Al-Fahl" Quoting Letter of the Emir Abd-el-Kader to General E. Daumas in Daumas, The Horses of the Sahara.". Description in Classical Arabic Poetry: Waṣf, Ekphrasis, and Interarts. Brill. ISBN 90-04-12922-7. • Train, Amy (December 2006). "Thundering Down the Field". Arabian Horse Magazine (Arabian Horse

Association) 28 (6). ISSN 1543-8597 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 1543-8597). • Upton, Peter and Amirsadeghi, Hossein (editor), Rik van Lent, photographer. (2006) [1998]. Arabians. Lincoln: First Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-5401-9.

• Walker, Dawn (February 1997). "Lethal Whites: A Light at the End of the Tunnel" (http:/ / www. apha. com/

breed/ lethalwhites01. html). Paint Horse Journal. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071212025916/

http:/ / www. apha. com/ breed/ lethalwhites01. html) from the original on 12 December 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-11. Arabian horse 96

• Watson AG, Mayhew IG (May 1986). "Familial congenital occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM) in the

Arabian horse". Spine 11 (4): 334–9. doi: 10.1097/00007632-198605000-00007 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1097/

00007632-198605000-00007). PMID 3750063 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 3750063). • Wentworth, Judith Anne Dorothea Blunt-Lytton. (1979). The Authentic Arabian Horse (3rd ed.). George Allen & Unwin Ltd.

Further reading • Budiansky, Stephen (1997). The Nature of Horses. Free Press. ISBN 0-684-82768-9.

External links Registries and related organizations

• Arabian Horse Association (USA) (http:/ / www. arabianhorses. org/ )

• Arabian Horse Breeders Alliance (USA) (http:/ / www. arabianhorsebreeders. org/ )

• Arabian Horse Society of Australia (http:/ / www. ahsa. asn. au/ )

• Argentine Arabian Horse Association (http:/ / www. aacca. com. ar/ )

• International Federation of Arabian Horse Racing Authorities (IFAHR) (http:/ / www. ifahr. net/ )

• Weatherbys (UK) Maintainer of the General Stud Book (http:/ / www. weatherbys. co. uk/ )

• World Arabian Horse Organisation (http:/ / www. waho. org/ ) Educational organizations and articles

• Al Khamsa Organization (http:/ / www. alkhamsa. org/ )

• Frequently asked questions about Arabian horses (http:/ / www. arabianhorses. org/ home/ faq/ AskExpert4. asp)

• "History of the Australian Colonial Arabian" (http:/ / www. hyksosarabians. com/ index. php?pr=Original_Colonials)

• "The Egyptian Arabian Horse" - The Pyramid Society (http:/ / pyramidsociety. org/ horse)

• "Horse of the Desert Bedouin" (http:/ / www. arabianhorses. org/ education/ education_history_bedouin. asp)

• Korona Polish Arabian Breeders society (http:/ / korona. com/ )

• Spanish Arabian Horse Society (http:/ / www. spanisharabianhorsesociety. org/ )

• W.K.Kellogg Arabian Horse Library (http:/ / www. csupomona. edu/ ~wkkahl/ ) Ardennes horse 97 Ardennes horse

Ardennes horse

Ardennes stallion

Distinguishing features Draft horse breed

Alternative names French Ardennais Belgian Ardennes Cheval de Trait Ardennais

Country of origin France, Belgium,

Breed standards

[1] Les Haras Nationaux (France) Breed standards

[2] Stud-Book du Cheval de Trait Ardennais (Belgium) Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Ardennes or Ardennais is one of the oldest breeds of draft horse, and originates from the Ardennes area in Belgium, Luxembourg and France. They are heavy-boned with thick legs and are used for draft work. The Ardennes is found in many colors, although black horses are very rare and are not allowed to be registered with the breed registry. Their history reaches back to Ancient Rome, and throughout the years blood from several other breeds has been added to the Ardennes, although only the Belgian breed had any significant impact. The first Ardennes were imported to the United States in the early 20th century, and the first breed registry was established in Europe in 1929. The horses have been used throughout history as war horses, both as cavalry mounts and to draw artillery, and are used today mainly for heavy draft and farm work, meat production and competitive driving events. They have also been used to influence or create several other horse breeds throughout Europe and Asia.

Description In France, Ardennes stallions stand about 1.62 metres (16 hands) high, and mares about 1.60 m (15.3 hands), while in Belgium these are the maximum allowable heights.[3] They weigh 700 to 1,000 kilograms (1,500 to 2,200 lb).[] Their heads are heavy, with a broad face and a straight or slightly convex profile. Their conformation is broad and muscular, with a compact body, short back, and short, sturdy legs with strong joints. Their fetlocks are feathered. Their coats may be bay, roan, chestnut, gray, or palomino. Bay and roan are the two most common colors. Black is very rare and is excluded from registration. White markings are small, usually restricted to a star or blaze. The breed matures early, and they are said to be easy keepers, economical to feed despite their size. The Ardennes is a free-moving, long-striding breed, despite their compact body structure. Ardennes horse 98

History

The Ardennes breed could be a direct descendent of the prehistoric Solutre horse, and is thought to be descended from the type of horse described by Julius Caesar in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico. Caesar described these horses of Belgium as "rustic, hard and tireless", and recommended them for use in heavy cavalry units. The early type was used by many later Roman emperors for military applications. The breed's ancestors are thought to have been bred for 2,000 years on the Ardennes plains, and it is one of the oldest documented European heavy draft breeds. In the Roman era, the breed stood only around Grazing Ardennes 14 hands (56 inches, 142 cm) high. Later, Napoleon added Arabian blood to increase stamina and endurance and used the breed in his Russian campaign. In 1780, the breed still stood only 1.42 to 1.52 metres (14.0 to 15.0 hands) and weighed around 500 kilograms (1,100 lb).

Percheron, Boulonnais and Thoroughbred blood were also added, although they had little impact. In the 19th century, Belgian draft blood was added to give the breed the heavier conformation it has today. The extra weight and size was desired to turn the breed into a very heavy draft breed, after their role as an artillery horse had diminished through the advent of mechanization, as well as a desire for a meat animal. The breed increased in size from an average of 550 kilograms (1,210 lb) to their current weight, which at the same time had the consequence of reducing their vigor and endurance. Breed registries have been in existence since 1929. Today there are three separate studbooks in France, Belgium and Luxembourg, although there is extensive interbreeding between the three. The Ardennes Horse Society of Great Britain was also formed in the late 20th century to preserve and promote the horses of that country, but today is not recognized as a studbook or passport issuing organization by the British government and may not exist in any form. It is difficult to determine when the first Ardennes horses were imported to the United States because originally, when imported to the United States, Ardennes horses were eligible for registration with the now-defunct National French Draft Horse Association of America or French Draft Horse Society. This organization published a stud book and registered six individual French draft breeds as one breed, combining the information so that no totals of individual breeds are known. Many of these horses were imported to the United States with their breed being considered simply "French draft" and no individual type being specified. Some Ardennes horses imported to the United States before 1917 were called Belgians when they were imported and subsequently registered as Belgians. Ardennes horses have continued to be imported into the United States from Belgium, with imports occurring as late as 2004. Ardennes horse 99

Uses

Horses from the Ardennes region were used in the in the 11th century by knights led by Godfrey of Bouillon. They were used during the 17th century by Marshal Turenne as remounts for his cavalry. In the French Revolution, they were considered to be the best artillery horse available, due to their temperament, stamina and strength. Napoleon used large numbers of Ardennes horses to pull artillery and transport supplies during his 1812 Russian campaign. They were said to be the only breed used by Napoleon that was hardy enough to withstand the winter retreat from Moscow, which they did while pulling a large amount of the army's wagon train. They were also used An Ardennes horse in harness to pull artillery in World War I, when they were depended upon by the French and Belgian armies. Their calm, tolerant disposition, combined with their active and flexible nature, made them an ideal artillery horse. The breed was considered so useful and valuable that when the Germans established the Commission for the Purchase of Horses in October 1914 to capture Belgian horses, the Ardennes was one of two breeds specified as important, the other being the Brabant.

Today, the breed is used mainly for meat, due to its extensive musculature. is a dietary staple in many European countries, including France, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland. However, they are increasingly used for farm, forest and leisure work. Their nimble action, stamina and good temper make them increasingly used for competitive driving across Europe, and they have also been used as mounts for therapeutic horseback riding. The breed is known for its ability to work in rough, hilly terrain. Ardennes horses have been used as foundation bloodstock to develop several other draft horse breeds and subgroups. These include the Baltic Ardennes and . The is well established in that country, where it is in demand for use in forestry. It was first recognized as a separate sub-group in the 19th century, but today is considered a separate breed, even though its ancestry is entirely from the Ardennes horses of Belgium and France. Another closely related breed is the Auxois. Ardennes horses were also used in the 1920s to improve the Comtois by adding size. Along with the Breton and the Anglo-Norman, the Ardennes horse was used to create the Sokolsky horse. Similarly, the was created through a mixture of Ardennes and Belgian blood.

References

[1] http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ information/ accueil-equipaedia/ races-dequides/ chevaux-de-trait/ ardennais. html

[2] http:/ / www. chevaldetraitardennais. be/ index. php?lg=fpdb/ chev_fr& page1=c-standard_de_la_race. htm

[3] Standard de la race (http:/ / www. chevaldetraitardennais. be/ index. php?lg=fpdb/ chev_fr& page1=c-standard_de_la_race. htm) Stud-Book du Cheval de Trait Ardennais (in French) Accessed August 2011 "Breed standard" Arenberg-Nordkirchen 100 Arenberg-Nordkirchen

Arenberg-Nordkirchen

Country of origin Germany

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Arenberg-Nordkirchen horse, also called the Arenberg Pony is a light horse breed, originating in Germany. It is considered a critically endangered breed; there are only 13 known Arenberg-Nordkirchen horses left in the world. They are found in a variety of colors – black, chestnut, bay or gray, and are kept mostly as pleasure horses.[1]

Characteristics This breed measures about 13.3 hands (55 inches, 140 cm) at the withers. It is a resilient, healthy pony with a reputation for having a good disposition and being an . It is used most commonly as a riding horse for children and light adults, is a good jumper, and are also used for driving. Their gaits are elastic. The breed ideal is strong, harmonic and friendly saddle pony with a correct structured anatomy and good gaits. The predominant colours are bay, brown, grullo and black.[2]

History This breed originated on a stud farm in Nordkirchen near Münster, Westfalen. It was founded in the late 1920 by the heir to the throne of Arenberg, a cousin of the duke of Croy, in his wild park of 1500 acres. The foundation bloodstock of the Aneberg-Nordkirchen were Lithuanian mares crossed on Dülmen Pony stallions. The herd was sold in 1968 to a Mr. Orthmann from Nordkirchen.

References

[1] Arenberg-Nordkirchen. (http:/ / www. equinekingdom. com/ breeds/ light_horses/ arenberg_nordkirchen. htm) Retrieved February 23, 2011.

[2] http:/ / www. pferde-rassen. de/ rassen/ n/ NordkirchenerPony. htm/ Asturcón 101 Asturcón

Asturcon

Asturcon

Alternative names Asturian Pony

Country of origin Spain, Asturias

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Asturcón is a pony from the Asturias region of northern Spain. The ancient breed's ancestry is not known, although it is thought to have been from crosses between the Sorraia, Garrano, and the ancient Celtic pony. The breed has historically faced near extinction, but recently activist groups have been formed to protect the pony. The ponies are hardy and resourceful, able to survive in the harshest areas. They are obedient and easily domesticated, and are used for riding, driving, and as pack horses. They tend to have a small but heavy head, a thin neck with a large mane, low withers, a deep chest, straight shoulders and strong legs. They are rounded through the barrel, and have a sloping croup with a low-set tail. The Asturian pony has a naturally ambling gait that is comfortable for the rider. As a result, a large portion of the population was taken to Ireland to produce the Irish Hobby. The ponies are usually brown or black, with minimal white markings. They stand between 11.2 and 12.2 hands (46 and 50 inches, 117 and 127 cm).

References • Asturcones en La Montaña Mágica [1] • Breeds of Livestock-Asturian [2]

External links • Media related to Asturcón at Wikimedia Commons

References

[1] http:/ / www. llanes. as/ magica/ asturcon. htm

[2] http:/ / www. ansi. okstate. edu/ breeds/ horses/ asturian/ Percheron 102 Percheron

Percheron

A Percheron in harness

Distinguishing features Agile draft horse breed. Mostly gray or black. Clean-limbed, powerful and docile.

Country of origin France

Breed standards

[1] Les Haras Nationaux (France) Breed standards

[2] Percheron Horse Association of America Breed standards

[3] British Percheron Horse Society Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Percheron is a breed of draft horse that originated in the Huisne river valley in northern France, part of the former Perche province from which the breed takes its name. Usually gray or black in color, are well-muscled, and known for their intelligence and willingness to work. Although their exact origins are unknown, the ancestors of the breed were present in the valley by the 17th century. They were originally bred for use as war horses. Over time, they began to be used for pulling stage coaches and later for agriculture and hauling heavy goods. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Arabian blood was added to the breed. Exports of Percherons from France to the United States and other countries rose exponentially in the late 19th century, and the first purely Percheron stud book was created in France in 1883. Before World War I, thousands of Percherons were shipped from France to the United States, but after the war began, an embargo stopped shipping. The breed was used extensively in Europe during the war, with some horses being shipped from the US back to France to help in the fighting. Beginning in 1918, Percherons began to be bred in Great Britain, and in 1918 the British Percheron Horse Society was formed. After a series of name and studbook ownership changes, the current US Percheron registry was created in 1934. In the 1930s, Percherons accounted for 70 percent of the draft horse population in the United States, but their numbers declined substantially after World War II. However, the population began to recover and as of 2009, around 2,500 horses were registered annually in the United States alone. The breed is still used extensively for draft work, and in France they are used for food. They have been crossed with several light horse breeds, such as the Criollo, to produce horses for range work and competition. Purebred Percherons are used for forestry work and pulling carriages, as well as work under saddle, including competition in English riding disciplines such as show jumping. Percheron 103

Characteristics The ideal size for the Percheron varies between countries. In France, height ranges from 15.1 to 18.1 hands (61 to 73 inches, 155 to 185 cm) and weight from 1,100 to 2,600 pounds (500 to 1,200 kg). Percherons in the United States generally stand between 16.2 and 17.3 hands (66 and 71 inches, 168 and 180 cm), with a range of 15 and 19 hands (60 and 76 inches, 152 and 193 cm). American Percherons average 1,900 pounds (860 kg), and their top weight is around 2,600 pounds (1,200 kg). In Great Britain, 16.2 hands (66 inches, 168 cm) is the shortest acceptable height for stallions and 16.1 hands (65 inches, 165 cm) for mares, while weights range from around 2,000 to 2,200 pounds (910 to 1,000 kg) for stallions and 1,800 to 2,000 pounds (820 to 910 kg) for mares. They are generally gray or black in coloring, although the American registry also allows the registration of roan, bay and chestnut horses. Only gray or black horses may be registered in France and Britain. Many horses have white markings on their heads and legs, but registries consider excessive white to be undesirable. The head has a straight profile, broad forehead, large eyes and small ears. The chest is deep and wide and the croup long and level. The feet and legs are clean and heavily muscled. The overall impression of the Percheron is one of power and ruggedness. Enthusiasts describe the temperament as proud and alert, and members of the breed are considered intelligent, willing workers with good dispositions. They are considered easy keepers and adapt well to many conditions and climates. In the 19th century, they were known to travel up to 60 kilometres (37 mi) a day at a trot.[4] Horses in the French registry are branded on the neck with the intertwined letters "SP", the initials of the Société Hippique Percheronne.

History

The Percheron breed originated in the Huisne river valley in France,[5] which arises in Orne, part of the former Perche province, from which the breed gets its name. Several theories have been put forth as to the ancestry of the breed, though its exact origins are unknown. One source of foundation bloodstock may have been mares captured by Clovis I from the Bretons some time after 496 AD, and another may have been Arabian stallions brought to the area by Muslim invaders in the 8th century. Other possibilities are captured Moorish cavalry horses from the Battle of Poitiers in 732 AD, some of which were taken by warriors from Perche. A final theory posits that the Percheron and the Boulonnais breed are closely related, and that the Boulonnais A four-in-hand team influenced the Percheron when they were brought to as reinforcements for the legions of Caesar. It is known that during the 8th century, Arabian stallions were crossed with mares native to the area, and more Oriental horse blood was introduced by the Comte de Perche upon his return from the Crusades and expeditions into territory claimed by Spain. Blood from Spanish breeds was added when the Comte de Rotrou imported horses from Castile.[6] No matter the theory of origin, breed historians agree that the terrain and climate of the Perche area had the greatest influence on the development of the breed.[7] A possible reference to the horse is made in the 13th-century romance Guillaume de Dole, in which the titular character asks for "the Count of Perche's horse" to be made ready, possibly indicating the "'great horse,' which could accommodate an armored " and was bred in the geographical setting of the poem.[8]

During the 17th century, horses from Perche, the ancestors of the current Percheron, were smaller, standing between 15 and 16 hands (60 and 64 inches, 152 and 163 cm) high, and more agile. These horses were almost uniformly gray; paintings and drawings from the generally show French knights on mounts of this color. After the days of the armored knight, the emphasis in horse breeding was shifted so as to develop horses better able to pull heavy stage coaches at a fast trot. Gray horses were preferred because their light coloring was more visible at night. This Percheron 104

new type of horse was called the "Diligence Horse", because the stage coaches they pulled were named "diligences". After the stage coach was replaced by rail, the modern Percheron type arose as a slightly heavier horse for use in agriculture and heavy hauling work moving goods from docks to railway terminals.

19th century

Arabian stallions were made available to Percheron breeders for use in breeding army mounts, beginning in 1760 at the royal stud at Le Pin.[9] Between 1789 and the early 1800s, the Percheron was in danger of becoming extinct as horse breeding was suppressed during the French Revolution and its aftermath. Early histories of the breed point to two gray Arabian stallions from Le

Pin, Godolphin and Gallipoly, as the blood that A mid-1800s painting by Rosa Bonheur, depicting a French horse fair that helped to restart Percheron breeding. However, includes Percherons later research found that Godolphin was a chestnut Arabian of ordinary conformation and no special worth, while Gallipoly was a gray saddle horse of unknown breeding. Modern breed historians contest that there was enough breeding stock left after the early 19th century to restart the breed without further Arabian influence, and state that it is unlikely that two horses of unremarkable breeding and conformation had a significant influence on the breed.[10] Jean le Blanc, a founding stallion of the Percheron breed, was foaled in 1823. Today, all Percherons trace their ancestry to this stallion. At this time the breed also became larger, with horses from other French districts being imported to Perche to change the Percheron from a coach horse averaging 1,200 to 1,400 pounds (540 to 640 kg) to a draft horse averaging 2,000 pounds (910 kg). In 1893, the first Percheron stud book was created in France. By 1910, French registrations had risen to almost 32,000 horses. Between 1880 and 1920, Percheron breeders in France exported horses all over the world, including South Africa, South America, Australia and North America.

In the United States and Great Britain Percherons were first imported into the United States in 1839, although only one of the initial four horses survived the ocean trip. Soon after, two stallions and two mares were imported; one mare died shortly after arrival and one stallion went blind and was retired within a year. Although the first importations of Percherons were less than successful, the remaining stallion, named Diligence, was credited with siring almost 400 foals. In 1851, three stallions were imported: Normandy 351, Louis Napoleon 281 and Gray Billy. Throughout their stud careers, each had significant influence on United States draft horse stock.[11] In the mid-19th century in the United States, Percheron stallions were crossed with homebred mares to improve the local stock, resulting in thousands of crossbred horses.[12] After the American Civil War in the 1860s greatly reduced the number of horses, there was a significant need for large draft horses, especially in growing cities and in the expanding West. Large numbers of Percherons were imported to the United States beginning in the early 1870s, and they became popular with draft horse breeders and owners. In the 1880s, approximately 7,500 horses were exported to the United States. This extensive importation lasted until 1893, when the US experienced a financial panic, and virtually no Percheron imports occurred between 1894 and 1898. In addition, many existing horses were lost as people were too poor to purchase or care for large draft horses. In 1898, importations began again as abruptly as they had ceased, with an average of 700 horses a year imported between 1898 and 1905. In 1906 alone, over 13,000 horses were imported to the United States from France. In the American traveling circuses of the late 1800s and early 1900s, the Percheron was the most frequently seen draft horse. Drivers appreciated the breed's agility, stamina and quick-footed gait.[13] Percheron 105

In 1876, the Norman-Percheron Association was formed by a group of Percheron breeders in Chicago, , and at the same time the stud book was begun. The Norman-Percheron Association was the United States' first purebred livestock association. In 1877, the word "Norman" was dropped from the name. Later, in the panic of 1893, the Percheron Association went bankrupt and ceased to function. In 1905, also in Chicago, Percheron breeders met again to reform as the Percheron Society of America. Since 1934, the group has been known as the Percheron Horse Association of America. At its height, the organization was the largest draft horse association in the world, in the A 1904 drawing of a Percheron early 20th century registering over 10,000 horses annually.

In the late 19th century, Percherons also began to be exported from the United States to Great Britain, where they were used to pull horse-drawn buses in large cities. The first Percherons imported to Britain included some of the thousands of crossbreds from the United States. In Britain, many of the horses, once they finished their bus-pulling career, were sold to farmers. Other imported horses were sold to the British Army, and in 1900, 325 horses were shipped to South Africa for use in the Boer War.

20th and 21st centuries In 1911, the French society restricted registration to horses with both parents already registered with the society.[14] In the early 20th century, the Percheron was one of the four major draft horse breeds, along with the Belgian, the Clydesdale and the Shire. Breeders could sell their horses for significant amounts of money, especially in the United States and Canada, where breeding stock brought a premium price.[15] Prior to World War I, a flourishing trade route for Percherons existed between Nogent-le-Rotrou, Le Havre and the United States.[16] However, after the war began, an embargo was placed on French Percherons, disallowing them from exportation. Other than an exception in April 1916 to allow 59 horses to be shipped from France to the US, this embargo remained in place until the end of the war. The war took its toll on the Percheron breed as horses, fodder, and handlers were requisitioned for the fighting, and even after the embargo was lifted France did not have the quality or quantity of stock to fulfill the In harness with a small carriage needs of American breeders. The embargo created a breeding boom in the US, replacing the previous practice of importing the majority of Percherons from France, and late in the war horses were shipped the other way – from the US to Europe – to supply those needed in the war.[17] The lack of feathering on the Percheron's lower legs made them easier to care for in the mud that they often worked in during wartime. Their quick trot on paved roads made them more versatile than motorized vehicles, and they were useful for work with guns and in forward units due to their calm temperaments.

Between 1918 and 1922, over 350 Percherons were imported to Britain from France and, combined with stock from the US and Canada, were used as breeding stock to establish the breed in the country. In 1918, the British Percheron Horse Society was formed. British breeders and owners continue to import Percherons from France, and also occasionally from Canada, when not prohibitively expensive. By the 1930s, Percherons accounted for over 70 percent of the purebred draft horses in the United States, and all of the major land grant universities maintained stables of Percherons. A 1930 census of horses found over 33,000 Percherons in the United States, with the next most popular breed, the Belgian, having a population of less than 10,000. One Percheron historian attributes this popularity to the breed's "strength, energy, activity, robustness and Percheron 106

endurance".[18] After World War II, increasing mechanization prompted a decline in the Percheron population. In 1954, only 85 Percherons were registered in the US, a record low. The 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s were bad years for the US Percheron population, and breeding was reduced to only a few farms. These breeders kept the American population alive through these years, however, and the 1980s saw renewed interest in the breed.[19] In 1966, the French stud book was changed to include draft types from other areas of France that were closely related to the Percheron – including horses from Berrichon, Nivernais, Marne, Augeron, Bourbonnais, Loire and Saone-et-Loire. French Percherons were also hit hard by the advent of mechanization, and between 1970 and 1990 focus was placed on breeding horses of greater mass for the meat market. The largest and heaviest stallions were selected for breeding.[20] Beginning at the 1989 World Percheron Congress, French breeders realized that they needed a lighter breed for , export to A stallion led out for inspection at a French stud Japan for draft work, and other markets.[21] In 1993, a trend of importing American stallions to France was started with the gray stallion Silver Shadows Sheik. This stallion and others were used to create a more elegant, smaller and sleeker look in the French Percheron, while still retaining the traditional bone and foot structure. All other imported stallions were black, reviving the popularity of black Percherons in France. French breeders continue to import American-bred Percheron stallions in order to produce lighter foals, moving away from the heavier meat-type horses of the late 20th century.[22] Also in 1993, the Société Hippique Percheronne anticipated the increasing tourist and exportation markets by prohibiting docking, which was not prohibited for other draft breeds until 1996. This was partly at the request of the Germans, and partly due to the influence of magazines such as Cheval.[23]

In 1988 there were 1,088 Percherons in the United States, rising to 2,257 by 1998. As of 2009, the Percheron Horse Association of America had horses registered in all 50 states, and had nearly 3,000 members, with around 2,500 new horses being registered annually. The French Société Hippique Percheronne de France (Percheron Horse Society of France) registered between 750 and 885 horses in each year between 2007 and 2010. As of 2012, the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy considers the Percheron to be "recovering", meaning that the breed has exceeded the numbers required to be in one of the "watch" categories, but still needs to be monitored.

Augeron The Augeron, also known as Caen or Virois, was developed from the Percheron during the 19th century and was merged back into the Percheron in the 1960s. Bred mainly in the Pays d'Auge region, it previously had its own studbook, registered by the Société hippique du trait augeron. The status of the subtype has been repeatedly debated because of its origin from Percherons bred in Pays d'Auge, a breeding group that was modified from the original breed standard due to the influence of soil and climate over the years, creating the Augeron type. Augerons are light gray in color, tall, strong, well-built, and energetic. They stand between 158–170 cm (15.2–16.3 hands) in height, but those horses bred in Vire are known to be smaller than the standard. In the 19th century, the existence of the Augeron population was, despite its popularity, generally ignored by authors.[24] In Paris, they were named "Caen" and "Virois", after their region of origin, although specialists included the "Caen Virois" breed with the Augeron in a 1904 text. In the 19th century, these horses were sold at fairs in Argences and Bayeux in Lower Normandy. They were noticed several times for their homogeneity, beauty, and high value. In 1858, Augerons were sold for between 600 and 1200 francs. The Société hippique du trait augeron, or Augeron Horse Society, was formed in 1913 by breeders in Auge to record these horses in a breed registry. One reason for this lay in the desire to protect the cradle of breeding Percheron horses: only animals born near the Perche were entitled to registration in the studbook, and hence to use the name of "Percheron". This limitation excluded several nearby populations of horses foaled outside of Perche, such as the Percheron 107

Maine and the Augeron.

Uses

The Percheron is the most famous and populous of all French draft breeds in the world today.[25] They were used to improve both the Ardennes and Vladimir Heavy Draft horses,[26] and to create the Spanish-Norman breed, a cross between the Andalusian and the Percheron. By the end of the 19th century, Percherons made up the majority of driving horses in Paris.[27] The Percheron is still used extensively for draft work and, like other draft breeds, it is also used in France for meat production. Around the world, Percherons are used for The breed is sometimes used under saddle parades, sleigh rides and hayrides, as well as being used to pull carriages in large cities. The largest team of working Percherons in Europe is found at Disneyland Paris, where the breed makes up 30 percent of the horses in the park and the horses work to pull trams on the main park street.[28] One of the most famous horse teams in the United States is the Heinz hitch of Percherons, having appeared multiple times at the Tournament of Roses Parade.

In Great Britain, the Percheron is used for advertising and publicity, as well as forestry and farm work. They are crossbred with lighter horses by breeders of heavy hunters in order to increase size and improve disposition. Purebred Percherons are also ridden, and some have proven useful at show jumping. Crossbred Percherons have been used successfully in dressage. In both the Falkland Islands and northern Australia, Percherons have been crossed with local mares, primarily Criollos in the Falklands, to produce larger stock horses with greater stamina. These crossbred horses are used extensively in both the sub-Antarctic climate of the Falklands and the sub-tropical climate of Australia for working stock. In Australia they are also crossed with Thoroughbreds for use as mounted police horses. In 1978, the first World Percheron Congress was held in Great Britain, and has been held annually ever since. Although the majority of the shows have been held in North America, four – in 1980, 1989, 2001 and 2011 – have been held in France. Each year, in July, the French national is held in Haras du Pin.[29]

Notes

[1] http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ fileadmin/ bibliotheque/ Reglementation/ Stud-books/ Chevaux_de_trait/

Reglement_Percheron-01-04-2011. pdf

[2] http:/ / www. percheronhorse. org

[3] http:/ / www. percheron. org. uk [4] Dal'Secco, Les chevaux de trait, p. 28 [5] Dugast, Sur les traces du cheval percheron, cover copy [6] Hendricks, International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, pp. 335–337 [7] Mavré, Attelages et attelées, p. 40 [8] Terry and Durling, The Romance of the Rose or Guillaume de Dole, pp. 32, 96 [9] Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, pp. 94–95 [10] Mischka, The Percheron Horse in America, pp. 30–31 [11] Mischka, The Percheron Horse in America, pp. 34–35 [12] McDermott, The Working Horse Manual, pp. 22–23 [13] Fox, Baggage Stock, pp. 3–4 [14] Bongianni, Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies, Entry 87 [15] Mavré, Attelages et attelées, p. 80 [16] Dal'Secco, Les chevaux de trait, p. 42 [17] Mischka, The Percheron Horse in America, pp. 4–6 [18] Mischka, The Percheron Horse in America, pp. 14–16 [19] Mischka, The Percheron Horse in America, p. 21 Percheron 108

[20] Mavré, Attelages et attelées, p. 31 [21] Audiot, Races d'hier pour l'élevage de demain, p. 26 [22] Mavré, Attelages et attelées, p. 36 [23] Roger & Beaune, Maîtres et protecteurs de la nature, p. 292 [24] Original quote in French: "généralement passée sous silence par les auteurs" [25] Edwards, Les chevaux, p. 192 [26] Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, pp. 262, 276 [27] Dal'Secco, Les chevaux de trait, p. 59 [28] Dal'Secco, Les chevaux de trait, p. 9 [29] Dal'Secco, Les chevaux de trait, p. 108

References • Audiot, Annick (1995). Races d'hier pour l'élevage de demain: Espaces ruraux (in French). Éditions Quae. ISBN 978-2-7380-0581-6. • Bongianni, Maurizio (editor) (1988). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies. Simon & Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-671-66068-3. • Dal'Secco, Emmanuelle (2006). Les chevaux de trait (in French). Artemis Éditions. ISBN 978-2-84416-459-9. • Dugast, Jean-Léo (2007). Sur les traces du cheval percheron. L'Étrave. ISBN 2-909599-80-9. • Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (2006). Les chevaux (in French). De Borée. ISBN 978-2-84494-449-8. • Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse (1st American ed.). Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 1-56458-614-6. • Fox, Charles Philip (1983). Circus Baggage Stock: A Tribute to the Percheron. Heart Prairie Press. ISBN 0962266302. • Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8. • Mavré, Marcel (2004). Attelages et attelées : un siècle d'utilisation du cheval de trait (in French). France Agricole Éditions. ISBN 978-2-85557-115-7. • McDermott, (1998). "The British Percheron". The Working Horse Manual. Farming Press. ISBN 0-85236-401-6. • Mischka, Joseph (1991). The Percheron Horse in America. Heart Prairie Press. ISBN 0-9622663-5-3. • Roger, Alain and Beaune, Jean-Claude (1991). Maîtres et protecteurs de la nature. Éditions Champ Vallon. ISBN 2-87673-099-5. • Terry, Patricia; Nancy Vine Durling (1993). The Romance of the Rose or Guillaume De Dole. University of Press. ISBN 0-8122-1388-2.

External links

• Société hippique Percheronne de France (http:/ / www. percheron-france. org/ )

• Percheron Horse Association of America (http:/ / www. percheronhorse. org/ )

• British Percheron Horse Society (http:/ / www. percheron. org. uk/ )

• Percheron Horse Breeders Association of Australia (http:/ / www. percheron. com. au/ ) Australian Draught Horse 109 Australian Draught Horse

Australian Draught Horse

Australian Draught Horse competition, Woolbrook, NSW

Country of origin Australia

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Australian Draught Horse is a hardy breed of Australian draught horse noted for its strength and a good temperament.

Characteristics The Australian Draught Horse was developed over the years as a result of the crossbreeding of the four recognized pure draught horse breeds which were in Australia since the colonial days. These breeds are the Clydesdale, Percheron, Shire, Suffolk Punch, (plus the later imported Belgians) and occasionally some light horse bloodlines, as seen in the part draughts.[1] [2] The characteristics of these breeds can be found in the Australian Draught Horse, which has produced many colours and types within the breed. All solid colours are accepted, excessive white is not favoured on the face or body, white below the knee is acceptable.[3]

History

The roots of the Australian Draught Horse date back to the c.1854 importation of stallions and mares of various English and Flemish cart breeds to Australia. Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) was at the forefront of breeding cart and farm horses with the part played by the Van Diemen’s Land Company. This company also imported Shire Horses which were later imported to and in the late 1830s.

Bullocks did most of the heavy draught work until the 1850s. The development of the agricultural industry after the gold rushes

required a ready of draught horses to provide faster load A team of Australian draught horses with a record load movements. Scottish settlers did much to promote the use of the of 150 bales of wool. Clydesdale horses owing to their familiarity with them.

Weinholt Brothers formed a notable draught horse stud at Maryvale, in 1885. Most states preferred Shire horses, but in the Clydesdale was more popular. Suffolk Punch horses were favoured in northern NSW and Australian Draught Horse 110

on the black soil country. The Clydesdale Stud Book was established in Australia in 1915, prior to which breeding was somewhat haphazard. After 1918 were rapidly replacing draught horses until the 1930s depression when there was renewed interest in them. By 1950 tractors had virtually replaced the draught horse on rural properties in Australia. The Australian Draught Horse Stud Book Society was established in c.1979 to promote these horses and breeding programs. Today the Australian Draught Horse used in led, novelty, ridden and draught competitions and is still valued as a working horse on small farms throughout Australia.[4] [5]

References

[1] Draught Horses (http:/ / www. breedersales. com/ Learn/ Horse/ Draught-Horses. html) Retrieved 2010-6-12

[2] Horse Breeds: The Australian Draught Horse (http:/ / www. gattonheavyhorses. com/ ?page_id=5) Retrieved 2010-6-12

[3] Australian Draught Horse (http:/ / www. gattonheavyhorses. com/ AustralianDraught. htm) Retrieved on 15 October 2008

[4] Draught Horses (http:/ / www. breedersales. com/ Learn/ Horse/ Draught-Horses. html) Retrieved 2010-6-12

[5] Horse Breeds: The Australian Draught Horse (http:/ / www. gattonheavyhorses. com/ ?page_id=5) Retrieved 2010-6-12

External links

• Australian Draught Horse (http:/ / australiandraught. pbwiki. com) Australian Stock Horse 111 Australian Stock Horse

Australian Stock Horse

Australian Stock Horse

Country of origin Australia

Breed standards

[1] Australian Stock Horse Society Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Australian Stock Horse (or Stockhorse), has been especially bred for Australian conditions. It is a hardy breed of horse noted for endurance, agility and a good temperament. Its ancestry dates to the arrival of the first horses in Australia, brought from Europe, Africa and Asia. It is used today in a wide variety of disciplines, and is still valued as a working horse by stockmen throughout Australia.

History The roots of the Australian Stock Horse date back to the earliest importation of nine horses to Australia, with the arrival of the First in Botany Bay in January, 1788.[2] Some of the original horse breeds in these early imports included the Thoroughbred, Cape of Good Hope Horse (largely descended from the Barb and Spanish horse), Arabian, and Welsh Mountain pony.[3] Horses in Australia were bred for their stamina and strength, with weaker animals culled and only the strongest allowed to breed on. In the 1830s, additional Thoroughbreds were imported into Australia to improve the local strains, and the mid-20th century saw infusions from the American Quarter Horse. The Australian Stock Horse and the Waler horse come from similar roots, though today they are separate breeds. The "station horse" that was an ancestor of both breeds was used by the Australian Army in the First World War and was renowned for its toughness and endurance.[4] However, the modern Australian Stock Horse differs from the Waler horse in that it is not as big. The horses shipped abroad to fight in war and kept at home to be bred on as were the larger animals, as they were required to carry a rider with the considerable extra weight of weapons and a full pack. Some of the heaviest animals were also required pull water carts and carriages. However, the characteristics of toughness and endurance remain with the Australian Stock Horse of today. Formal recognition of Australian Stock Horses as a distinct breed began in June 1971 when over 100 campdrafters and horse breeders met in Tamworth, New South , to form the Australian Stock Horse Society. Many of these people bred stock horses using bloodlines tracing back to native stock, along with some Arabians, Thoroughbreds, and a few ponies of outstanding merit. Most of the early ASH registrations were of horses bred with bloodlines that Australian Stock Horse 112

excelled at both and cattle work in the rugged Great Dividing Range. Initially, horses were inspected for registraton by three classifiers who assessed them for conformation, breeding and athletic ability. The best were accepted for inclusion in the Stud Book, some were approved for the registry appendix, and those not meeting the criteria for registration were rejected. Fourteen specific foundation sires are responsible for most of the bloodlines accepted into the Society Australia-wide and most well-bred Australian Stock Horses trace to one of these foundation sires. These included horses bred from colonial stock: , Cecil and his son Radium, Medlow and Bobbie Bruce. The others were Thoroughbreds: Rivoli, Commandant, Panzer, Midstream, Young Valais, Gibbergunyah, Bushfire, Silvius and Deo Juvante also exerted considerable influence. Since then Rivoli Ray, Blue Moon Mystic, Eliotts Creek Cadet, Warrenbri Romeo and some American Quarter Horses have also had a large influence on the breed. The use of Quarter Horse bloodlines is somewhat controversial, with some breeders preferring to stay with older lines. Those who wish to bring in outside blood are required to pay very high fees to the Society, thus providing an incentive for breeders to only bring in worthwhile horses.

Characteristics

The Australian Stock Horse is bred for intelligence, courage, toughness and stamina. The horse will be sound, agile and quick moving with a surefooted walk. It will have a calm, responsive temperament. All colours are acceptable. Height ranges from 14 hands to 16.2 hands.

The ideal Australian Stock Horse is well proportioned in all respects according to its size. Desired traits include a finely cut, expressive head with large eye and a broad forehead. The neck is long, arched, with head An Australian Stock Horse well set on. The withers should be well defined. Overall conformation is well-muscled but not bulky, with correct conformation that includes a deep chest, well-sprung ribs, strong and broad back, and powerful hindquarters. The hooves are hard and well-conformed. Australian Stock Horse 113

Breed today

There are approximately 170,000 Australian Stock Horses registered or foals recorded with the Australian Stock Horse Society. The Stock Horse is used in many competitive disciplines, including polo, , dressage, campdrafting, show jumping, eventing and endurance riding. It is also used for challenges, Pony Club activities, general hacking, and stock work on cattle stations.

While horses are now often being replaced in the flatter and Top End by motorcycles and helicopters, they are still necessary today for mustering (roundups) in rugged mountain terrain.

International publicity

There was a tribute to the Australian Stock Horse during the 2000 Sydney An Australian Stock Horse competing in Olympics Opening Ceremony when an Australian Stock Horse reared and eventing. then a further 120 Stock Horses were ridden into the Stadium and performed intricate maneuvers to the music of the specially-written Olympics version of the main theme of the film The Man from Snowy River by Australian composer Bruce Rowland. The Australian Stock Horse Crown Law has represented Australia in World Championship and Olympic dressage competition.

The Australian Outback Spectacular uses 42 Australian Stock Horses in its show on the Gold Coast, Queensland, 31 of which are used in a show on a rotational basis.[5]

References

[1] http:/ / www. ashs. com. au/ horses/ standard. asp [2][2]Keith R. Binney, Horsemen of the First Frontier (1788-1900) and the Serpents Legacy, Volcanic Productions, Sydney, 2005, ISBN 0-646-44865-X

[3] Gower, Jeanette. "Australian Stock Horse History" (http:/ / chalani. net/ ashistory. php)

[4] "Australian Stock Horse Society" (http:/ / www. ashs. com. au/ horses/ default. asp#Statistics) [5][5]"Horsewyse, March 2008, p.8

• Australian Stock Horse Society: Horses of Significance (PDF) (http:/ / www. ashs. com. au/ downloads/

Horsesofsignifcance. pdf) • Gower, Peter. Australian Stock Horse - Stallion Pedigree Book, Vol. 1 • Starr, Joan. The Horse that Calls Australia Home

External links

• Australian Stock Horse or Waler (http:/ / imh. org/ imh/ bw/ austock. html)

• Australian Stock Horse (http:/ / www. ashs. com. au) Australian Stock Horse Society

• History of the Australian Stock Horse Society (http:/ / www. ozpets. com. au/ horses/ articles/ HH10003. shtml) at the OzPets website Austrian Warmblood 114 Austrian Warmblood

Austrian Warmblood

Distinguishing features Warmblood type suitable for competitive dressage or show jumping, as well as recreational riding.

Country of origin Austria

Breed standards

[1] Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Warmblutzucht in Breed standards Österreich

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

An Austrian Warmblood is a warmblood type of horse registered with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Warmblutzucht in Österreich (Association of Warmblood Breeding in Austria (AWÖ)). Although the studbook is made up of jumping and dressage horses from many other countries, the mare base consists of native horses with a long history. The AWÖ keeps an open studbook, in which mares and stallions must pass rigorous inspections before becoming breeding stock.

Characteristics According to the written standard, the Austrian Warmblood is built on a mare base of old Austrian cavalry horses such as the Nonius, Furioso-North Star, Shagya and . Foreign warmblood sport horse bloodlines have been and will continue to be used to produce a horse more suitable for modern-day dressage and show jumping. Refinement comes from Thoroughbred, and Trakehner blood. The combination of the plain Nonius type and the Arabian-influenced Shagya and Gidran suggest a broad range of distinctive types, particularly about the head. Stock breeds such as Quarter Horses, Lipizzaners, , ponies, trotters, gaited horses and other specialty breeds are not permitted in the pedigrees of Austrian Warmbloods. The Austrian Warmblood is bred for dressage and show jumping, but also for recreational riding by amateurs, following strict selection procedures that keep horses that do not fit the standard from breeding. The standard reads: "Desirable is a noble, long-lined, correct and powerful Warmblood horse with good movement and jumping ability, suited to any type of recreational riding. The breeding aim shall be achieved through a comprehensive system of performance tests for mares and stallions, leading to improved selection for dressage or jumping qualities. Of great importance for the Austrian Warmblood breeders are rideability, good character, willingness, and balanced temperament." While all breeding stock must measure at least 158 cm (15.2 hands high) at the withers, the ideal height is from 164 to 168 cm (16.0 to 16.2hh). Shagya Arabians are an exception, as they are permitted so long as they reach 150 cm (14.3hh). The ideal cannon bone circumference is 20 to 22 cm (7.9" to 8.7"). While the AWÖ does not disallow any colors or markings, the Old Austrian Warmbloods tended to be of uniform color, allowing them to be matched better in harness configurations. For instance, the Nonius is almost uniformly dark and unmarked, the Gidran is entirely chestnut, the Shagya largely grey, and so on. Therefore, coat colors apart from the usual black, brown, bay, chestnut, and grey would likely need to be introduced from an outside source. While there is a Pinto studbook under the ZAP, none of the stallions presently standing for Austria are of unusual coat colors. In the past, Austrian horses had little variation in registered names. Most horses had their family's name (Furioso, for example) and a combination of Roman and Arabic numbers. Today, an Austrian Warmblood colt has a name beginning with the same letter as his sire's name (Belmondo by Belluno), and a filly has a name beginning with the Austrian Warmblood 115

same letter as her dam's name (Dragona out of Dravida). The most reliable way to recognize an Austrian Warmblood is by the brand, which is given to foals on their left hip and is in the form of a stylized "A".

History

Foundation The Austro-Hungarian empire was known for its horse breeding programs which were based on a number of imperial stud farms. The role of these farms was to produce farm horses for the citizens, riding and carriage horses for the nobility, cavalry mounts and artillery horses for the military. Although the former empire is also famed for producing the Kladruber and Lipizzaner, prominent among these stud farms were those located at Mezőhegyes and Bábolna. The former was founded in 1785, the latter was purchased by the government in 1789, and both are located in modern-day Hungary. Mezőhegyes produced the Nonius, which was similar to the western Heavy Warmbloods, used for light agricultural work and for pulling artillery . Beginning in the 1840s, Thoroughbred stallions - Furioso and North Star prominent among them - were bred to the Nonius mares to produce strains of more refined cavalry mounts and carriage horses. Bábolna was originally an extension of Mezőhegyes, but in 1816 the administration decided to use only Arabian and Arab-bred stallions to achieve their cavalry goals. Born in Syria in 1830, the part-Arabian horse Shagya became the most famous of these Arabian-bred stallions. He came to Bábolna in 1836 and founded a strain of light cavalry and carriage horses which were taller and heavier than purebred Arabians, but which retained distinct Arabian type. A chestnut Arabian named Gidran followed soon after, crossed on mares who were more Thoroughbred in type. Respectively, these two sires founded the Shagya Arabian and Gidran Anglo-Arabian breeds. The Nonius, Furioso-North Star, Shagya, Gidran, and several other strains are often collectively referred to as the Altösterreichische Pferderassen ("Old-Austrian Horse Breeds"). These horses formed the native mare base on which the Austrian Warmblood was founded.

Registry Mechanization set in on the heels of World War II, making the use of horses in agriculture and transportation largely obsolete. The notion of changing to the breeding of recreational riding horses germinated at the Federal Stud Farm of Piber. The Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Warmblutzucht in Österreich (AWÖ) or Association for Warmblood Breeding in Austria was founded in 1964. Today it operates under the Zentralen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Pferdezüchter (ZAP) or Central Association of Austrian Horse Breeders, and is composed of regional member associations. The stallion licensing for Austrian Warmbloods occurs in Stadl-Paura during February. It follows closely the procedures used in Germany; exceptional young stallions are given the title Prämienhengst (Premium Stallion), a champion and reserve champion are awarded, and the announcement of results is followed by an auction. The performance test is also held in Stadl-Paura, commencing in June. Mare and foal shows are held by the regional member associations. Mares that exceed the standard in terms of pedigree, conformation, movement, and performance in Austria can also earn the Staatsprämienstute (States Premium Mare) title. The "premium" was formerly awarded to bribe breeders into keeping their top mares in the region. Though the AWÖ is a young registry, their history of amending the criteria for breeding stock suggests a progressive attitude towards producing the best riding horse possible. The AWÖ is a member of the World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses (WBFSH). The studbooks comprise about 2,500 mares and 80 stallions. Austrian Warmblood 116

Uses The Austrian Warmblood is bred specifically as a recreational riding horse, and competitive dressage and show jumping horse. As yet, the AWÖ is unranked in the WBFSH standings for Jumping, Dressage, or Eventing, likely due to the small size of their breeding population. However, the 1995 grey mare Amanita and 1997 bay mare Westminster both compete on the international scene in show jumping (for Poland and Italy, respectively). Laredo, a 1994 chestnut gelding competes under a German rider in dressages' Big Tour. The best place to see Austrian Warmbloods is in Austria. In addition to the auction of young stallion candidates and gelding prospects that follows the stallion licensing, there are a number of auctions for foals, riding horses, and elite horses throughout the year, usually in Stadl-Paura.

Medical issues Like other warmblood registries, the AWÖ does not give breeding licenses to stallions with congenital disorders including cryptorchidism, malocclusion, osteochondritis, or impaired breathing. As a result, Austrian Warmbloods are healthy and robust.

See related •• •• Belgian Warmblood •• Holstein (horse) •• Hanoverian (horse) •• Westphalian (horse) •• Oldenburg (horse) •• Bavarian Warmblood •• Trakehner •• Thoroughbred •• Shagya Arabian

References

[1] http:/ / www. pferdezucht-austria. at/ download/ text/ 1766/ zbo-2007. pdf Auvergne horse 117 Auvergne horse

Auvergne horse

Auvergne horse

Alternative names Cheval d'Auvergne (French)

Country of origin Auvergne region of France

Breed standards

[1] Association Nationale du Cheval de Race Auvergne Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Auvergne horse (French cheval d'Auvergne) is a breed of light draught horse from the Auvergne region of south central France. It stands 143 to 147 centimetres (14.0 to 14.2 hands) at the withers, and weighs 450–650 kilograms (990–1,430 lb). Coat colours are bay or . It is used mainly for trekking. It is not recognised as a breed by the Haras Nationaux, the French association of horse breeders. The standard is published by a breeders' association, the Association Nationale du Cheval de Race Auvergne. This breed has been crossbred several times throughout its history, with several distinct breeds sharing the name "Auvergne horse". A small riding horse known as the "half-blood of Auvergne" was primarily ridden by the cavalry at the beginning of the 19th century, but has since disappeared. Other work horses of Auvergne were used as a means of transportation before the advent of modern roads. The work horse was crossbred to become a light draught horse and subsequent ancestor of the modern Auvergne horse. It was used for varying field work by the inhabitants of the region. As with most of Europe's draught breeds, the Auvergne almost disappeared with the spread of mechanized transportation in the 1960s and 70s. It was crossed with other draught horses, such as the Comtois horse, and was used as a source of horsemeat. In 1994, an association was created to save the last remaining animals and to fight for the recognition of the breed in France. Since then, several actions have been levied to promote the continued existence of the Auvergne horse. However, the breed is still extremely rare outside of Auvergne. 200 were represented in a census at the beginning of the 21st century. Auvergne horse 118

History As with other local draught horses, the use of the Auvergne horse has declined with the rise of mechanized travel. Defining the horse is difficult in the absence of recent scientific publications and official recognition. Documents mentioning the "cheval d'Auvergne" in fact speak of many different breeds which have rarely, or never, been recognized as an independent breed throughout their history.

Origin No scientific studies exist concerning the origin of the Auvergne horse, but there are several theories: • According to the Association of the Auvergne Breed, the breed is the distant descendant of the oriental races abandoned by the Saracens in the plains of Vouillé circa 732. Their horses remained in the same area (the departments of Corrèze, of Creuse, and of Haute-Vienne) until the barons of the country took possession of them. The horses would presumably been the root of those which had spread over the course of the following centuries into all of Limousin, followed by Auvergne, to become the ancestors of the Limousin horse, a close relative of the Auvergne horse. • According to Lætitia Bataille, a specialist in equine management in France, the Auvergne horse was the product of the ancient Navarrin horse's crossbreeding with the Thoroughbred. •• According to the inhabitants of the Auvergne region, the breed is native to the region, and lived there "depuis la nuit des temps" (since the dawn of time.) According to their theory, it is descended from prehistoric animals who had simply wandered into the region. There seems to have been two types of Auvergnal horses throughout the region's history: the smaller horse, or "half-blood Auvergnal", was a riding horse destined to the light cavalry; the common, "all-purpose" horse was used by locals until the improvement of automobile roads, at which time it was crossbred again to better handle divers agricultural duties.

Antiquity to 17th century If one believes the inhabitants of Auvergne, Vercingetorix used a "Auvergnat " for his battles. True or not, the Auvergne horse seems to have been popular in the Middle Ages. In 1577, the Duke of Bouillon mentions, in a Classical French text, that he rode an animal from Auvergne in leaving Turenne: "I'm leaving Turenne, and I'm coming to sleep at M. de Beynac's home with Bousolles, Alagnac, La Vilatte, and Annal to whom I have given pages, Bouschant of Auvergne, all without any arms other than our swords, and all having this strong, bad horse; Bouschant had a little, rather good horse from Auvergne; my horse went with a large gate, not knowing how to turn and even less how to run ...." The existence of the Auvergne horse is suggested in the documents from the 18th century which describe a little, rustic, mountain horse of oriental build and rather closely related to oriental breeds. Under the rule of Henry IV, the "barbe auvergnat" was a prized mount of cavaliers, and according to tradition, the famous white horse of the king himself came from a farm in Barra, near Aurillac. It was Louis XIV who, with the creation of the French National Breeding Farm during the 17th century, tried to better the horse in the hopes of using it in his cavalry. To breed the horse, he called upon stallions of Turkish and Barbary descent, and upon the Frisian and Dutch stallions. But, the cross-breeding was largely unsuccessful, mostly because of the poor breeding management. Auvergne horse 119

References

[1] http:/ / www. chevalauvergne. fr/ race/ 238

Auxois

Auxois

An Auxois horse at the Salon International de l'Agriculture 2013 in Paris

Country of origin France

Breed standards

[1] Centre de promotion de la race du cheval de trait auxois Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Auxois is a horse breed from eastern France. It is a large breed, with some individuals weighing over 910 kilograms (2,010 lb), bred for horse meat, agricultural work and leisure pursuits. Overall, members of the breed are solid and muscular in appearance. They are usually bay or bay roan in color, although some other colors are accepted by the breed registry, and are known for their power and docility. The Auxois is a direct descendant of the Bourguignon of the Middle Ages. In the 19th century, blood was added from other French draft breeds before the creation of a stud book in 1912. After the creation of the stud book, only purebred Auxois or Ardennais and Trait du Nord crosses could be registered. World War I interrupted efforts to set the breed standard, but testing resumed in 1920, and between then and World War II the Auxois was the pride of regional farmers. The breed reached its peak in the 1930s, but by the 1960s began to decline with the advent of mechanization. By the 1970s, the Auxois had almost become extinct, and the French government began pushing the breeding of all native draft horses for meat production, as opposed to agricultural usage. However, the meat of the Auxois was not considered high quality, and this, combined with a lower-than-expected market for meat, led to a continued decline in French draft horse populations. In the 1990s, the French government reversed its position on breeding for meat, and began promoting draft breeds for leisure pursuits. The Auxois continues to be rare, having the eighth-smallest population numbers of the nine native French draft breeds. An annual breed show is held in Semur-en-Auxois, and the Auxois is frequently seen at the Paris International Agricultural Show. Auxois 120

Breed characteristics

The Auxois is a horse of great size, larger than the Ardennais and almost as large as the Trait du Nord. It is massively muscular in build, built for heavy pulling. The average height is 15.3 to 16.3 hands (63 to 67 inches, 160 to 170 cm), with an ideal height of 16.1 hands (65 inches, 165 cm) to 16.33⁄ hands (67.75 inches, 172 cm) for 4 stallions and 16 to 16.3 hands (64 to 67 inches, 163 to 170 cm) for mares. They weigh from 700 kilograms (1,500 lb) to more than 910 kilograms (2,010 lb), depending on whether an individual horse is bred for meat, agricultural work or leisure pursuits. The head and neck of an Auxois at the Cluny The head is relatively short, with a wide forehead. The neck is also Stud relatively short and muscular, the shoulders long and sloping and the chest wide and deep. The body is solid, with a broad, short back and loins. The hindquarters are well-muscled. The legs are robust, although they can appear small in relation to the mass of the body. They usually have less feathering on the legs than other French draft horse breeds. Horses registered with the studbook may be branded on the left side of the neck with the letters "TX". This brand is generally applied during breed competitions, and only after the age of two.

Auxois horses are usually bay or bay roan in color, although they can also be chestnut or red roan, similar to the Ardennais.[2] gray and seal brown (the latter called black pangaré by the breed registry, although these horses are genetically brown, not black with pangaré markings) are also accepted for registration; all other colors are excluded. The Auxois is known for its power and docility, having a calm and gentle temperament. Like the Ardennais, it is an easy keeper, able to survive outdoors in all seasons, even in the harsh climatic conditions sometimes seen in Morvan and Nievre. The majority of Auxois are still bred for meat production, and in 2001, 50% of the horses bred were intended for slaughter. However, the power and gaits of the breed make them valued for competitive and leisure driving, as well as equestrian tourism. The smaller horses of the breed are used for milk production. The Auxois is used for celebrations, such as weddings, and historical reenactments. It is also used for logging, and in recent years, has been increasingly used in agriculture, being found in vineyards, gardens and farms. The use of them for the maintenance of rural roads is also in planning.[3]

History

The history of the Auxois is closely tied to its homeland, for which it is named. The rich pastures of the Auxois area, including the French Gold Coast, parts of Yonne, the Saone-et-Loire and northern Nievre, are conducive to the breeding of large draft horses.[][4] The recognition of the Auxois dates back to the early 20th century, making it relatively new compared to other French draft breeds.[5]

The Auxois is a direct descendant of the Bourguignon of the Middle Ages, a small, robust, tough horse used for riding and driving. A now-discredited theory once held that the Auxois was a descendant of An Ardennais horse, one of the breeds used to the even older Solutre horse, the bones of which were found in the area create the Auxois where the breed was developed.[] Originally the Morvan horse also existed in the same area, but was absorbed into the Auxois after extensive crossbreeding. During the 1840s, Auxois 121

Percheron blood was introduced to the breed, followed by Boulonnais blood in the 1860s and Ardennais and possibly Nivernais blood in the late 19th century. Care was not taken to fix a specific breed type, though, and so the physical characteristics were variable.[6] Breeders introduced foreign stallions before creating a stud book for the breed. The breed took its name from the "rich valley of Auxois", where the crossbreeding and selection for the new breed took place.[7] The local mares created from 19th century breeding were crossed with Ardennais and Trait du Nord stallions, sought after for their large size and power, which made them valuable for agricultural work. The birthplace of the breed is around the Cluny Stud, and it was originally considered to be a sub-type of the Ardennais breed.[8] The first attempts to create a breed registry in 1903 and 1904 failed. In 1912, another attempt was made, this time successful, and a stud book was created in Dijon in 1913. With the creation of the stud book, only purebred Auxois or Ardennais and Trait du Nord crosses could be registered.[9] However, by 1917, the physical characteristics of the breed were still not fixed, and leaders of the equine community were critical, and doubtful of whether the Auxois was a breed in its own right or still merely a subtype of the Ardennais. They were also unsure whether it was a good idea to accept the recognition of another regional breed, of which France had many.[10]

World War I and World War II World War I interrupted the efforts to secure a breed standard, with stud book selection not resuming until 1920. Within a few years, the ideal height was set around 15.3 hands (63 inches, 160 cm), and its breeding spread throughout Auxois and neighboring regions. Between World War I and World War II, the Auxois was the pride of regional farmers. Before the advent of motorization, it was the preferred pulling animal, even for slow work, winning out over the local Charolais cattle breed used as oxen. The Auxois was bred solely for agricultural work, and used exclusively for this purpose.[] The strongest horses were used for multi-horse hitches in the fields and for logging. The Auxois competed in popularity with the Nivernais horse, and it was not uncommon for farmers in the region to have both the black-coated Nivernais and the red-coated Ardennais and Auxois to satisfy the color preferences of all potential buyers.[11] In the early 1930s the Auxois reached the peak of its physical development.[12] It was described, like the Ardennais and the Trait du Nord, as a born plowhorse, with a neck naturally held so low that the nose almost touched the ground. It was developed entirely for traction, and its conformation allowed it to move huge weights over short distances.[13] At the same time, it became more popular than the Nivernais, and was considered a southern representation of the Ardennais breed. Merchants visiting Burgandy horse fairs appreciated the breed, and deemed its bay coloration better able to hide dirt than that of the light gray Percheron or black Nivernais.[14] The peak populations and usage of the Auxois and other French draft horses was short due to the advent of mechanization in the 1960s.[15]

Post-war to 1990s During World War II, fuel stocks were used by the armies, and were unavailable to farmers. This allowed horses to remain a key aspect of agriculture and transportation until the end of the war.[16] After the war, farmers rapidly mechanized their operations. The Auxois and other draft breeds were quickly abandoned in favor of machines, and population numbers began to fall in the early 1950s and collapsed completely in the 1960s.[17] By the 1970s, the Auxois had almost disappeared, although many villages in the breed's homeland retained a small number of mares for traditional competitions. In the early 1970s, Henry Blanc was appointed as the new director of the French National Stud, and began the conversion of French draft breeds into animals bred for slaughter into horse meat. The stud encouraged farmers who could no longer find buyers for their animals to fatten them for resale to the slaughter markets. Breeding for the production of meat helped to safeguard the Auxois breed by keeping its gene pool intact, but also transformed the previously powerful breed into one bred solely for weight — the main consideration in pricing at slaughter. In 1976, Auxois 122

an official French decree changed the name of the category in which the Auxois fit from "draft horses" to "heavy horses" and encouraged farmers to select the heaviest breeding stallions possible, to increase the average weight of the breed. The National Stud approved this change,[18] and between the 1950s and the 1980s, the average weight of the Auxois increased from 650 to 800 kilograms (1,430 to 1,760 lb) to 800 to 1,000 kilograms (1,800 to 2,200 lb) or more.[19] The conversion to meat was unfavorable for the Auxois, however. The Percheron was preferred for the quality of the meat and the Ardennais and closely related Auxois were considered to have some of the lowest quality meat.[20] In addition, the promised market for horse meat did not materialize, and French slaughterhouses were overwhelmed by imports of cheap horses from the Americas and Eastern Europe. Because of this lack of profitability, the population of most French breeds, including the Auxois, continued to decline until 1994. The collapse in prices then forced the National Stud to redirect its draft In ridden competition at the 2011 Salon horse-related activities.[21] International de l'Agriculture In the early 1990s, recreational riding enjoyed a revival in France, while the consumption of horse meat dropped. In 1991, the Agricultural College in Semur-en-Auxois began the production of horse milk using Auxois mares in Bierre-les-Semur. In 1994, the French Official Journal published a decree restoring the name of "draft horse" from the almost 20-year use of "heavy horse". In 1996, another decree prohibited the docking of tails of all French horses. French farmers moved towards the production of animals for recreation or agricultural uses, and the National Stud began supporting this aim. In July 1998, a promotional center for the Auxois opened in Bierre-les-Semur, through regional and departmental grants and using the National Stud to promote the breed. It focuses mainly on the training of young horses for riding and driving, and showcases various performances, as well as providing shoeing services and birthing assistance. In 1999, a study was undertaken of Auxois breeders, which showed opposition to changes in the breed. The author recommended expanding the breed standard to open new markets and save the Auxois from extinction.

Present

As it has been since the creation of the Auxois stud book, only purebred horses and Ardennes and Trait du Nord crosses are allowed to be registered. This is to ensure selection for the desired breed characteristics, which are now a lighter and more active horse than was seen during the time of breeding for horse meat. Horses bred through artificial insemination and embryo transfer are allowed to be registered; those potentially bred through are not. The Syndicat du Cheval de Trait Auxois (Auxois Draft Horse Association) is the national registry, managing the stud book, breed standard and promotion of the breed. An annual breed competition is held in A stallion being driven at the Cluny Stud September in Semur-en-Auxois. The Burgandy region continues to celebrate the breed, and there is a museum dedicated to it in Bierre-les-Semur. The Auxois is also regularly seen at the International Agriculture Show in Paris.

The population of Auxois is very low, and it is one of the rarest of the nine French draft horse breeds. In 2001, it had the eighth-smallest population of the nine breeds, making the threats of inbreeding and extinction very real. In 2006, 250 active breeding mares and 32 stallions were reported, with 125 breeders[22] (the term breeder applying to any person owning at least one active breeding mare). The Auxois represented 1 percent of total French draft horse Auxois 123

registrations in 2007. Burgandy is by far the main breeding area, with a few horses in the Rhone-Alpes and Auvergne regions. There are no known registered Auxois living outside of France, and it is almost unknown outside of its home region, even within the rest of France. Of the nine French draft horse breeds, the Auxois is the only one that is not exported. Between 1992 and 2011, between 80 and 146 foals were born each year, with numbers ranging from 105 to 128 between 2007 and 2011.

Notes

[1] http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ information/ accueil-equipaedia/ races-dequides/ chevaux-de-trait/ auxois. html [2][2]Collective 1951, p. 151 [3][3]Collective 2002, p. 109 [4][4]Sourdillat, p. 330 [5][5]Sourdillat, p. 332 [6][6]Sourdillat, p. 336 [7][7]Lizet, p. 232 [8][8]Bataille, p. 135 [9][9]Collective 1951, p. 152 [10][10]Lizet, p. 233 [11] Lizet, pp. 234–236 [12][12]Mavre, p. 38 [13][13]Mavre, p. 42 [14][14]Lizet, p. 260 [15][15]Mavre, p. 43 [16][16]Mavre, p. 66 [17] Mavre, pp. 34–35 [18][18]Mavre, p. 31 [19][19]Mavre, p. 150 [20][20]Lizet, p. 263 [21] Collective 2002, pp. 106–107 [22][22]Bataille, p. 138

References • Bataille, Lætitia (2008). Races équines de France [Equine breeds of France] (in French). France Agricole Éditions. ISBN 978-2-85557-154-6.

• Collective (1951). La Revue de l'élevage [The magazine of breeding] (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=mcZGAAAAYAAJ) (in French) 6. Revue de l'élevage. • Collective (2002). Chevaux et poneys [Horses and ponies] (in French). Éditions Artemis. ISBN 2-84416-338-6. • Lizet, Bernadette (1989). La bête noire: à la recherche du cheval parfait [The black beast, in search of the perfect

horse] (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=as-LaWSon8EC& dq=Cheval+ du+ Morvan). France Mission du patrimoine ethnologique (in French). Éditions MSH. ISBN 2-7351-0317-X.

• Mavré, Marcel (2004). Attelages et attelées : un siècle d'utilisation du cheval de trait (http:/ / books. google. com/

?id=Vc9jtpoFM-IC& lpg=PA203& dq=trait Auxois& pg=PA150#v=onepage& q=trait du Nord& f=false) (in French). France Agricole Editions. ISBN 978-2-85557-115-7.

• Sourdillat, Jean-Marie (1929). "Un pays d'élevage : l'Auxois" [A land for breeding : The Auxois] (http:/ / www.

persee. fr/ web/ revues/ home/ prescript/ article/ geo_0003-4010_1929_num_38_214_9760). Annales de

Géographie (in French) 3 (214): 330–338. doi: 10.3406 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 3406). Retrieved 2013-04-10. Azerbaijan horse 124 Azerbaijan horse

Azerbaijan Horse

Karabakh horse. Nikolay Sverchkov, 1865

Country of origin Azerbaijan

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Azerbaijan horse (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan atı) is a mountain-steppe racing and riding horse. It is named after the geographic region where the horse was originally developed, Azerbaijan in the Caucasus. The average speed by running of Azerbaijan horse is 1600 metres in 2 minute, 66 seconds.

Features •• Height - 138 cm •• Length of the body - 139 cm •• Chest circumference - 161 cm • Live weight - 280–350 kg. Under packs 120–140 kg Azerbaijani horses are 60–70 km per day. • Maximum capacity - 3000–3200 kg. •• Average agility-year-olds at a distance of 1600 m - 2 minutes 22.6 seconds.

Types

• , is named after the geographic region where the horse was originally developed, Karabakh. • Daliboz, formed in the Qazakh, Agstafa and Tovuz regions of Azerbaijan. Some early sources describe it as the "Kazakh" horse. The Daliboz types has a clean, short head with a broad forehead and narrow nose, a compact heavy neck, a ribbed massive body with a good top line and an even, long back and loin. Legs are clean and well proportioned and the cannon bone girth is larger than that of other horses. They usually have a pacing or racking gait. A unique feature is a peculiar lengthwise fold on the tongue giving the impression of a Daliboz horse on Azerbaijan's stamp forked tongue. Average withers height is 152 cm, chest girth 172 cm and cannon bone girth 19.4 They are often used as riding and racing horses. Azerbaijan horse 125

•• Quba horse. •• Shirvan horse.

Karabakh horses on Azerbaijan's stamps

Khan. 1867 Zaman. 1952 Servan. 1987 Gar-gar. 2001

Source • Azerbaijan horse [1] in Big Soviet Encyclopedia.

References

[1] http:/ / slovari. yandex. ru/ ~книги/ БСЭ/ Азербайджанская%20лошадь/ Azteca horse 126 Azteca horse

Azteca

Azteca horse

Country of origin Mexico

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Azteca is a horse breed from Mexico, with a subtype, called the "American Azteca", found in the United States. They are well-muscled horses that may be of any solid color, and the American Azteca may also have pinto coloration. Aztecas are known to compete in many western riding and some English riding disciplines. The Mexican registry for the original Azteca and the United States registries for the American Azteca have registration rules that vary in several key aspects, including ancestral bloodlines and requirements for physical inspections. The Azteca was first developed in Mexico in 1972, from a blend of Andalusian, American Quarter Horse and Mexican Criollo bloodlines. From there, they spread to the United States, where American Paint Horse blood was added.

Breed characteristics The three foundation breeds of the Azteca are the Andalusian (defined by the Mexican registry as either Pura Raza Española or Lusitano), American Quarter Horse, and Mexican Criollo or Criollo militar.[1] They were chosen to produce a breed that combined athletic ability with a good temperament and certain physical characteristics. Azteca stallions and geldings measure between 15 and 16.1 hands (60 and 65 inches, 152 and 165 cm) at the withers, while mares stand between 14.3 and 16 hands (59 and 64 inches, 150 and 163 cm).[2] The ideal height is 14.3–15.1 hands (59–61 inches, 150–155 cm).[3] Both sexes usually weigh from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds (450 to 540 kg). The facial profile of the breed is straight or convex and the neck slightly arched. Overall, they are well-muscled horses, with broad croup and chest, as well as long, sloping shoulders. Gaits are free and mobile, with natural collection derived from the Andalusian ancestry of the breed. The breed is found in all solid colors, although gray is most often seen. White markings are allowed on the face and lower legs by breed associations.[] The American Azteca registry also allows non-solid pinto coloration.[] Azteca horse 127

Registration

According to the breed standard of the Mexican registry, Azteca horses cannot have more than 75 percent of their parentage from any one of the foundation breeds (Andalusian, Quarter Horse and Mexican Criollo); Criollo blood may be no more than 50%, and only from unregistered mares within Mexico. Horses are classified in one of six registration categories, designated with letters A through F, depending on their parentage. Only certain crosses between the different classes Side view are permitted.[4] In Mexico, Azteca horses must conform to a strict phenotype standard established by the Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación (SAGARPA), the Mexican agriculture ministry, which requires inspection of foals at seven months for the issue of a "birth certificate"; a foal that does not meet the breed standards may be denied registration even if both parents are registered Aztecas approved for breeding. Full registration and approval for breeding are subject to a second and more detailed inspection at age three or more, and granted only to those horses that fully satisfy the requirements of the standard.[5]

In the American Azteca registry, horses with American Paint Horse (APHA) breeding are also allowed. However, horses with more than 25 percent Thoroughbred blood in their pedigrees (common in many Paints and Quarter Horses) within four generations cannot be registered. American Aztecas have four categories of registration based on the relative degree of blood from each foundation breed, seeking an ideal blend of 3/8 Quarter Horse and 5/8 Andalusian. Unlike their Mexican counterparts, they do not have to go through physical inspections before being registered.

History

The Azteca was first bred in 1972 as a horse for charros, the traditional horsemen of Mexico. Antonio Ariza Cañadilla, along with others, was instrumental in the creation of the Azteca horse as the national horse of Mexico and with its official recognition by the Mexican Department of Agriculture on November 4, 1982. Ariza used imported Andalusians, crossed with Quarter Horses and Criollos and began to breed the foundation horses of the Azteca breed at Rancho San Antonio near Texcoco, Mexico. Early in the Azteca's history, breeders realized the need for a unified breeding program in order to produce horses that met the required characteristics. The Azteca Horse Research Center was created at Lake Texcoco, and in partnership with breeders An Azteca under saddle developed the phenotype of the breed today. The first official Azteca was a stallion named Casarejo, who was a cross between an Andalusian stallion named Ocultado and a Quarter Horse mare named Americana. He was foaled at the Centro de Reproduccion Caballar Domecq in 1972.

The Associacion Mexicana de Criadores de Caballos de Raza Azteca, or Mexican Breeders Association for the Azteca Horse, is the original breed registry and still maintains the international registry. The International Azteca Horse Association and its regional affiliates was formed in 1992. The majority of Aztecas are found in Mexico, and the Mexican association had registered between 10,000 and 15,000 horses as of 2005, according to the Texas Department of Agriculture. The Mexican registry adds approximately 1,000 horses per year. The Azteca Horse Registry of America was formed in 1989 for registering the US portion of the breed, followed by the Azteca Horse Owners Association in 1996 as an owners association.[6] This registry has slightly different Azteca horse 128

registration and breeding rules, and is not approved by the Mexican government to register Azteca horses. The American registry, now called the American Azteca Horse International Association, allows the use of American Paint horses, which are essentially Quarter Horses with pinto coloration, if they have less than 25 percent Thoroughbred breeding. However, the US registry does not incorporate Criollo bloodlines. The Mexican registry allows only the blood of Quarter Horses, Andalusians and Criollos in its registered Aztecas.

Uses Because of the breeds that make up the Azteca, they are known for their athleticism. They have been seen in competition in western riding events such as reining, cutting, and roping, as well as English riding events such as dressage and other events such as polo and bullfighting. They are also used for pleasure riding.

Notes

[1] Estandár (http:/ / www. caballoazteca. org. mx/ estandar. html) (in Spanish) AMCCRA Asociación Mexicana de Criadores de Caballos de Raza Azteca, A.C. Retrieved 2010-01-03. "Standard".

[2] Caskie, Donald M. (Azteca Horse Association of Canada) Azteca: a horse custom-built for performance, style and tradition (http:/ / www.

equiworld. net/ breeds/ azteca/ index. htm) Retrieved 2012-01-04.

[3] El Caballo Azteca (http:/ / www. alta-escuela. com/ cels/ c_azteca. html) (in Spanish) Alta Escuela Mexicana de Jinetes Domecq, 2010. Retrieved 2012-01-04. "The Azteca horse".

[4] Esquema de cruzamiento para el caballo azteca (http:/ / www. caballoazteca. org/ IMG/ doc/

Esquema_OFICIAL_de_cruzamiento_AMCCRA. doc) (in Spanish) Asociación Mexicana de Criadores de Caballos de Raza Azteca, A.C., y A.G. Retrieved 2012-01-04. "Official cross-breeding chart for the Azteca horse"

[5] Documentación (http:/ / www. caballoazteca. org/ spip. php?article3) (in Spanish) Caballo Azteca Europa. Retrieved 2012-01-06. "Documentation" [6][6]Harris and Langrish, p. 65

References • Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. Storey Publishing. ISBN 1-58017-613-5. • Harris, Moira C. and Bob Langrish (2006). America's Horses: A Celebration of the Horse Breeds Born in the

U.S.A (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=-M-lPnkMRe8C& pg=PA65& dq=azteca+ horse& hl=en&

ei=SvjiTZ2rJo7RiAL45KzHBg& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2&

ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=azteca horse& f=false). Globe Pequot. ISBN 1-59228-893-6. • Lynghaug, Fran (2009). The Official Horse Breeds Standards Guide: The Complete Guide to the Standards of All

North American Equine Breed Associations (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=r1baD0KOFPcC&

pg=PA146& dq=azteca+ horse& hl=en& ei=SvjiTZ2rJo7RiAL45KzHBg& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result&

resnum=5& ved=0CEQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage& q=azteca horse& f=false). Voyageur Press. ISBN 0-7603-3499-4.

External links

• American Azteca Horse International Association (http:/ / www. americanazteca. com/ )

• Asociación Mexicana de Criadores de Caballos de Raza Azteca (http:/ / caballoazteca. org. mx/ ) (in Spanish)

• - Caballo Azteca Europa (http:/ / www. caballoazteca. org/ ) (in Spanish) Baise horse 129 Baise horse

Baise horse

Distinguishing features Small, but both strong and quick; thrives at high altitudes

Alternative names Guangxi

Country of origin China

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Baise horse (also known as the Guangxi) is a pony-sized horse breed native to the autonomous region of Guangxi, in southeastern China. Like other Asian breeds (the Mongolian horse in particular), it thrives at high altitudes and roams freely when not working. Guangxi's mild climate has long favored horse breeding; bronze statues from the third to the first centuries BCE exist of horses very similar in conformation to the Baise.

Breed characteristics The Baise horse is small, with an average height of 11 to 11.2 hands (44 to 46 inches, 112 to 117 cm); it is smaller than other breeds in northern and western China. Its head is heavy, with a straight profile and wide jaw; it has a medium-length neck, running down to straight shoulders. Its legs are strong and well-developed, with strong hooves The usual coat colors are black, chestnut, gray and bay. The Baise is strong and quick with a willing, able temperament. It is used as a riding and pack horse for tourism, on the farm and in harness; it is also used for meat.[1] Baise horses are an important part of Guangxi village life, and are included in traditional wedding celebrations. The National Baise Horse Genetic Resources Conservation Area is a protected area in Guangxi.[2]

References

[1][1]Ling 2010, p. 642.

[2] Baise Horse profile. (http:/ / www. theequinest. com/ breeds/ baise/ ) Retrieved February 23, 2011. Balearic horse 130 Balearic horse

Balearic horse is a horse breed or breeds originating in the Balearic Islands. A number of works include a breed entry or grouping called the "Balearic horse" or "Balearic pony."[1][2][3][4][5] However, these sources are unclear what specific breeds are in this grouping and may or may not include the following breeds found in these islands: • The Mallorquín horse • The Menorquín horse

References

[1] Lydekker, Richard. The horse and its relatives - Page 137-138 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=3ctEAAAAIAAJ& q="balearic+

horse"& dq="balearic+ horse"& hl=en& ei=Xl_BTtz8GM6IhQfm082aDQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2&

ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet& q="balearic"& f=false)

[2] Bauer, Mary Ellen. Which Horse of Course p. 61 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=kzM_To2eC5wC& pg=PT61& dq=balearic+ +

horse& hl=en& ei=_OPCTr6iC-iJiALr5qiRDA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2& ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&

q=balearic + horse& f=false)

[3] Walker, Stella A. Summerhays' Encyclopaedia for horsemen, p. 23 (1975) (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=6MgSAQAAMAAJ& q=balearic#search_anchor)

[4] Sliver, Caroline. Guide to the Horses of the World, Chartwell Books, 1991 (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?ei=zuPCTp-XKqmYiALMwIyJDA& ct=result& id=an8uNRhI3j4C& dq=balearic+ horse& q=balearic+ horse#search_anchor) and

Illustrated Guide to Horses of the World, Longmeadow Press, 1993 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?ei=zuPCTp-XKqmYiALMwIyJDA&

ct=result& id=g3vYtUsCV74C& dq=balearic+ horse& q=balearic#search_anchor) appear to be the same book, p. 102

[5] Nendricks, Bonnie L and Anthony A. Dent. International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, p. 60 (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?id=CdJg3qXssWYC& pg=PA60& dq=balearic+ horse& hl=en& ei=zuPCTp-XKqmYiALMwIyJDA& sa=X& oi=book_result&

ct=result& resnum=3& ved=0CDkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage& q=balearic horse& f=false) Balikun horse 131 Balikun horse

Balikun

Country of origin China

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Balikun horse is a light horse breed from China, used for riding, light draft, and pack work.

Characteristics The Balikun breed stands at 14 hands high or more, and is most commonly bay or chestnut.[1] They have heavy heads with small ears; the neck is thick, short, and well muscled; withers may be somewhat low; the back is short, flat, and very strong; the croup is sloped with a low-set tail. The shoulder is somewhat straight but muscular. This breed has powerful quarters and strong legs with good feet. The coat is very dense and thick, and the Balikun is able to live on steppe pasture, even at temperatures under -40F.

Breed history The Balikun comes from the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China, and descends from Kazakh and Mongolian horses. In selective breeding for over 200 years, the Balikun became a special breed.

Uses This pony is very tough and well adapted to its habitat, which is frequently harsh. It is used extensively in the area for transport, but is also used as a light riding and draft pony. [2] The Balikun can easily carry a pack weighing 220 pounds up to fifty miles in a day. It is considered a native breed in China.

References

[1] "Balikun" (http:/ / www. equinekingdom. com/ breeds/ light_horses/ balikun. htm). Equine Kingdom. Referenced January 12, 2008. [2] International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. Hendricks, Bonnie. University of Oklahoma Press, 1996. Page 61. ISBN 0-8061-2753-8 Baluchi horse 132 Baluchi horse

Baluchi horse

Distinguishing features Long neck, strong but fine legs, curved ears

Country of origin Pakistan

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Baluchi horse is a breed of horse native to the Baluchistan, Sindh and Punjab Provinces in Pakistan.[1] They are best recognized by their turned in ears, which resemble those of the Marwari horse from nearby Marwar, India.[2]

Characteristics The Baluchi horse is usually bay, chestnut, or gray. They are light in build and generally have a fine head, long neck, strong but fine legs and ears that curve in so the tips of the ears touch. The Baluchi somewhat resembles the Indian Kathiawari breed. They are also thought to be related to the Barb through the Malian breed known as the Beledougou or Banamba. Their average height is 14 hands. Due to diluted bloodlines, horses of pure Baluchi lineage are extremely rare today.

Uses They are used for riding, light draft work, and pulling tangas.[3]

References

[1] "Baluchi" (http:/ / www. ansi. okstate. edu/ breeds/ horses/ baluchi/ index. htm). Oklahoma State University. Referenced 5/16/08.

[2] TheEquinest.com (http:/ / www. theequinest. com/ breeds/ baluchi-horse/ )

[3] TheHorseGuide.com (http:/ / www. thehorseguide. com/ HorseBreeds/ BaluchiHorse. htm) Ban'ei 133 Ban'ei

Ban'ei

Ban'ei horses in Obihiro Racecourse

Country of origin Japan

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

Ban'ei (輓 曳 or ば ん え いHelp:Installing Japanese character sets) is a form of horse racing, unique to the Tokachi area of Hokkaido, Japan. Powerfully-built horses compete by pulling heavily-weighted sleds up sand ramps while being urged on by jockeys sitting on top of the sleds. The horses used in the races are Percheron, Breton, and Belgian breeds. Formerly held in a number of places, ban'ei races are now only held at the Obihiro Racecourse. The popularity of the races has waned in recent years and the Obihiro racecourse nearly closed before Softbank, a Japanese mobile phone company known for its tie-up with Apple and the iPhone, provided funds for the races to continue. Former racehorses are usually sold for meat rather than put out to pasture until old age.[1]

History Ban’ei has its probable origin in agricultural work, when horses were used to cultivate crops and pull sleds of wood. Eventually, the horses were tested for speed in festivals of the late Meiji Era. The popularity of ban’ei grew, and in 1953, Hokkaido’s four cities (Kitami, Asahikawa, Iwamizawa, and Obihiro) began to manage ban’ei. They ran the races until three of them closed operations in 2007 due to declining revenues. Obihiro racecourse is the only one currently active. Ban'ei 134

Course

The course consists of a flat dirt track, 200 meters long. Two cants are in the course; the second one is called the “Ban’ei Point”, and turns very sharply. Horses run the course in their own tracks, separated by lines. Horses haul sledges which, including jockeys, weigh more than 400kg or even 1t in big races like the “Ban’ei Kinen” (domestic Ban’ei Grade 1 (BG1)). Thus the winning time of big races is often slower than lower class races.

Unique Points Separated course by lines There are some differences between a standard flat race and ban’ei. In ban’ei, a horse has not finished the race until the end of the sledge passes the finish line. Second, horses can stop after passing the first cant. Sometimes, jockeys make their horses stop to give them a rest before climbing the second cant. Third, jockeys do not ride the horse. They sit on the sledge. Fourth, jockeys do not have a riding crop or horsewhip. They use only the reins for control and to urge the horses.

Horses

Ban’ei horses are larger than other types of racehorses. They were bred by some heavy or robust breeds: Percheron, Breton, and Belgian and their weight can surpass 1 metric ton; twice that of a thoroughbred. Today, they are registered as Nihon Bankei Shu by Japan Equine Affairs Association.

Valuable horses

• Kintaro (1977 - 1992) won 32 races, winning 116,725,000 yen. A Ban'ei Horse •• Takara Fuji (1981 - ) won 27 races, winning 103,490,000 yen.

•• Hikaru Tenryu (1983 - ) won 27 races, winning 104,611,000 yen. •• Asagiri (1985 - ) won 41 races, winning 102,512,000 yen. •• Maruzen Burgi (1986 - ) won 22 races, winning 107,517,000 yen. •• Fukuichi (1989 - ) won 30 races, winning 111,481,000 yen. •• Super Pegasus (1996 - 2007) won 42 races, winning 100,739,000 yen. Ban'ei 135

Famous jockey Akihiko Kanayama is a former Ban'ei jockey. He won 3,299 races, and became known by the name of "Mr. Ban'ei". He is now a Ban'ei horse trainer.

Races (Ban'ei grade race) All held in Obihiro, over 200 metres.

Two-year-olds BG1

The Irene Kinen (イ レ ネ ー 記 念) BG2

The Kuroyuri Sho (黒 ユ リ 賞) BG3

The Nanakamado Sho (ナ ナ カ マ ド 賞)

The Young Championship (ヤ ン グ チ ャ ン ピ オ ン シ ッ プ)

Three-year-olds BG1

The Ban'ei Derby (ば ん え い ダ ー ビ ー)

The Ban'ei Oaks (ば ん え い オ ー ク ス) BG2

The Ban'ei Kikka Sho (ば ん え い 菊 花 賞) BG3

The Ban'ei Daishoten (ば ん え い 大 賞 典)

Four-year-olds BG1

The Temma Sho (天 馬 賞) BG2

The Ginga Sho (銀 河 賞) BG3

The Hakurin Sho (柏 林 賞)

The Queen Cup (ク イ ン カ ッ プ) Ban'ei 136

Three and Four-year-olds BG3

The Hamanasu Sho (は ま な す 賞)

The Poplar Sho (ポ プ ラ 賞)

Three-year-olds and up BG1

The Ban'ei Grand Prix (ば ん え い グ ラ ン プ リ)

The Obihiro Kinen (帯 広 記 念)

The Ban'ei Kinen (ば ん え い 記 念) BG2

The Ban'ei Tokachi Oddspark Hai (ば ん え い 十 勝 オ ッ ズ パ ー ク 杯)

The Iwamizawa Kinen (岩 見 沢 記 念)

The Kitami Kinen (北 見 記 念)

The Heroines Cup (ヒ ロ イ ン ズ カ ッ プ)

The Champion Cup (チ ャ ン ピ オ ン カ ッ プ) BG3

The Asahikawa Kinen (旭 川 記 念)

The Hokuto Sho (北 斗 賞)

The Dream Age Cup (ド リ ー ム エ イ ジ カ ッ プ)

References Notes

[1] New York Times article on Ban'ei racing published 25 December 2006, accessed 24 October 2011 (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2006/ 12/ 25/

world/ asia/ 25japan. html)

External links

• Official (http:/ / www. banei-keiba. or. jp/ language/ english. html)

• The National Association of Racing (NAR) (http:/ / www. keiba. go. jp/ guide/ english/ index. html)

• Horse Racing in Japan (http:/ / japanracing. jp/ ) Banker horse 137 Banker horse

Banker horse

Horses on Corolla Island

Distinguishing features Small, compact conformation

Country of origin United States of America

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Banker horse is a breed of (Equus ferus caballus) living on the islands of 's . It is small, hardy, and has a docile temperament. Descended from domesticated Spanish horses and possibly brought to the Americas in the 16th century, the ancestral foundation bloodstock may have become feral after surviving shipwrecks or being abandoned on the islands by one of the exploratory expeditions led by Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón or Sir Richard Grenville. Populations are found on Ocracoke Island, Shackleford Banks, Currituck Banks, and in the Rachel Carson Estuarine Sanctuary. Although they can trample plants and ground-nesting animals, and are not considered to be indigenous to the islands, Bankers are allowed to remain because of their historical significance. They survive by grazing on marsh grasses, which supply them with water as well as food, supplemented by temporary freshwater pools. To prevent overpopulation and inbreeding, and to protect their habitat from being overgrazed, the horses are managed by the National Park Service, the State of North Carolina, and several private organizations. The horses are monitored for diseases such as equine infectious anemia, an outbreak of which was discovered and subsequently eliminated on Shackleford in 1996. They are safeguarded from traffic on the North Carolina Highway 12. Island populations are limited by adoptions and by birth control. Bankers taken from the wild and trained have been used for trail riding, driving, and occasionally for mounted patrols. Banker horse 138

Characteristics

The typical Banker is relatively small, standing between 13.0 and 14.3 hands (52 and 59 inches, 132 and 150 cm) high at the withers[1] and weighing 800 to 1,000 pounds (360 to 450 kg). The forehead is broad and the facial profile tends to be straight or slightly convex. The chest is deep and narrow and the back is short with a sloped croup and low-set tail. Legs have an oval-shaped cannon bone, a trait considered indicative of "strong bone" or soundness. The callousities known as chestnuts are small, on some so tiny that they are barely detectable. Most Bankers have no chestnuts on the hind legs. The coat can be any color, but is most often brown, bay, dun, or chestnut. Bankers have long-strided gaits and many are able to pace and amble. They are easy keepers and are hardy, friendly, and docile.[2]

Several of the Bankers' characteristics indicate that they share ancestry with other Colonial Spanish Horse breeds. The presence of the genetic marker "Q-ac" suggests that the horses share common ancestry with two other breeds of Spanish descent, the Pryor Mountain Mustang and . These breeds diverged from one another 400 years ago. The breed shares skeletal traits of other Colonial Spanish horses: the wings A map showing herd locations of the atlas are lobed, rather than semi-circular; and they are short-backed, with some individuals possessing five instead of six lumbar vertebrae. No changes in function result from these spinal differences. The convex facial profile common to the breed also indicates Spanish ancestry.

Breed history Since they are free-roaming, Bankers are often referred to as "wild" horses; however, because they descend from domesticated ancestors, they are feral horses.[3] It is thought that the Bankers arrived on the barrier islands during the 16th century. Several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the horses' origins, but none have yet been fully verified. One theory is that ancestors of the Banker swam ashore from wrecked Spanish galleons. Ships returning to Spain from the Americas often took advantage of both the Gulf Stream and continental trade winds, on a route that brought them within 20 miles (32 km) of the Outer Banks. Hidden shoals claimed many victims, and earned this region the name of "Graveyard of the Atlantic". At least eight shipwrecks discovered in the area are of Spanish origin, dating between 1528 and 1564. These ships sank close enough to land for the horses to have made the shores. Alternatively, during hazardous weather, ships may have taken refuge close to shore, where the horses may have been turned loose. However, the presence of horses on Spanish treasure ships has not been confirmed—cargo Aerial view of a barrier island in the space was primarily intended for transporting riches such as gold and silver.[4] North Carolina Outer Banks Another conjecture is that the breed is descended from the 89 horses brought to the islands in 1526 by Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón. His attempted colonization of San Miguel de Gualdape (near the Santee River in ) failed, forcing the colonists to move, possibly to North Carolina. Banker horse 139

Vázquez de Ayllón and about 450 of the original 600 colonists subsequently died, as a result of desertion, disease, and an early frost. Lacking effective leadership, the new settlement lasted for only two months; the survivors abandoned the colony and fled to Hispaniola, leaving their horses behind.[5] A similar theory is that Sir Richard Grenville brought horses to the islands in 1585, during an attempt to establish an English naval base. All five of the expedition's vessels ran aground at Wococon (present-day Ocracoke).[6] Documents indicate that the ships carried various types of livestock obtained through trade in Hispaniola, including "mares, kyne [cattle], buls, goates, swine [and] ."[7] While the smaller vessels were easily refloated, one of Grenville's larger ships, the Tiger, was nearly destroyed. Scholars believe that as the crew attempted to lighten the ship, they either unloaded the horses or forced them overboard, letting them swim to shore. In a letter to Sir Francis Walsingham that same year, Grenville suggested that livestock survived on the island after the grounding of his ships.[6]

Life on the barrier islands

About 400 Bankers inhabit the long, narrow barrier islands of North Carolina's Outer Banks. These islands are offshore sediment deposits separated from the mainland by a body of water such as an estuary or sound.[1] The islands can be up to 30 miles (48 km) from the shore; most are less than one mile (1.6 km) wide. Vegetation is sparse and consists mainly of coarse grasses and a few stunted trees.[8] Each island in the chain is separated from the next by a tidal inlet.

The Bankers' small stature can be attributed, in part, to limited [9] nutrients in their diet. They graze mostly on Spartina grasses, but Drinking from a horse-dug water hole on will feed on other plants such as bulrush (Typha latifolia), sea oats,[10] Shackleford Banks and even poison ivy.[11] Horses living closer to human habitation, such as those on Currituck Banks, have sometimes grazed on residential lawns and landscaping.[10] Domesticated Bankers raised on manufactured horse feed from an early age tend to exhibit slightly larger frames.[9]

Water is a limiting resource for Bankers, as the islands are surrounded by salt water and have no freshwater springs or permanent ponds.[8] The horses are dependent on ephemeral pools of rainwater and moisture in the vegetation they consume.[10] Bankers will dig shallow holes, ranging from 2.5 to 4 feet (0.76 to 1.22 m) in depth, to reach fresh groundwater.[8] Occasionally, they may resort to drinking seawater. This gives them a bloated appearance, a consequence of water retention caused by the body's effort to maintain osmotic balance.[12]

Land use controversies The National Park Service (NPS) is concerned about the impact of Bankers on the environmental health of North Carolina's barrier islands. Initially, the NPS believed that the non-native Bankers would completely consume the Spartina alterniflora grasses and the maritime forests, as both were thought to be essential to their survival.[12] Research in 1987 provided information on the horses' diet that suggested otherwise. Half of their diet consisted of Spartina, while only 4% of their nutrients came from the maritime forest. The study concluded that sufficient nutrients were replenished with each ocean tide to prevent a decline in vegetative growth from .[13] A 2004 study declared that the greatest impact on plant life was not from grazing but from the damage plants sustained when trampled by the horses' hooves.[10] Bankers pose a threat to ground-nesting animals such as sea turtles and shorebirds. Feral horses interrupt nesting activities, and can crush the young.[12] Banker horse 140

Management and adoption As the Bankers are seen as a part of North Carolina's coastal heritage, they have been allowed to remain on the barrier islands.[14] To cope with the expanding population, prevent inbreeding and attempt to minimize environmental damage, several organizations partner in managing the herds.

Ocracoke

Since 1959, Bankers on Ocracoke Island have been confined to fenced areas of approximately 180 acres (0.73 km2; 0.28 sq mi). The areas protect the horses from the traffic of North Carolina Highway 12, as well as safeguarding the island from overgrazing. The NPS, the authority managing the Ocracoke herd, supplements the horses' diet with additional and grain. In 2006, as a precaution against inbreeding, two colts from the Shackleford herd were transported to Ocracoke.[15]

A banker horse on Ocracoke Island Shackleford

Public Law 105-229, commonly referred to as the Shackleford Banks Wild Horses Protection Act, states that the Bankers on Shackleford Island are to be jointly managed by the National Park Service and another qualified nonprofit entity (currently the Foundation for Shackleford Horses). The herd is limited to 120–130 horses. Population management is achieved through adoption and by administering the contraceptive vaccine Porcine zona pellucida (PZP) to individual mares via dart. The island's horse population is monitored by freeze branding numbers onto each animal's left hindquarter. The identification of individuals allows the National Park Service to ensure correct gender ratios and to select which mares to inject with PZP.

Since 2000, adoptions of Bankers from Shackleford have been managed by the Foundation for Shackleford Horses. As of 2007, 56 horses had found new homes, 10 resided with another herd on Cedar Island, and two had been moved to the Ocracoke herd.[16] On November 12, 1996, the Shackleford horses were rounded up by the North Carolina Department of Agriculture's Veterinary Division and tested for equine infectious anemia (EIA). EIA is a potentially lethal disease, a lentivirus transmitted by bodily fluids and insects. Seventy-six of the 184 captured horses tested positive. Those that tested negative were allowed to remain on the island and those with the disease were transported to a temporary quarantine facility. Finding a permanent, isolated area for such a large number of Bankers was a challenging task for the Foundation; eight days later the state declared A freeze branded mare on Shackleford all proposed locations for the herd unsuitable. It ordered the euthanization of the 76 infected horses. Two more horses died in the process—one which was fatally injured during the roundup, and an uninfected foal that slipped into the quarantined herd to be with its mother.[17] Banker horse 141

Currituck Banks As a consequence of Corolla's development in the 1980s, horses on Currituck Banks came into contact with humans more frequently. By 1989, eleven Bankers had been killed by cars on the newly constructed Highway 12. That same year, the Corolla Wild Horse Fund, a nonprofit organization, was created to protect the horses from human interference. As a result of its efforts, the remainder of the herd was moved to a more remote part of the island, where they were fenced into 1,800 acres (7.28 km2; 2.81 sq mi) of combined federal and privately donated land. Corolla commissioners declared the site a feral horse sanctuary.[12] The population is now managed by adopting out yearlings, both fillies and gelded colts. Conflicts over the preservation of the wild horses continued into 2012. In 2013, legislation was introduced to help preserve the herd on Carrituck.

Rachel Carson Site, North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve A herd lives on the Rachel Carson component of the North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve, a series of five small islands and several salt marshes. There were no horses at the Sanctuary until the 1940s. It is unclear whether the Bankers swam over from nearby Shackleford[18] or if they were left by residents who had used the islands to graze livestock. They are owned and managed by the State of North Carolina and regarded as a cultural resource. No management action was taken until the late 1980s and early 1990s, when after years of flourishing population, the island's carrying capacity was exceeded. Malnourishment caused by overcrowding resulted in the deaths of several horses; the reserve's staff instituted a birth control program to regulate the herd to about 40 animals.

Uses Adopted Bankers are often used for pleasure riding and driving.[14] As they have a calm disposition,[18] they are used as children's mounts.[14] The breed has also been used in several mounted patrols.[18] Before 1915, the United States Lifesaving Service used horses for beach watches and rescues. In addition to carrying park rangers on patrols,[19] the horses hauled equipment to and from shipwreck sites. During World War II, the Coast Guard used them for patrols. In the 1980s Bankers were used for beach duty at Cape Hatteras National Seashore.[19] In 1955, ten horses were taken from the Ocracoke herd as a project for Boy Scout Troop 290. After taming and branding the horses, the scouts trained them for public service activities. The Bankers were ridden in parades and used as mounts during programs to spray mosquito-ridden salt marshes.[19]

References Notes [1][1]Hendricks 1995, p. 63. [2] Hendricks 1995, pp. 64–65. [3] Prioli 2007, pp. 12–13. [4][4]Prioli 2007, p. 21. [5] Prioli 2007, pp. 16–20. [6] Prioli 2007, pp. 25–27. [7][7]Quinn 1955, p. 187. [8] Blythe & Egeblad 1983, pp. 63–72. [9][9]Prioli 2007, p. 12. [10] Rheinhardt & Rheinhardt 2004, pp. 253–258. [11] Harrison 2003, pp. 211–213. [12] Dohner 2001, pp. 400–401. [13] Wood, Mengak & Murphy 2004, pp. 236–244. [14] Dutson 2005, pp. 323–325. [15][15]Prioli 2007, p. 77. [16] Prioli 2007, pp. 65–83. Banker horse 142

[17] Prioli 2007, pp. 61–63. [18][18]Hendricks 1995, p. 65. [19][19]Prioli 2007, p. 48. Bibliography • Blythe, William B.; Egeblad, K. (1983). "The banker ponies of North Carolina and the Ghyben-Herzberg

principle" (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/ articles/ PMC2279567). Transactions of the American Clinical

and Climatological Association 94 (6): 63–72. PMC 2279567 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/ articles/

PMC2279567). PMID 7186237 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 7186237). • Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). "Equines: Banker". Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds. Topeka, Kansas: Yale University Press. pp. 400–401. ISBN 978-0-300-08880-9. • Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. Storey Publishing. pp. 323–325. ISBN 978-1-58017-612-5. • Harrison, Molly (August 1, 2003). Exploring Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout National Seashores. Globe Pequot. pp. 211–213. ISBN 978-0-7627-2609-7. • Hendricks, Bonnie Lou (1995). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-0-8061-2753-8. • Prioli, Carmine (2007). The Wild Horses of Shackleford Banks. Winston-Salem, N.C.: John F. Blair. pp. 15–27. ISBN 978-0-89587-334-7. • Quinn, David, ed. (1955). The Roanoke Voyages: 1584–1590. London: Hakluyt Society. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-486-26513-1. • Rheinhardt, Richard; Rheinhardt, Martha (May 2004). "Feral Horse Seasonal Habitat Use on a Coastal Barrier Spit". Journal of Range Management 57 (3): 253–258. doi:

10.2111/1551-5028(2004)057[0253:FHSHUO]2.0.CO;2 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 2111/

1551-5028(2004)057[0253:FHSHUO]2. 0. CO;2). ISSN 1551-5028 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 1551-5028). • Wood, Gene W.; Mengak, Michael T.; Murphy, Mark (2004). "Ecological Importance of Feral Ungulates at Shackleford Banks, North Carolina". American Midland Naturalist 118 (2): 236–244. doi: 10.2307/2425780

(http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 2307/ 2425780). Barb horse 143 Barb horse

Barb

Berber warriors mounted on Barbs

Country of origin North Africa

Horse (Equus ferus caballus) is a northern African breed with great hardiness and stamina. The (ﺣﺼﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺑﺮﻱ :Barb horse or Berber horse (Arabic Barb generally possesses a fiery temperament and an atypical sport-horse conformation, but nevertheless has influenced modern breeds.

Characteristics The Barb is a light riding horse noted for its stamina. It has a powerful front end, high withers, short back, a sloping croup, and carries its tail low. It is hardy with clean legs and sound hooves. It does not have particularly good gaits, but gallops like a sprinter. It was used as breeding stock to develop racing breeds such as the Thoroughbred, American Quarter Horse, and Standardbred.[1] The predominant color is gray, but bay, black, chestnut, and brown horses are also found. The Barb stands 1.47–1.57 metres (14.2–15.2 hands) at the withers.[2]

Breed history It is not known where the Barb horse developed; some believe the breed originated in northern Africa during the 8th century, about the time that Muslim invaders reached the region. There is controversy over whether the Barb and Arabian horses share a common ancestor, or if the Arabian was a predecessor of the Barb. Native horses of the region may have been influenced by the crossing of "oriental" breeds, including the Arabian horse, Turkmenian or Akhal-Teke, and Caspian horse, with Iberian horses brought back from Europe by the Berber invaders after they conquered southern Spain.[3] Today the several varieties of Barb include the Algerian, Moroccan, and Tunisian. When imported to Europe, the Barbs were sometimes mistaken for Arabians, although they have distinctly different physical characteristics. The Europeans saw that their size was similar and their handlers were Berber who spoke Arabic. An example of such confusion is that the Godolphin Arabian, one of the foundation sires of the Thoroughbred, was an Arabian stallion but, due to his Moroccan origins, was referred to as the "Godolphin Barb."[4] The Barb is now bred primarily in Morocco, , Spain and southern France. Due to difficult economic times in North Africa, the number of purebred Barbs is decreasing. The World Organization of the Barb Horse, founded in Algeria in 1987, was formed to promote and preserve the breed. Barb horse 144

Influence on other breeds

The Barb may have had more influence on the racing breeds throughout the world than any other horse except the Arabian.[5] Berber invaders from North Africa took their horses, the forerunners of today's Barbs, to Europe from the early eighth century onwards. Once established with settlers on the Iberian peninsula, the Barb horse was bred with Spanish stock under 300 years of Umayyad patronage to develop the Andalusian (and the Lusitano). The Andalusian was highly prized and it was used for major development stock in horse breeding all over the world.[6]

Historical references to "Barbary" horses include Roan Conformation of the Barb Barbary, owned by King Richard II of England in the 14th century. The Barb horses were valued by other Europeans, including the Italians, whose noble families established large racing stables. During the 16th century, Henry VIII purchased a number of Barbary horses from Federico Gonzaga of Mantua, importing seven mares and a stallion. He continued to buy other Barbs and Andalusians. After the Royal Stables were sold off under Cromwell, private owners in England continued to value the Barbs and used them to develop the Thoroughbred. The influence of the Barb is also evident in the Argentinian Criollo, the Paso Fino, and many other Western Hemisphere breeds, including the American Quarter Horse, the Mustang and the Appaloosa.

Despite its importance as a progenitor of other breeds, the Barb has less renown than the Arab, possibly because it was considered a less attractive-looking breed. In other important qualities, the Barb has the same stamina and endurance, the same ability to thrive on meager rations, and the same sure-footedness and speed over short distances. The Barb also was valued for its "strong, short-coupled body, perfect for collection— the posture that makes weight-bearing easiest for the horse—its eagerness to learn and its gentle nature." Because of these characteristics, beginning in the 16th century, the horses were also trained for dressage, in Paris and other European capitals. Sixteenth-century and later portraits of royalty on horses frequently portrayed the latter in dressage positions.

Abaco Barbs

The Abaco Barb is an endangered strain of the horse breed found on Great Abaco Island in the Bahamas. The Abaco Barb is said to be descended from horses that were shipwrecked on the island during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the . The population of wild Abaco Barbs that run free on Great Abaco once numbered over 200 horses. The Abaco Barb is found in colors that are different from those of the European/African Barb, including pinto (including the relatively uncommon splashed white), roan, chestnut, black and other colors. They range between 1.32 to 1.47 m (13.0 to 14.2 h). Capella the Abaco Barb Breyer Horse

Beginning in the 1960s, several events led to a decline of the breed to just three horses: the paving of new roads through or near their territory, which caused more conflict with humans; wild attacks on foals; and, most fatally, natives killing off the horses because of an accident involving a child.[7] Barb horse 145

Some Abaconians intervened and brought the three surviving horses to a farm near Treasure Cay. The herd increased to 35. Since 1992, however, over half the horses have died. No foals have been born since 1998. (There was one spontaneous and one aborted for unknown reasons.) By early 2010, the herd had diminished to six. As of August 2013, only one horse remained: one mare living inside the preserve.[8] Recently the government joined the renewed effort to preserve the breed. No Abaco Barb horses will be sold on the commercial market; the remaining herd will run free on the 3,800-acre (15 km2) preserve on Abaco. An Abaco Barb stallion, Capella, was the model for a 2005 sculpture honoring the breed, as part of a broad-based publicity campaign to build support for preservation.

References

[1] Reddick, Kate, Horses. New York: Ridge Press, 1976, p. 60. [2] Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse, London: Dorling Kindersley ISBN 0-7513-0115-9 p.67 [3] Nissen, Jasper, The Young Specialist Looks At Horses. London: Burke Publishing Co. Ltd, 1963, p. 46. [4] Wentworth, Judith Anne Dorothea Blunt-Lytton. The Authentic Arabian Horse, 3rd ed. George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1979.

[5] Jane Waldron Grutz, "The Barb" (http:/ / www. saudiaramcoworld. com/ issue/ 200701/ the. barb. htm), Saudi Aramco World, January-February 2007, Retrieved 23 February 2011 [6][6]Nissen, p. 41.

[7] "Preserving the Abaco Barb horse" (http:/ / www. infohorse. com/ wildhorses. asp), Retrieved February 23, 2011.

[8] "The world's most endangered horse" (http:/ / arkwild. org/ blog/ ), ArkWild. Retrieved November 18, 2013.

External links

• Arkwild.org - The Abaco Wild Horse Fund (http:/ / www. arkwild. org/ )

• Aramco World Article - The Barb (http:/ / www. saudiaramcoworld. com/ issue/ 200701/ the. barb. htm)

• "The Barb or The Berber". http:/ / www. stablemade. com/ horsecare/ horsebreeds/ barb. htm''

• "Preserving the Rare Beauty of the Abaco Barb". http:/ / www. infohorse. com/ wildhorses. asp''

Further reading • Draper, Judith, The Book of Horses and Horse Care Bardigiano 146 Bardigiano

Bardigiano

Bardigiano

Alternative names Bardi Horse

Country of origin Italy, native to Emilia Romagna

Breed standards

[1] Associazione Provinciale Allevatori, Parma Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Bardigiano is a breed of small horse from the Emilia Romagna region of Italy. It takes its name from the town of Bardi, in the Apennines of Parma, and is principally associated with the surrounding area and the Valle del Ceno. The mountain environment and steep, rough terrain of the area have contributed to produce a robust, hardy breed, agile and sure-footed over difficult ground. Although some males and all females are under 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm),[2] the Bardigiano is always considered a horse in its home country. The stud book was established in 1977, and is held by the Associazione Provinciale Allevatori, the regional animal breeders' association, of Parma. The breed is widely distributed in Italy, with breeders in 26 Italian provinces; a recent study examined 3556 stud book entries for living horses. Due to these relatively large numbers, the breed is not considered to be at risk of extinction, but is classed as "vulnerable".[3] The Bardigiano is used for activities that range from farm work to competitive driving and riding. They are also used extensively for pony trekking. In 1994, the breed standard was modified with the intention of increasing the suitability of the Bardigiano as a saddle horse while preserving its character. Bardigiano 147

Breed Characteristics

The height range for the Bardigiano is fixed at 138–149 cm for males and 135–147 cm for females; horses outside these ranges are not admitted for registration. The only recognized coat colour is bay, and dark bay is preferred. Chestnuts and light bays are not recognized. Limited rabicano and white markings on the legs and face are allowed, but white facial markings with excessive lateral extension (commonly referred to as Bardigiano ponies in harness. "bald-faced") are not. Physical characteristics of the breed include a small head with a straight or concave profile, low withers, straight back, deep girth, and overall a muscular appearance.

Breed History The Bardigiano appears to have descended from the horses ridden by Belgian Gauls during their invasions into Italy during Roman times. This is the same ancestor from which the Haflinger appears to have developed. Over the centuries, the Bardigiano has adapted to the rough, mountainous habitat in the Northern Apennine region of Italy. As well as having some relationship to the Haflinger, the breed also bears characteristics similar to the English and Dales ponies as well as the Asturcon. During World War I and World War II, Bardigiano mares were used to produce first-class mules, and in the process the number of purebred Bardigianos was significantly reduced. After World War II, in a move that is now widely considered a mistake, a diverse range of stallions from various breeds were introduced to reestablish the breed. However, this caused the breed to deteriorate and begin to lose its defining characteristics. Thus, in 1972, a committee was formed that has since successfully reestablished the Bardigiano breed.

References

[1] http:/ / www. bardigiano. it/ home/ images/ stories/ documenti/ disciplinare. pdf

[2] Breed standard, in Italian (http:/ / www. bardigiano. it/ home/ images/ stories/ documenti/ disciplinare. pdf) [3] Sabbioni A. and others (n.d.) Caratterizzazione demografica e variabilità genetica nel cavallo Bardigiano attraverso l'analisi dati genealogici

(http:/ / www. bardigiano. it/ home/ images/ stories/ documenti/ Caratterizzazione-demografica. pdf), in Italian with English summary, accessed Mar 2011 Basque mountain horse 148 Basque mountain horse

Basque Mountain Horse

Basque Mountain Horse mares

Alternative names Basque: Euskal Herriko Mendiko Zaldia, Spanish: Caballo de Monte del País Vasco

Country of origin Spain, France

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Basque Mountain Horse (Spanish: Caballo de Monte del País Vasco or Basque: 'Euskal Herriko Mendiko Zaldia) is a breed of horse from the Basque Country of Spain and France. It is listed in the Catálogo Oficial de Razas de Ganado de España in the group of autochthonous breeds in danger of extinction.

References Bavarian Warmblood 149 Bavarian Warmblood

Bavarian Warmblood

Bay Bavarian Warmblood mare.

Distinguishing features Warmblood riding horse bred for competition in the Olympic disciplines and recreational riding.

Alternative names Bayerisches Warmblut

Country of origin Germany (south)

Breed standards

[1] Landesverband Bayerischer Pferdezuechter Breed standards e.V.

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Bavarian Warmblood is a horse breed of southern Germany that developed from an older Bavarian heavy warmblood breed called the Rottaler. Since mechanization in the mid-20th century, the Bavarian Regional Horse Breeders' Society has concentrated on producing a riding horse for the Olympic disciplines and recreational riding based on other European warmblood bloodlines.

Characteristics The easiest way to recognize a Bavarian Warmblood is by the brand on the left thigh, which is a crowned shield outside the letter "B". All colors are permitted, though dark, solid colors are preferred. The ideal height is between 158 and 170 cm tall at the withers (15.2-16.2 hands). Bavarian Warmbloods are similar to other German warmbloods in type, conformation, movement, jumping ability and interior qualities. Desirable type includes an elegant, attractive horse with dry limbs and head and clear sex expression. Conformation reflects the stamp of a correct sport horse. Correct movement includes three rhythmic gaits characterized by energy, a long stride, natural self-carriage and elasticity, with some knee action. Selection processes aim for enthusiastic, capable jumpers with "bascule" (arc over the fence), "scope" (ability to respond to changes in the environment), and "tact" (carefully pulling the legs out of the way). Horses that are difficult, nervous, or aggressive are identified and typically are not allowed to breed. Breeding stallions and mares are chosen by thorough studbook selection, which eliminates horses that do not fit the breeding goal from the breeding studbooks. The Bavarian Warmblood is by no means set in type and recognizable the way that breeds from closed studbooks are; instead, they are recognizable by their athletic ability and temperament. Bavarian Warmblood 150

Bloodlines Currently, the stallion roster is 45% Bavarian Warmblood stallions. stallions make up a further 42%. Other German warmbloods - Hanoverians, Oldenburgs, Westphalians, Wuerttembergers, Rhinelanders, Thuringians, and German Warmbloods, (Zuchtverband fur deutsche Pferde or ZfDP) - make up 24%. There are a handful of Dutch Warmblood, Trakehner and Thoroughbred stallions as well, though the Bavarian studbook is rather unusual for including a Russian Warmblood and two Budyonny stallions. Of the Bavarian-bred stallions, a few had Bavarian sires, though most were sired by a Hanoverian, Westphalian, Oldenburg, or Holsteiner. Several Selle Francais sires also have sons in the Bavarian studbook, and one Bavarian-bred stallion each is by a Trakehner, Thoroughbred, and Anglo-Arabian.

History The predecessor of the Bavarian Warmblood is the Rottaler, an all-purpose horse very similar to other heavy warmbloods. The best Rottalers were calm, substantial horses suitable for plowing, , and non-competitive riding. In 1907 a registry for Rottalers was founded. The riding horse direction began in 1963 and the Rottaler was renamed "Bavarian Warmblood." Stallions with the old type were replaced by Hanoverians, Westphalians, , , and Thoroughbreds. The Rottaler blood was soon diluted and today comprises the mother line of some approved stallions. To save the old type from extinction, a preservation society was formed in 1994. Today, Bavarian Warmblood pedigrees are made up of blood from other German warmbloods, particularly Holsteiners, Hanoverians, Westphalians, Oldenburgs, Württembergers, Rhinelanders, and -Thuringian Warmbloods, plus a number of approved Dutch Warmbloods, Thoroughbreds, Trakehners, and even Budyonny stallions. In recent years, the Bavarian Regional Horse Breeders' Society has begun co-hosting a stallion licensing event with the Horse Breeding Societies of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Rheinland-Pfalz Saar, and Saxony-Thueringen. The South-German Stallion Licensing is held in Munich. They also hold elite foal auctions and free jumping competitions for young horses. Together, all four registries have nearly 500 stallions and over 11,000 mares. There are about 150 Bavarian Warmblood stallions and almost 4,000 broodmares.

Uses The Bavarian Warmblood is seen in international sport horse competition, including eventing, show jumping and dressage. In the 2006 final standings in international sport, the Bavarian Warmblood was ranked 13th in show jumping, 15th in dressage, and 12th in eventing. Bavarian Warmbloods are also popular choices in the sport of combined driving and have been part of several World Cup teams. In the United States, there are several prominent show hunters with the Bavarian brand. Bavarian Warmblood 151

Medical issues Thorough health-screening of breeding stallions before they stand stud has resulted in a population largely free of congenital diseases. The size and growth rate of warmbloods in general has made Osteochondrosis (OCD) the primary health concern.

References

[1] http:/ / www. bayerns-pferde. de/ landesverband_pferde/ mambo/ content/ view/ 124/ 127/

• "Landesverband Bayerischer Pferdezuechter e.V." (http:/ / www. bayerns-pferde. de/ ) (in German). Archived

(http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071229000004/ http:/ / www. bayerns-pferde. de/ ) from the original on 29 December 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-03.

• "Central Documentation for Animal Biological Diversity in Germany" (http:/ / www. genres. de/ CF/ tgrdeu/ ) (in German). Retrieved 2008-01-03.

• "Sueddeutsche Pferdezuchtverbande" (http:/ / www. sueddeutsche-hengsttage. de/ ) (in German). Archived (http:/

/ web. archive. org/ web/ 20080109104649/ http:/ / www. sueddeutsche-hengsttage. de/ ) from the original on 9 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-03.

• "World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses" (http:/ / www. wbfsh. org/ ). Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/

web/ 20080105190745/ http:/ / www. wbfsh. org/ ) from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-03.

• "United States Equestrian Federation" (http:/ / www. usef. org/ ). Retrieved 2008-01-03.

External links

• http:/ / www. tiho-hannover. de/ einricht/ zucht/ eaap/ descript/ 1451. htm

• http:/ / www. equiworld. net/ UK/ HORSECARE/ BREEDS/ bavarian/ index. htm Belgian horse 152 Belgian horse

Belgian

Belgian draft horse

Distinguishing features Small head, thick and muscular neck, powerful shoulders and quarters, short legs with small amount of feathering. Chestnut or red roan in colour

Alternative names Brabants trekpaard Cheval de trait belge Brabançon Belgian Heavy Draft Belgisch Trekpaard

Country of origin Belgium

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Belgian horse or Belgian draft horse, also known as Belgian Heavy Horse, Brabançon,[1] or Brabant, is a draft horse breed from the Brabant region of modern Belgium, where it is called the Cheval de trait belge or Flemish: Belgisch Trekpaard or Brabants Trekpaard or Brabander. It is one of the strongest of the heavy breeds. The breed associations are the Société Royale Le Cheval de Trait Belge/ Koninklijke Maatschappij het Belgisch Trekpaard and the Eleveurs Wallons du Cheval de Trait Belge/ Vlaamse Fokkers van het Belgisch Trekpaard.

Characteristics The Belgian Heavy Draft horse stands between 16.2 and 17 hands (66 and 68 inches, 168 and 173 cm). On average the Belgian grows to weigh slightly over 900 kilograms (2,000 pounds). Most American Belgians are a light chestnut with a flaxen mane and tail. The head is relatively small and well-shaped. American Belgians in North American are not as large as the European Brabant but is of a similar build. Currently, the world's tallest Belgian Draft is Radar, a gelding foaled in 1998 in Iowa. He stands at 19.3½ hands (2.02 metres) at the withers, and weighs over 2,400 pounds (1,100 kg). The world's largest horse was a Belgian Draft named Brooklyn Supreme, who weighed 3,200 lb (1,500 kg) and stood at 19.2 hands (1.98 m). Belgians have a high occurrence of junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB), an inherited genetic disorder that causes newborn foals to lose large areas of skin and have other abnormalities, normally resulting in euthanasia. A study conducted in 2001-2003 found that 17.1% of tested Belgians in the US and Canada were carriers, including 13.5% of stallions and 28.9% of mares. If carriers are not mated, JEB can be avoided, and scientists are studying the disease further in the hope of completely eliminating it. The US Belgian breed registry requires JEB testing. Belgians have also been identified to be at risk for chronic progressive lymphedema, a chronic progressive disease that includes Belgian horse 153

symptoms of progressive swelling, hyperkeratosis and fibrosis of distal limbs. The disease is similar to chronic lymphedema in humans.

Breed history Historically, it is theoretically possible the Belgian may have had ancestors who were in the Middle Ages, although there is no independent evidence to support this claim. The foundation stock for the Belgian was originally known as the Brabant. Other names for essentially the same breed include the Cheval de trait Belge, Brabançon, and Belgisch Trekpaard. Until the 1940s, the Belgian and the Brabant were essentially the same breed. Following World War II, the Brabant in Europe was selectively bred to be thicker bodied and heavier, while in the United States the Belgian was bred to be somewhat taller and lighter bodied. The main use was as a farm horse. Closely related breeds include the Trait du Nord and Nederlands Trekpaard. In 1887, the American Association of Importers and Breeders of Belgian Draft Horses was founded in Wabash, Indiana to register and keep track of all Belgian Draft Horses.[2] Today, the Belgian is the most numerous breed of draft horse in the United States. Importation of Belgians to the USA ended in bulk after the beginning of the Second World War with Erwin F. Dygert transporting the last Belgians out of Europe as the war was beginning.Wikipedia:Disputed statement[3]

Uses

Belgians are still used as working animals, but have also become popular as show horses, and pleasure riding horses. The Brabant and related breeds remaining in Belgium today are also desirable for horse meat, producing a tender meat that is considered a delicacy.[4] Belgian horses are able to pull tremendous weights. At the National Western Stock Show in Denver, Colorado, a team of two horses in the Heavyweight class pulled 17,000 pounds a distance of 7 ft 2 in (7,700 kg a distance of 2.18 m). The team of Belgians weighed 4,800 pounds (2,200 kg). At the Iowa State fair, the heavyweight champions in the pulling contest pulled 14,600 pounds the complete distance of 15 ft Brabant draft horses (6,690 kg, 4.6 m). The team consisted of one Belgian and painting by Henry Schouten (1857-1927) one Percheron and weighed 3,600 pounds (1,600 kg).[citation needed] Belgian horse 154

Other meanings In Britain, "Belgian Black" is a colloquialism used to describe a .

References

[1] Summerhayes, RS; "Horses & Ponies", Warne & Co, 1948 [2] Self, Margaret C. The Horseman's Encyclopedia. New York: Barnes & Company Inc, 1963.

[3] Belgian Draft Horse at International Horse Museum (http:/ / www. imh. org/ museum/ breeds. php?pageid=8& breed=15& alpha=One) [4] Brady, Irene. America's Horses and Ponies. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1969.

External links

• Breed Profile: Belgian Draft Horse (http:/ / equisearch. com/ breeds/ belgianprofile/ ) by Jayne D. Wilson

• Belgian Draft Horse Corporation of America (http:/ / www. belgiancorp. com/ )

• The American Brabant Association (http:/ / www. theamericanbrabantassociation. com/ ) Belgian Warmblood 155 Belgian Warmblood

Belgian Warmblood

Darco, a Belgian Warmblood stallion at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics

Distinguishing features Modern riding horse type especially suitable for show jumping.

Alternative names in error, "Belgium" Warmblood

Country of origin Belgium

Breed standards

[1] BWP-North American District Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

A Belgian Warmblood is a warmblood type of horse registered with the Belgisch Warmbloed Paard vzw (Belgian Warmblood Studbook (BWP)) or Studbook sBs. The traits given the greatest importance in the breeding aim of the Belgian Warmblood are performance in show jumping and dressage, as well as subjective conformational correctness and robust health.

History Horse breeders in the , Germany, and France had been producing elegant saddle horses for hundreds of years. However, because the Belgian government was concerned about protecting the bloodlines of the Brabant (Belgian draft horse), it wasn't until the 1950s that breeders in Belgium were allowed to breed lighter saddle horses. The foundation stock of the Belgian Warmblood included jumping horses from France and the Netherlands, as well as Hanoverians and Holsteiners from Germany. Through studbook selection, Belgian breeders were able to direct breeding towards their own goals. The first stallion show for riding horses in Belgium took place, illegally, in 1953; the BWP was founded in 1955. Without native riding horses or all-purpose heavy warmbloods, Belgian breeders had to import stallions and mares. Over the course of 50 years, the BWP accrued a mare base of over 3,500 broodmares and produced a significant number of international-quality show jumpers. In 2010, the BWP was ranked 4th in the FEI/WBFSH International Show Jumping standings, below only the KWPN-Dutch Warmblood, Selle Francais and Holsteiner studbooks. Belgian Warmblood 156

Breed characteristics As a warmblood horse, the Belgian Warmblood is characterized not by uniformity of coat color, appearance or , but by uniformity of purpose. Like other warmbloods, Belgian Warmblood breeding horses are subjected to rigorous studbook selection. The most reliable way to positively identify a Belgian Warmblood is by the brand on the left thigh. Belgian Warmblood foals receive this brand during their foal inspection, when they are given a passport and deemed free of obvious defects. Between the ages of three and four years old, Belgian Warmblood stallions are presented to a jury in a "Hengstenkeuring" or stallion licensing test. The licensing test consists of a veterinary inspection, subjective evaluation of the stallion's conformation and jumping ability without a rider, and evaluation of the stallion's qualities under saddle. The studbook brand, which features a "pinwheel" of horse heads, is given to all Belgian Stallions that do not achieve the desired marks in the licensing test are Warmbloods not eligible for the studbook. To retain status in the studbook, stallions must participate in competitions for young show jumping horses called the "Classic Cycle." Mares take part in similar conformational evaluations, however judgement of a mare's qualities as a riding horse are elective.

The published breeding aim for the Belgian Warmblood reads as follows: "A noble modern and correctly-built warmblood horse with a rectangular frame, big outlines and good basic paces. The horse should be pleasant to ride and have an unobjectionable character, so that it can be used by any rider, both as pleasure horse and as a performance horse on national and international level. There has to be a balance between conformation, performance and health." Belgian Warmbloods range in size and substance, but the ideal size for a stallion is between 16 and 17 hands high at the withers. Mares are not eligible for breeding rights unless they exceed 15.1 hands high. In type, the Belgian Warmblood is similar to the Holsteiner, Selle Francais, Dutch Warmblood, and Hanoverian, and less like the Trakehner. The BWP does not hold any regulations barring horses of certain coat colors; however, the most common coat colors are chestnut ("vos"), bay ("bruin"), brown ("zwartbruin"), black ("zwart"), and grey ("schimmel"). The modifier "donker" means a dark shade, "licht" means light. Modifiers on "schimmel" often indicate the horse's color at birth, for example "bruinschimmel" means a grey born bay. There are also tobiano patterned pinto ("bont") Belgian Warmbloods, though they are uncommon. Belgian Warmbloods present a unique case in that there is no indigenous warmblood mare base. Of the 181 approved stallions listed, half were themselves Belgian Warmbloods. The remaining half were primarily Holsteiners, Selle Francais, Dutch Warmblood, or Hanoverian; there were a handful of Oldenburg, Thoroughbred, Westphalian, and Rhinelander stallions as well. Of the Belgian stallions, about a quarter had a Belgian sire. Another quarter had a Selle Francais sire, while a further 42% had Dutch, Holsteiner, or Hanoverian sires. The remaining sires were Westphalian, Rhinelander, Swedish, Belgian Sport Horse, Oldenburg, or Thoroughbred. Belgian Warmblood 157

Uses

The slogan of the BWP is "Bred to perform," which accurately describes the aim of the registry. Belgian Warmbloods are best known for their jumping abilities. Olympic show jumpers with the BWP brand include Big Ben (1984), Darco (1992), Egano (1992), Jus De Pomme (1992), Joli Couer (1996), Sapphire (2008). Over the past 20 years, research has supported observations regarding the high heritability of jumping ability compared with that of dressage-quality gaits. Therefore, horse breeders may reliably produce exceptional jumpers in few generations, which is exactly what occurred in Belgium. The aim of the BWP has been, from day one, "'always jumping horses'".[] Denis Lynch and Nabab’s Son, Dublin Horse Show 2008 The influence of French horses has also given the Belgian Warmblood the ability to be competitive in eventing. Britt was a Belgian Warmblood Olympian in eventing in 1992. In 2006 the studbook as a whole was ranked 15th in eventing by FEI results. Belgian Warmbloods also appear increasingly in dressage. The FEI and World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses ranked them 11th in 2006. There are strong numbers of Belgian Warmblood show hunters in North America, though their suitability for it depends very much on the individual horse.

Medical issues The BWP is known for its progressive attitude towards eradicating osteochondritis (OCD) from their population. Stallions undergo radiographing of the feet, fetlocks, knees, hocks, and stifles as a part of the approval process, and are not permitted to breed if they may become unsound. Furthermore, any stallion that later showed signs - through his offspring or otherwise - of carrying a genetic disorder would lose his breeding approval. As a result, Belgian Warmbloods are not subject to the disorders that affect closed-studbook registries, and progress is being made to make Belgians Warmbloods - as other warmbloods - more sound than ever.

Belgian sport horse The linguistic and cultural division of Belgium is reflected in the use of two separate warmblood breeding associations. The Belgian Sport Horse differs from the Belgian Warmblood only by location: breeders in northern Belgium typically register with the BWP, while those in the southern part of the country registry with the sBs.[] Studbook sBs was originally founded in 1920 as Societe d’Encourgement pour L’Elevage du Cheval d’Armes or "Society for the Encouragement of Breeding Army Horses," and produced cavalry horses and remounts for the Belgian army, which at the time were primarily imported from France. Within 10 years, the use of cavalry horses had given way to demand for leisure horses, and the name of the registry was changed to Demi-Sang Belge or "Belgian Half-bred", reflecting the increased use of refined, Thoroughbred-influenced sires.[2] Following World War II, breeders imported substantial numbers of riding horses from France, as well as some from England, Ireland, Germany and the Netherlands. These horses were the foundation of sport horse breeding in the region. Success in breeding warranted another name change in 1967: the "Royal Belgian Sport Horse Society", better known as "Studbook sBs".[3] Belgian Warmblood 158

External links • Belgian Warmblood Association of North America (BWP-North America) [4] • Studbook [5]

References

[1] http:/ / www. belgianwarmblood. com/ about. htm [2][2]sBs History. "As of 1930 army and transportation are motorised and this reduces the outlets. At the same time the Association changes name and becomes «the Belgian Half-Blood» which will promote the breeding of lighter saddle horses, more elegant, by using sires closer by blood." [3][3]sBs History. "The "Royal Belgian Sports Horse Society", better known since 1991 under the name of «Stud-Book sBs»"

[4] http:/ / www. belgianwarmblood. com/

[5] http:/ / www. zangersheide. com/ en/ Black Forest Horse 159 Black Forest Horse

Black Forest Horse

Black Forest Horses

Distinguishing features Small to medium sized draft horse breed, has a dark coat with flaxen mane and tail.

Alternative names Schwarzwälder Kaltblut; Black Forest cold blood

Country of origin Germany

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Black Forest Horse, also called the Black Forest cold blood or Schwarzwälder Kaltblut, is a rare draft horse breed originating in southern Germany.

Characteristics

Features of the Black Forest Horse include a dark chestnut coat with a flaxen mane and tail, a short head, strong neck, well laid back shoulders, wide croup (hindquarters) and expansive gaits. It stands from 14.2 to 15.3 hands high (148-160 cm) and weighs approximately The Black Forest Horse 500 kg. It has very strong hooves and joints.

Breed history Developed in Germany, today a major center of breeding is the Marbach stud.

Uses Black Forest Horses were originally used for work in the forest and pulling carriages and carts. They are good-natured and gentle and recently have become popular riding horses.

References

Further reading • (German) Black Forest Cold Bloods - History and Stories, Volume I by Thomas Armbruster, Brodauf and Gerhard Schröder, Schillinger-Verlag, 2007 Freiburg, ISBN 978-3-89155-333-6 Black Forest Horse 160

External links

• Herzlich willkommen (http:/ / www. schwarzwaelder-kaltblut. de)

Blazer horse

Blazer Horse

Distinguishing features Refined head, sloped shoulders, short back.

Country of origin United States

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Blazer Horse is a horse breed developed in the 1950s and '60s in northwestern United States. Tracing back to one founding stallion, this breed of horse was bred to meet demands of daily ranch work, while still being gentle. Blazers are known for being versatile at any sport competition and having gentle and intelligent dispositions.

Breed History The Blazer horse traces back to the chestnut stallion Little Blaze, who was foaled in 1959. Little Blaze was bred and owned by F. Neil Hinck, an American horse trainer from Bedford, Wyoming. The descendant of Mormon pioneers and Danish horsemen, Hinck came from a ranch family and had extensive experience with most breeds of the day. [1] He produced the Blazer by combining the American Quarter Horse and the with blood of the Shetland Pony, and Thoroughbred. The Blazer Horse Association was incorporated in 1967 at Star, Idaho. In 2006 it was renamed the American Blazer Horse Association and became a nonprofit, dedicated to the preserving the breed and maintaining its history. The headquarters was moved to Nampa, Idaho the same year. Registered Blazer horses in stud book must pass a veterinary inspection and have at least one parent with documented linage to the stallion Little Blaze.

Breed Characteristics Blazer horses are not smaller than 13 hands nor taller than 15 hands at full maturity, and it is the standard height for the registry. Their colors include black, bay and chestnut, as well as buckskin, palomino and many shades of dun. They have a refined head, bold eyes, extreme sloping of the shoulders, short backs, round croups, long hips, and have thick bone for strength and durability. They must also have a good disposition. The American Blazer Horse Association is one of the few Associations that mandate a gentle disposition as a registerable trait.

References

[1] http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GSln=hinck& GSmid=46588789& GRid=36361619& Boulonnais horse 161 Boulonnais horse

Boulonnais

Young Boulonnais stallion

Distinguishing features Elegant heavy horse, found in many colors

Country of origin France

Common nicknames White Marble Horse

Breed standards

[1] Les Haras Nationaux (French National Stud) Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Boulonnais, also known as the "White Marble Horse", is a draft horse breed. It is known for its large but elegant appearance and is usually gray, although chestnut and black are also allowed by the French breed registry. Originally there were several sub-types, but they were crossbred until only one is seen today. The breed's origins trace to a period before the Crusades and, during the 17th century, Spanish Barb, Arabian, and Andalusian blood were added to create the modern type. During the early 1900s, the Boulonnais were imported in large numbers to the United States and were quite popular in France; however, the European population suffered severe decreases during 20th-century wars. The breed nearly became extinct following World War II, but rebounded in France in the 1970s as a popular breed for horse meat. Breed numbers remain low; it is estimated that fewer than 1,000 horses remain in Europe, mostly in France, with a few in other nations. Studies as early as 1983 indicated a danger of inbreeding within the Boulonnais population, and a 2009 report suggested that the breed should be a priority for conservation within France. The smallest type of Boulonnais was originally used to pull carts full of fresh fish from Boulogne to Paris, while the larger varieties performed heavy draft work, both on farms and in the cities. The Boulonnais was also crossbred to create and refine several other draft breeds. Boulonnais horse 162

Breed characteristics

The Boulonnais today stands from 14.3 to 16.3 hands (59 to 67 inches, 150 to 170 cm) or more. It has a short, elegant head with a broad forehead and a short, muscular neck. Members of the breed have full chests, rounded cages and sloping shoulders. The legs are fairly short but robust and strong. Unlike other draft breeds such as the Shire or Clydesdale, it has no heavy feathering on its lower legs. The breed is generally branded with a small anchor mark on the left side of the neck. Due mostly to the many additions of Oriental blood, the Boulonnais has an elegant appearance that is not often seen in heavy draft breeds and it has been called "Europe's noblest draft horse".[2] The fineness of the skin and delicate appearance of the veins has allowed the horse to be described as looking "like polished marble", leading to its "White Marble Horse" nickname.

In 1778, the French National Stud performed an initial survey of the breed and found that most were black or dark bay. During the 1800s, The characteristic facial profile of the breed gray horses began to appear, and it was the predominating color by the end of the century. Gray became a popular color during this time due to the use of the horses to haul fish at night – gray horses were more visible in the dark, and therefore more valuable. In the later years of the 20th century, breeders again began to prefer darker colors such as bay and chestnut. Today, chestnut, gray and black are the only colors allowed by the French breed registry, with the vast majority of horses being gray – a popular phrase says that the horses have coats "the color of the clouds from the coast".

Sub-types There were originally several types of Boulonnais. The Petit Boulonnais, Mareyeuse or Mareyeur was used in the rapid transport of cartloads of fresh fish (la marée) from the Pas-de-Calais to Paris; it stood 15.1 to 15.3 hands (61 to 63 inches, 155 to 160 cm) and weighed 1,210 to 1,430 pounds (550 to 650 kg). The Picard draft came from the Picardy region,[3] and was called the "horse of the bad land", in comparison to the Cauchoix horse from the Pays de Caux area, which was called the "horse of the good land". The "grand Boulonnais", which stood 15.3 to 16.3 hands (63 to 67 inches, 160 to 170 cm) high and weighed 1,430 to 1,650 pounds (650 to 750 kg), was bred in the 19th century for farm work in the sugar beet fields. All of these types were bred together to create the modern Boulonnais horse.

History

One theory states that the origins of the Boulonnais breed emerged from the crossbreeding of native French mares and stallions brought by the Numidian army in 55–54 BC. However, many equine scholars are skeptical of this theory, and state that, whatever the early origins, the later selective breeding and local climate and soil types had a greater influence on the breed than any early Oriental blood.[4] During the Crusades, two breeders, Eustache, Comte de Boulogne, and later Robert, Comte d'Artois, wanted to create a fast, agile, and strong

warhorse for knights to ride in battle. They crossed the existing heavy Engraving of a Boulonnais, 1861 Boulonnais horse 163

French stallions with German Mecklenberg mares, similar to modern-day Hanoverians. During the 17th-century Spanish occupation of Flanders, a mixture of Spanish Barb, Arabian, and Andalusian blood was added to the breed, to create the modern Boulonnais. By the 17th century, horse dealers were coming into the Boulonnais district from Picardy and Upper Normandy to buy local horses, which enjoyed a good reputation among breeders. From the late 18th through the mid-19th century, the Boulonnais spread across France and Europe; during this time, the breed increased in size as the Industrial Revolution called for larger horses that retained the active movement of the original type.[5] Beginning in the 1830s, it was proposed to cross the Arabian with the Boulonnais to create a new type of cavalry horse, and in the 1860s, calls were put forth to add Thoroughbred blood for the same reason.[6] However, breeders rejected these calls, stating that using the breed to create cavalry horses would make them poorer draft horses.[7] Breed societies also discouraged crosses between the Boulonnais and the Brabant. In June 1886, a studbook was created for the breed in France, and placed under the jurisdiction of the Syndicat Hippique Boulonnais (SHB) in 1902.[] During the early 20th century, the Boulonnais was imported into the United States in large numbers, where it was registered along with other French heavy horse breeds as the "French draft horse". Breed members in the United States were registered with the Anglo-Norman Horse Association (or National Norman Horse Association) beginning in 1876, an association that was renamed the National French Draft Association in 1885. This association declared in 1876 that the Boulonnais, Norman, Percheron and Picardy breeds were all essentially the same, and should all be known as the "Norman horse". They later declared that all of the "Norman horses" were in fact "Percherons", regardless of actual breeding. This was mostly designed to sell mixed breed draft horses to American consumers at higher prices, and the Illinois Board of Agriculture soon ruled that only those Percherons who came from proven Percheron stock were to be registered as such, and all other breeds, including the Boulonnais, were to be considered separately. Boulonnais were exported from France to Austria, although they saw little success there, and breeding stallions were sent to .

20th century and today

The Boulonnais was once a popular workhorse in France, with an estimated population of over 600,000 in the early 1900s. World War I and World War II almost destroyed the breed, as its home area saw heavy combat in both wars and the bands of broodmares were scattered. Between World War II and the 1970s, the breed almost became extinct, and only a few breeders kept it alive. In the 1970s, it became popular for horse meat, and consumers considered it to be some of the best meat available. However, by this point, there were fewer than 1,000 mares remaining. During the mid-20th century, the stallions Fréthun (foaled in 1949), Select (1962), Trésor (1963), Astérix (1966) and Prince (1981) had a strong influence on the breed, although this contributed to the of inbreeding. Fréthun genes are found in 14 percent of the pedigrees of Boulonnais living today. In the early 1970s, Henry Blanc, the newly appointed director of the French National Stud, proposed that nine draft horse breeds, including the Boulonnais, be recategorized from pulling horses to meat horses. When enacted, this recategorization helped to preserve the gene pool of the Boulonnais by encouraging breeding, but it also changed its A modern Boulonnais, shown in-hand, 2011 primary purpose, resulting in a dramatic weight increase by the 1980s.[8] Boulonnais horse 164

The Boulonnais is still bred in small numbers, with the American Boulonnais Horse Association estimating a population of fewer than 1,000 animals remaining in Europe. Many studs are government-funded, to prevent the breed from dying out. The majority of the breed, 95 percent, are located in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Normandy regions and 75 percent in just the Pas-de-Calais department of Nord-Pas-de-Calais alone. Although most Boulonnais are in France, a few are exported. In 1999, fifteen foals were exported to Brazil and one stallion to Argentina. On average, a little over a dozen horses a year are exported, mainly to Brazil and Belgium for breeding and to Germany for forestry work. A few horses live in the Netherlands, Switzerland and Luxembourg, as well as in North America. Since 2006, twenty horses, including two registry-approved breeding stallions, have been exported from France to Denmark to create a stud farm in that country. The French national stud, Haras Nationaux, allows the registration of horses bred using artificial insemination and embryo transfer, but does not allow the registration of cloned horses. It considers the breed to be endangered, along with several other French draft breeds. A 2009 study of French equine genetics proposed that the Boulonnais, along with four other French breeds, should be a conservation priority, with a goal of maintaining maximum genetic variability in France's native horse population. This follows from studies done as early as 1983 that showed inbreeding and a lack of genetic diversity in the breed.

Uses

During the 17th century, the smaller Mareyeuse type was used for transporting fresh fish from Boulogne to Paris, a distance of almost 200 miles, in under 18 hours. This journey is remembered annually in the Route du Poisson race. Only mares pulled small carts full of ice and fish on the relay-style trip. By 1884, the Boulonnais was called the "largest and most valuable of that kind of horse in France". At that time, they were used to move heavy blocks of building stone in Paris, with six to eight horses drawing blocks of several tons. During the 20th century, the larger Boulonnais type was utilized by the French army, and highly regarded for its ability to pull artillery and supply Boulonnais horses at pasture in Le Titre, Somme, France wagons. Falling demand for the breed means that today it is bred mainly for horsemeat. In 2010, 60 percent of Boulonnais horses bred in France were intended for slaughter, and 80 percent of these were exported, mainly to Italy, to be fattened before being sent to slaughterhouses. However, the sector is in crisis due to falling prices, controversy and the importation of cheap meat;[9] despite a resurgence following the Mad Cow scares of the 1990s, the consumption of horse meat has fallen sharply, although the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region remains the largest consumer of horse meat in France.

The Boulonnais provided part of the base for the Anglo-Norman breed, which was later to play a large role in the creation of the Selle Francais. It was also used in the creation and refinement of the ,[10] the post-World War II improvement of the Schleswig horse,[11] and the creation of the early 19th-century Ardennes. Some equine scholars theorize that if the smaller Mareyeur had survived, it would have been an ideal horse to cross with the Thoroughbred or Anglo-Arabian to produce a warmblood for competition. In France, a breeding program has been developed by the National Stud to cross Boulonnais and Arabian horses to create a fast, alert driving horse, called the Araboulonnais. This breeding program also brings new blood into the Boulonnais line as, if an Araboulonnais mare is bred to a Boulonnais stallion, and a resulting filly is bred to another Boulonnais stallion, the third generation horse may be inducted into the purebred Boulonnais studbook if it passes an inspection. Boulonnais horse 165

Notes

[1] http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ information/ accueil-equipaedia/ races-dequides/ chevaux-de-trait/ boulonnais. html [2] Edwards, pp. 264–265. [3] Moll & Gayot, p. 524. [4][4]Mavré, p. 40. [5][5]Mavré, p. 41; [6] ; Moll & Gayot, p. 526. [7] Moll & Gayot, p. 527. [8][8]Mavré, p. 150. [9][9]Collective, p. 111. [10][10]Edwards, p. 258. [11][11]Edwards, p. 275.

References • Collective (2002). Chevaux et poneys (in French). Éditions Artemis. ISBN 978-2-84416-025-6. • Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse (1st American ed.). Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-1-56458-614-8. • Mavré, Marcel (2004). Attelages et attelées : un siècle d'utilisation du cheval de trait (in French). France Agricole Éditions. ISBN 978-2-85557-115-7. • Moll, Louis; Gayot, Eugène Nicolas (1861). La connaissance générale du cheval : études de zootechnie pratique, avec un atlas de 160 pages et de 103 figures (in French). Didot. Brandenburger 166 Brandenburger

Brandenburger

Brandenburger

Country of origin Germany

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Brandenburger is a warmblood horse breed originating in Germany.

Characteristics The Brandenburger is a well-balanced horse with a lively temperament, an easy to get along with character and little tendency to nervousness.

History Horse breeding was first mentioned in documents in the March in the 15th century although at that point, there was not a uniform or standardized breed. The development of the modern Brandenburger sport horse during the mid-20th century was achieved by utilizing Trakehners, Hanoveranians and English Thoroughbreds. The national and state stud of Neustadt/Dosse, which was founded by King Wilhelm II in 1788, had substantial influence on the development of the Brandenburger. Brandenburger 167

Bloodlines, breeding, and prominent sires

Following reunification with the former German Democratic Republic (East Germany), stallions from Hanoverian bloodlines and lines which came via Redefin gained a big influence on the Brandenburg breed. These included inter alia the: •• Detektiv line (via Duell by Duellant, Dollarprinz by Dollart, Dispondeus by Direx), •• Goldschaum xx line (via Gottland by Goldstein), •• Adept line (via Abendwind by Adept, Akzento by Arzano). The stallion Komet who came from Mecklenburg, and who The Brandenburger brand. miraculously escaped the enforced castration that was the rule for unapproved stallions in East Germany at that time, later became a great sire and produced a series of successful showjumping sires such as Kolibri by Kobold and Kogani I by Kobold I. A comprehensive blood rejuvenation has taken place since 1990, through the newly founded breeders' association. Since then, mainly Holsteiners from the Ladykiller xx line and the Cor-de-la-Bryère-SF lines, but also stallions from Oldenburg have gained predominance. In 1999, the breeding stock encompassed 1,927 registered broodmares and 76 sires. The Neustadt/Dosse state stud is the breeding centre. This is where the stallion approval takes place in October every year.

Uses Brandenburgers are to be found in all spheres of riding and driving sports as well as in pleasure riding. Poetin, a Brandenburger mare, was a successful dressage horse and sold for a record amount at auction: 2.5 million Euros.

References

• Brandenburger Horse (http:/ / www. brandenburger-pferd. de/ index. htm) 168 Brazilian Sport Horse

Brazilian Sport Horse

Country of origin Brazil

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Brazilian Sport Horse is a horse bred for the equestrian sports, especially for show jumping, dressage and eventing.

Uses Despite the breed's youth, five Brazilian Sport Horses have competed in the Olympic Games: Aspen, Calei Joter, Cassiana Joter and Adelfos at Atlanta (1996) and Aspen, Calei Joter and Marco Metodo at Sydney (2000). In 2000, Singular Joter II (full brother of Singular Joter, an approved stallion in Germany) took third place at the World Breeding Championships for Young Horses at Lanaken, Belgium, and Bacchus Tok was second place at the American Championship for Young Horses at Monterrey, Mexico. Around 50 Brazilian Sport horses are exported every year to the Americas and many European countries. Breton horse 169 Breton horse

Breton

Breton horse

Country of origin France

Breed standards

[1] Syndicat des Eleveurs de Cheval Breton Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Breton is a breed of draft horse. It was developed in Brittany, a province in northwest France, from native ancestral stock dating back thousands of years. The Breton was created through the crossbreeding of many different European and Oriental breeds. In 1909, a stud book was created, and in 1951 it was officially closed. The breed is often chestnut in color, and is strong and muscular. There are three distinct subtypes of the Breton, each coming from a different area of Brittany. The Corlay Breton is the smallest type, and is generally used for light draft and under saddle work. The Postier Breton is used for harness and light farm work. The Heavy Draft Breton is the largest subtype, and is generally used for the hardest draft work. This horse breed has been used in military, draft and agricultural capacities. It also has been used to improve and create many other draft breeds, and to produce mules.

Characteristics Breton horses are usually about 1.58 metres (15.2 hands) tall, but may range from 1.55 to 1.63 m (15.1 to 16.0 hands), depending on type. They usually have a chestnut coat, often with a flaxen mane and tail, but can also be bay, grey, or red or blue roan. Bretons have a well-proportioned head of medium volume with a straight profile and a strong, short neck well-set into muscular withers. The shoulder is long and sloping, the chest broad and muscular, the back short and wide, and the croup sloping. The legs are well-feathered, short but powerful, with broad joints and well-formed hooves. Breton horse 170

Subcategories There are several subtypes of the Breton breed. Two, the Trait Breton and the Postier Breton, are officially recognised,[] while others such as the Corlais or Cheval de Corlay and the Centre-montagne or Central Mountain Breton are not. Older types that have disappeared include the Grand Breton and the Bidet Breton or Bidet d'Allure. The Corlay Breton is derived from crossbreeding native stock with the Arabian and Thoroughbred, and is considered the real descendant of the original Breton. It has the same general features as the draft type but is smaller with a more dished face. It was used mainly for light draft work that required speed and under saddle, and its numbers have been decreasing in recent years. The type is also known as the Cheval de Corlay, and is now extremely rare. It was also used in local races Postier Bretons at pasture because of its speed, which it inherited from its Arabian and Thoroughbred ancestors.

Postier Bretons were developed as a result of crossbreeding with the Norfolk Trotter and the Hackney during the 19th century. This type is bred mainly in central Brittany, has a very attractive gait, is a good coach horse, and capable of light farming work. Its name originates from its use in pulling mail coaches. The Postier was used extensively by the French Horse Artillery, and it has been described as a lighter version of the Suffolk Punch draft breed from Great Britain. The Heavy Draft Breton is derived from an infusion of Ardennes and Percheron blood. It is very strong relative to its size and has short but muscular legs. It is bred in the northern coastal area of Brittany, in Merléac. This type has absorbed another, older type, called the Grand Breton, a heavier horse that was used to improve many other draft breeds. The Centre-montagne or Central Mountain Breton is a smaller draft type.

Breed history Bretons were originally bred for great strength and durability. Horses have been present in the Breton mountains for thousands of years, but nobody knows how they first arrived.[] One theory is that they were brought to Europe during the Aryan migration from Asia over 4,000 years ago, while another school of thought has them descending from horses bred by Celtic warriors before their conquest of Great Britain.[2] The original ancestors of the Breton were a population of horses that that lived in the Breton mountains, possibly descended from steppe horses ridden by Celts. During the Crusades, these mountain horses were crossed with oriental horses to create a type known as the Bidet Breton. In the Middle Ages, the ancestral Breton horse was sought by military leaders, partly because of its comfortable gait, which was said to be partway between a brisk trot and an amble. Due to its gaits and the fact that it only stood about 1.40 m (13.3 hands) high, it was nicknamed the Bidet d'Allure or Bidet Breton. Horses of other

bloodlines brought back to Europe during the Crusades had a strong Postier Bretons at rest in pasture influence on the Breton, and two types subsequently developed.[14] The Sommier was the common, heavier type, used mainly as a pack horse and for farm and draft work. From the Sommier, the Roussin was developed, was used mainly in wars and on long journeys. The Roussin's natural ambling gait made it popular as a lighter riding horse.

The breed retained its mountain roots with its main stud, the National Provincial Stud, being located in the mountain country of Langonnet. It was at this time that Arabian and Thoroughbred blood was added to the breed, creating the Corlay subtype. From the Middle Ages until the early 1900s, the Breton was crossed with various horses, both native Breton horse 171

and foreign, including the Boulonnais, Percheron and Ardennes breeds. In the 19th century it was crossbred with the Norfolk Trotter, which resulted in a lighter weight type of Breton, the Postier subtype. Today, the Breton breed is controlled by the Syndicat des Éleveurs de Cheval Breton, an organization dating its studbook to 1909 when it was created, with separate books for the Heavy Draft and Postier types. In 1912, the books were combined but separate sections were used for each type, and in 1926 the sections were combined so that all types of Bretons are now registered together. Postier Bretons must be of documented Posteir bloodstock and pass in-harness performance tests. In 1920, the decision was made to permit no new outside blood into the studbook, and in 1951 the studbook was officially closed to outside horses. Breton horses are only eligible to be registered if they were foaled in the present-day region of Brittany or in the Loire-Atlantique department, formerly part of Brittany. Registered foals are branded with a "cross surmounting a splayed, upturned V" on the left side of the neck. Despite the registration restrictions, breeding of the Breton horse has spread across France, and around the world. Today in France, the Breton is bred mainly at studs in Lamballe, Hennebont, and parts of La Roche-sur-Yon.

Crossbreeding

For a time, there was a trend to increase the size of draft horse breeds to gain more power and bulk through crossbreeding. However, due to its endurance and gaits, the Breton was an exception. Crossbreeding was shown to reduce the breed's unique qualities, and so in the 1930s, infusions of other blood were abandoned, and this decision led to the preservation of the breed's purity.

Therefore, rather than being subject to crossbreeding itself, the Breton has instead been used to improve many other breeds. Buyers come to

France from all over the world to buy Bretons for use in improving In harness their native draft horses. The Breton had a significant influence on the Canadian Horse, after members of the breed were sent to New France (Canada) during the 17th century. They have also been used to create the Swiss , as well as other heavy draft breeds. Bretons were used in India to produce mules, and at the Saharanpur breeding farm were crossed with the Anglo-Arabian stallion Mystère to produce carriage horses. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Italian farmers attempted to use the Brabant to improve local stock, but the offspring proved to be too heavy and slow for the lighter, more general draft work required. In the 1930s, the Hispano-Bretón breed was developed in Spain by crossing imported Breton stallions with local mares. Today, the breed population is small, but has been noted by researchers for its rich genetic diversity. After World War II, a Breton stallion was used to improve the Schleswig breed of Germany.

Uses The Breton is used in many capacities, due to the various sub-types of the breed. Smaller types can be used under saddle and for fast, light draft work, while larger types are ideal for heavy draft and agricultural work. They are also commonly used to improve other breeds through crossbreeding. Today, the breed is used as a draft horse on small farms, and is also used to gather seaweed. It is also bred for meat production; horse meat is a dietary staple in many European countries, including France, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland. Breton horse 172

References

[1] http:/ / www. cheval-breton. fr/ trait-postier/ standard-cheval-breton. html

[2] "Breton" (http:/ / www. ansi. okstate. edu/ breeds/ horses/ breton). Oklahoma State University. Referenced January 6, 2008.

External links

• Site officiel du Syndicat des Éleveurs de Chevaux Bretons (http:/ / www. cheval-breton. fr)

• Le règlement français du Stud-Book de la race (http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ fileadmin/ bibliotheque/

Reglementation/ Stud-books/ Chevaux_de_trait/ Reglement_Breton-26-05-2011. pdf)

• Le Trait Breton (http:/ / www. haraspatrimoine. com/ content/ view/ 4/ 3/ ) sur le site du Haras de Lamballe Brumby 173 Brumby

Brumby

Brumbies near the Sandover Highway in the , 2006

Country of origin Australia

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

A Brumby is a free-roaming feral horse in Australia. Although found in many areas around the country, the best-known are found in the region in south-eastern Australia. Today, most of them are found in the Northern Territory, with the second largest population in Queensland. A group of Brumbies is known as a "mob" or "band". Brumbies are the descendants of escaped or lost horses, dating back in some cases to those belonging to the early European settlers, including the "Capers" from South Africa, Timor Ponies from Indonesia, British pony and draught horse breeds, and a significant number of Thoroughbreds and Arabians. Today they live in many places, including some National Parks. Occasionally they are mustered and domesticated for use as campdrafters, working stock horses on farms or stations, but also as trail horses, show horses, Pony Club mounts and pleasure horses.[1] They are the subject of some controversy—regarded as a pest and threat to native by environmentalists and the government, but also valued by others as part of Australia's heritage, with supporters working to prevent inhumane treatment or extermination, and rehoming Brumbies who have been captured.

History

Origin of the term The term brumby refers to a feral horse in Australia. Its first recorded use in print is in the Australasian magazine from Melbourne in 1880, which said that brumbies were the bush name in Queensland for 'wild' horses. In 1885, the Once a Month magazine suggested that brumbies was a term, and the poet stated in the introduction for his poem Brumby's Run published in the Bulletin in 1894 that Brumby was the word for free-roaming horses. Its derivation is obscure, and may have come about from one or more of the following possibilities: 1. Horses left behind by Sergeant James Brumby from his property at Mulgrave Place in New South Wales, when he left for Tasmania in 1804.[2] 2. An Aboriginal word baroomby meaning "wild" in the language of the Pitjara on the Warrego and Nogoa Rivers in southern Queensland.[3] Brumby 174

3. A letter in 1896 to the Sydney Morning Herald says that baroombie is the word for horse among the Aboriginal people of the Balonne, Nebine, Warrego and Bulloo Rivers. 4. Baramba, which was the name of a creek and station in the Queensland district of Burnett, established in the 1840s and later abandoned, leaving many of the horses to escape into the wild. 5. It has also been suggested that the name derives from the Irish word bromach or bromaigh.

Early horse imports Horses first arrived in Australia in 1788 with the . They were imported for farm and utility work; recreational riding and racing were not major activities. By 1800, only about 200 horses are thought to have reached Australia. Horse racing became popular around 1810, resulting in an influx of Thoroughbred imports, mostly from England. Roughly 3,500 horses were living in Australia by 1820, and this number had grown to 160,000 by 1850, largely due to natural increase.[4] The long journey by sea from England, Europe, and Asia meant that only the strongest horses survived the trip, making for a particularly healthy and strong Australian stock, which aided in their ability to flourish.[5]

Origin of feral herds

Horses were likely confined primarily to the Sydney region until the early 19th century, when settlers first crossed the Blue Mountains and opened expansion inland. Horses were required for travel, and for cattle and sheep droving as the pastoral industry grew. The first report of an escaped horse is in 1804, and by the 1840s some horses had escaped from settled regions of Australia. It is likely that some escaped because fences were not properly installed, when fences existed at all,[] but it is believed that most Australian horses became feral because they were released into the wild and left to fend for themselves.[6] This may A Brumby that was caught in the Apsley River Gorge. have been the result of pastoralists abandoning their settlements, and thus their horses, due to the arid conditions and unfamiliar land that combined to make farming in Australia especially difficult. After World War I, the demand for horses by defence forces declined with the growth in mechanization, which led to a growth in the number of unwanted animals that were often set free. Throughout the 20th century, the replacement of horses with machines in farming led to further falls in demand, and therefore may have also contributed to increases in feral populations.[7]

Currently, Australia has at least 400,000 horses roaming the continent.[8] It is also estimated that, during non-drought periods, the feral horse population increases at a rate of 20 percent per year.[9] Drought conditions and brushfires are natural threats. Despite population numbers, feral horses are generally considered to be a moderate pest.[10] Where they are allowed to damage vegetation and cause erosion, the impact on the environment can be detrimental, and for that reason can be considered a serious environmental threat. However, because they also have cultural and potential economic value, the management of Brumbies presents a complex issue. Brumbies roaming in the Australian Alps of south-eastern Australia are thought to be descendants of horses which were owned by the pastoralist and pioneer, Benjamin Boyd.[] Brumby 175

Pangaré Brumbies On the coast south of , Western Australia the Brumbies there are known as ‘Pangare Ponies’, as they appear to carry the rare Pangaré gene. This colouring is commonly known as mealy and is seen mainly in a number of old breeds such as British Ponies, Timor Ponies, and even Belgian Draught Horses. The gene causes lightening in parts of a horse’s coat, resulting in a mealy coloured muzzle, forearms, flanks, and the belly. It is sometimes seen in chestnut horses with flaxen coloured manes and tails.[11] The Pangaré Brumbies appear have adapted well to their coastal environment, where they are consuming saltbush, which they do not appear to be damaging. The Department of Environment and Conservation and the Outback Heritage Horse Association of Western Australia (OHHAWA) are monitoring these particular Brumbies to ensure the careful management of these unusual feral horses.[12]

Uses

Brumbies have been captured, fitted with GPS tracking collars, and used in extensive comparative research into the effect of terrain on the morphology and health of different horses’ hooves. They have their paths of movement, diet, watering patterns, and mob structure tracked and recorded.[13] [14] Captured Brumbies can be trained as stock horses and other saddle horses. Encouraging viewing of feral herds may also have potential as a tourist . Brumbies are sometimes sold into the European horse meat market after their capture, and contribute millions of dollars

to the Australian economy. Approximately 30% of horses for meat This Brumby was used as a safe and reliable export originates from the feral population. The hides and hair of these mount for a rider who was in her 70s. horses are also used and sold.

Wild Brumbies are used in Brumby training camps by organisations that promote positive interaction between troubled, high-risk youths. These camps usually last several weeks, allowing youths to train a wild Brumby to become a quiet, willing saddle horse while improving the youths’ self-esteem.[15] Wild Brumbies are also used in the Brumby catch and handle event in stockman’s challenge competitions, where riders are required to catch a free running Brumby from their horse within a time limit of a few minutes. Sectional points are awarded for the stockman’s challenge for care and skill in catching the Brumby and their ability to teach them to lead. These demanding challenges for riders are held in New South Wales at Dalgety, Tamworth and Murrurundi[16] plus The Man From Snowy River Challenge in , Victoria.[17] Several New South Wales show societies, including Walcha, Bellingen and Dorrigo hold special classes for registered Brumbies at their annual agricultural shows.[18] Brumby 176

Environmental impact

Horses were first described as pests in Australia in the 1860s.[19] Their environmental impact may include soil loss, compaction, and erosion; trampling of vegetation; reduction in the vastness of plants; increased tree deaths by chewing on bark; damage to bog habitats and waterholes; spreading of invasive weeds; and various detrimental effects on population of native species. In some cases, when feral horses are startled, they may damage infrastructure, including troughs, pipes, and fences. However, Brumbies are also credited for help Brumbies grazing on near Dead keeping tracks and trails clear for bush walkers and service vehicles in Horse Gap some areas.[20]

In some habitats, hooves of free-roaming horses compact the soil, and when the soil is compacted, air spaces are minimized, leaving nowhere for water to collect.[21] When this occurs, soil in areas where horses are prevalent has a water penetration resistance over 15 times higher than that in areas without horses.[22] Trampling also causes soil erosion and damages vegetation, and because the soil cannot hold water, plant regrowth is hindered. Horse trampling also has the potential to damage waterways and bog habitats. Trampling near streams increases runoff, reducing the quality of the water and causing harm to the of the waterway.[23] Horse excrement tends to foul these waterways, as The distribution of Brumbies in Australia does the accumulation of carcasses that result when feral horses perish, adding to the negative environmental impact of this exotic species in Australia.

Alpine areas, such as those of , are at particular risk; low-growing alpine flora is highly vulnerable to trampling, and the short summers mean little time for plants to grow and recover from damage. The biodiversity there is high, with 853 species of plant, 21 of which are found nowhere else. Erosion in the limestone karst areas leads to runoff and silting. Sphagnum moss is an important component of highland bogs, and is trampled by horses seeking water.[24] Feral horses may also reduce the richness of plant species. Exposure of soil caused by trampling and vegetation removal via grazing, combined with increased nutrients being recycled by horse dung, favour weed species, which then invade the region and overtake native species, diminishing their diversity. The dispersal of weeds is aided by the attachment of seeds to the horses’ manes and tails, and are also transferred via horse dung after consumption of weeds in one location and excrement in another. Although the effects of the weeds that actually germinate after transfer via dung is debated, the fact that a large number of weed species are dispersed via this method is of concern to those interested in the survival of native plant species in Australia. The effect on plants and plant habitats are more pronounced during droughts, when horses travel greater distances to find food and water. They consume the already threatened and limited vegetation, and their negative influences are more widespread. Feral horses may also chew the bark of trees, which may leave some trees vulnerable to external threats. This has occurred during drought, among species on the Red Range plateau.[25] It appears as though feral horses may prefer these species. Brumby 177

Interaction with other animal species The changes in vegetation that result when feral horses overpopulate a region affects bird species by removing plants upon which they feed, as well as altering the habitat of the birds and their prey. Feral horse grazing is also linked to a decline in reptiles and amphibians due to habitat loss. In addition, the grazing and trampling near waterways influences aquatic fauna. In areas frequented by horses, crab densities are higher, increasing the propensity for predation on fish. As a result, fish densities decline as the removal of vegetation renders them more susceptible to predation. In areas where horses are abundant, macropod populations are less prevalent. This is most likely due to the horses’ consumption of vegetation upon which the macropods normally feed. When horses are removed, signs of the presence of various macropods, specifically the black-footed rock wallaby, increase. Thus, competition with horses may be the reason for the decline in macropod populations in certain areas.[26] Brumby populations also may have the potential to pass exotic diseases, such as equine influenza and African horse sickness to domestic horses.[27] They also may carry tick fever, which can be passed to both horses and cattle. This can lead to high fatalities among domestic populations, causing many farmers to call for the management of feral horses. Like all livestock, brumbies can carry the parasite Cryptosporidium parvum, which can result in serious gastroenteritis in people drinking contaminated drinking water.[28]

Population management

Although poor management of feral horses may pose an ecological and environmental threat in some parts of Australia, their management is made difficult by issues of feasibility and public concern. Currently, management attempts vary, as feral horses are considered pests in some states, such as South Australia, but not others, including Queensland. There is also controversy over removal of Brumbies from National Parks. The primary argument in favour of the removal of Brumbies is that they impact on fragile ecosystems and damage and destroy endangered native flora and fauna. Brumbies,

Public concern is a major issue in control efforts [29] as many advocate for the protection of Brumbies, including the Aboriginal people, who believe feral horses belong to the country. Other horse interest groups resent the labelling of horses as “feral” and are completely opposed to any measures that threaten their survival. While some groups such as the RSPCA reluctantly accept culling, other organizations such as Save the Brumbies oppose lethal culling techniques and attempt to organise relocation of the animals instead.[30] It has been argued that relocation, which often involves hours of helicopter mustering, would be more traumatic for the horses.

Meanwhile, conservationist groups, such as the Australian Conservation Foundation, favour humane culling as a means of control because of the damage Brumby overpopulation can cause to native flora and fauna, but are also generally opposed to various means of extermination.[31] This makes management a challenge for policymakers, though at present, the cost of allowing overpopulation of feral horses seems to outweigh other concerns.[citation needed] Brumby 178

Population control methods

The traditional method of removal, called brumby running, is reminiscent of Banjo Paterson's iconic poem, The Man from Snowy River where expert riders rope the Brumbies and remove them to a new location.[32] Options for population control include fertility control, ground and helicopter shooting, and mustering and trapping. None of the methods provide complete freedom from suffering for the horses, and the cost of each is very high. The costs include those that are economic, such as research, equipment purchases, and labour expenditures, as well as Brumbies awaiting their sale and new homes. moral concerns over the welfare of the horses. As a result, more effective and efficient means of control have been called for. Fertility control is a non-lethal method of population management that is usually viewed as the most humane treatment,[33] and its use is supported by the RSPCA. While it appears as though these treatments are effective in the breeding season immediately following injection, the lasting effects are debated. Because it is costly and difficult to treat animals repeatedly, this method, despite being ideal, is not widely implemented. Shooting by trained marksmen is considered to be the most practical method of control due to its effectiveness. The NSW Department of Primary Industries believe shooting is the preferred method of population control as it does not subject the horses to the stresses of mustering, yarding, and long-distance transportation, all of which are related to 'capture and removal' methods. Horses that are only initially wounded from shooting are tracked and dispatched if they are in accessible, open country. However, shooting of horses in mountain ranges is not regarded as a humane means of control.[34] Helicopter shootings allow for aerial reconnaissance of a large area to target the densest populations, and shooters may get close enough to the target animals to ensure termination. This method is considered the most effective and cost efficient means of control, but disapproval is high amongst those that believe it is inhumane. Organizations supporting Brumbies argue that aerial shooting is unnecessary and that alternative population control methods have not been given adequate trials, while government officials express concern about the need to control rapidly growing populations in order to avoid ecological problems associated with too many feral horses in certain areas.[35] Mustering is a labour-intensive process that results in one of two major outcomes: slaughter for sale, or relocation. It may be assisted by feed-luring in which bales of hay are strategically placed to attract feral horses to a location where capture is feasible. Complicating this process is low demand for the captured horses, making it less desirable than fertility control or shooting, which reduce the population without having to find alternative locations for them.

Management in national parks

Between 22 October and 24 October 2000, approximately 600 Brumbies were shot in the Guy Fawkes River National Park by the National Parks and Service. As a result of the public outcry that followed the NSW Government established a Steering Committee to investigate alternative methods of control.[36] Since the campaign began to remove horses from the national park, over 400 have been passively trapped and taken from the Park, and 200 of these have been re-homed. Brumbies on the Chandler River, Oxley Wild Rivers A NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service cull during 2006 and National Park. 2007 in Kosciuszko National Park, where there were an estimated 1700 horses in 2005,[37] resulted in a reduction of 64 horses.[38] Brumby 179

The NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service commenced a plan in 2007 to reduce Brumby numbers by passive trapping in the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park. Over 60 brumbies captured in the Apsley River Gorge have now been re-homed. In 2008 the third phase of an aerial culling of Brumbies took place, by shooting 700 horses from a helicopter, in Carnarvon Gorge in , Queensland.[39]

In literature and media Brumbies, called "wild bush horses," are mentioned in Banjo Paterson's poem The Man from Snowy River.[40] This poem was expanded into the films The Man from Snowy River and The Man from Snowy River II — (US title: "Return to Snowy River" — UK title: "The Untamed") — also The Man from Snowy River (TV series) and The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular. Another Banjo Paterson poem, called Brumby's Run, describes a mob of brumbies running wild. Paterson was inspired to write the poem when he read of a N.S.W. Supreme Court Judge, who on hearing of Brumby horses, asked: "Who is Brumby, and where is his Run?" The popular Silver Brumby books by were written for children and young adults. The stories describe the adventures of Thowra, a Brumby stallion.[41] These stories were dramatised and made into a movie of the same name (also known as The Silver Stallion: King of the Wild Brumbies), starring Russell Crowe and Caroline Goodall.[42] The brumby was adopted as an emblem in 1996 by then newly formed ACT Brumbies, a team based in , Australia competing in what was then known as Super 14, now .

References

[1] Dobbie, W. R., Berman, D. M., & Braysher, M. L. (1993). Managing Vertebrate Pests: Feral horses. Canberra: Australia Government Publishing Service.

[2] ADB: Brumby, James (http:/ / adbonline. anu. edu. au/ biogs/ A010154b. htm) Retrieved 2009-12-16

[3] The History of theGuy Fawkes River Australian Brumbies and the Brumbies of the Northern Tablelands (http:/ / www. environment. nsw.

gov. au/ resources/ parks/ guyFawkesHorsesV2App1. pdf) Retrieved 2009-12-23 [4] Dobbie, W. R., Berman, D. M., & Braysher, M. L. (1993) "Managing vertebrate pests: Feral horses." Canberra: Australia Government Publishing Service [5][5]McKnight, T. (1976) "Friendly vermin- Survey of feral livestock in Australia." Berkeley: University of California Press [6] Berger, J. (1986) Wild horses of the . Sydney: University of Chicago Press. [7][7]Nimmo, Dale Graeme; Miller, Kelly K. (2007) Ecological and human dimensions of management of feral horses in Australia: A review. Wildlife Research, 34, 408-17. [8] Dawson, M. J., Lane, C. & Saunders, G. (2006) Proceedings of the National Feral Workshop, Retrieved 9 May 2008 from

http:/ / www. invasiveanimals. com/ downloads/ FeralHorse_web. pdf [9] Eberhardt, L. L.; Majorowicz, A. K.; Wilcox, J. A.(1982). "Apparent rates of increase for two feral horse herds." Journal of Wildlife Management, 46, 367-374. [10] Bomford, M., & Hart, Q. (2002). "Non-indigenous vertebrates in Australia." In Biological invasions: Economic and environmental costs of alien plant, animal, and microbe species. David Pimental (Ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.

[11] Hoofbeats: Pangare Ponies (http:/ / www. hoofbeats. com. au/ greenhorse/ greenhorse. html) Retrieved 2009-12-16

[12] Wild horses of WA: The Pangare Ponies (http:/ / ohhawa. wildhorses-wa. com/ horsenews_stories12. htm) Retrieved 2009-12-16

[13] Equine Veterinarians: Wild Horses Give Us Their Secrets (http:/ / avacms. eseries. hengesystems. com. au/ AM/ Template. cfm?Section=Brumby_Research_Lecture_09) Retrieved 2009-12-16

[14] University of Queensland: Australian Brumby Research Unit (http:/ / www. wildhorseresearch. com/ ) Retrieved 2011-08-15

[15] Brumby camps (http:/ / www. kalandanfoundation. com. au/ brumby_camps. php) Retrieved 2011-11-06

[16] Snowy River Festival at Dalgety (http:/ / www. snowyriverfestival. com/ Snowy-River-Stockman-s-Challenge. html) Retrieved 200-12-16

[17] The Man from Snowy River Bush Festival (http:/ / www. manfromsnowyriverbushfestival. com. au/ ) Retrieved 200-12-16 [18][18]The Land Magazine, p. 3, 19 June 2008, Rural Press, North Richmond, NSW

[19] Pest Animal Control CRC. Feral horse. (Equus caballus) (http:/ / www. feral. org. au/ pest-species/ horse/ ) Retrieved 2011-11-06. [20][20]Walcha News, p.6, 17 July 2008, Rural Press Brumby 180

[21] Dyring, J. (1990). The impact of feral horses. (Equus caballus) on sub-alpine and montane environments. Canberra: University of Canberra Press. [22] Beever, E. A., and Herrick, J. E. (2006) Effects of feral horses in Great Basin landscapes on soils and ants: direct and indirect mechanisms. Journal of Arid Environments, 66, 96–112. [23] Rogers, G. M. (1991) Kaimanawa feral horses and their environmental impacts. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 15, 49–64, New Zealand Ecological Society, Inc. [24][24]Kosciuszko National Park Horse Management Plan, pp. 12-13

[25] Bark Chewing on Red Range plateau, GFRNP: http:/ / www. ecoman. une. edu. au/ staff/ kvernes/ Ashton. pdf [26][26]Matthews, D., Bryan, R., and Edwards, G. (2001) Recovery of the black-footed rock-wallaby following horse removal on Finke Gorge National Park, Northern Territory. In Nimmo (2007)

[27] Burke's Backyard: Horse Culling (http:/ / www. burkesbackyard. com. au/ factsheets/ Conservation-and-the-Environment/ Horse-Culling/ 1157) Retrieved 2009-12-1-23 [28][28]Environment ACT 2007, Namadgi National Park Feral Horse Management Plan [29] Nimmo, D. G., Miller, K., & Adams, R. (2007). Managing feral horses in Victoria: A study of community attitudes and perceptions. Ecological Management & Restoration 8 (3) , 237–243

[30] Houghton, Des. "The Killing Fields" The Courier Mail, 9 November 2007. Accessed online 20 December 2010 (http:/ / www. couriermail.

com. au/ news/ opinion/ the-killing-fields/ story-e6frereo-1111114841138) [31][31]Senate Select Committee on Animal Welfare. (1991). Culling of large feral animals in the Northern Territory. Canberra: Senate Printing Unit.

[32] ABC News: Brumby removal plan sparks community debate (http:/ / www. abc. net. au/ news/ stories/ 2007/ 11/ 15/ 2092229. htm) Retrieved 2009-12-16 [33] Killian, G. L. A., Miller, N. K., Diehl, J., Rhyan, J., and Thain, D. (2004) "Evaluation of three contraceptive approaches for population control of wild horses." Proceedings of the 21st Vertebrate Pest Conference, 21, 263–268. In Nimmo (2007)

[34] The Australian Veterinary Association (AVA) spoke out about the Guy Fawkes River National Park brumby cull: http:/ / www.

brumbywatchaustralia. com/ GFRNP-AVA_speaks. htm

[35] Houghton, Des. "Outrage Over Brumbie Hit Squad. Courier Mail,30 April 2010. Accessed 20 December 2010 (http:/ / www. couriermail.

com. au/ news/ opinion/ outrage-over-brumbie-hit-squad/ story-e6frereo-1225860792702)

[36] Save the Brumbies (http:/ / www. savethebrumbies. org/ ) [37][37]Kosciuszko National Park Horse Management Plan, p. 1 [38][38]Kosciuszko National Park Horse Management Plan, p. 17

[39] ABC News: Cull cuts Carnarvon Gorge brumby numbers (http:/ / www. abc. net. au/ news/ stories/ 2008/ 08/ 26/ 2346230. htm) Retrieved 2009-12-19

[40] "Man from Snowy River" poem by Banjo Peterson (http:/ / www. middlemiss. org/ lit/ authors/ patersonab/ poetry/ snowy. html)

[41] Amazon.com listing, containing a review from School Library Journal (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0006754708)

[42] iMDB on The Silver Brumby (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0108137/ ) Cited text

• Kosciuszko National Park Horse Management Plan (http:/ / www. environment. nsw. gov. au/ resources/ nature/

KNPHorseManagementPlanFinal08. pdf). NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment and Climate Change, NSW Government. December 2008. ISBN 978-1-74122-831-1. Retrieved 11 January 2010.

External links

• Australian Brumby Alliance (http:/ / australianbrumbyalliance. org. au/ )

• Brumby Watch (http:/ / www. brumbywatchaustralia. com/ old_index. htm)

• Heritage Horse (http:/ / www. guyfawkesheritagehorse. com/ )

• National Parks Wild Horse Control (http:/ / www. parliament. nsw. gov. au/ prod/ PARLMENT/ hansArt. nsf/

V3Key/ LA20020626034)

• Okstate: Australian Brumby (http:/ / www. ansi. okstate. edu/ breeds/ horses/ australianbrumby/ )

• Save The Brumbies Inc (http:/ / www. savethebrumbies. org/ ) Budyonny horse 181 Budyonny horse

Budyonny

Young Budyonny stallions in Russia

Alternative names Budenny Budjonny Budonny Budennovsky

Country of origin Southern Russia

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Budyonny is a breed of horse from Russia. They were developed for use as a military horse following the Russian Revolution and are currently used as an all-purpose competition horse and for driving.

Breed Characteristics

Conformation Budonny stallions stand on average 165 cm (16.1 h; 65 in), mares 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm). The coat is generally chestnut with a golden sheen, although they may also be bay, gray or black. They have a well-proportioned head with a straight profile, a long neck, pronounced withers, sloping shoulders, a wide, deep chest, a long, straight back, and a slightly sloping croup. Their legs are long and strong with good joints and well-formed hooves. The modern horse has a strong build, good bone, and are quite similar to the Thoroughbred. Conformation problems include occasional offset cannon bones in the forelegs and overly straight hind legs.

Sub-categories In the beginning, “Massive,” “Eastern,” and “Middle” types of the breed were recognized. •• The Massive type was large and somewhat rough. They were sturdy, with a well-developed bone structure, and those with an oriental typiness were especially prized. Their robust constitution made them specially suitable for herd keeping. They were used mainly for carriage driving. •• The Oriental type was lighter and more elegant. Generally chestnut with a gold sheen or bay, they were more demanding in the feed and management conditions they required. •• The Medium type was fairly large and well-muscled, but also rangy and athletic. They were faster than the other two types, and looked more like the Thoroughbred type. Budyonny horse 182

Later, demand for competition horses led to the creation of a single type with a larger proportion of Thoroughbred blood. This breed is of interest because it is the result of the complex state-sponsored cross-breeding programs that were implemented after the Russian Revolution and are still in place today. The Budyonny is bred today in the and in the Kazakh and Kirghiz republics in the southern part of the former USSR.

History The Budyonny was named after Marshall Semyon Budyonny, a Bolshevik cavalry commander who became famous during the Russian Revolution. The breed was created by Budyonny, a well-known horse breeder himself, in the early 1920s in the Rostov region of Russia with the intent of producing cavalry horses to replace those lost during and after World War I. The resulting horses were used in Russian cavalry divisions during World War II and after. Budyonnys were bred from a cross of local Don and Chernomor mares and Thoroughbred stallions. The Chernomor (also known as the Tchernomor or the Cherkassky) is a type of horse similar to the Don, although smaller. They are descendents of the horses raised by Zaporozhian Cossacks, and were first bred around Krasnodar, north of the Caucasus Mountains. During the first round of breeding for the Budyonny horse, blood from Kirghiz and Kazakh horses was also used, but the progeny was found to be not as hardy or conformationally sound, and later the Budyonny was used to improve these two breeds. The first Budyonny horses were known as Anglo-Dons, and the best were inter-bred, with the foundation stock for the Budyonny selected from their offspring. The foundation stock consisted of 657 mares of Anglo-Don, Anglo-Chernomor, and Anglo-Don/Chernomor crosses. These mares were crossed with Anglo-Don and Thoroughbred stallions. The broodmares were given the best of care with feed and management. The young stock, when between two and four years old, were tested for performance on the racecourse and in cavalry equitation courses. In 1949 the breed was officially recognized. In the 1950s an experiment was performed to gauge the ability of the Budyonny breed to adapt to harsh conditions without human help. A number of horses were turned loose on a large island in Manych Lake in the Rostov district. The horses have since survived and thrived, proving that they are capable of living in the wild for extended periods without human assistance.

Uses The Budyonny is used as an all-round competition horse, competing in dressage, steeplechasing, three-day eventing, and endurance. The breed is fast, agile, and enduring, which allows them to be used for many different events. They are also used as light carriage horses.

References

External links

• Equiworld (http:/ / www. equiworld. org/ breeds/ budenny/ index. htm)

• International Museum of the Horse - Budenny (http:/ / www. imh. org/ museum/ breeds. php?pageid=8&

breed=18& alpha=One) Burguete horse 183 Burguete horse

Burguete horse

Burguete horses

Alternative names Basque: Aurizko zaldia, Spanish: Caballo Burguete, Caballo de Raza Burguete

Country of origin Spain

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Burguete horse (Spanish: Caballo Burguete or Caballo de Raza Burguete, Basque: 'Aurizko zaldia) is a breed of horse from the Navarre region of northern Spain. It is listed in the Catálogo Oficial de Razas de Ganado de España in the group of autochthonous breeds in danger of extinction.

Name The name, both in Basque and in Spanish, is derived from the town of Auritz/Burguete.

References Byelorussian Harness (horse) 184 Byelorussian Harness (horse)

Byelorussian Harness

Country of origin Belarus

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

Byelorussian Harness is a harness horse bred for heavy work in the Belarusian agriculture. It is also kept for its milk and meat.

References Calabrese horse 185 Calabrese horse

Calabrese

Country of origin Italy

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Calabrese is a breed of horse originating from Italy, generally used for riding. They were developed from horses bred in Italy before the founding of Rome, and the breed has continued to be developed to the present day through infusions of Arabian, Andalusian and Thoroughbred blood.

Characteristics The Calabrese generally stands 16 to 16.2 hands high, and can be bay, brown, black, gray or chestnut. They have a refined head with a straight or slightly convex profile, a well-shaped, muscular neck, prominent withers, long, sloping shoulders, and a broad, deep chest. The back is straight and the croup muscular and sloping. The legs are muscular with strong tendons and well-formed hooves. The breed is used as a general purpose riding horse. They are generally active and energetic, while still manageable in temperament.

History The Calabrese takes its name from the Calabria region of southern Italy, where it was developed. The breed has a long history, being a descendant of horses bred in Italy prior to the founding of Rome. However, the current characteristics started to evolve during the Bourbon period through the crossing of Arabian blood with Andalusian stock.[] From the Middle Ages to the early 18th century, there was a decline in the breed as interest focused on the breeding of mules considered better able to cope with the terrain and workload. The mid-18th century to the mid-1880s saw a revival in the breed with the introductions of new Arabian and Andalusian blood. However, in 1874 the breed was again set back when many of the breeding studs were closed by a decree and much of the breeding stock split up. In the 20th century, the breeding of the Calabrese began again and there was the introduction of Thoroughbred, Arabian, Andalusian and Hackney blood. The Thoroughbred blood was used to improve performance and increase the breed's stature, while Arabian blood is still continuing to be added to ensure the breed keeps its refinement and uniquely oriental characteristics.[14]

References 186 Camargue horse

Camargue

Camargue horse

Distinguishing features Grey horse breed native to Camargue area, traditionally used for cattle work

Country of origin France

Breed standards

[1] British Camargue Horse Society Breed standards

[2] Les Haras Nationaux (France) Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Camargue horse is an ancient breed of horse indigenous to the Camargue area in southern France. Its origins remain relatively unknown, although it is generally considered one of the oldest breeds of horses in the world. For centuries, possibly thousands of years, these small horses have lived wild in the harsh environment of the Camargue marshes and wetlands of the Rhône delta, which covers part of the départements of Gard and Bouches-du-Rhône. There they developed the stamina, hardiness and agility for which they are known today. Traditionally, they live in semi-feral conditions in the marshy land of the region. The Camargue horse is the traditional mount of the gardians, the Camargue "cowboys" who herd the black Camargue bulls used in bullfighting in southern France. Camargue horses galloping through water is a popular and romantic image of the region.

Characteristics Camargue horses are always gray. This means that they have black skin underlying a white hair coat as adult horses. They are born with a hair coat that is black or dark brown in colour, but as they grow to adulthood, their hair coat becomes ever more intermingled with white hairs until it is completely white. They are small horses, generally standing 135–150 centimetres (13.1–14.3 hands) at the withers, and weighing 350 to 500 kg (770 to 1,100 lb). Despite their small size, they have the strength to carry grown adults. Considered rugged and intelligent, they have a short neck, deep chest, compact body, well-jointed, strong limbs and a full mane and tail. The head has many similarities to the Barb horse. It is often heavy, square and expressive, with bright, wide-set eyes, a straight profile, flat forehead and well-chiseled cheek bones.The ears are small, short, and set well apart. The forelock is full. The breed has a neck of medium length with an abundant mane. The chest is deep and wide, and the shoulder is powerful and muscular. The withers must be defined but not exaggerated. The Camargue horse has a Camargue horse 187

medium length back, well-supported, and a slightly sloping full croup, well-muscled hindquarters, and a low set, full tail. The Camargue horse has long legs which are well proportioned, strong and resistant, with large knees and hocks. Their hooves are hard and tough, with soles that are large and wide, suited to its original marshy habitat.

Registration Since 2003, three registration categories exist to identify Camargue horses: Camargue Horses registered in the stud book, foaled and identified in Camargue area, branded before weaning, and from a manade (a small, semi-feral herd structure). The berceau or cradle of the breed is strictly defined, and consists of 45 communes in the départements of Bouches-du-Rhône, Gard and Hérault. Camargue hors manade Horses registered in the stud book, foaled and identified in Camargue area, and not from a manade. Camargue hors berceau Horses registered in the stud book, foaled and identified outside of the Camargue area. There exists a strong sense of regionalism in Camargue area, so registration for the horses is treated similarly to an Appellation d'origine contrôlée.

The "Cavallo del Delta" The Camargue horse was introduced in the 1970s to the Po delta in Italy, where under the name "Cavallo del Delta" it is treated as an indigenous breed. In 2011 the registered population numbered 163.

Terminology There is a specific terminology in the Provençal dialect that is used when discussing Camargue horses:

'English' term Term in Provençal dialect

Camargue stallion Grignon or grignoun

Feral horse Rosso

Yearling Court

Horse or bull aged 2 years Doublen

Horse or bull aged 3 years Ternen

Horse or bull aged 4 years Quatren

Horse breeding in Camargue area Cavalot

Livestock branding in Camargue area Ferrade

Herder Gardian, and gardianou for young apprentices

Semi-feral herd of cows and / or Camargue horses Manade Camargue horse 188

History

Some researchers believe the Camargue are descended from the ancient Solutré horse hunted during the Upper Paleolithic period. Extensive archeological evidence has been found in the present-day Burgundy region of France.Wikipedia:Disputed statement The Camargue breed was appreciated by the Celtic and Roman invaders who entered the Iberian Peninsula.[citation needed] Their genealogy is closely tied with Iberian horses, especially those of the northern part of the peninsula. The original Spanish jaca was probably a cross between the Celtic pony and the Camargue. It was later improved by crosses with northern European horse types and ultimately with the southern peninsular horse, as the Moors spread their influence toward the .[citation needed]

As a result, the Camargue genes probably penetrated the Americas through the influence of the jaca, the warhorse taken to new lands where hardiness was a requirement. Breeds such as the Chilean horse and Criollo show signs of some characteristics that are common in the Camargue breed.[citation needed] Camargue horses were used on a large scale during the A gardian in the early 20th century construction of the Suez Canal in the 1860s.

In 1976, to preserve the standards and purity of the breed, the French government set breed standards and started registering the main breeders of the Camargue horse. In 1978, they set up the breed stud book. To be registered, foals must be born out of doors and must be seen to suckle from a registered mare as proof of parentage. Foals born inside the defined Camargue region are registered sous berceau, while those born elsewhere are registered hors berceau ("outside the cradle" or "birthplace"). They have the heavy, square heads of primitive horses, but the influence of Arabian, Barb and Thoroughbred blood can also be seen. The A Camargue horse in the marshes of the region. gardians look after the horses, which are rounded up annually for health inspections, branding, and gelding of unsuitable stock.

In England, the only breeding herd is at Valley Farm, in Wickham Market, near Woodbridge, Suffolk. Valley Farm is also the home of the British Camargue Horse Society, which represents the Camargue Breed in Britain by maintaining a stud book for British-bred Camargue Horses and registering ownership of Camargue Horses in Britain. Camargue horse 189

Uses The Camargue horse is the traditional mount of the gardian. It is used for livestock management, particularly of , and also in competitive , in traditional activities such as the abrivado preceding the course camarguaise, and in many gardian games. Their calm temperament, agility, intelligence and stamina has resulted in these horses being used for equestrian games, dressage, and long distance riding, which is growing in popularity in France.

Film portrayal The 1953 children's film Crin-Blanc, English title White Mane, portrayed the horses and the region. A short black-and-white film directed by , director of Le ballon rouge (1956), Crin-blanc won the 1953 Prix Jean Vigo and the short film Grand Prix at the 1953 Cannes Film Festival, as well as awards at Warsaw and Rome. In 1960 Denys Colomb Daunant, writer and actor for Crin-blanc, made the documentary Le Songe des Chevaux Sauvages, "Dream of the Wild Horses". It featured Camargue horses and slow motion photography, and won the Small Golden Bear at the 1960 Berlin International Film Festival.

References

[1] http:/ / www. valleyfarmonline. co. uk/ index. php?categoryid=65

[2] http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ information/ accueil-equipaedia/ races-dequides/ chevaux-de-sang/ camargue. html

External links

• Le Cheval Camargue (http:/ / www. aecrc. com/ ) (French) Camarillo White Horse 190 Camarillo White Horse

Camarillo White Horse

A Camarillo White Horse

Distinguishing features Pure White Compact, muscular but refined build, clean-cut head, well arched neck.

Country of origin United States of America

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Camarillo White Horse is a rare horse breed less than 100 years old known for its pure white color. It dates back to 1921, when Adolfo Camarillo, one of the last Californios, purchased a 9-year-old stallion named Sultan at the California State Fair in Sacramento.[1] The California White horse was owned and bred by the Camarillo family until the death of Adolfo Camarillo’s daughter Carmen, in 1987.[2]

Breed characteristics The Camarillo White Horse is known for its pure white color, which includes pink skin under the white hair coat. Unlike a gray horse that is born dark and lightens as it gets older, Camarillo White horses are white from birth and remain white throughout their lives. The breed is not only a color breed. It has other distinctive physical characteristics, including a compact and refined build. They are known to have strong limbs, an expressive face, large eyes, well-defined withers, laid back shoulders and a well-arched neck.[citation needed] True white is a very difficult and rare color to achieve, as statistically there is only a 50% chance of producing living white offspring from any given mating, regardless of the color of the other parent. This is because of an unusual characteristic of the white "W" gene. Although it is a dominant gene, it is lethal when homozygous (WW), and such foals die in the womb. This means that all living true white horses are heterozygous (Ww) for the gene. Thus, when a white horse (Ww) is bred to a non-white (ww) horse, there is a 50% chance of producing white and a 50% chance of producing a non-white horse. When two white horses (Ww) are bred to one another, there is a 50% chance of producing a living white horse (Ww), a 25% chance of producing a non-white horse (ww), but also a 25% chance of producing a dead foal (WW).[3][4] The W gene is dominant: if a horse carries the gene it will be white and conversely, if the horse is not white, it does not carry the white gene, and thus and cannot produce white offspring if bred to another non-white horse. Breeders of true white horses generally cross them on non-white horses, as the statistical probability of a white foal is the same with no risk of producing a WW foal. However, because there are different genetics involved, Camarillo White horses do not carry the genes for Lethal white syndrome.[5] Camarillo White Horse 191

Breed history All Camarillo White Horses trace back to a single foundation sire, Sultan, a born in 1912 that Camarillo would latter describe as a "Stallion of a dream." Camarillo found Sultan at the 1921 California State Fair in Sacramento being shown by the Miller & Lux cattle ranch. Camarillo purchased Sultan and the pair went on to win many championships throughout California. Camarillo bred Sultan to Morgan mares at the Camarillo Ranch, developing a line of horses privately owned and bred by the Camarillo family for the next 65 years. Upon Camarillo’s death in 1958, Adolfo’s daughter Carmen took over the horse breeding operation. She continued to show the horses at parades and events for the enjoyment of the people of Ventura County until her death in 1987, when, according to her wishes, the horses were sold at public auction, ending the tradition of exclusive ownership of the breed by the Camarillo family.[6] In 1989, five individuals decided to regroup the horses for public performances. By 1991, when only 11 horses remained, it became apparent the breed could die out, and the idea for an association began. In 1992, the Camarillo White Horse Association was formed. To avoid inbreeding, the registry has an open stud book, requiring least one parent to be of Camarillo's original stock, but allowing the other parent to be from various breeds, including Andalusian and Standardbred bloodlines. They also maintain a separate record of non-white foals from these bloodlines.

Events of Distinction From the 1930s on, Camarillo White Horses became famous all along the California coast for their performances at various events. They became well known as regular participants in the Tournament of Roses Parade and even attended the parade to open the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge. They are the official horse of the city of Camarillo. They have appeared in every Santa Barbara Fiesta parade since it began in 1924. Many people of note have ridden Camarillo White Horses, including (then-Governor) Ronald Reagan, 1946 Nobel Peace Prize recipient John Mott, movie star Leo Carrillo, and Steven Ford (son of President Gerald Ford).

References

[1] The Free Library (http:/ / www. thefreelibrary. com/ READY+ FOR+ ROSE+ PARADE;+ WHITE+ HORSES+ TO+ REPRESENT+ CAMARILLO-a083395165) - Rose Parade article

[2] Camarillo White Horse Site (http:/ / www. camarillowhitehorses. org/ history_camarillo_white_horses. html)- Camarillo White Horse History [3] Mau, C., Poncet, P. A., Bucher, B., Stranzinger, G. & Rieder, S. (2004) "Genetic mapping of dominant white (W), a homozygous lethal

condition in the horse (Equus caballus)." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 121 (6), 374-383. . Accessed September 6, 2006 at (http:/ /

www. blackwell-synergy. com/ doi/ abs/ 10. 1111/ j. 1439-0388. 2004. 00481. x?journalCode=jbg) [4] Haase B, Brooks SA, Schlumbaum A, Azor PJ, Bailey E, et al. (2007) "Allelic Heterogeneity at the Equine KIT in Dominant White

(W) Horses." PLoS Genet 3(11): e195 (http:/ / genetics. plosjournals. org/ perlserv/ ?request=get-document& doi=10. 1371/ journal. pgen.

0030195& ct=1/ )

[5] The Camarillo White Horse Association FAQ page, accessed December 1, 2007 (http:/ / www. camarillowhitehorses. org/ faq. html)

[6] Camarillo Ranch (http:/ / www. camarilloranch. org/ history/ )- Camarillo Ranch Official site • Mellin, Jeanne. The Complete Morgan Horse Camarillo White Horse 192

External links

• The Camarillo White Horse Association (http:/ / www. camarillowhitehorses. org/

history_camarillo_white_horses. html) • Haase B, Brooks SA, Schlumbaum A, Azor PJ, Bailey E, et al. (2007) "Allelic Heterogeneity at the Equine KIT

Locus in Dominant White (W) Horses." PLoS Genet 3(11): e195 (http:/ / genetics. plosjournals. org/ perlserv/

?request=get-document& doi=10. 1371/ journal. pgen. 0030195& ct=1/ ) doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030195

(http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1371/ journal. pgen. 0030195)

• UC Davis page on Camarillo White coloration (http:/ / www. vgl. ucdavis. edu/ services/ horse/ CamarilloWhite. php) Campolina 193 Campolina

Campolina

Young male Campolina

Distinguishing features Unique ambling gaits called marcha picada and "marcha batida"

Country of origin Brazil

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Campolina horse breed of Brazil is named after Cassiano Campolina, the farmer who developed the breed. Beginning in 1870, they were developed using several different breeds of horses. The Campolina is one of the larger Brazilian breeds, and may be found in any color. They are a gaited breed, with an ambling gait. They are used mainly for leisure riding and driving and are increasingly used for dressage within Brazil.[1]

History The Campolina breed dates back to 1870, when it was formed in Entre Rios de Minas, Minas Gerais in Brazil. It was developed by a farmer named Cassiano Campolina, on his farm Fazenda Tanque, beginning when he received a black mare named "Medéia" from his friend, Antonio Cruz.[2] The mare was Brazilian, of Barb ancestry, and Campolina bred her to a pure Andalusian stallion. The stallion belonged to Mariano Procópio, to whom it had been presented as a gift by Dom Pedro II. The resulting foal from the breeding was a gray colt named "Monarca", who lived until 1898 and served for 25 years in Campolina's herd; he is considered the foundation stallion of the Campolina breed. Other breeds that Campolina used in his herd were Anglo-Norman, Clydesdale, Holsteiner, and American Saddle Horse. Bloodlines from the Marchador, were also added to refine the Campolina. The herdbook was closed in 1934 and the breed standard first defined. In 1938, the Professional Consortium of Campolina Horse Breeders was formed to formally organize the breed, and in 1951 the Note the squared profile of the torso and nasal organization was renamed to the Campolina Breeders Association, the bones. This morphology is ideal for the breed standards were formally adopted, with the organization based in traditional, stereotyped, even paced "marcha". Belo Horizonte. There were further updates to the breed standard in 1975 and 1993. There are currently around 85,000 registered Campolina horses, with slightly over 7,300 registered breeders. Around 4,300 mares were bred in 2003. Campolina 194

Breed characteristics

The height of the Campolina varies. Older works state the average height is from 14.1 to 15 hands (57 to 60 inches, 145 to 152 cm). However, more recent sources state the height is 15-16.2 hh. A common view is that the most beautiful Campolinas are silver-grey, a position that may reflect a sentimental tradition for the first Campolina. Other popular colours for this breed include dun, bay, buckskin, and “Pampa” or pinto. The appearance of markings such as white socks or a star on the forehead neither adds nor detracts to the horse in terms of official judging.

Dun-colored Campolinas generally display pronounced including dorsal stripe, pale guard hairs on either side of the mane, transverse shoulder strip, and leg striping, called "zippers" by Campolina breeders. A pampa (pinto-patterned) filly.

Leg bands or "zippers" on an adult female Campolina

Head

The head of the Campolina is described as trapezoidal in shape, but the silhouette of this horse is smoothly rounded. Between the ears, the poll is be visible and raised by a few centimeters above the temples. The forehead is to be flat, and the nasal bones apparent near the midpoint of the face in the rostro caudal plane. The head in profile is convex. Campolinas are not, however, described to have a true Roman nose, as the convex profile begins approximately two finger widths below the base of the orbit. The muzzle should be soft and rounded, usually dark in colour, as are the hairs of the inner ear, mane and tail relative to the coat over the body. The nostrils are equal in size and should have a fine The desired head shape of a Campolina layer of flesh around the dorsal surface allowing for approximately one centimeter of separation between the thumb and pointer of the evaluator when the thumb in inserted into the nostril at a depth of around one inch. The outer edge of the nostril should be slightly thicker. The lips should be full and taut about the teeth. The ears are Campolina 195

evenly placed when viewed from the front of the horse and not extend vertically more than three times the width of the eye when measured across the inner pinnae. The pinnae should close to a clean tip at the top of each ear.[citation needed] Eyes should be expressive.

Neck and body

In addition to the prominent curvature of the profile, the shape of the crest is also an important feature of the Campolina silhouette. In the relaxed forward pose, the ventral line of the neck from the caudal most Hyperconvex nose, exaggerated beyond breed point of the cheek to the top of the chest is quite straight. However, the ideal dorsal surface of the neck should have a clear arch. This prominent crest accentuates the arch formed between the head and neck when the horse is flexed during riding. In a relaxed state, the balance of the face and neck from the side view can be evaluated by drawing a tangent from the points of maximal curvature. In the case of balanced conformation, the tangents should intersect roughly one inch in front of the ears (in the forward alert position).[citation needed]

The weight range for Campolina stallions and geldings is 550 to 600 kilograms (1,210 to 1,320 lb) and 350 to 450 kilograms (770 to 990 lb) for mares. In well-bred, well-conditioned animals, the chest is well developed. One symptom of poor breeding is a narrow chest with inadequate musculature between the front legs. This is a particular concern with the crossbred "Mangolina" ( x Campolina) Visually, however, the breeding practice frequently results in animals that are heavy in the rear end and look weak and unbalanced in rostro-caudal plane when viewed for the animal’s full length.[citation needed] The underline of the Campolina should appear well fleshed but not overly rounded. There should be a good inverse symmetry in silhouette or side profile between the curvature of the underline and the fully outstretched neck and head. This conformation has been difficult to achieve in many animals, with many horses having the appearance of a short neck due to the curvature of the crest. The back of the Campolina should be a bit "long". When evaluating the animal's side profile, special attention should be paid to overall anatomical balance, which in this breed can err in overdevelopment of either the withers or the croup. Unbalanced horses tend to produce a rough ride and are referred to as having a "hard" gait. Specifically, the withers should be well-developed but not appear exaggerated or considerably higher than the highest point of the croup. In evaluating the hindquarters of the Campolina, the croup should be quite full, though not overly muscular except in stallions. In those animals used for Dressage however, the preferred build goes against the breed standard. Dressage horses are preferred to have an "uphill build" where the croup slightly lower than the withers.[3] The tail of this breed should exit the at around the 1 o’clock position. Tails are typically mid to mid-low set. Very low tail sets often indicate mixed bloodlines with a likely influence of the Mangalarga Paulista in the genetic make-up of the animal under observation, but can be accounted for by a number of other breeds.[citation needed]

Gait and Movement The Campolina is a gaited horse breed with a smooth, four-beat ambling gait. It is the largest of the three gaited Brazilian breeds, due to the influence of heavier breeds from Northern Europe. The gait is called the true marcha or marcha verdadeira. As one of the newer breeds, the standards for this animal have changed in recent generations. The provided images show the successive removal of the squaredness around the torso and shoulders and the nasal bones when viewed in profile. Historically, breeding schemes emphasized structure idealized for stereotyped, smooth and even paced gait. The newer examples of this breed display refinement in the torso, the nasal bones and around the mouth. These morphological changes confer increased degrees of freedom in joint movement and by extension, increased Campolina 196

versatility generally in range and types of motion.

Uses The Campolina is used for pleasure and trail riding including Dressage, and also driving.

Projected of Breed Standard The Campolina breed is a young breed relative to other established horse lines (Akhal Teke, Arabian, Lippizan) and breed standards are still evolving. Current trends have suggested a move away from the square mouth and retilineo or straight region of the nasal bones as in image presented below. In the new ideal, male nasal bones are prominent, retain the height of the earlier ideals but are now expected to generate a smooth 'curved and continuous' appearance (see The desired head shape of a Campolina). The ideal for the profile of the female head is more dynamic with a narrowing between the nasal bones to refine the lower face. The curvature of the nasal bones should appear to extend naturally from the intersection of the orbit and maxillary and lead gently into the muzzle. Both male and female head profile ideals are moving towards refined, narrow curvature in the lips, especially the upper lip. In the case of the female Campolina, certain breeders now seek to develop the curvature of the croup and buttocks to balance the nasal profile (i.e. an "egua" (female horse) with a strongly curved profile must present a full, developed curvature of the rear).

References

[1] http:/ / www. lusitano-interagro. com/ adestra. htm [2][2]L.S. de Andrade,(2000)Campolina O Grande Marchador, Um Seculo de selecao, Historic Album, Revista Brasileira do Cavalo de Marcha

[3] http:/ / www. eques. com. au/ dressage/ jan06/ conformation_dressage_horse. htm

External links

• http:/ / www. comunidadecampolina. com. br/ (In Portuguese) Former ideal for the head, note the squared profile of the nasal bones

• http:/ / www. theequinest. com/ breeds/ campolina Canadian horse 197 Canadian horse

Canadian Horse

Alternative names French Canadian Horse

Country of origin Canada

Breed standards

[1] Canadian Horse Breeders Association Breed standards

[2] Canadian Horse Heritage and Preservation Society Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Canadian horse is a horse breed from Canada. It is a strong, well-muscled breed of light horse, usually dark in color. The horses are generally used for riding and driving. Descended from draft and light riding horses imported to Canada in the late 1600s, it was later crossed with other British and American breeds. During the 18th century the Canadian horse spread throughout the northeastern US, where it contributed to the development of several horse breeds. During the peak popularity of the breed, three subtypes could be distinguished, a draft horse type, a trotting type and a pacing type. Thousands of horses were exported in the 19th century, many of whom were subsequently killed while acting as cavalry horses in the American Civil War. These exports decreased the purebred Canadian population almost to the point of extinction, prompting the formation of a studbook and the passage of a law against further export. Experimental breeding programs in the early 20th century succeeded in re-establishing the breed to some extent, but mechanization, combined with two world wars, again resulted in the breed almost becoming extinct. In the 1980s, concerned with the declining population numbers, interested breeders undertook a promotional program, which resulted in renewed interest in the breed. By the 1990s, population numbers were higher, and genetic studies in 1998 and 2012 found relatively high levels of genetic diversity for a small breed. However, livestock conservation organizations still consider the breed to be at risk, due to low population numbers.

Breed characteristics Most Canadian Horses are dark colored: black, bay, or brown. A few chestnuts are found, occasionally with flaxen manes and tails, and the cream gene appears in the breed as the result of the genetic influence of one stallion. While some sources state that the gene for gray is no longer found in the breed, after the genetic bottleneck of the late 20th century, the preservation society for the breed states that they can be "rarely gray". Their height averages 14 to 16 hands (56 to 64 inches, 142 to 163 cm) and stallions average 1,050 to 1,350 pounds (480 to 610 kg) in weight, while mares weigh 1,000 to 1,250 pounds (450 to 570 kg). Canadian horse 198

The Canadian horse has a rather short, high-set head with a broad forehead. The neck is arched and graceful, and the chest, back and loins broad and strongly muscled. The shoulders and croup are sloping, with a relatively high-set tail. Overall, the breed gives the impression of strength and agility. Their heavy and wavy mane and tail, arched necks and finely boned heads are all reminiscent of Andalusian and Barb ancestry. Their trot is described as flashy. They are hardy horses and easy keepers. Today, most Canadian horses are used as riding and driving horses, and are known for their jumping ability. They are seen in competition in almost every discipline, as well as for leisure riding. They can also be found in light draft work, trail riding, and working as a stock horse. Unlike most breeds, there is a set naming system that is used to identify individuals based on the registration format employed by the Canadian Livestock Records Corporation. First comes the prefix, the farm or breeding establishment of which the foal was born into, followed by the sire's name, and lastly the given name for the foal. Each year a different letter is assigned to begin the given name for the foal, and it is by the year's letter that the foal is named. Some older horses do not fall under this naming strategy, but it is now mandatory in naming registered offspring coming from purebred Canadian lines. Originally, horses were tattooed with identification numbers, but now microchipping is the identification technology chosen by the breed registry.

History

The Canadian Horse descended from the French stock Louis XIV sent to Canada in the late 17th century. The initial shipment, in 1665, consisted of two stallions and twenty mares from the Royal Stables in Normandy and Brittany, the center of French horse breeding. Only 12 of the 20 mares survived the trip. Two more shipments followed, one in 1667 of 14 horses (mostly mares, but with at least one stallion), and one in 1670 of 11 mares and a stallion. The shipments included a mix of draft horses and light horses, the latter of which included both pacing and trotting A Canadian Horse horses.[] The exact origins of all the horses are unknown, although the shipments probably included Bretons, Normans, Arabians, Andalusians and Barbs.

The horses were leased to gentleman farmers or religious orders for money or in exchange for a foal, and they remained the property of the king for three years. Despite poor conditions and hard work, the horses thrived in Canada, and were given nicknames that included "the little iron horse" and "the horse of steel". Population numbers rose quickly from the early stock, with 148 horses by 1679, 218 horses by 1688, 684 by 1698, and by 1709, enough that the government limited farmers to owning two horses and a foal, with additional horses to be slaughtered, although this law was a failure in terms of enforcement. During the , the "French Canadian Horse" spread through what is now eastern Michigan and Illinois in the United States, and lived a generally feral existence, with many escaping human control completely. During the Expulsion of the Acadians in the mid-18th century, the English seized the livestock of the Acadians, including horses. Some of these animals were transported to Sable Island, where their descendents became the Sable Island horse. In the late 18th century, imported horses from the US and the British Isles were crossbred with existing Canadian stock. By the 19th century, they were found performing light draft work, as well as riding and driving duties. Cornelius Krieghoff, a 19th-century Canadian painter, was known for his works featuring the Canadian horse, who he usually showed in association with the French habitants, as opposed to the English settlers in the area. His paintings generally portrayed the Canadian horse in a utilitarian, workhorse role, often in winter scenes. In 1849, there were estimated to be more than 150,000 Canadian horses, and many were exported from Canada annually. Some were shipped to the , where they possibly contributed to gaited breeds such as the Paso Fino. By the middle of the 19th century, Canadian horses had spread through the northeastern US, where they were Canadian horse 199

used for racing, as roadsters, and, due to their stamina, to pull freight wagons and stagecoaches. Many played a role in the development of other breeds, including the Morgan horse, the American Saddlebred and the Standardbred. Although used extensively in the US, no efforts were made to establish a purebred population, studbook, or breed association in that country. Thousands of horses imported to the US from Canada were used as artillery and cavalry horses in the American Civil War, where many were killed. One equine historian states that "The Canadian horse played a major role in the history of that war; it has even been said that the North won simply on the fact that its soldiers had the better horse – the Canadian." By 1880, through exports and war casualties, Canadian horses had almost become extinct. In 1885, the Canadian Horse Breeders Association was formed to inspect and approve breeding stock with the aim of creating a studbook for the breed, and in 1886, further export from Canada was forbidden by law. In 1913, an experimental breeding program was begun at Cap-Rouge by the Canadian government. The program's goal was to breed larger horses that retained the endurance and vitality for which the breed was known, and succeeded in increasing the size of stallions to 15.2 to 16 hands (62 to 64 inches, 157 to 163 cm) high and 1,200 to 1,500 pounds (540 to 680 kg) in weight, with mares slightly smaller. However, mechanization, combined with World War I and World War II, ended the federal breeding program, and in 1940 all breeding stock was sold at auction. However, the province of Quebec re-established the program at Deschambault. The program lasted there until 1979, when the herd was again disbanded and sold at auction.

1970s to present By the 1970s, the popularity of the breed had decreased significantly, and there were approximately 400 Canadian horses worldwide, with only around five annual registrations between 1970 and 1974. Several interested breeders began a campaign of preservation and promotion, which resulted in a Canadian team winning the 1987 North American Driving Championships. Popularity began to increase, and by the mid-1990s population numbers were between 2,500 and 3,000, and The Livestock Conservancy, which had classified the breed as "critical", changed its designation to "rare". With the increase in popularity came pressure for the breed standard to change to meet modern show and market trends, by breeding for taller horses with more refinement. In 2002, the Canadian Horse Heritage and Preservation Society was formed in response to these pressures, with a goal of preserving the original Canadian horse type. The Canadian Horse Breeders Association remains the official registering body for the Canadian horse, as governed by the Canadian federal Animal Pedigree Act, with the responsibility to "monitor registration, identification, and the keeping of the stud book for Canadian horses". It is also responsible for inspecting breeding stock before they are registered with the studbook. The studbook is maintained by the Canadian Livestock Records Corporation. Since the beginning of the studbook, there have been over 13,600 horses registered. In 2012, 208 new horses were registered, mainly in Quebec. The Livestock Conservancy still considers the breed to be threatened, a designation given to breeds with a global population of less than 5,000 and annual US registrations of fewer than 1,000. Rare Breeds Canada considers the breed to be at risk, with fewer than 500 annual registrations of female breeding stock. In a study of mitochondrial DNA published in 2012, the Canadian horse and the were found to be the most genetically diverse of the Canadian breeds studied, which also included the Sable Island horse and the Lac La Croix pony. The Canadian horse showed high haplotype diversity, sharing haplotypes with all Canadian populations, as well as draft breeds, Nordic pony breeds and British mountain and moorland pony breeds also tested in the study. The Canadian horse had been shown to be related to draft horse breeds, including the Percheron, Belgian and Clydesdale, in previous microsatellite loci studies. This relationship was supported by findings in the 2012 study. The high levels of diversity in the Canadian horse supported the conclusions of a 1998 study, which determined that the small population size and historical genetic bottlenecks had not resulted in a significant loss of genetic variation. The 1998 paper also stated that the Canadian horse did not show inbreeding any more significant than other, more popular, breeds. Canadian horse 200

The Canadian horse is a common animal symbol of Canada. In 1909, the Canadian Parliament declared it the national breed of the country, and in 2002 was made an official animal symbol of Canada by Parliamentary Act. In 2010, the provincial legislature of Quebec named it a heritage breed of the province.

Sub-types During the peak popularity of the breed, three main types could be distinguished. All three are now considered extinct, having disappeared or been merged back into the main Canadian horse population. The first, the Canadian Heavy Draft or St. Lawrence, which disappeared by the late 1700s, probably developed from Shire and Clydesdale crosses. They were probably a popular export to New England, which bred large numbers of horses for Caribbean plantations. The second, the Frencher, sometimes also called the St. Lawrence, was a trotting horse known for its power and speed, resulting from crosses with Thoroughbreds. Mixed with French trotting lines, they played a role in the development of the US trotting horses.

Canadian Pacer

The third type was the Canadian Pacer, which was historically better documented than the other two types. Canadian Pacers were likely the result of breeding pacing horses imported from France with Narragansett Pacers from New England. The resulting horses were known for their ability to race on ice. From there, they were exported to the United States, where North Carolina became a breeding center, later exporting them to Tennessee in the late 1700s. Pedigrees were not maintained, so early breeding histories are often impossible to trace. The Canadian Pacer influenced the Tennessee Walker,[] the American Saddlebred[3] and the Standardbred.[]

Commonly called "Canucks", the fastest members of the breed came from Quebec near the St. Lawrence River. Racing began in this area

during the long, severe winters, when Sunday races after attending An American Saddlebred, a descendent of the church for Mass became common. Eventually these races became large Canadian Pacer, in the early 1900s enough to endanger the church-going populace, and races were banned within a certain distance of churches. They instead moved to local rivers, whose smooth, frozen surfaces provided useful raceways, and the resulting contests drew attention to the pacers from Quebec.[]

Several horses imported to the United States from Canada had a lasting impact on American horse breeding. In the early 1800s, a roan-colored stallion named Copperbottom was imported to Lexington, Kentucky from Quebec, through Michigan. He began to be offered for stud service in 1816, and his progeny spread throughout the eastern US. Known mainly as saddle stock, they also included several pacing horses.[4] Another roan stallion, Tom Hal, a successful pacer in his own right, founded an important family of pacers in the US. Appearing in Kentucky in 1824, he was offered for stud, and his offspring (many of whom carried on the family name, being differentiated only by the name of the owner) began the family of Standardbreds that included Little Brown Jug, Brown Hal, Star Pointer, Adios and Good Time, all champion horses.[5] Another pacing import to the US was a black stallion named Old Pilot, said to have been bred near , who originated the Pilot family of trotting horses. Old Pilot produced a son, also named Pilot, who was acclaimed as a sire of trotting horses, as well as being a successful harness horse himself. Canadian horse 201

Notes

[1] http:/ / www. lechevalcanadien. ca/ files/ CHBA_SECC-Bylaws-2010. pdf

[2] http:/ / www. chhaps. org/ breedstandards. pdf [3][3]Dutson, p. 68 [4][4]McCarr, p. 71 [5] McCarr, pp. 71–75

References • Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. Storey Publishing. ISBN 1-58017-613-5. • McCarr, Ken (1978). The Kentucky Harness Horse. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-0213-8.

External links

• Canadian Horse Breeders Association (http:/ / www. lechevalcanadien. ca/ )

• Canadian Horse Heritage and Preservation Society (http:/ / www. chhaps. org/ ) Carolina Marsh Tacky 202 Carolina Marsh Tacky

Carolina Marsh Tacky

Carolina Marsh Tacky at Hilton Head

Distinguishing features Small, sure-footed horse with gentle disposition, adept at work in marshland.

Alternative names Marsh Tacky

Country of origin United States of America

Common nicknames Tacky horse, Tackie

Breed standards

[1] Carolina Marsh Tacky Association Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Carolina Marsh Tacky or Marsh Tacky is a rare breed of horse, native to South Carolina. It is a member of the Colonial Spanish group of horse breeds, which also include the Horse and the Banker horse of North Carolina. It is a small horse, well adapted for use in the lowland swamps of its native South Carolina. The Marsh Tacky developed from Spanish horses brought to the South Carolina coast by Spanish explorers, settlers and traders as early as the 16th century. The horses were used by the colonists during the American Revolution, and by South Carolinians for farm work, herding cattle and hunting throughout the breed's history. The breed is considered to be critically endangered by both the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy and the Equus Survival Trust, and there are only around 275 Marsh Tackies in existence today. In 2006 and 2007, the two organizations worked together to complete DNA testing on the breed with the goals of mapping the Marsh Tacky's place among the horse breeds of the world and beginning a stud book. In 2007, an association was begun with the objective of preserving and promoting the Marsh Tacky; and in 2010 a closed stud book was created. Carolina Marsh Tacky 203

Characteristics The Marsh Tacky generally stands between 14 and 14.2 hands (56 and 58 inches, 142 and 147 cm) high, although the acceptable range is between 13 and 15 hands (52 and 60 inches, 132 and 152 cm) high. Today, the breed comes in a wide variety of colors, including dun, bay, roan, chestnut, black and grullo. Historically, multi-colored patterns such as pinto were found, but they were not selected for when breeding, and today are not seen. The colors today are consistent with those of other Colonial Spanish horses. The profile of the breed's head is usually flat or somewhat concave, becoming slightly convex from the nasal region to the top of the muzzle. The forehead is wide and the eyes set well apart. The breed typically has a slight ewe neck, and the neck is attached low on the chest compared to many other breeds. The withers are pronounced, the back short and strong, and the croup steeply angled. The chest is deep but narrow and the shoulder long and angled. The legs have long, tapering muscling, with in general no feathering on the lower legs. The Marsh Tacky exhibits an four-beat ambling gait, most similar to the marcha batida of the Brazilian Mangalarga Marchador, another breed with Spanish heritage, although also compared to the fox trot of the . However, the Marsh Tacky's gait shows a period of quadrupedal support where all four feet are planted and diagonal foot pairings, whereas the Fox Trotter shows tripedal support and the Mangalarga Marchador lacks the diagonal foot pairings. The Marsh Tacky is known by owners for its stamina and ability to work in water and swamps without panicking. They tend to be sure-footed, sturdy, smart, and able to survive in challenging coastal environments, as well as being easy keepers. Their small size and gentle nature made them the historically preferred mount for children and women, but they were also used as working animals due to their abilities in the field. Today, they are used in endurance riding, as well as continuing their traditional work assisting humans with hunting wild game and herding cattle. Marsh Tackies have the same ancestral bloodlines as Florida Cracker Horses and North Carolina Banker horses. However, DNA testing has proved that the Marsh Tackies' relative isolation has made them a separate breed with unique characteristics.

History

The Carolina Marsh Tacky developed from Spanish horses brought to the island and coastal areas of South Carolina by Spanish explorers and settlers as early as the 16th century. More horses were added to the population that would become the Marsh Tacky through animals that were purchased in the Spanish settlement of St. Augustine in Florida. They were then used as pack horses on Native American trade routes, and sold when the traders reached Charleston. They were managed mainly as feral herds, rounded up by locals when horses were needed,

and this tradition continued into the 20th century. The breed was used A mounted beach patrol on Hilton Head Island during the American Revolution by many of the irregular forces of during World War II Francis Marion, nicknamed the "Swamp Fox". The swamp savvy of the Marsh Tacky may have given Marion's forces an advantage, as British cavalry mounted on larger European breeds were not as easily able to maneuver in the dense lowland swamps. After the American Civil War, they were commonly used by members of the Gullah community on the islands off the South Carolina shore for use in fields and gardens. The breed derives the "tacky" part of its name from the English word meaning "common" or "cheap", as these horses were the most common breed in their area of the country for most of their history. During the height of their popularity they ranged from Myrtle Beach, South Carolina to St. Simon's Island in . The Tackies continued to be used during World War II by members of the beach patrols tasked with the surveillance of South Carolina beaches against Nazi u-boat attacks and enemy troop or spy landings. During the 1960s, Marsh Tackies Carolina Marsh Tacky 204

were used in races on Hilton Head beaches. This tradition was revived in 2009 during the Gullah Cultural Festival, and the races will be continued at the festival in future years. In 2007, the Carolina Marsh Tacky Association was formed. The association was developed through the efforts of the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy working with owners and breed enthusiasts, with the goal of preserving and promoting the Marsh Tacky breed. The breed registry became a closed registry on August 18, 2010, and is maintained by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy Pedigree Registry. Although closed, outside horses can be registered upon proof of origin, visual inspection and DNA confirmation of parentage.

Conservation

In the lowcountry region of coastal Georgia and South Carolina, the Carolina Marsh Tacky was the most common horse for most of the breed's history. As the automobile became more common during the 20th century, breed numbers declined, and the Marsh Tacky was thought to have gone extinct during the 1980s and 1990s. Today there are 276 living animals recognized by the breed registry, including 153 mares and 123 stallions and geldings. The Equus Survival Trust North Carolina Banker horses, a breed with a considers the breed to be at critical/nearly extinct levels, meaning that similar history to the Marsh Tacky there are fewer than 100 breeding mares in existence. The American Livestock Breeds Conservancy considers the Marsh Tacky (which they consider a strain of the Colonial Spanish horse) to be at critical levels, meaning that there are fewer than 200 annual registrations in the United States and an estimated global population of less than 2,000. Representatives of the ALBC state that the breed numbers will have to increase to an estimated 1,000 members to ensure permanent survival. On June 11, 2010, a bill was signed into law that made the Carolina Marsh Tacky the state heritage horse of South Carolina.

In 2006, the ALBC began investigating the Marsh Tacky to see if it was truly a descendent of Spanish stock, and during the organization's initial field investigations it was found that many surviving members of the breed fit the physical type of Colonial Spanish stock. In 2007, the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy collaborated with the Equus Survival Trust to collect DNA samples and photo-document the largest herd in South Carolina, considered to be the largest remaining herd, with a heritage tracing back to the American Civil War. DNA testing was undertaken in an effort to identify horses for a new studbook, reveal what DNA markers the breed carries, and map the breed's genetic place among all other horse breeds worldwide. Sixty horses were tested in the effort.

References

[1] http:/ / www. marshtacky. org/ Breed-Standard. php

External links

• Carolina Marsh Tacky Association (http:/ / www. marshtacky. org/ ) Caspian horse 205 Caspian horse

Caspian horse

Distinguishing features Small, ancient horse breed 'rediscovered' in 1960s; now bred in several other countries

Alternative names Caspian horse

Country of origin Iran

Common nicknames Mouleki or Pouseki

Breed standards

[1] The Caspian Horse Society (UK) Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Caspian is a small horse breed native to . Although its original height probably ranged between 9 and 11.2 hands (36 and 46 inches, 91 and 117 cm) it is termed a horse rather than a pony because, size apart, it has much in common with horses. It is believed to be one of the oldest horse or pony breeds in the world, descended from small Mesopotamian equines that, in competition with larger animals, had faded from attention by the 7th century AD. They were brought to public notice again when re-discovered in 1965 by Louise Firouz, an American-born breeder of Iranian horses living in Iran. In 2011, the remains of a horse dating back to 3400 B.C.E. were found at Gohar Tappeh, Iran, giving rise to claims that the Caspian is the oldest known breed of domestic horse that still exists.[2] It is also called Khazar Horse, after the province where it was found.

Characteristics Caspian horses generally stand between 100 to 120 cm (39 to 47 in) tall, although better feeding conditions outside of Iran often result in taller specimens. They have a short, fine head with a pronounced forehead, large eyes and short ears. The muzzle is small and the nostrils large and low on the head. Overall the body is slim and graceful, with sloping shoulders, good withers and a high-set tail. The legs and hooves are strong. Caspians are described by Louise Firouz as kind, intelligent and willing. They are spirited but without meanness, and even stallions can be ridden by children. Their gaits are long, and they occasionally exhibit an ambling "single-foot" gait. Despite their small size, they are good jumpers. Although small, they are morphologically and phenotypically horse-like, and were originally referred to as "miniature horses". Now that the word "miniature" is more usually associated with genetically-constructed 'toy' horses, the term is no longer used to describe the Caspian Horse.[3] Caspian horse 206

The Caspian Horse is extremely hardy, with strong feet that rarely need shoeing unless consistently working on very hard or stony ground. Great length from hip to hock may be a factor in their incredible jumping ability. The usual colours are bay, grey, black, dun or chestnut. A few have white markings on the head and legs. Interestingly, some lack chestnuts or ergots[4]

Genetics and phenotype Although there are no records of breeding prior to 1965, the foundation animals included in the International Caspian Stud Book were proven by Louise Firouz to breed true to type and their descendants have, for the most part, retained Caspian characteristics. They are therefore an established breed. Improved living conditions outside Iran have produced Caspians that have grown larger than their Iranian foundation parents; modern Caspians range between 10hh (102 cm) and occasionally 12.2 hh(127 cm), averaging 11.2 hh (117 cm). Research has shown that Caspian and Turkoman horses occupy positions in phylogenetic analysis that has given rise to a hypothesis that they could be ancestral to all other oriental type breeds studied to date.[5] However, close study of Caspian and other equid by Firouz and others found several anomalies unique to the Caspian: • The skull has pronounced elevation of the inter-parietal bones and no parietal crest • The neck of the scapula is narrower and the head much wider than normally found in equines • The metacarpal and metatarsal bones are much longer and slimmer in relation to size [6] • The hooves are usually narrow and oval-shaped, and the frog is less pronounced than in other equines • The spinous processes of the first six are longer than usual • They often possess an extra tooth each side of the upper molar where a wolf tooth would normally be.

History

Ancient history A partial answer to the existence of the Caspian is the fact that the Persian Empire, which flourished in the first millennium B.C, has been called 'the first great road empire'. Before the Romans built their first road for marching men, the Persians constructed broad straight dirt roads, well maintained for speedy couriers and busy senior administrators. Herodotus wrote that: "There is nothing in the world which travels faster than these Persian couriers. It is said that men and horses are stationed along the road…a man and a horse for each day. Nothing stops these couriers from covering their allotted stage in the quickest possible time, neither snow, rain, heat nor darkness." The oldest known specimen of a horse in the region now home to the Caspian horse was found in 2011, in a cemetery dating back to 3400 B.C.E., in the archaeological dig at Gohar Tappeh. in the province of Mazandaran in northern Iran, between the cities of and . The horse was identified by its "form, figure, and size" as having a light frame, thin bones, short, fine head with a pronounced forehead, large eyes, short ears, and small muzzles. The Persian Empire required land transport on a huge scale. They were the first people to breed horses especially for strength and speed. That these horses were very small by modern standards is shown by a miniature golden chariot, a toy or perhaps a votive offering, found in the so-called Oxus Treasure,[7] discovered in the extreme east of the empire but apparently made in central Persia. The vehicle was obviously built for speed. Its wheels are higher than the horses, which are themselves of lesser height than the two passengers - and not because of the status of the passengers. Neil MacGregor likens this vehicle to a Ferrari or Porsche amongst cars – fast and luxurious.[8] King Darius (the Great) trusted his life to the little horses during lion hunts, and honoured them on his famous Trilingual Seal. Caspian horse 207

As seen on the bas reliefs on the great staircase at Persepolis the Persian Shah demanded tributes of only first class animals.[9] Those depicted were probably from Lydia in Turkey, judging by the grooms' appearance, and the horses are of similar size to the four in the Oxus Treasure. Skeletons with the same bone structure as the Caspian were found at Hamadan. Yet the fine little horses so valued by the Persian Empire virtually disappeared from history after libraries and monuments were destroyed in the great Mongol and Islamic conquests. Almost no further mention was found of them after 700 AD and until 1965, modern scholars believed that they had become extinct. It is now assumed that the modern Caspian descended from the great pool of quality stock that once formed the essential foundation of the Persian Empire. Caspians, known locally as 'Mouleki' or Pouseki' ponies ('little muzzle'), now inhabit an area in the north of Iran between the Caspian Sea and the Elburz Mountains. Horses potentially related to the Caspian have also been identified in a much wider range, as history might lead us to expect.

Rediscovery in 1965 The specimens discovered since 1965 originated mainly from peasant-owned stock and were not bred selectively, so it may seem remarkable that animals of such quality have survived in a relatively unaltered form. In addition, peasants in the Elburz Mountains habitually turn their stock out on the hills in semi-feral conditions, where they are vulnerable to attack by predators. would probably have favoured an animal that was tough and athletic, but there is evidence to suggest that their small size may be due to recessive genes. Peasants have said that occasionally a larger mare and stallion will produce such a foal.

Louise Firouz At first thought to be a pony, the Caspian Horse was re-discovered in 1965 in this mountainous region of northern Iran by the American-born breeder of Iranian horses, Louise Firouz, while searching for small ponies to be ridden by children. She saw a small bay stallion in the town of pulling a clumsy cart, but with the body of a "well-bred oriental horse." She purchased the stallion, naming him Ostad. Following his discovery, Firouz concluded:[10] " ….. there was an elusive beauty and grace about this small horse which did not seem to fit into the accepted picture of ponies. Ponies are chunky, strong little equids generally developed under austere conditions of climate and food. Why a "pony" on the relatively lush shores of the temperate Caspian: and, in spite of his small size, was the light, graceful animal on the Caspian a pony at all? Was there any historical precedent for a pony-sized horse in Iran and, if so, how well documented was it? These questions initiated a study in the spring of 1965 to determine the range, nature and historical precedent for a horse of this size in Iran." With seven mares and six stallions, Firouz began a breeding program at her riding school in Norouzabad, with the horses she named 'Caspian' from the area where she had found them. The horses themselves were much enjoyed by the children; Ostad became a successful sire of children's ponies and was ridden daily in the company of mares. Firouz started the Iranian stud book in 1966. In 1973 the stud was sold to the Shah of Iran, who established the Royal Horse Society at the Norouzabad Stud. In late 1965, while visiting her family in Great Falls, Virginia, Firouz told Kathleen McCormick the Caspian story and showed photographs of the ponies she had brought to Norouzabad. They decided to export a Caspian stallion from Iran to the United States and McCormick selected the foundation stallion Jehan from the photographs. In April 1966, William M. Santoro, DVM, accompanied Jehan on the four-day, 8,000-mile journey to New York. Due to the difficulties experienced in exporting Jehan from Iran, only a part-bred breeding program was established in the US at that time and plans to import mares were put on hold. In 1975 a further stallion was exported to Venezuela from Iran. The Caspian Stud UK later imported the remainder of the Bermudan stock, apart from a mare given to Prince Philip. Meanwhile a new herd of twenty mares and three stallions established on the Turkoman Steppes by Firouz, suffered repeated and fatal wolf attacks. This forced the emergency evacuation of six mares and a stallion to the Caspian Stud UK in 1976 and the remainder were taken over by the Royal Horse Society of Iran. They were later widely dispersed Caspian horse 208

during the Iranian Revolution, leaving only one traceable stallion. The subsequent ban on keeping horses ended the breeding programme in Iran until 1986, when Firouz found and purchased three mares and a stallion.

Iran/Iraq war During the Iran/Iraq war, most horses were swept up to aid the war effort, but in 1989, Firouz was invited to inspect the remaining horses for possible Caspian breeding stock, resulting in six more potential foundation animals. These horses founded her "Persicus" stud. In 1994, seven of her Caspians were exported for breeding in England and in 1995 several Caspians from the UK, Australia and New Zealand were shipped to the USA. After her husband's death, Firouz sold the Persicus stud to the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture, which has continued her breeding and research programmes in Iran. Louise Firouz died in May 2008[11] Although the Caspian must still be considered rare, the combined efforts of breeders across the world have established the breed in Scandinavia and other parts of Europe, and in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. Breed Societies are affiliated to the International Caspian Stud Book.

Uses The horses are mainly used in the towns of Amol, , Shahi and Rasht in Northern Iran, as cart ponies, They are valued for their speed and ability to pull or carry heavy loads in the narrow streets and bazaars. During the late 1960s, Caspian stallions from the Norouzabad riding school were raced on the prestigious Tehran racetrack by small children wearing jockey silks, by courtesy of the late Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Caspians are known for their good temperaments and 'horse-like' personalities. As noted by Firouz, stallions are frequently handled by children and, like Firouz, some owners turn several out together for exercise and companionship in the absence of mares. With their comfortably narrow conformation, Caspians make excellent children's mounts. Their long, level paces, natural grace and balance make them very suitable for dressage. Sensible but active, they can be impressive in , gymkhana and pony racing. In harness they make a smart, responsive light driving pony and have successfully competed in national scurry and cross-country obstacle driving. Their extraordinary jumping ability makes them highly competitive for show jumping and eventing.

Part-Bred Caspians Crossbred with larger breeds, including Thoroughbreds and Arabians, they produce fine show ponies, show jumpers and eventers for the taller child. Another popular cross is with the Welsh Pony. Having been noted that the appearance, characteristics and athletic abilities of Caspians are passed in good measure to part-bred offspring, the Caspian Horse is being included in breeding programmes to produce the ideal Sports Pony. There are stud books in most recognised Caspian societies for part-bred Caspians. Caspian horse 209

References

[1] http:/ / www. caspianhorsesociety. org. uk/ type. html [2][2]The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies. Oldest remains of Caspian Horse discovered in Northern Iran. 2011-04-29. Accessed 2012-07-09. [3] Firouz, Louise The Caspian Miniature Horse of Iran, Field Research Projects, Florida, USA, 1972 [4][4](Firouz,L, Light Horse, April 1966) [5] E. Gus Cothran, Ph.D., Animal Genetics, Texas A & M University. (Initial studies took place at Kentucky University, 1990). [6][6]Sandor Bokonyi, 'Once more on the Osteological Differences of the Horse, the Half-Ass and the Ass', Budapest, 1971. [7][7]Both c. 500 BC, British Museum, London [8][8]Neil MacGregor A History of the World in a Hundred Objects: Ch. 26, Oxus Chariot Model.;pp 165-`170 (2010) [9] The Horses of Persepolis, Royal Horse Society, Iran, & Firouz L, Light Horse, Vol.20, No.22, Aug. 1969 [10] The Caspian Miniature Horse of Iran, by Louise Firouz, Field Research Projects – Florida (1972). [11][11]Obituary, Times (London), 7 July 2008: Louise Firouz: Horse breeder who discovered the Caspian Horse.

External links

• International Caspian Society (http:/ / www. caspianhorses. org)

• Tiny Caspian horse breed back from the brink (http:/ / www. horsetalk. co. nz/ horsesinhistory/ caspian. shtml) Horsetalk, July 19, 2007

• Caspian Breed Society (U.K) (http:/ / www. caspianbreedsociety. co. uk/ )

• Caspian Horse Society (U.K) (http:/ / www. caspianhorsesociety. org. uk/ )

• Caspian Registry Services (North America) (http:/ / www. endangeredequines. com/ caspian. html)

• The Caspian Horse Society of the Americas (http:/ / www. caspian. org/ )

• Hundreds of photos (http:/ / www. CaspianHorse. com/ ) of nearly all of the Caspian Horse Foundation Lines

• A cytogenetic study of the Caspian pony (http:/ / www. reproduction-online. org/ cgi/ content/ abstract/ 57/ 2/ 331) H Hatami-Monazah and RV Pandit

• Louise Ferouz obituary (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 06/ 02/ world/ middleeast/ 02firouz. html?_r=1) Castillonnais 210 Castillonnais

Castillonnais

Distinguishing features Midsized horse, bred for mountain terrain. Always bay or black, with pangare modification

Country of origin Ariège, France

Breed standards

[1] Haras Nationaux Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Castillonais or Cheval Ariègeois de Castillon, once called the cheval du Biros or Saint-Gironnais, is an ancient breed of small riding horse from the Ariège département of southwestern France. The breed's phenotype is currently in flux, but overall it resembles (and is sometimes confused with) the more common Merens horse. Members of the breed are either dark bay or black, and all have pangare color modification, which results in paler color around the eyes and muzzle and on the underside of the body. Today it is used principally for pleasure riding (including equine tourism) and driving. The Castillonnais probably descends from the horses that inspired the Magdalenian-era paintings found, for example, at the Cave of Niaux, with Oriental and Iberian blood added later. Originally bred as a multipurpose breed used for cavalry, agriculture and driving, the breed declined in population during the 20th century, and almost became extinct. In 1980, a group of supporters began to work to save the breed, and a breed association, now called the Association Nationale du Cheval Castillonnais d'Ariège Pyrénées (ANCCAP), was formed in 1992. The breed was officially recognized by the French Ministry of Agriculture in 1996. The French government, breed association and a regional conservation group all now share an interest in the preservation of the breed. Population numbers are still quite low, and inbreeding is a concern.

Characteristics The physical characteristics seen in the breed are currently in flux, so there is not a single breed phenotype, though many members of the breed closely resemble the Mérens. Enthusiasts are breeding for a rustic mountain horse, of medium size, with good gaits and good temperament. Some members of the breed closely resemble Iberian horses such as the Andalusian horse. The official breed standard calls for a moderately long neck and long, sloped shoulder, broad back, rounded croup and muscular legs.[2] Some members of the breed are branded on the left hindquarter. Because of its relative rarity and physical similarities, the Castillonnais is commonly confused with the Mérens.[3] Castillonnais 211

Castillonnais horses range from 13.1 to 15.1 hands (53 to 61 inches, 135 to 155 cm) high, with the ideal height for mares being 14.1 hands (57 inches, 145 cm) and 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) for stallions. Two colors are allowed in the breed: dark bay and black, both with pangare modification, which results in paler color around the eyes and muzzle and on the underside of the body. Horses of any other color are prohibited from entry into the studbook and all horses are genetically tested to officially determine their color before they are allowed into the studbook. The breed is considered to be an easy keeper, with an easygoing temperament. The horses are agile, surefooted on mountain paths, and exhibit extended gaits, with strong engagement of the hindquarters.

History

Like many other French breeds from the Pyrenees, the Castillonnais probably descends from the horses that inspired the Magdalenian-era paintings found, for example, at the Cave of Niaux. Over time, blood from Oriental and Iberian horses was added to the breed, and influenced its physical appearance and temperament. The Castillonnais was originally known as the "cheval du Biros" (Biros horse) or "Saint-Gironnais", a name from the town of Saint-Girons in Ariege in the Pyrenees, where a large horse fair was held the day after All Saints' Day. In the late nineteenth century, horses of the Pyrenees were known for their use as mounts by light cavalry. In 1908, Gabriel Lamarque, Castillonnais horses in harness in Paris, France equine historian and president of the Société d’agriculture de l’Ariège (Agricultural Society of Ariege), began to study the breed as part of his work in the development of native horse populations in France.

The breed was originally a multipurpose horse, used for agriculture, cavalry and pulling diligences (a type of carriage). Because of a lack of support from a breeding syndicate, such as the one in existence for the Mérens horse, once the need for a multipurpose breed declined, the population of the Castillonnais dwindled. Many horses were crossbred with draft horses, and the breed almost became extinct. The intervention of a group of supporters in 1980 saved the breed from extinction, and in 1992 L'Association Pyrénéenne Ariégeoise du Cheval Castillonnais (the Ariege Pyrenees Association of Castillonnais Horses) was formed, with support from several French government agencies and stud farms. Annually, in August, the association holds a small competition and sale for the breed in Castillon-en-Couserans, which also includes inspections to register horses for the breed studbook. In 1996, the Castillonnais was officially recognized by the French Ministry of Agriculture, due to the efforts of a small number of breed enthusiasts, though by that time only 50 purebred mares remained. The breed association's name was changed to L’association Nationale du Cheval Castillonnais d'Ariège Pyrénées (ANCCAP) (National Association of Castillonnais Horses of the Ariège Pyrenees), and is headquartered in Castillon-en-Couserans. Le Conservatoire du Patrimoine Biologique Régional de Midi-Pyrénées (Conservatory of the Biological Heritage of the Midi-Pyrénées Region), an organization that has worked to protect the diversity of animal species in the region since 1980, is also committed to protecting the breed. Population numbers for the Castillonnais are quite low. The majority of breeders are located in Castillon-en-Couserans, in Ariège, but a few can be found in Brittany and Provence. In November 2005, there were only around 260 existing Castillonnais, and a goal was created by the breed association to double the number of purebred mares between 2005 and 2014. Inbreeding is a concern due to low population numbers, and the national stud farm at and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (National Institute of Agronomic Research) have been brought in to help safeguard the genetic resources of the breed. Castillonnais 212

Uses The Castillonnais is used mainly for pleasure riding, and it is well adapted to the mountainous terrain of the Pyrenees, which makes is useful for equestrian tourism in the area. It can be used for driving, and is sometimes seen in dressage competitions. Some Castillonnais are used for logging and as pack horses for taking food and equipment to mountainous areas otherwise only accessible by helicopter.

Notes

[1] http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ portail/ uploads/ tx_vm19hnreglementation/ reglement_Castillon21juillet2008. pdf [2] Bataille, Races équines de France, p. 55 [3] Bataille, Races équines de France, p. 53

References • Bataille, Lætitia (2008). Races équines de France: Les Races (in French). France Agricole Éditions. ISBN 9782855571546. Catria horse 213 Catria horse

Catria Horse, Cavallo del Catria

Country of origin Italy, native to the Marche region

Breed standards

[1] Associazione Italiana Allevatori Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Catria Horse (Italian: Cavallo del Catria) is a breed of horse originating in the mountainous area of the massif of Monte Catria in the Marche region of Italy, and surrounding areas in the provinces of Ancona, Perugia and Pesaro. It is one of the fifteen indigenous horse "breeds of limited distribution" recognised by the AIA, the Italian breeders' association.

History The Catria horse derives from the cross-breeding of -derived stock from west of the Apennines, thought to have been brought from their homeland in Tuscany mainly by charcoal burners, with other breeds, principally Franches-Montagnes. After the Second World War, the number of Catria horses decreased. The population survived in mountainous areas suitable only for untended livestock. In 1974, the Azienda Speciale Consortile del Catria, or "special co-operative agency of Catria", took control of horse breeding in the area. In 1980, a herd book was opened to conserve the bloodlines of the breed. Catria horses are used in the mountains for agricultural purposes, particularly for carrying cut firewood from steep woodland. They are also used for riding and for the production of horsemeat.

Characteristics Catria Horses may only be bay or chestnut; breeding stallions may not be chestnut. The head is light with a straight profile. The chest is wide and muscular. Height is from 145–160 cm (14.1–15.3 h) for males, 140–155 cm (13.3–15.1 h) for mares.

References

[1] http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080802181557/ http:/ / www. aia. it/ tecnico/ equini/ a_catria. htm Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale 214 Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale

Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale

A stallion in the breeding herd

Country of origin Italy, native to Lazio region

Breed standards

[1] Associazione Italiana Allevatori Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale, or "Roman horse of the part of the Maremma that is in Lazio", is a horse breed native to the Lazio region of Italy. An ancient breed, it was officially recognised only in 2010; it is now one of the fifteen indigenous horse "breeds of limited distribution" listed by the AIA, the Italian breeders' association. The Lazio region has assigned it the conservation status "at risk of erosion". The population numbers about 800, of which most are in the comune of Monte Romano in the province of Viterbo; a herd of approximately 200 is at Ponzano Romano in the province of Rome, and others are in the province of Rieti.

History The breed register for the Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale was opened on 19 October 2010, and the breed standard confirmed by Ministerial Decree 27202, dated 1 December 2010. DNA testing had shown that the traditional working horse of the Maremma of Lazio was not only physically but genetically distinguishable from its counterpart in the Tuscan Maremma, the Maremmano, with which it had previously been classed. The two populations are reported as having common origins but limited overlap, with the Roman horse showing greater variability and a higher proportion of "ancestral" genes; Ripert reports informally that the Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale has 38.5% genes of the original type, while the registered Maremmano population has only 12%. The genetic study, carried out by the Consorzio per la Sperimentazione, Divulgazione e Applicazione di Biotecniche Innovative (CONSDABI), National Focal Point for Italy of the Animal Genetic Resources project of the FAO, was presented at the 12th conference on “New findings in equine practice” held at Druento (Turin, Italy), 11–13 November 2010. The ARSIAL (regional agency for development and innovation in agriculture of Lazio) suggests that this is the same horse breed as the "Cavallo Romano" that was well described in 19th century treatises; authors who discuss the Cavallo Romano include Moreschi (1903) and Fogliata (1910). It is also suggested that the Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale descends from the horses of the ancient Romans, such as that of Marcus Aurelius, or even of the Etruscans. Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale 215

Characteristics The Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale may be bay, black, chestnut or grey; limited facial markings (star and stripe) are permitted, as are white socks. Males measure 155–165 cm (15.1–16.1 hands) at the withers, females 150–162 cm (14.3–16.0 hands). The girth and cannon measurements are similar for both sexes, approximately 170–210 cm (67–83 in) and 19–24 cm (7.5–9.4 in) respectively. The head is well set on, slightly long and heavy, and the profile convex or Roman; the neck is thick, muscular and arched, the mane and tail long and thick. The shoulder is muscular and tends to be straight, the chest is broad with substantial muscle, the girth is deep and the back is short, straight and muscular, sometimes slightly concave. The croup is broad and sloping, and the tail is set low. The legs are solid, strong and muscular, the hooves broad and strong. Horses with concave profile, long or drooping ears, or poor conformation of the legs are not admitted for registration. The action of the Cavallo Romano is lively and well-marked, and its temperament docile and courageous. It is surefooted on even the most difficult terrain. For comparison, the description of the Cavallo Romano given by Moreschi in 1903 is this: "The characteristics of the robust Roman horse were these: slightly convex profile, broad forehead, ears small and firmly attached, large eyes, neck a little thick but with plenty of curvature, mane long and thick, well developed withers, shoulder rather short, robust forearm, strong knees, cannons slightly rounded, fore short and feathered, hoof strong, sole resistant, forefeet sure, body cylindrical, ribs rounded, chest broad, back straight, loins robust, croup broad and a little sloping, long thick tail attached a little low, thigh rounded and a little curved, gaskins strong and short, the hocks strong, hind cannons as the fore, height from 1.45 m to 1.60 m, coat black in all its variations, also many bays and greys. Camped under at the front; majestic bearing."

Uses Although sometimes employed in the past as a warhorse and as a carriage horse, the primary use of the Cavallo Romano was as a working horse for the management of open-range livestock, particularly horses, cattle and sheep. Until the land drainage and reclamation of the fascist era the Maremma region was, like the campagna romana and the Pontine Marshes, wild and inhospitable, and inhabited mostly by vast herds of livestock, transhumant shepherds and the cavalcanti, the "riders", as the butteri of the Maremma Laziale were called. The traditions of the cavalcanti and their style of working riding, the Monta italiana da lavoro, are still taught and transmitted by a small number of riding academies. In addition to herding work, the Cavallo Romano is used today as a saddle horse for trekking; other uses include agricultural and light draught work, use as pack animals, and the production of high quality meat and of milk for paediatric or cosmetic use.

References

[1] http:/ / www. aia. it/ tecnico/ equini/ a_romano_maremma_laz. htm Chilean horse 216 Chilean horse

Chilean Horse

Distinguishing features Hardy, low metabolism, high threshold for pain, great immunity to disease and a remarkable rate of recuperation.

Alternative names Caballo chileno

Country of origin

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Chilean horse or Chilean Corralero is a horse breed from South America. It is the oldest registered native American breed, the oldest registered breed of Iberian origin, the oldest registered horse breed in South America and the oldest registered stock horse breed in the Western Hemisphere.

History

Colony

The Chilean Horse's genealogy originates in the Governorate of New Castile (Peru). Most of the horses came from the fertile valleys of Charcas (now Sucre, ), but some of the finest stallions were selected from throughout the kingdom. The breed probably started around 1544 when the first Chilean horse breeder, Father Rodrigo González Marmolejo, started breeding equines in what was then known as New Toledo when the emphasis was on quality. By the turn of the 16th century, the Mapuches were outstanding horsemen with growing numbers of horses which were trained as efficient war mounts. By the 17th century, Chile had very defined types in parade horses, pacers and trotters and the country had gained the reputation of in a Chilean wheat field, 1940. having the best horses in South America.

Chilean Horses were selected for lateral dexterity, courage to confront and pin belligerent cattle and an even temperament that permitted a high degree of trainability while conserving needed energy for a long day's work. By the 18th century, the yearly round-ups that had been required by decree since 1557 took on massive dimensions. The pens that received cattle herded down from the mountainous terrain needed to have a capacity of no less than 7,000 head. Sorting the cattle by ownership, designated use, and requirements for castration and branding resulted in Chilean horse 217

herding and pushing cattle down long alleyways into classifying pens. This gave rise to the aptitudes now used in the modern-day that are performed in a crescent-shaped arena known as a medialuna (half-moon arena). The increasing area in wheat during this era gave rise to select groups of mares that formed threshing teams of between 50-100 animals. These mares performed a demanding task that required sure-footedness and boundless energy. Any animal that stumbled or slipped to its knees was sent to slaughter. Within a circular confine, with wheat up to their knees, these mares were expected to move on their own accord. These were the dams of some of the best 'corraleros' (rodeo horses) of the time. By the late 18th century, there were farms such as Principal, Catemu, Quilimuta, and Alhue that kept orderly records of the genealogy of the specialized horses they were breeding.

Republic Throughout the 19th century, Chile’s independence from Spain brought on a clear preference for the stock and/or warhorse. This 'blue collared' equine variety that had always dominated the country's inventory, now also became the most prestigious breed elected to represent the newly formed Republic of Chile. In this period. Chile had its most influential breeders. They more closely defined the characteristics of the Chilean Horse, as well as introducing a greater selection for speed, as match races at sprinting distances became popular throughout the country. The end of the 19th century brought with it a decline in agrarian property sizes, the use of thrashing machines that extinguished the need for thrasher mares, railroads and automobiles that greatly limited the use of the horse as a means of transport and the growth of specialized breeds that substituted the Chilean Horse in draft, carriage and racing needs. The saving grace of the Chilean Horse breed was the upsurge in the popularity of the Chilean rodeo. The Chilean horse prior to 1850 was a closed breed type, due the absence of European breeds in a country that was convinced they had the best horses in South America. The isolation that resulted from the geographical definition of its borders also made imports less probable. When modern transport made new breeds more accessible, Chile was one of the last places in South America to see them arrive. Even so, the innumerable mountains, ridges and valleys over a 4,300 km (2,700 mi) long landscape assured that the purity of many Chilean Horses remained intact. Faithful traditional breeders also were critical contributors to breed purity by not succumbing to the temptations of cross-breeding. The critical period that popularized the use of other breeds was shortened even more when Chile became the first country to register their national breed. The real stroke of genius was formalizing and popularising a sport where no other breed could be its equal. Ever since the beginning of the 20th century, the sport of rodeo has become bigger and more organized. Meanwhile the qualities required to excel in this sport were increasingly implanted in the breeding of the Chilean Horse. Nothing has assured the purity of this breed more than its specialization in a sport for which it has been exclusively selected for over 150 years. Outcrossing to other breeds has never been a temptation since the Chilean Horse is well-suited for the Chilean rodeo sport. To this day, speed rather than endurance is the criteria by which (Chilean cowboys) value their horses. Although the registry was established in an effort to protect a 'national treasure' that was being endangered by the cross-breeding promoted by American enchantment with anything European, the Chilean Horse already had more than a century of selection along specific family lines. Chilean horse 218

Breed characteristics Like many other native breeds in Latin America, the Chilean Horse is extremely hardy. It has a low metabolism, a high threshold for pain, a great immunity to disease and a remarkable rate of recuperation. Their hooves are strong and their thick double-hair coat makes them well-suited for both cold and dry/hot weather. The breed has a very docile temperament and makes a very alert horse with a large capacity for work. The breed is now used for working cattle and is used heavily in Chilean rodeo.[1] They come in various colors such as bay, black, chestnut, gray and first level dilutes including palomino, buckskin, and . The Chilean Horse is not just the oldest stock horse breed in America, but is also is the only stock horse breed that has maintained a closed registry since its inception.

References

[1] http:/ / www. ansi. okstate. edu/ breeds/ horses/ chileancorralero/ index. htm • Araya Gomez, Alberto, (1989). El Caballo Chileno en el Siglo XX, Imprenta Gonzalo Amenábar H., Providencia, Santiago, Chile. • Encina, Francisco A., (Nov.1934). “De Un Estudio Sobre el Caballo Chileno” El Campesino Magazine, Santiago, Chile. • Prado P., Uladaricio, (1914). El Caballo Chileno 1541 a 1914, Estudio Zootécnico e Histórico Hípico, Imprenta Santiago, Santiago, Chile.

External links

• Chilean Horse info (http:/ / www. ChileanHorse. com/ ) Choctaw horse 219 Choctaw horse

Choctaw horse

Country of origin United States

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Choctaw Horse is a horse breed from the state of Mississippi in the United States that was originally used by the Choctaw tribe of Native Americans. To the Choctaw, this particular breed of horse was symbolic of wealth, glory, honor, and prestige. They were also used for barter. This breed is rare.

Characteristics They range in height from 13.2 to 14.2 hands (54 to 58 inches, 137 to 147 cm) high and come in all colors, although pinto patterns are the most common. They closely resemble Mustangs. They are stocky, strong, and have great stamina. Their heads have a straight profile. They have full manes and tails.

Uses They are very "cowy" horses, meaning that they have great cow sense and excel when working with cattle. They are smart, energetic horses and are strong and sturdy enough to be pack horses. They are very agile, making them suitable for the faster western events.

References •• The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horses and Ponies by Catherine Austen, Sarah Gorrie, Pippa Roome, and Nicola Jane Swinney published by Flame Tree Publishing, 2008

External links

• Sponenberg article (http:/ / www. choctawnation. com/ history/ choctaw-nation-history/

the-choctaw-horse-by-dr-d-phillip-sponenberg-dvm-phd/ )

• Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture (http:/ / www. kerrcenter. com/ nwsltr/ 2009/ spring09/ choctaw-horses. htm)

• ALBC (http:/ / www. albc-usa. org/ ChoctawRescue/ crChoctawcherokeehorses. html)

• Southwest Spanish Mustang Association (http:/ / www. southwestspanishmustangassociation. com/

PurebredChoctawPonies. html) 220 Cleveland Bay

Cleveland Bay

Cleveland Bays in harness

Distinguishing features Bay in colour, well-muscled, used mainly for driving and fox hunting.

Country of origin England

Common nicknames Chapman Horse

Breed standards

[1] Cleveland Bay Horse Society (UK) Breed standards

[2] Cleveland Bay Horse Society of North America Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Cleveland Bay is a breed of horse that originated in England during the 17th century, named after its colouring and the Cleveland district of Yorkshire. It is a well-muscled horse, with legs that are strong but short in relation to the body. The horses are always bay in colour, although a few light hairs in the mane and tail are characteristic of some breed lines. It is the oldest established horse breed in England, and the only non-draught horse developed in Great Britain. The ancestors of the breed were developed during the Middle Ages for use as pack horses, when they gained their nickname of "Chapman Horses". These pack horses were crossbred with Andalusian and Barb blood, and later with Arabians and Thoroughbreds, to create the Cleveland Bay of today. Over the years, the breed became lighter in frame as they were employed more as carriage and riding horses. The popularity of the Cleveland Bay has greatly fluctuated since it was first imported to the United States in the early 19th century. Despite serious declines in the population after Second World War, the breed has experienced a resurgence in popularity since the 1970s, although only around 550 horses existed worldwide as of 2006. They have been patronized by members of the royal family throughout their history, and they are still used to pull carriages in royal processions today. The breed has also been used to develop and improve several warmblood and draught horse breeds. Today they are used for farm work and driving, as well as under-saddle work. They are particularly popular for fox hunting and show jumping, both pure blooded and when crossed with Thoroughbreds. The Cleveland Bay is a rare breed, and both the United Kingdom-based Rare Breeds Survival Trust and the United States-based American Livestock Breeds Conservancy consider the population to be at critical limits for extinction. Cleveland Bay 221

Characteristics The Cleveland Bay generally stands between 16 and 16.2 hands (64 and 66 inches, 163 and 168 cm), and is always bay in colour. Bright bay horses (bays with a more reddish tint than normal) are the most preferred by breeders, followed by ordinary bay, dark bay and then light bay.[3] This preference for brighter shades of bay was originally stated in the official breed standard, although this stipulation has since been removed. In some bloodlines of the breed, light, grayish hairs in the mane and tail are known as a characteristic of pure blood. White markings, except for a small star on the forehead, render the horse inadmissible to the stud book. Horses are expected to have complete black points, including completely black lower legs. Legs that are red below the knees and hocks are considered faulty in colour, although they do not disqualify a horse from registry. The occasional red legs that appear in the breed are thought to come from chestnut Thoroughbred stallions that were crossed into Cleveland Bay and bloodlines at some points in the history of both breeds.[4] The uniformity in colour is encouraged as it makes creating matching driving teams and pairs very easy.[5] When the breed was first developed, the horses almost always had a countershaded dorsal stripe, but these disappeared with the of the 18th century.[6] The breed has a large head, slightly convex profile, and a long, well-muscled neck. The withers are well-muscled, which often makes them less pronounced, the chest is broad and deep, the shoulders are muscular and sloping, and the croup slightly sloping. The legs are short in relation to the body, but strong and well-muscled.[7] The legs have little or no feather, as the breed was developed partially for working in the heavy clay soils of its native country, where heavy feather led to increased disease prevalence.[8] They are hardy and long-lived horses,

A Cleveland Bay/Holsteiner cross and docile in temperament. In the early 20th century, when a breed standard was issued by the British Cleveland Bay Society for use in judging shows, a section was added on the movement of the horses, describing the desired action, especially at the trot. This was included in part because military potential was still considered a factor in evaluating harness horses and a good trot was necessary for an artillery horse. It was also evaluated because breeds with large action at the trot often also have a potential for jumping. The combination of desired characteristics means that the breed is useful for breeding show jumpers, eventers and steeplechasers (the latter especially when crossed with Thoroughbreds).

Partbred Cleveland Bays are sometimes called Cleveland Bay Sporthorses, although they are referred to by the US and UK registries as part breds. They are eligible for registration with the Cleveland Bay Part Bred Registry, but must not be registered with any other registry. To be eligible, horses must have at least one grandparent registered with the main Cleveland Bay Horse Society stud book. The Australasian registry refers to part breds as Sporthorses, although they still require at least 25 percent Cleveland Bay blood. Cleveland Bay 222

History Originally developed in the Cleveland district of Yorkshire, England, the Cleveland Bay is said to be the oldest established English horse breed, and the only horse native to Britain that does not belong to the heavy horse group.[9][10] The closest breed in type, although completely unrelated, is the .[11]

Development

The earliest breeding of the ancestors of the Cleveland Bay was done in large part by English churches and monasteries, to meet a need for pack horses to carry trade goods between abbeys and monasteries in northeast England. These medieval horses gained the nickname of "Chapman Horses" because of their use by travelling merchants known as "chapmen". What is now the Cleveland Bay was developed from Barb and Andalusian horses crossed with Chapman Horse mares. The Barb blood came mainly from horses imported by wealthy young men on their Grand Tour of Europe, bought off the docks in Marseilles and A drawing of a Yorkshire Coach Horse transported back to England.[12] The Andalusian blood came from horses bred at the royal stud in Cordoba and given to English royalty by the King of Spain. The stallions were often available for breeding to local horses, and the first infusion of Andalusian blood was added to the native Chapman Horses. The Spanish horses also made their way to the outlying estates of English nobility, and were then taken by Oliver Cromwell's men after the English Civil War. Once in the hands of Cromwell's men, many of the stallions were made available for locals to cross with the existing Chapman Horses, adding a second infusion of Andalusian bloodlines. In the late 17th century a second infusion of Barb blood was added when Cleveland breeders purchased horses directly from soldiers at Tangier or from the Moors themselves.[13]

Between 1685 and 1785 this Chapman Horse/Andalusian/Barb cross developed into the original Cleveland Bay. During this century the type grew bigger due to better feeding, and by 1785 had developed through selective breeding into the "agricultural type" Cleveland Bay.[14] This original type was heavier and more draft-like than the breed of today. This was due to a need for strength more than speed on the farms and poor roads of 17th- and 18th-century England. As roads improved and speed became more important in the late 18th century, Thoroughbred and Arabian blood was added. The resulting horses were used extensively as coach horses, and were lighter of frame, with a well-arched neck and powerful shoulders, making for a flashy carriage horse.[] The Thoroughbred blood was added despite the claims of breeders that the Cleveland Bay was "free from taint of black or blood", meaning either Thoroughbred "blood" or the "Black" and its descendents. The addition of Thoroughbred breeding is thought responsible for Cleveland Bays born with red legs (as opposed to the black normally associated with bay horses), generally the result of a chestnut Thoroughbred sire in the family tree. Cleveland Bay 223

Establishment

The British Cleveland Bay Horse Society was formed in 1883,[15] and the first stud book was published in 1884. The 19th century saw the export of many Cleveland Bays overseas, to Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the United States, India, Russia and the European continent.[16] In the early 19th century, Cleveland Bays were first imported to , Virginia and Massachusetts in the United States, and in 1884 the Upperville Colt & Horse Show was created in Virginia by Colonel Richard Henry Dulany to showcase his imported Cleveland Bay stallion and the offspring of the stallion. The Cleveland Bay Society of America was formed in 1885, and the stud book began A "Cleveland" horse bred in Poland in the late 1800s. publication in 1889, although horses were registered who had lived as far back as 1860. Judging from the descriptions of the earliest registered horses, it is possible that many of the "Cleveland Bays" registered were actually Yorkshire Coach Horses; however, all were registered as Clevelands, and that is what they are known as today. Over 2,000 horses were registered with the association by 1907. The horses were of interest to Buffalo Bill Cody, who drove four Cleveland Bay stallions in his Wild West Show.

Before the First World War, having seen the cavalry feats of mounted Boers during the Second Boer War, Britain increased its cavalry reserves. Smaller Cleveland Bays were used to carry British troopers, and larger members of the breed pulled artillery; the British War Office offered premiums on Cleveland Bay stallions. Although the First World War was not the cavalry war the British expected, large numbers of horses were used to pull artillery and losses were high.[17] Because the war caused a depletion in stock, in 1920 and 1921, the British society opened a special register for previously unregistered mares of Cleveland Bay type, including some already registered with the Yorkshire Coach Horse (a Cleveland/Thoroughbred cross) registry, after they had passed an inspection that certified them to be of proper breed type. The subsequent foals of these mares were eligible for registration into the main British Cleveland Bay stud book, and were also eligible to compete in competitions reserved for breed members. Some of this progeny was bred and owned by King George V.[18]

Decline and re-emergence

However, interest in the Cleveland Bay was waning, due to increased mechanisation, and the Great Depression of the early 1930s reduced exports by almost a third. There was a brief revival of interest in the late 1930s in the United States when they became popular as foundation stock for hunters. The decline continued, quickening after the Second World War; in 1960 the War Office stopped offering premiums on stallions, and many breeders discontinued breeding. By 1962, only four purebred stallions were present in the UK. Queen Two of the Queen's Cleveland Bays pulling a Elizabeth II saved the breed by purchasing Mulgrave Supreme, a coach near Buckingham Palace stallion that was about to be sold to a buyer in the United States. The stallion was bred to pure- and part-bred mares, and within 15 years there were 36 purebred stallions in the UK. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, used the breed for many years in international driving competitions. In the late 1960s and 1970s, interest in the breed increased, and part-bred Cleveland Bays were in demand for use as riding horses, especially for use as hunters and jumpers. In 1964, a Cleveland Bay/Thoroughbred cross competed in show jumping in the Tokyo Olympics.[19] Another half-bred Cleveland Bay competed for the British Olympic team in Cleveland Bay 224

show jumping at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, while a third was a reserve mount for the Canadian show jumping team at the 1976 Montreal Olympics. In the late 1960s and 70s, horses continued to be exported to many countries. Japan, the United States and Australia have continued to import the horses from England, and in New Zealand crosses between Cleveland Bays and native mares were in demand on cattle and sheep stations.[20] Since 1977, Elizabeth II has been a patron of the Society, and during the Society's centenary year of 1984 she acted as its president. The British Cleveland Bay Horse Society also maintains a separate registry for part-bred horses. In the late 20th century, the breed again gained the attention of the United States public, and in 1985 the US association was reactivated, renamed the Cleveland Bay Society of North America. The US American Livestock Breeds Conservancy considers their status to be critical, which means there is an estimated global population of less than 2,000, and fewer than 200 annual registrations in the United States. The UK Rare Breeds Survival Trust also considers their status to be critical, with less than 300 breeding females registered worldwide. The Equus Survival Trust also considers the breed population to be at critical levels, meaning there are between 100 and 300 breeding females left in the world. Currently, there are about 135 purebred horses in the US and Canada recorded with the North American registry. There are also small populations in Japan, New Zealand, and Australia. In 2006, an estimated 550 Cleveland Bay horses existed worldwide, of which about 220 were mares; the 2005 foal crop produced fewer than 50 horses.

Uses

The Cleveland Bay is a versatile horse and is still used today for many tasks, including driving and farmwork. In the 1920s, Cleveland Bays replaced black Hanoverians in the British royal stables, and both the Cleveland Bay and Cleveland Bay/Thoroughbred crosses are used as royal carriage horses today.[21] The horses are used as heavy hunters, as they are powerful and able to carry a man weighing 250 pounds (110 kg) for a full day of hunting over large obstacles and through heavy clay. When crossed with Thoroughbreds, the resulting progeny A 3/4 Cleveland Bay, 1/4 Thoroughbred stallion are lighter and faster, but still strong and heavy of bone.[22] When show jumping was first beginning as a sport during the mid-19th century, Cleveland Bays were among the initial stars. Two mares, Star and Fanny Drape, were two of the top performers. Fanny Drape was known to have cleared a 6 feet (1.8 m) stone wall with a rider on her back, and a 7.5 feet (2.3 m) bar while being jumped in-hand.[23] In 2006, a Cleveland Bay stallion named Tregoyd Journeyman was used as a model for a new horse figure by Breyer Animal Creations, and the stallion participated in that year's Breyer model horse festival. Purebred and crossbred Cleveland Bays make up the majority of the bay horses in the Royal Mews, the British royal stables, where they receive intense training to desensitize them before they are put to work drawing royal carriages.

The Cleveland Bay was used in the creation of the Oldenburg breed, because of its stamina, strength, and jumping ability.[24] The breed was also used to create and improve the Holstein and Hanoverian breeds. In the late 18th century, the Cleveland Bay was used to create the short-lived Yorkshire Coach Horse through crosses with Thoroughbreds. These Yorkshires were used mainly to pull mail and passenger coaches, hence their name. Called by some the "New Cleveland Bay", foreigners often could not distinguish between the two breeds, and many horses registered as Cleveland Bays in European coach horse studbooks were actually Yorkshire Coach Horses.[25] In the 19th century, the Cleveland Bay was crossed with French and Belgian draft horses to create the Vladimir Heavy Draft, a Russian breed developed to fill that country's need for a heavy draft breed.[26] Cleveland Bay 225

Notes

[1] http:/ / www. clevelandbay. com/ about-cb-horses/ content_-_about_cb_horses_-_breed_standards

[2] http:/ / www. clevelandbay. org/ the-breed/ standards. html [3] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, pp. 18–19 [4] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, p. 50 [5] Hendricks, International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, pp. 131–132 [6] Hayes, Points of the Horse, p. 254 [7] Bongianni, Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies, Entry 13 [8] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, p. 26 [9] Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, pp. 304–305 [10] Edwards and Geddes, The Complete Horse Book, pp. 78–79 [11] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, p. 16 [12] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, pp. 38–39 [13] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, pp. 42–45 [14] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, p. 46 [15] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, pp. 57–58 [16] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, pp. 55–56 [17] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, pp. 61–64 [18] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, p. 52 [19] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, pp. 65–70 [20] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, pp. 73–75 [21] Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, p. 302 [22] Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, p. 373 [23] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, p. 59 [24] Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, p. 307 [25] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, pp. 49–50 [26] Edwards and Geddes, The Complete Horse Book, p. 113

References • Bongianni, Maurizio (editor) (1988). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-671-66068-3. • Dent, Anthony (1978). Cleveland Bay Horses. Canaan, NY: J.A. Allen. ISBN 0-85131-283-7. • Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse (1st American Edition ed.). New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 1-56458-614-6. • Edwards, Elwyn Hartley and Candida Geddes (editors) (1987). The Complete Horse Book. North Pomfret, VT: Trafalgar Square, Inc. ISBN 0-943955-00-9. • Hayes, Capt. M. Horace, FRCVS (1969, Reprinted 1976). Points of the Horse (7th Revised Edition ed.). New York, NY: Arco Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-09-038711-3. • Hendricks, Bonnie. International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8.

External links

• Cleveland Bay Horse Society (http:/ / www. clevelandbay. com/ )

• Cleveland Bay Horse Society of North America (http:/ / www. clevelandbay. org/ )

• Cleveland Bay Horse Society of Australasia (http:/ / www. clevelandbays. com. au/ ) Clydesdale horse 226 Clydesdale horse

Clydesdale

Clydesdale draught horse sabino, side view

Distinguishing features Draught horse breed, generally bay, with significant white markings and extensive feathering.

Country of origin Scotland

Common nicknames Clydes (USA)

Breed standards

[1] Clydesdale Breeders of the USA Breed standards

[2] Clydesdale Horse Society Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Clydesdale is a breed of draught horse derived from the farm horses of Clydesdale, Scotland, and named after that region. Although originally one of the smaller breeds of draught horses, it is now a tall breed. Often bay in colour, they show significant white markings due to the presence of sabino genetics. The breed was originally used for agriculture and haulage, and is still used for draught purposes today. The are some of the most famous Clydesdales, and other members of the breed are used as drum horses by the British Household Cavalry. They have also been used to create and improve other draught breeds. The breed was developed from Flemish stallions imported to Scotland and crossed with local mares. The first recorded use of the name "Clydesdale" for the breed was in 1826, and by 1830 a system of hiring stallions had begun that resulted in the spread of Clydesdale horses throughout Scotland and into northern England. The first breed registry was formed in 1877. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, thousands of Clydesdales were exported from Scotland and sent throughout the world, including to Australia and New Zealand, where they became known as "the breed that built Australia". However, during World War I population numbers began to decline due to increasing mechanization and war conscription. This decline continued, and by the 1970s, the Rare Breeds Survival Trust considered the breed vulnerable to extinction. Population numbers have increased slightly in the intervening time, but they are still thought to be vulnerable. Clydesdale horse 227

Breed characteristics The conformation of the Clydesdale has changed significantly throughout its history. In the 1920s and 1930s, it was a compact horse smaller than the Shire, Percheron and Belgian. Beginning in the 1940s, breeding animals were selected to produce taller horses that looked more impressive in parades and shows. Today, the Clydesdale stands 16 to 18 hands (64 to 72 inches, 163 to 183 cm) high and weighs 1,800 to 2,000 pounds (820 to 910 kg).[3] Some mature males are larger, standing taller than 18 hands and weighing up to 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg). The breed has a straight or slightly convex facial profile, broad forehead and wide muzzle. It is well-muscled and strong, with an arched neck, high withers and a sloped shoulder. Breed associations pay close attention to the quality of the hooves and legs, as well as the general movement. Their gaits are active, with clearly lifted hooves and a general impression of power and quality. Clydesdales are energetic, with a manner described by the Clydesdale Horse Society as a "gaiety of carriage and outlook." Clydesdales have been identified to be at risk for chronic progressive lymphedema, a disease with clinical signs that include progressive swelling, hyperkeratosis and fibrosis of distal limbs that is similar to chronic lymphedema in humans. Clydesdales are usually bay in colour, but roan, black, grey and chestnut also occur. Most have white markings, including white on the face, feet, legs and occasional body spotting (generally on the lower belly). They also have extensive feathering on their lower legs. Roaning, body spotting and extensive white markings are thought to be the result of sabino genetics. Some Clydesdale breeders want white face and leg markings without the spotting on the body. To attempt getting the ideal set of markings, they often breed horses with only one white leg to horses with four white legs and sabino roaning on their bodies. On average, the result is a foal with the desired amount of white markings. Clydesdales do not have the SB1 (Sabino 1) gene responsible for causing sabino expressions in many other breeds, and researchers theorise that there are several other genes responsible for these patterns. Many buyers pay a premium for bay and black horses, especially those with four white legs and white facial markings. Specific colours are often preferred over other physical traits, and some buyers will even choose horses with soundness problems if they have the desired colour and markings. Roan horses are not preferred by buyers, despite one draught breed writer theorizing that they are needed in order to keep the desired coat colours and texture. Breed associations, however, state that there are no bad colours, and that horses with roaning and body spots are increasingly accepted.

History

The Clydesdale takes its name from Clydesdale, the old name for Lanarkshire, noted for the River Clyde. In the mid-18th century, Flemish stallions were imported to Scotland and bred to local mares, resulting in foals that were larger than the existing local stock. These included a black unnamed stallion imported from England by a John Paterson of Lochlyloch and an unnamed dark-brown stallion owned by the Duke of Hamilton. Another prominent stallion was a 16.1 hands (65 inches, 165 cm) coach horse stallion of unknown lineage named

Blaze. Written pedigrees were kept of these foals beginning in the Two New Zealand Clydesdales pulling a wagon early 19th century, and in 1806 a filly, later known as "Lampits mare" after the farm name of her owner, was born that traced her lineage to the black stallion. This mare is listed in the ancestry of almost every Clydesdale living today. One of her foals was Thompson's (known as Glancer), who was to have a significant influence on the Clydesdale breed. The first recorded use of the name "Clydesdale" in reference to the breed was in 1826 at an exhibition in Glasgow. Another theory of their origin, that of them descending from Flemish horses brought to Scotland as early as the 15th century, was also promulgated in the late 18th century. However, even the author of that theory admitted that the common story of their ancestry is more likely.[4] Clydesdale horse 228

A system of hiring stallions between districts existed in Scotland, with written records dating back to 1837. This program consisted of local agriculture improvement societies holding breed shows to choose the best stallion, whose owner was then awarded a monetary prize. The owner was then required, in return for additional monies, to take the stallion throughout a designated area, breeding to the local mares.[5] Through this system and by purchase, Clydesdale stallions were sent throughout Scotland and into northern England. Through extensive crossbreeding with local mares, these stallions spread the Clydesdale type throughout the areas where they were placed, and by 1840, Scottish draught horses and the Clydesdale were one and the same.[5] In 1877, the Clydesdale Horse Society of Scotland was formed, followed in 1879 by the American Clydesdale Association (later renamed the Clydesdale Breeders of the USA) which served both U.S. and Canadian breed enthusiasts. The first American stud book was published in 1882. In 1883, the short-lived Select Clydesdale Horse Society was founded to compete with the Clydesdale Horse Society. It was started by two breeders dedicated to improving the A 1904 drawing of a Clydesdale mare breed, who also were responsible in large part for the introduction of Shire blood into the Clydesdale.[6]

Large numbers of Clydesdales were exported from Scotland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with 1,617 stallions leaving the country in 1911 alone. Between 1884 and 1945, export certificates were issued for 20,183 horses. These horses were exported to other countries in the British Empire, as well as North and South America, continental Europe and Russia. World War I saw the conscription of thousands of horses for the war effort, and after the war breed numbers declined as farms became increasingly mechanised. This decline continued between the wars. Following World War II the number of Clydesdale breeding stallions in England dropped from more than 200 in 1946 to 80 in 1949. By 1975, the Rare Breeds Survival Trust considered them vulnerable to extinction, meaning there were fewer than 900 breeding females in the UK. Many of the horses exported from Scotland in the 19th and 20th centuries went to Australia and New Zealand. In 1918, the Commonwealth Clydesdale Horse Society was formed as the association for the breed in Australia. Between 1906 and 1936, Clydesdales were bred so extensively in Australia that other draught breeds were almost unknown. By the late 1960s it was noted that "Excellent Clydesdale horses are bred in Victoria and New Zealand; but, at least in the former place, it is considered advisable to keep up the type by frequent importations from England."[7] Over 25,000 Clydesdales were registered in Australia between 1924 and 2008. The popularity of the Clydesdale led to it being called "the breed that built Australia". In the 1990s, the breed's popularity and numbers began to rise. By 2005, the Rare Breeds Survival Trust had moved the breed to "at risk" status, meaning there were fewer than 1,500 breeding females in the UK. However, by 2010 they had been moved back to vulnerable. The Clydesdale is considered to be at "watch" status by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, meaning that as of 2010 less than 2,500 horses are registered annually in the USA and less than 10,000 exist worldwide. As of 2010, there are estimated to be around 5,000 Clydesdales worldwide, with around 4,000 in the US and Canada, 800 in the UK and the rest in other countries, including Russia, Japan, Germany and South Africa. Clydesdale horse 229

Uses

The Clydesdale was originally used for agriculture, hauling coal in Lanarkshire and heavy hauling in Glasgow. Today, Clydesdales are still used for draught purposes, including agriculture, logging and driving. They are also shown and ridden, as well as kept for pleasure. Some of the most famous members of the breed are the teams that make up the hitches of the Budweiser Clydesdales. These horses were first owned by the Budweiser Brewery at the end of Prohibition in the United States, and have since become an international symbol of both the breed and the brand. The Budweiser breeding program, with its strict standards of colour and conformation, have influenced the look of the breed in the United States to the point that many people believe that Clydesdales are always bay with white markings. As well as being driven, some Clydesdales are used for riding and can be shown under saddle.[8] Clydesdales and Shires are used by the British Household Cavalry as drum horses, leading parades on ceremonial and state occasions. The horses are eye-catching colours, including , and roan. To be used for this purpose, a drum The Budweiser Clydesdales horse must stand a minimum of 17 hands (68 inches, 173 cm) high. They carry the Musical Ride Officer and two silver drums weighing 56 kilograms (123 lb) each.

In the late 19th century, Clydesdale blood was added to the Irish draught breed in an attempt to improve and reinvigorate that declining breed. However, these efforts were not seen as successful, as Irish Draught breeders thought the Clydesdale blood made their horses coarser and prone to lower leg defaults.[9] The Clydesdale was instrumental in the creation of the Gypsy Vanner horse, developed in Great Britain.[10] The Clydesdale, along with other draught breeds, was also used to create the Australian Draught Horse. In the early 20th century, they were often crossed with Dales ponies, creating mid-sized draught horses useful for pulling commercial wagons and military artillery.[11]

Notes

[1] http:/ / www. clydesusa. com/

[2] http:/ / www. clydesdalehorsesociety. com/ [3][3]Dutson, pp. 348-351 [4][4]Biddell, pp. 75-76 [5][5]McNeilage, p. 73 [6][6]Edwards, pp. 284-285 [7][7]Hayes, p. 361 [8][8]Smith, pp. 20-21 [9][9]Edwards, pp. 374-375 [10][10]Dutson, pp. 117-118 [11][11]Dutson, p. 294 Clydesdale horse 230

References

• Biddell, Herman (1894). Heavy Horses: Breeds and Management (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ cu31924051110306). London, Vinton & Co. • Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. Storey Publishing. ISBN 1-58017-613-5. • Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse (1st American ed.). New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 1-56458-614-6. • Hayes, Capt. M. Horace, FRCVS (1969, Reprinted 2003). Points of the Horse (7th Revised ed.). New York, NY: Arco Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59333-000-2. • Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8.

• McNeilage, Arch. (1904). "A Scottish Authority on the Premium System" (http:/ / books. google. com/

?id=KiBJAAAAYAAJ& pg=RA1-PA73& dq=stallion+ hiring+ system+ scotland#v=onepage& q=stallion hiring

system scotland& f=false). In National Livestock Association of Canada. General convention, Issues 1-3. Government Printing Bureau.

• Smith, Donna Campbell (2007). The Book of Draft Horses: The Gentle Giants that Built the World (http:/ / books.

google. com/ ?id=kcZkHwnNYYkC& pg=PA20& dq=riding+ classes+ at+ shows+ for+ clydesdale#v=onepage&

q& f=false). Globe Pequot. ISBN 1-59228-979-7.

External links

• The Clydesdale Horse Society (http:/ / www. clydesdalehorsesociety. com/ )

• Clydesdale Breeders of the USA (http:/ / clydesusa. com/ index. php)

• Commonwealth Clydesdale Horse Society (http:/ / www. clydesdalehorse. com. au/ ) Colorado Ranger 231 Colorado Ranger

Colorado Ranger Horse

Distinguishing features Endurance, 'cow sense' and athletic ability, some horses have spotted coats

Alternative names Colorado Rangerbred

Country of origin United States

Breed standards

[1] Colorado Ranger Horse Association Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Colorado Ranger is a horse breed from the Colorado High Plains in the United States. The breed is descended from two stallions imported from Turkey to the US state of Virginia in the late 1800s. These stallions were then bred to ranch horses in Nebraska and Colorado, and in the early 1900s the two stallions who every registered Colorado Ranger traces to, Patches #1 and Max #2, were foaled. The breed was championed by rancher Mike Ruby, who founded the Colorado Ranger Horse Association in 1935. Original registry membership limits resulted in many Colorado Ranger horses being registered instead as Appaloosas, but pedigree research is ongoing to discover additional horses who trace their ancestry back to the original stallions. By 2005, more than 6,000 Colorado Ranger horses had been registered. Colorado Rangers may be any solid color or carry leopard spotting patterns. Pinto coloration and American Paint Horse breeding are not allowed, nor are draft horse and pony breeding. Colorado Ranger horses may be dual registered with the Appaloosa Horse Club, and approximately 90 percent are.

Characteristics and registration Colorado Ranger horses may be of any color except pinto, and pinto or American Paint Horse breeding is not allowed within five generations of any registered horse's pedigree. They stand 14.2 to 16 hands (58 to 64 inches, 147 to 163 cm) high. The breed has a straight facial profile, long, muscular neck and deep chest. The shoulders and croup are sloping, connected by a short back. Colorado Ranger horses are still used for their original purpose as ranch horses. They are also shown, both in Western and English disciplines, although mainly the former, and used for trail and pleasure riding. They are known for their athleticism, good disposition and abilities as stock horses. All registered Colorado Ranger Horses trace directly to one of two foundation sires in their pedigree. The first is Patches #1 and the second is Max #2, a son of another horse named Max born in 1918. Registered Colorado Rangerbreds may be bred to registered Thoroughbreds, American Quarter Horses, Appaloosas, Arabians and AraAppaloosas, and the resulting progeny registered as purebred Colorado Rangerbreds. Horses with draft horse or pony blood may not be registered. Colorado Ranger Horses may be double-registered with the Appaloosa Horse Club, but Appaloosas may not be registered with the CRHA unless they have the proper bloodlines. Approximately 90 percent of Colorado Ranger horses are dual-registered.

History The original foundation ancestors of the Colorado Ranger were two stallions brought to the United States and given to US president Ulysses S. Grant by the Turkish Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1878. The first horse was a gray Barb named Linden Tree, foaled in 1874. The second was a desertbred Arabian, also gray, named Leopard, foaled in 1873. The two stallions reached Virginia in 1879, after their voyage from Turkey. Upon reaching Virginia, they spent 14 years in the breeding herds of Randolph Huntington, a noted breeder of trotting and roadster horses. In 1896, Colorado Ranger 232

Randolph leased Leopard and Linden Tree to a friend of Grant's, named General Colby, who used to stallions to breed a number of mares on his ranch in Nebraska. These breedings were successful at producing high-quality ranch horses, and a few years later several ranches in Colorado collaborated to buy a group of horses, including one stallion, from the Colby Ranch. All of the mares were sired by one of the two imported sires, and the stallion, a few-spot leopard Appaloosa, was a grandson of Leopard on both sides of his pedigree. The influence of Linden Tree and Leopard on American horse breeding was such that they are now listed in the studbooks for the Arabian Horse Association and the Jockey Club (which registers Thoroughbreds), both major breed associations in the United States.

20th century

The Colorado ranchers used the horses purchased from Colby to improve their existing ranch stock, and the progeny of these crossings became the Colorado Ranger Horse. Although leopard coloration was not originally an aim of the breeding program, many of the resulting horses bore spotted coat patterns, and breeders began to include the patterning as one of their goals. Two other stallions also became influential foundation sires of the breed. One was a Colorado-born leopard-spot colt named Max, foaled in 1918. The second was a Barb stallion named Spotte, imported from North Africa in 1918 by the owner of the W.R. Thompson Cattle Company as a wedding gift for his daughter. This stallion provided another important infusion of Barb blood, which had been diluted in the breed since Linden Tree had been imported from Turkey.

Mike Ruby, a horseman from the Colorado High Plains, became interested in the breed and acquired Max and Patches, a son of the An Appaloosa, displaying the characteristic original Colby Ranch stallion. During his time breeding Colorado spotted pattern often seen among Colorado Ranger horses, he kept complete records of every horse that he bred, Rangers which became the initial pedigree record for the breed association. Ruby was invited to bring two stallions to the Denver Stock Show in 1934, and chose to take Leopard #3 and Fox #10. The names Colorado Rangers and Colorado Rangerbreds were coined during this show by members of the now-Colorado State University faculty, in reference to the horses having been bred on the ranges of Colorado. Although "Colorado Ranger" is the official name of the breed, the nickname of "Rangerbreds" is still commonly used.

Ruby was influential in saving some of the highest-quality Ranger stock during the severe drought of the 1930s, by driving them over 300 miles (480 km) to better pasture in a history-making journey. When the rains returned to eastern Colorado, he again made the drive to return the horses to their original pasture. After re-establishing his herd, Ruby developed a practice of leasing groups of his Rangerbred horses to other ranchers throughout the for use as breeding stock. Through this practice, Colorado Ranger horses influenced, and were in return influenced by, the Quarter Horse, Appaloosa and other western stock horse breeds. In 1935, Ruby founded the Colorado Ranger Horse Association (CRHA), and was granted a corporate charter for the association in 1938. Ruby remained president of the organization from 1935 until his death in 1942. The registry initially imposed a 50 member limit, and many Ranger horses, whose breeders were not allowed to become members, were instead registered with the Appaloosa Horse Club. The member limit was lifted in 1964, and since then pedigree research has continued to find and register horses with Ranger breeding that are un-registered or registered as Appaloosas. During the 1980s, some Lusitano blood was allowed into the breed, but this practice has been discontinued. The CRHA states that up to 1 in 8 registered Appaloosas may have Colorado Ranger blood, and Colorado Ranger 233

as such be eligible for registry with the CRHA. As of 2005, there were more than 6,000 horses registered with the CRHA, with between 100 and 125 new horses registered annually. While originally bred in the western US, today many Colorado Rangers are found in the midwest and eastern parts of the country, including the states of Michigan, Ohio and Pennsylvania. They are also found in Canada, where there is at least one large breeding farm.

References

[1] http:/ / www. coloradoranger. com/ Registration. html

External links

• Colorado Ranger Horse Association (http:/ / www. coloradoranger. com/ ) Coldblood trotter 234 Coldblood trotter

Coldblood Trotter

A Coldblood Trotter of mixed Swedish and Norwegian lines

Distinguishing features Heavy horse bred for harness racing

Country of origin Norway and Sweden

Breed standards

[1] Det Norsk Travselskap Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

A Coldblood Trotter may belong to either one of two closely related and interconnected breeds of horse: the Norsk Kaldblodstraver (Norwegian Coldblood Trotter) and the Svensk Kallblodstravare (Swedish Coldblood Trotter). Coldblood trotters, also known widely in international breed registries as Draft Trotters, are the result of crossbreeding lighter and faster horses with native coldblooded farm horses, either the Norwegian Dølehest or the . Although the Norwegian and Swedish coldblood trotters are substantially considered a single breed, two national studbooks are maintained, and registration requirements differ in some respects between the two countries.

Characteristics

The average height at the withers for stallions is 154 cm (15.1 hands), and all individuals should stand at least 148 cm (14.2 hands). Bay in all its variations is the most common coat colour, followed by chestnut and black. The dun gene, buckskin gene and cream gene are present in the genetic material, but not white nor any variations of pinto.[citation needed]

The Coldblood Trotter has a relatively small and square head with large nostrils. It is well suited for the cold conditions in Scandanivia,

Mare and foal and it can develop large amounts of winter hair, having less need for blankets in winter. Compared to the Standardbred it is smaller, heavier, and more compact in build. It is not as fast as the Standardbred. The Coldblood Trotter is mostly bred in Norway and Sweden. Coldblood Trotters are very rarely found outside the Nordic Countries. Coldblood trotter 235

Uses The coldblood trotter is bred for use in harness racing. The two types compete in shared heats that exclude entry of light trotter breeds or .

References

[1] http:/ / www. travsport. no/ Global/ Dokumenter%20Avl/ Kaldblodstraver202008. pdf Comtois horse 236 Comtois horse

Comtois horse

Comtois horse

Distinguishing features Light draft horse build, little feathering, chestnut with flaxen mane and tail

Country of origin France

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Comtois horse is a draft horse that originated in the Jura Mountains on the border between France and Switzerland.

Characteristics The Comtois is a light draft horse, with a large head, straight neck, stocky and powerful body and deep girth. They have long, straight backs and short, strong legs with a little feathering and muscular hindquarters. The Comtois sometimes shows a tendency towards sickle hocks. These horses are generally chestnut with flaxen manes and tails, but they can also be bay. They usually stand 1.50–1.65 metres (14.3–16.1 hands) high and weigh 650–800 kg (1,430–1,760 lb).[1]

History

The Comtois horse breed is an old breed of horse that is believed to have descended from horses brought by the Burgundians of northern Germany to France during the fourth century. It is believe that they have been bred at the Franche-Comté and in the Jura Mountains since the sixth century. In the Middle Ages they were used as war horses. They were bred at the Franche-Comté and in the Jura Mountains During the 16th century, the Comtois breed was used to improve the Burgandy Horse. In the 19th century, other draft horses such as the Comtois horses being used for logging. Norman, Boulonnais, and Percheron were bred into the Comtois, and more recently the Ardennes was used to produce a stronger horse with better legs. Today, they are second only to the Belgian draft horse in number in France. Comtois horse 237

Uses

In the sixteenth century, these horses were used as a cavalry and artillery horse, and were present in the armies of Louis XIV and later Napoleon Bonaparte. The Comtois is used today for hauling wood in the pine forests of the Jura in the mountainous regions of the Massif Central, and for working in the vineyards in the Arbois area. They are also bred for the French horsemeat industry.

References

Comtois horse in harness [1] Le Comtois (http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ information/ accueil-equipaedia/

races-dequides/ chevaux-de-trait/ comtois. html) Association Nationale du Cheval de Trait Comtois. Les Haras Nationaux 2010 (in French) Accessed August 2011 Costa Rican Saddle Horse 238 Costa Rican Saddle Horse

Costa Rican Saddle Horse

Costa Rican Saddle Horse Illustration

Alternative names Costa Rican Trotter, Costarricense Paso

Country of origin Costa Rica

Common nicknames Costa Rican Paso, Costa Rican Criollo

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Costa Rican Saddle Horse is a horse breed developed in Costa Rica. Since 1850 breeders of the Costa Rican horse have paid more attention to the selection of breeding stock. Because the horse population was small and inbreeding a concern, a few stallions were imported from Spain and Peru.[1] The breed was founded by "Janitzio", foaled in 1955, a loudly marked sabino stallion. In 1972 a (ASCACOPA) was established, and in 1974 the breed registry was initiated.[2]

Characteristics The minimum height for males is 14.2½ hands (148 centimetres (58 in)) and 14.1½ hands (146 centimetres (57 in)) for females. The head profile is straight or slightly convex. The neck is arched, ample at the base and tapered toward the head. The chest is deep and well muscled, the barrel well developed. The back is short, with the underline being longer. The croup is long, well muscled and slightly rounded. The hair on the mane and tail is fine, and the skin should be fine with short hair. The gait and movements are performed with action and energy, the knees and hocks showing high flexing during the rhythmic and harmonious trot.[3]

Notes

[1][1]p. 142 Hendricks "International Encyclopedia of Horse breeds" 1995 [2][2]page 2 ASCACOPA 1996

[3] characteristics page of http:/ / www. ascacopa. com/ index. html

References

• Hendricks, Bonnie Lou and Anthony Dent (1995). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds (http:/ / books.

google. com/ books?id=CdJg3qXssWYC& pg=PA142& dq=Costa+ Rican+ Saddle+ horse&

ei=2rO8SqC_D4mkNYDE3BM#v=onepage& q=Costa Rican Saddle horse& f=false). Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8. Costa Rican Saddle Horse 239

• ASCACOPA Association of breeders of Costa Rican Paso Horses (http:/ / www. ascacopa. com/ )

Criollo horse

Criollo

Argentine Criollo mare

Distinguishing features Compact and strong, straight or convex head, broad chest, well-developed joints, small in stature.

Alternative names Criollo (Argentina), Crioulo (Brazil), Costeño/Morochuco (Peru), Corralero (Chile), Llanero (Venezuela)

Country of origin Argentina, Uruguay

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Criollo (in Spanish), or Crioulo (in Portuguese), is the native horse of Uruguay (1910), Argentina (1918), Brazil (1932) and . It may have the best endurance of any horse breed in the world next to the Arabian. In fact, due to the criollo's low basal metabolism, it may be a better long-distance horse than the Arabian in prolonged races over a week in duration with no supplemental feed. The breed, known for its hardiness and stamina, is most popular in its home countries. The word criollo originally referred to human and animals of pure-bred Spanish ancestry that were born in the Americas, or, in Portuguese crioulo, to animals or slaves born in the Americas. In time, the meaning of the word would simply come to refer to native breeds of the Americas.

Breed characteristics The criollo is a hardy horse with a brawny and strong body with broad chest and well-sprung ribs. They have sloping strong shoulders with muscular necks, short and strong legs with good bone structure and resistant joints, low-set hocks and sound hard feet. The medium to large size long-muzzled head has a straight or slightly convex profile with wide-set eyes. The croup is sloping, the haunches well-muscled, and the back, short with a strong loin. The criollo is tractable, intelligent, willing and sensible. Criollo horses average 14.3 hands high, being the maximum height for stallions and geldings of 14 to 15 hands high. The difference between the maximum and minimum height for mares is approximately 2 cm (one inch). The line-backed dun is the most popular color, but the breed may also come in bay, brown, black, chestnut, grullo, buckskin, palomino, blue or strawberry roan, gray and overo colors. The breed is famous for their endurance capabilities and ability to live in harsh conditions, as their homeland has both extreme heat and cold weather. They are frugal eaters, thriving on little grass. They have good resistance to disease and are long-lived horses. Criollo horse 240

Breed history The breed dates back to a 1535 shipment of 100 Pure Bred Spaniards - Andalusian stallions coming from Cadiz, Spain, to the Rio de la Plata imported by founder, Pedro de Mendoza. In 1540, Indian hostility forced the Spaniards to abandon Buenos Aires and release 12 to 45 horses. When Buenos Aires was resettled in 1580, it is estimated that the feral horse population numbered around 12,000. Since they largely reproduced in the wild, the criollo developed into an extremely hardy horse capable to survive the extreme heat and cold, subsist with little water, and live off the dry grasses of the area. Settlers later came and started capturing horses for riding and for use as pack animals. The Native Americans had already been doing that many with Criollo years before.

Throughout the 19th century a large proportion of the horses were crossed with imported European Thoroughbred, coach and draft horse stallions, and a larger, coarser, long striding multi-purpose, saddle cart horse resulted. However, the crossbreeding nearly ruined the native Spanish horse type. In 1918, the Argentine breeders decided to create a pure-bred criollos registry, and the breeder's association was then formed in 1923. Much infighting occurred between the bands of Emilio Solanet and Enrique Crotto. The first promoted the Asian type crioulo and the latter the taller African type with a coarse convex head, fallen croup, thinner mane and tail. Criollo horse with winter coat (Strawberry roan) in a Rescue Center in Toscana (Italy) It was not until 1934 that Dr. Solanet was able to firmly take control of the breeders association. He set a new goal for the breed with a shorter, more compact stock horse which emulated the Chilean Horse breed that he admired so much. In 1938, 70% of the registered crioulos were culled because they did not possess the phenotype aspired by Dr. Solanet and his followers. The new breed standard, about which he had written in 1928, was finally made available to the public once he was assured that the breeders were more united in their breed objectives. It would not be until 1957 that the registry was closed for Argentine native breeds, but the registry has remained open for the Chilean Horse breed that has been so influential in giving shape to the crioulo as a better stock horse. Nevertheless, the breed maintains its own identity in a taller, leggier and squarer body conformation with a more angular hock that gives it the long stride it requires to cover the great distances in the flat Argentine plains known as "". The modern crioulo head has a straight facial profile and a shorter muzzle with longer ears than is typical in the Chilean Horse breed.

Endurance The breeders implemented rigorous endurance tests to help evaluate horses for breeding. In these events known as "La Marcha", the horses ride over a 750 km (466 mi) course to be completed in a 75 hours split in 14 days. No supplemental feed is allowed. The horses are required to carry heavy loads of 245 lb (110 kg) on their backs and may only eat the grass at the side of the road. At the end of the day, a veterinarian checks the horses. Today, the horse is used mainly as a working-cow horse, but it is also considered a pleasure and trail horse which contributed a great deal to the Argentine [1] They are also excellent rodeo and endurance horses. The national rodeo competition is known as "paleteada", and it involves a paired team of horses and riders that approach a steer from both sides at a full run. The steer is sandwiched in between the two horses that lean onto the bovine, practically carrying it down a 60 m long delineated path beyond which the horses must not go during the defined Criollo horse 241

trajectory. It is an amazing demonstration of control that can literally pick up a steer and place it wherever it needs to be. One example of the breed's fantastic endurance was the ride made by the Swiss-born Argentine rider Professor Aimé Félix Tschiffely (1894–1954) between 1925-28. Tschiffely took two crioulos, 16-year-old Mancha and 15-year-old Gato, on a 13,350 mile (21,500 km) trek from Buenos Aires to Manhattan, New York, crossing snow-capped mountains, the world's driest desert, the thickest tropical jungles, riding in all types of weather. Alternating the riding and packing between the two horses, the trio took three years to finish the trip. Although Prof. Tschiffely went through many hardships on the

Crioulo horse in a Rescue Center in Toscana trip, including a bout of malaria, from the Pampas across La Quiaca, (Italy). from , to Cuzco, , Trujillo, , Medellin and Cartagena. They rode up to 5,900 metres above sea level, through Passo El Cóndor, between Potosi and Chaliapata, (Bolivia), the horses did wonderfully well in a wide array of extreme topographies and climates. Gato lived to be 36 and Mancha, 40. They lived the last years of their lives as celebrities in La estancia El Cardal (El Cardal Ranch), the breeding establishment of the man most credited for developing the crioulo breed, Dr. Emilio Solanet.

In 1987, Jorge Saenz Rosas, owner of the Argentine Estancia Cristiano Muerto, offered his criollo Sufridor to the American Louis Bruhnke and the Russian-French Vladimir Fissenko for a horseback ride from the Beagle Channel in Tierra del Fuego up to the shores of the Arctic Ocean in Deadhorse, Alaska. After traveling for five and a half years, the ride was accomplished in the summer of 1993. Having made the entire journey, the Criollo Sufridor is likely the horse that has traveled the furthest in a single direction. The ride was chronicled in the book Sufridor, Emece (2000), written by Louis Bruhnke.

Notes

[1][1]Criollo-Thoroughbred crosses possibly make excellent polo ponies.

Footnotes

References • Aimé-Félix Tschiffely, Le Grand Raid - A Cheval De Buenos Aires À New York (1925–1928), Belin, coll. « Les cavaliers de l'aventure », 6 November 2002, 269 p. (ISBN 978-2701134277)

External links

• Asociación Criadores de Caballos Criollos de Argentina (http:/ / www. caballoscriollos. com)

• Associaçao Brasileira dos Criadores de Cavalos Crioulos de Brasil (http:/ / www. abccc. com. br/ )

• Alemania: Caballos CRIOLLOS - Faszinierende Pferde aus Südamerika (http:/ / www. criollo-crzvd. de/ )

• Associazione italiana cavallo criollo (http:/ / utenti. lycos. it/ criollo/ index. htm)

• Criollo Breeder Society Uruguay (http:/ / www. caballoscriollos. com. uy) Croatian Coldblood 242 Croatian Coldblood

Croatian Coldblood

Croatian Coldblood at a trade fair in Bjelovar

Distinguishing features Medium-heavy draught horse; average height 150-160 cm

Country of origin

Breed standards

[1] [2] Faculty of Agriculture Zagreb Breed standards

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Croatian Coldblood (Croatian: Hrvatski hladnokrvnjak, German: Kroatisches Kaltblut) is an autochthonous medium-heavy horse breed of draught horse originating from Croatia.

Characteristics The typical Croatian Coldblood ranges from 150 centimetres (14.3 hands; 59 in) to 160 cm (15.3 h; 63 in) high. Stallions can weigh up to 850 kilograms (1,870 lb). Its head is medium-sized and refined, with small ears, but with large eyes and nostrils. It has medium short, arched and muscular neck, wide and deep chest, broad and muscular breast, as well as powerful legs with broad hooves. Most Croatian Coldbloods are bay or seal brown. Of the remaining horses, approximately 10-15 percent are black, and less than 10 percent are chestnut, gray, palomino, while the other colours are very rare. They are considered mild and obedient, easy keepers, willing workers and adapt well to various conditions and climates. Before they were used for pulling waggons or for work in agriculture or forestry, but today they lost their importance and are much being used for horse meat production. Croatian Coldblood 243

History The history of the breed dates back to the first half of the 19th century, when it was begun to crossbreed local warmblood mares in central Croatia with imported quality stallions of Noriker breed. Some other breeds were involved later, like Ardennes, Brabant and Percheron. At the beginning of the 20th century the breed was widespread toward east () and west (Gorski kotar and regions). In the last few decades the Croatian Coldblood was the most numerous horse breed in Croatia in general. The total number of the registered population in 2008 was 5.334 or 33,77% of all horses (15.796) in Croatia. The number of horses of the breed was increased by 10,74% in the last four years, from 5.334 in 2008 to 5.907 in 2012.

References • Croatian Coldblood – an authentic Croatian horsebreed [3] • Croatian Coldblood in the scientific work „Analysis of horse breeding and equestrian sports in the Repubulic of Croatia“ [4] • Croatian Coldblood in 2012 – the most numerous breed in Croatia (in Croatian) [5]] • Croatian Coldblood (with average height at the withers: 150-160 cm) in a brochure of State Institute for Nature Protection (in Croatian) [6] • Genetic structure of three Croatian horse breeds: implications for their conservation strategy [7] • Horse breeding in the Republic of Croatia – present situation and perspectives (summary in English at the end) [8]

References

[1] http:/ / www. agr. unizg. hr/ index_eng. htm

[2] http:/ / bib. irb. hr/ datoteka/ 153417. Eksterijerne_odlike_hrvatskih_hladnokrvnih_autohtonih_pasmina_konja. doc

[3] http:/ / hrcak. srce. hr/ index. php?show=clanak& id_clanak_jezik=64766

[4] https:/ / bib. irb. hr/ prikazi-rad?& rad=529624

[5] http:/ / www. ssuuhh. hr/ sites/ default/ files/ stanje-uzgoja-2012. %20god. SSUUHH_0. pdf

[6] http:/ / www. dzzp. hr/ dokumenti_upload/ 20120530/ dzzp201205301233130. pdf

[7] http:/ / www. aspajournal. it/ index. php/ ijas/ article/ view/ 110/ 0

[8] http:/ / www. krmiva. agronomsko. hr/ Arhiva/ 2012/ 03/ 089%20-%20098. pdf Cuban Criollo horse 244 Cuban Criollo horse

Cuban Criollo

Country of origin Cuba

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Criollo Cubano originates from Spanish horses brought to Cuba by Diego Velázquez in 1751. The are four different breeds known as criollo: the Cubano de Paso, the Pinto Cubano, the Criollo de Trote and the Patibarcino. It is a small stout breed used by the Guajiro people.[1]

Patibarcino The Patibarcino was first bred by the families Reyes and Iznaga on their finca. The breed originated from a stallion called Lobo, which had a dark line on the back and zebra stripes on the legs and transmitted those characteristics to his descendants. This animals are dun or brown colored with a black dorsal stripe and stripes on their legs. They are between 1.48 and 1.52 m high. The Patibarcino’s head has a straight or slightly convex profile and big ears. Its thorax is wide and its croup oblique. It is a quite nervous and resistant horse used to corral cattle. Known specimens are Lobo, Lobito, Olivito and Fogoso.[2]

Cubano de Paso The Cubano de Paso horse originated from Spanish horses. Its most known characteristic is the elegant and comfortable pace. It is a strong but elegant horse used for transportation in Cuba. The head is proporcional to its body with a straight profile which at times can be slightly convex or concave. The forehead is wide, the ears medium sized and mobile. This breed has a strong neck and high, oblique muscular croup and a straight and strong back. The tendons and joints are well defined. The legs are strong and structured. Its average height lies between 1.45 and 1.50 m. The most frequent color is brown although every color is allowed. The Cubano de Paso’s temperament is docile and active. This breed is mostly used for transportation since they can cover large distances in a short time with its really easygoing pace. Most Cubano de Paso are bred in the ranch La Loma in the Cuban province, Granma. This breed is in need of new blood and is therefore refined with Spanish horses or Continental Criollos and other Pasos, brought from America, since they present similar characteristics. The American author Samuel Hazard was fascinated by this breed; as he wrote in 1870, during a visit in Cuba in his book Cuba a pluma y lapiz :[3] The Cuban horse is a magnificent animal, with a short, solid and well-formed body, strong legs and beautiful and intelligent eyes. For long days there is no better horse. These horses have corpulent necks, strong mains and thick tails and seeing them in the savannas where they are bred, before they get trained, shows a beautiful picture of wild horses. Their pace is a bit peculiar, exclusive to them and on a well-trained Cuban horse even someone who never has ridden can do it without worries.

Pinto Cubano The Pinto Cubano originated from Spanish horses. After the triumph of the revolution in 1959 a herd of pinto mares was gathered in the area of Manicaragua, in the Cuban province of Santa Clara, for their genetic improvement. Afterwards on the ranch La Guabina, located in the province Pinar del Rio, their muscular development was improved interbreeding them with Quarter horses and a British pinto called Bony. This breed is found in two colors: tobiano and overo. Their average height lies between 1.44 and 1.52 m, the head is proportional to the body with a straight or slightly convex profile and medium sized or small ears. The neck is quite long and well attached with an Cuban Criollo horse 245

abundant mane. The croup is oblique and should be as high as the withers. Overall it is a compact, medium sized, squared horse with well-defined musculature and a healthy and strong constitution. Its skeleton is strong with well-developed tendons and joints.[4]

Cubano de Trote The Cubano de Trote originated from Spanish horses like the Andalusian horse and the Cartujano horse. It is a really strong and resistant breed used for work. Its average height lies between 1.48 and 1.50 m. The Cubano de Trotes’s head has a straight or slightly convex profile. The neck is thick and strong and the thorax wide, the withers are quite high and the croup tends to be oblique. Its color varies but the predominant one is gold. The most known stallions are 16 Doradito, 5 Tuerto, 49, 51, Proyectil and Erizo.[5]

References

[1] http:/ / www. actaf. co. cu/ revistas/ Revista%20ACPA/ 2005/ REVISTA%2003/ 15%20EL%20CABALLO%20CRIOLLO. pdf/

[2] http:/ / www. ecured. cu/ index. php/ Caballo_Patibarcino/

[3] http:/ / www. ecured. cu/ index. php/ Caballo_cubano_de_paso/

[4] http:/ / www. ecured. cu/ index. php/ Caballo_pinto_cubano/

[5] http:/ / www. ecured. cu/ index. php/ Caballo_criollo_de_trote/ Cumberland Island horse 246 Cumberland Island horse

Cumberland Island horse

Cumberland Island horses on the beach

Country of origin United States

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Cumberland Island horses are a band of feral horses living on Cumberland Island in the state of Georgia. Popular myth holds that horses arrived on the island some time in the 1500s with the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors. These horses are similar to the bands of horses living on the islands of Chincoteague and Assateague made famous by the book, Misty of Chincoteague, by Marguerite Henry.

History Horses are not native to Cumberland Island. Popular myth states they were brought to the island by the Spanish in the 1500s. However it is believed that these first horses more than likely did not survive due to the lack of visits made by the Spanish and the local Native Americans on the island finding them of little practical use. In the 1700s the English began settling Cumberland Island. The horses seen there today are most likely descendants of horses brought by these settlers, as this is when a large majority of the horses began to roam freely and revert to their natural state, becoming feral. During the 1800s, efforts were made to capture and make use of the horses. The first attempts were made by Robert Stafford who owned a plantation on the island. He allowed visitors to purchase and capture the horses, which Safford called "marsh tackies," for their own personal use. Those animals were then selectively bred over the years.[citation needed] After Stafford's use of the animals for income, the horses were next used as cavalry animals during the American Civil War. After the war, records suggest that people from Jekyll Island captured some of the horses for horsemeat. Around 1881 Thomas M. Carnegie bought two plantations on the island and introduced Tennessee Walking Horses, Paso Finos, and Arabians into the feral horse population in an attempt to improve the animals. Carnegie received a small amount of income from the buying and selling of these animals. Later, many island residents began introducing additional breeds into the herds on the island, further diversifying the bands of horses. In 1921, a large number of horses were brought on to the island from Globe, Arizona, all of which had been running wild on western . Since the National Park Service acquired the island in 1972 few new horses have been introduced to the island, though four Arabians were introduced in the early 1990s in the hopes of diversifying and bettering the existing population. Since 1981, the Park Service has been monitoring the horses and tracking their impact on the environment. Cumberland Island horse 247

Characteristics These horses have developed independently from other coastal island landrace horse populations, influenced both by the original animals brought over by European settlers and the addition of other bloodstock, including the pleasure horses of the plantation owners, since the time of settlement. These horses have no specific colorings or markings and are similar to the American Mustang in many ways, due to the fact that their landrace breeding has had very little human interaction. They also tend to have longer hooves due to living on the soft marshlands. For the most part this has been an advantage to the horses because it provides greater traction. Their hooves do get worn down a slight bit by the crushed shell and rock surfaces found on the interior of the island, preventing the horses from having excessively overgrown feet. These horses typically stand at 15 hands (60 inches, 152 cm). They also tend to have longer backs and legs than most other feral horses on the American East Coast. Another notable feature of the Cumberland Island horse is its temperament and attitude. Visitors to the island often claim that upon encountering the animals in their natural habitat, it is wise to stay out of their way. The horses do not feel threatened by humans. They are said to have a mindset that they are the kings and queens of the island. Park rangers warn visitors before venturing out that, should they encounter the horses, they should "yield the right of way because they (the horses) won't." These horse tend to look at visitors to the island as an intrusion. The island "belongs to them."

Uses Cumberland Island horses are not used exclusively in any particular aspect of equestrian sport. However, the horses do act as the main attraction to Cumberland Island for many tourists. It is quite common to find websites that use the horses as an appeal to the public.

Living conditions As of 2012 there are around 150 wild horses living on the island. This number continues to grow as there are few predators to diminish the bands. Many people living on the islands see the horses as an unnatural threat on the island's ecosystem since they feed on the scarce vegetation of the beaches and dunes. The horses live off of the wild sea oats and dune grasses that are found on the beaches of the island. They also feed on the plants growing in the marsh which are also responsible for the health of the oceans, lakes, and rivers of the area. These horses also tend to have many different parasites and afflictions such as worms and mites because they do not receive the veterinary care that most domestic herds receive. The average life span of the horses is 8–10 years old, according to locals.

Controversy and management The signs of the horses' impact on Cumberland Island is evident. Many people believe that the horses are damaging the island and may hinder the development of the dunes and marshes. There are a large number of trails and paths all over the island created by the horses. These trails are significantly larger and easier to spot than the average deer trail or a path created by any other smaller animal. It is common to find hoof prints in the dunes and other soft soils of the marsh lands. The horses leave their marks in many other ways, including chew marks on tree branches and shrubs in addition to the manure found all over the island. At one point in the 1970s, the National Park Service (NPS) made efforts to downsize the bands of horses due to the effects of their grazing patterns on the ecosystem. In 1996 legislation was passed by Jack Kingston that prevented the NPS from taking measures to manage the horses. Since the Kingston's bill passed in 1997, there have been no further management attempts made. Since then there has been no organized human interference. Cumberland Island horse 248

References

External links

• Population Characteristics of Feral Horses on Cumberland Island... (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ discover/ 10. 2307/

3802980?uid=3739728& uid=2129& uid=2& uid=70& uid=4& uid=3739256& sid=21101748818061), JSTOR Curly Horse 249 Curly Horse

Curly

Bashkir Curly

Distinguishing features Curly coat, mane, tail, fetlocks and inner ear hair

Alternative names American Bashkir Curly, North American Curly Horse, and American Curly Horse

Country of origin North America

Common nicknames Curly

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

A Curly is a breed of horse. Curlies, also called Bashkir Curlies, American Bashkir Curlies, and North American Curly Horses, come in all sizes, colors, and body types but all carry a gene for a unique curly coat of hair.

Traits

The Curlies are known for their calm, intelligent and friendly personality. They show an easily trainable temperament. They are also known for having a tough constitution and great stamina. Most people have found that the curlies enjoy being around people. The curlies are typically not flighty. They tend to do more reasoning than most breeds. They are very reliable and have a great work ethic.

Coat, mane and tail A Curly in full winter coat The unique gene that gives Curlies their curly hair (which is most obvious with their winter coat) can be expressed minimally (horse exhibits curly hair inside ears, at fetlocks, and a kinky mane and tail), maximally (horse exhibits curl all over body, has dreadlocked mane, and has curly eyelashes and guard hairs), and "Extreme" (very tight, extreme curls, but when they shed out for summer can shed entirely bald) or any variation in between. The coat in the summer shows a slight wave in it, but not as extreme as the winter curls.

Because the trait can be carried heterozygously, some purebred Curlies exhibit no curl at all. (Called "smooth coat" curlies) Curly Horse 250

Curlies have split manes and are not braided or clipped when shown. Curlies are most commonly chestnut colored, but can be found in every color from standard bays, blacks, and greys, to appaloosa markings; from pinto patterns to dilute colors such as buckskin, roan, grulla, and cremello. The care for the curly hair is simple with most people choosing to not comb the mane because the hair will lose its curliness. The manes are often trimmed to keep them from matting. The tails can be combed. Characteristic winter coat of a Curly Some people choose to collect the hair that is shed from the mane and tails in the spring. The hair is then donated to the ICHO Fiber Guild. They use the hair for spinning. All of the proceeds go to ICHO Curly Research Efforts.

Hypoallergenic

Curlies are claimed to be the only hypoallergenic horse breed; most people allergic to horses can handle Curly Horses without suffering any allergic reaction. Research indicates a is missing from the hair of Curlies which may be what causes allergic reactions to horses in allergy suffers, but the study was never officially published. Members of the Curly Community are working towards funding more research on this.

Build Closeup of Curly coat in winter The Curly has a characteristic long stride and bold movement. They have tough hooves, strong bones and exceptional endurance. Most Curlies stand between 14 and 16 hands, though they can range from Miniature horses to Draft horses (Only allowed in two registries).

Origin The origins of the Curly horse is highly debated in the Curly community, but research is mostly still in progress. Disagreements of the Curly horse's history result in confusion of what the breed is, and what it should be called. ABCR members prefer "Bashkir Curly" while CSI and ICHO members lean towards "North American Curly". The addition or removal of 'Bashkir' to the breed name is highly debated. It is said that Curly horses were documented in Asian artwork as early as 161 AD. Charles Darwin documented curly horses in South America in the early 19th century and the early Sioux Indians regarded curly horses as sacred mounts for chiefs and medicine men. Native American artwork shows Curlies carrying warriors in the Battle of Little Bighorn. [citation needed] Another theory is that the origin of the breed is Iberian. It has been noted that foals of cross bred horses have the curly hair. This suggests that the curly gene is dominant. There are multiple theories for how the American Curly developed. The Curly horse was first documented in Eureka, Nevada in the early 20th century by rancher John Damele and his sons. While Mustangs were a common sight, curly coated horses were unusual. Years later, the Dameles managed to catch one, broke it to ride and sold it, thus starting their relationship with the breed. In 1932, an unusually harsh winter hit the area, and come spring the only horses that could be found were the Curlies. This evidence of hardiness was noted by the Damele family, and they decided they should include more of these horses in their herd. After another harsh winter in 1951/52, the Dameles started to get serious about breeding these horses. They went out and found their foundation stallion, a two year old chestnut in Curly Horse 251

one of the mustang herds. They called him Copper D. The Dameles didn't care much for keeping the breed 'pure', and wanting to improve their horses, added some other blood to their herd. Among the stallions introduced were a Morgan, Ruby Red King AMHR 26101 and an Arabian, Nevada Red AHR 18125. These two stallions created many offspring for the Dameles, and are in hundreds of Curly horses' pedigrees today.

Registries and organizations The American Bashkir Curly Registry (ABCR) opened in 1971 with only 21 horses; as of May 2005 there were just over 4,000 Bashkir Curlies in the world, primarily in North America. They are the original standing Curly Registry, and have a closed stud book- only issuing new registrations to horses with two ABCR registered parents. The International Curly Horse Organization (ICHO) began in 2000 and had over 800 horses registered in its North American Curly Horse Registry (as of Oct. 2006). Horses within this registry are not referred to as "Bashkir Curlies". Although bloodlines (when available) are tracked, the ICHO registers horses based on visible curly traits rather than bloodlines. Curly Sporthorse International (CSI) began in early 2003 to promote sport horse type Curly Horses, which are one of the more popular types of Curlies. CSI was created to support Curly owners & breeders in improvement of breeding stock, promotion, & marketing. The registry also sponsors Horse of the Year awards and USDF All Breed Awards for performance. CSI advocates evaluation of breeding stock & their offspring. Canadian Curly Horse Association (CCHA) formed in 1993. This group is focused on community events in the Curly world, and spreading knowledge of the Curly horse.

Uses Though eye catching and unusual in the show ring, Curlies have the movement, endurance, and heart to excel in competition. Curlies have been shown at upper levels of dressage and show jumping, and others have proved the reliable mount and patient teacher for the weekend competitor. Curlies are characteristically quiet, level headed horses that make excellent first horses for supervised beginner riders. Curlies have carried horse-allergic riders from beginner status through ever more advanced stages of . They have also been used for combined driving, western riding, ranch horses, trail horses, and companions for other horses. Some Curlies have been crossbred to gaited horses. About 10% of the crossbreds will do one of the ambling gaits such as the running walk, fox trot or the stepping pace, which is also called the "Curly shuffle." Curlies are not used for racing or high trotting showing.

References •• A pilot observational case study Allergy against horses: Are curly horses an alternative for horse-allergic riders? Allergo Journal 2013/4: 244-251, Wolfgang Mitlehner 17- June - 2013

External links

• American Bashkir Curly Registry (http:/ / www. abcregistry. org)

• Internation Curly Horse Organization (http:/ / ichocurlyhorses. org)

• Curly Sport Horse International Registry (http:/ / www. curlysporthorse. org)

• Canadian Curly Horse Association (http:/ / www. curlyhorse. ca/ )

• Curly Horse Pedigree Database (http:/ / www. curlyhorses. info) Czech warm blood 252 Czech warm blood

Czech Warmblood

Czech Warmblood jumping

Country of origin Czech Republic

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Czech Warmblood (Český teplokrevník in Czech) is a horse breed from the Czech Republic.

Characteristics The Czech Warmblood is a robust, powerful horse bred with strong bones. The breed has a strong neck on an elegant body, a broad, long back, and good hooves, though they are sometimes flat. The mane and tail are very thick. The Czech Warmblood is a relatively long-lived, unpretentious and relentless horse. The breed is willing and teachable with a very good temperament. Most are black, chestnut, bay or dark bay.

Breed history The Czech Warmblood was in existence by the time of the Austria-Hungary Empire (1876-1918). In the 19th century the breed was influenced by Spanish and Italian horses, and later by breeds such as the Furioso, Gidran, Nonius and Przedswit breeds. horses also played a part. The most famous and successful line is the Bystrý. The founder was Stallion 469, foaled in 1919. The line is characterized by a robustness, shorter and a less solid run, steeper and a shorter fetlock. They are mainly bay horses. The stud farm in Kladruby plays a major role in the breeding of the Czech Warmblood. In the pedigree book, many other breeds are mentioned, for example Thoroughbred, Selle Francais, Arabian and Anglo-Arabian. Czech warm blood 253

Uses Czech Warmbloods are suited to all horse sports. They are good at dressage and horse racing and are also capable of lighter farm and forest work, hunting and jumping.

External links • Short description [1] (in Czech)

References

[1] http:/ / konsky. rozhled. cz/ plemena/ cesky_teplokrevnik. html Article Sources and Contributors 254 Article Sources and Contributors

Abtenauer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=544780989 Contributors: Arsdelicata, Bogbumper, Brewcrewer, Catxx, Countercanter, Dana boomer, Dog jumper100, Durova, Ealdgyth, Fabrictramp, Fratrep, Kersti Nebelsiek, Montanabw, NIRVANA2764, Nirame, Nneonneo, Snowolf, Stemonitis, SyntheticVermin, ThaddeusB, Una Smith, Yamenah, 13 anonymous edits

Abyssinian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=594087995 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, Dana boomer, Good Olfactory, Horsecanter, J Milburn, Kersti Nebelsiek, Magnus Manske, MaybeMaybeMaybe, Montanabw, Nirame, Rich Farmbrough, TheCatalyst31, Toddst1, Una Smith, WikiTome, 12 anonymous edits

Aegidienberger Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=548380381 Contributors: Catxx, Dana boomer, Good Olfactory, Horsecanter, Kersti Nebelsiek, Montanabw, Ramona.Karolina, Una Smith, Vvven, Yamenah, Yngvadottir, 5 anonymous edits

Akhal-Teke Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=598129831 Contributors: 83d40m, Aeusoes1, Aleenf1, AlefZet, Alois Musil, Altenmann, AltynAsyr, Argamak, Ashlux, Asturcon01, Auntof6, Azhketh, Babaev Leonid, Banburyx, Bluee Mountain, Bogbumper, Bryan Derksen, CalJW, Catxx, Cgoodwin, Ch.vogel, Cholmes75, Chris 73, Chris the speller, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, Countercanter, Csatádi, Dale Arnett, DanMS, Dana boomer, Davecrosby uk, Deflective, Derek R Bullamore, Dfilipov, Dia^, DiamondDave, DrL, Drpickem, Dthomsen8, Ealdgyth, Embryomystic, Eritain, Eventer, Fluffernutter, Fraggle81, Gaius Cornelius, Garliyev, Good Olfactory, Graham87, GregorB, Guldense, Hampshire2004, Hossein mirhosseini, Ingii, Islandtekes, Jurte, Justlettersandnumbers, Kerri-JoStewart, Kersti Nebelsiek, Khoikhoi, Kilrothi, Kms28424, Krsont, Kwamikagami, Lotje, Madkayaker, Majorsky, Mgiganteus1, Mijobe, Milk., Montanabw, Murtasa, Nimloth250, Olivier, OwenBlacker, Pekhimli, Peter Ellis, Pharaoh Hound, Raymondwinn, Rebenok777, Rhododendrites, Riemm, Rmhermen, Saga City, Saguado, Scintella, Semillana, Shaydon, Talismanhound, Taranet, Technopat, Teddybuoy, Tekemania, Telsa, The Mark of the Beast, TheFarix, Ulrikeruppelt, Ulruppelt, Una Smith, Woohookitty, YoungDrac, Zlerman, Zundark, 118 anonymous edits

Albanian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=581970937 Contributors: Aliencore, Avicennasis, Bobo192, Bogbumper, Brunswick Dude, Catxx, Good Olfactory, Horsecanter, Katharineamy, Kersti Nebelsiek, Lady Mondegreen, MaybeMaybeMaybe, Montanabw, Nfurry, RJFJR, Rjwilmsi, Salamurai, Sammerson, TheJJJunk, Una Smith, Wild medlar, 13 anonymous edits

Altai horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=541066442 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, Dana boomer, Ealdgyth, Kersti Nebelsiek, Montanabw, Nirame, Pandderian, Ramona.Karolina, Rich Farmbrough, Roxy959, Una Smith, Yamenah, 11 anonymous edits

American Cream Draft Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=581354752 Contributors: A.amitkumar, Another Believer, Babynutsmcgee, Bencherlite, Bogbumper, Catxx, Chevaux, Colonies Chris, Crazycomputers, Crisco 1492, Dana boomer, Dank, DexDor, Ealdgyth, Fatpeopleeatdoughnuts, Gogo Dodo, Hampshire2004, Horsecanter, Hylian Auree, Ian Rose, Jackmcbarn, Jamesx12345, Kersti Nebelsiek, Marshman503, Materialscientist, Miyagawa, Montanabw, Mr Stephen, Nick Number, Nikkimaria, Nirame, Piledhigheranddeeper, RafikiSykes, Rcsprinter123, Rjwilmsi, Steven Walling, Tbhotch, Three-quarter-ten, Titodutta, Tony1, Una Smith, WRK, Werieth, Woohookitty, 26 anonymous edits

American Indian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=582914981 Contributors: Aradanryl, Bogbumper, Catxx, Countercanter, Horsecanter, Kersti Nebelsiek, MZMcBride, Matthew Yeager, Montanabw, Nirame, Queenmomcat, RJFJR, Schmiteye, Tabletop, Tcncv, Tom Morris, Una Smith, Woohookitty, Yvwv, 13 anonymous edits

American Paint Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=597703845 Contributors: Adekloet, Al E., Amp71, Bacchus87, Brian8710, Bryan Derksen, Burgundavia, CanadianLinuxUser, Catxx, Chris the speller, Chuunen Baka, Countercanter, Crazycamelothorse, Curtis Clark, Dbabcock42512, Ealdgyth, Edwardcowart, Elf, Erianna, Fyyer, Gail, Grafen, Gwernol, H2O, HMSSolent, Haffie2kd, Ilikeverin, J.delanoy, JimVC3, KathrynLybarger, Kelkel6645, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kmasset99, Lmocr, MaggieDavaskie, Mark Arsten, Mark Richards, Master of Puppets, Materialscientist, Mclarid1, Montanabw, Moondyne, NancyHeise, Neophyrigian, Nirame, Nobodyknows007, Ouiyi, Pb30, Philip Trueman, Quadell, RPellessier, RedWolf, Reedy, Remuel, SMcCandlish, Stemonitis, Tanyia, TaralasMom, Tentinator, TestPilot, Thecheesykid, Thingg, Una Smith, Wikitumnus, Woohookitty, Wyatt915, Yettie0711, 170 anonymous edits

American Quarter Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=597872186 Contributors: Abbidail, Ahoerstemeier, Airplaneman, Aitias, Alansohn, Alexandronikos, Alexius08, Amanal, Angela, Aruton, Ashdurbat, Ashlie123, Astral, Baa, Basawala, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bongwarrior, Breathany, Bryan Derksen, Bumm13, Burgundavia, C Garrison, Camw, Capricorn42, Captain Crawdad, Catxx, Centrx, Chaseman1996, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, ChuckBiggs2, Chuunen Baka, Cmichael, Comatose51, Conversion script, Countercanter, Crazycamelothorse, Creeter, Cuddy Wifter, Cwbytxiii, Cwisdom10, Cymru.lass, DNewhall, DR04, Dana boomer, DarkAudit, Dcoetzee, Denisarona, DerHexer, Diannaa, Discospinster, DocWatson42, Dsrtrosy, Duotrigesimal, E10775A290610, ERcheck, Ealdgyth, Edward, EdwardPlum, Ejd21hrjhsa9, Emijrp, Epbr123, Erpert, Eventer, Everyking, Flockmeal, , Getwood, Gilgamesh007, Glane23, Gogo Dodo, Good Olfactory, Gwernol, Gzornenplatz, H2O, HJ Mitchell, Hadal, Haffie2kd, Hamoudafg, Hede2000, Hmains, Hmondo, Horsechic, Horseofcourse, Howcheng, Icairns, Iced Kola, Immunize, Ingii, J. Nguyen, J.delanoy, JamesAM, JamesBWatson, Janegirl3, Jcpower, JustAGal, Kailynn.knuth, Kersti Nebelsiek, KimS012, Kizzy12, Klingoncowboy4, Kristinamellis, LA2, Lil Peck, LilPeck, Littlealien182, Llywelyn, LmFaOBryce, Logan, Lolapallooza, Lot49a, LynnWS, MC10, MJHS2012, Macai15, Majorly, Malcolm Morley, Manally, Mangojuice, Mark Arsten, Matthew Yeager, Matthewgarth, Meighan, Mentifisto, MetalKnot1016, Mixxio, Montanabw, Nehrams2020, Niora, Nirame, Noommos, NuclearWarfare, Nv8200p, Ondenc, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Paxse, Pebs96, Pedro, PerlKnitter, Phantomsteve, Pharaoh Hound, Phuzion, Pietaster, Pinethicket, Piper.All.The.Time, Pitke, Plasticup, Poco88, Pumice Rox, Quadell, Quarter Horse, QuarterHorseDoll, Ramanpotential, Randallrayarms, Reggie27, RexNL, Rich Farmbrough, Rich Janis, Rjwilmsi, Rmhermen, Rockincowgirl, Rrburke, S, Hocevar, Sandere0, Sanfranman59, Scintella, Searchme, Seldon3001, Shadowpuppet23, Shaynethomas, Shelbybr, SimonP, Skier Dude, Slb223, Sohmc, Sophus Bie, Sorrel filly 13, Srleffler, Stephie Sweetie01, Supertask, Tairarox, Tanyia, Tbhotch, Tderby, TedE, TestPilot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Thomas Larsen, Tide rolls, Tlarson, Tommy2010, Tony1, Tutu19, Txnomad, Ulric1313, Una Smith, Vanished user 19794758563875, Vegaswikian, Voltorb, Wahkeenah, Whirlingdervish, Wiki13, Wikihorses, WiteWulf, Woohookitty, Xaxafrad, Xiaphias, Yoenit, 501 anonymous edits

American Saddlebred Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596335135 Contributors: A.amitkumar, AkimaDoll, Arianna, AzaToth, Ben Liblit, Bryan Derksen, Btilm, Catgut, Catxx, Chris the speller, Cmdrjameson, Conti, Countrypleasure, Cuchullain, CurranH, Cyrius, DRTllbrg, Dana boomer, Dancter, Dtremenak, Elf, ElfWarrior, Erianna, Ermanon, Eventer, Fanx, Gaius Cornelius, Good Olfactory, Groogle, Gsl, Heavenlyblue, Jamesontai, JanJan, Jere7my, Jj137, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kowalski66, LeoNomis, Mais oui!, MajorStovall, Maurits, Meaghan, MegX, Mijobe, Montanabw, Morgana87, Nirame, Pitke, Pmacrane, Pmalic, Prim in Belize, Queenjill, Rackfast, Reedy, Rl, Roger McCoy, SaddlebredsUK, Saddllp, ServiceableVillain, Skitlhigh, Staeiou, Superbleachbrothers, Swid, TAnthony, Ted Wilkes, Tylerlocke5882, Una Smith, Vanished user 19794758563875, WarlanderHorse, Wikipelli, 147 anonymous edits

American Warmblood Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=586441888 Contributors: ARPcom, Aradanryl, Betacommand, Bogbumper, Catxx, Countercanter, Good Olfactory, Horsecanter, Josette, Lar, Montanabw, Nirame, RJFJR, Serendipityblue, Una Smith, Walton One, Yamenah, 6 anonymous edits

Andalusian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595804615 Contributors: Adekloet, Ahoerstemeier, Al Pereira, Alaiksandr, Another Believer, Apetimestwo, Asturs, BS Thurner Hof, Bender235, Benvenuto, Bimbo Wales did Dallas, Bogbumper, Bongwarrior, Bryan Derksen, Carlsalter, Casliber, Catxx, Coloredhorse, Courcelles, Creidieki, Cyberpower678, DVdm, DanArmiger, Dana boomer, Darklilac, Dawn Bard, Deor, Deville, Digfarenough, DrKiernan, Dresdnhope, Dthomsen8, Ealdgyth, Editor at Large, Egil, Elcobbola, EoGuy, Epbr123, Eventer, Finetooth, Fornadan, Glacialfox, GoingBatty, Good Olfactory, GoodOrEvil, Hmains, Horsecanter, HorseyChic, Hugeblackmamba, Iberidela, Icedingo, ImGz, Ingii, JNW, Jllg1996, Johannfn, JukoFF, Juliancolton, Justlettersandnumbers, Katieh5584, Kersti Nebelsiek, Khepidjemwa'atnefru, Klvankampen, Knackered Spring, Kolbasz, Lady Tenar, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, ML, Magmx, Malleus Fatuorum, Michael Devore, Mijobe, Mike Rosoft, Mikewhitcombe, Miniapolis, Montanabw, Only, Owen, PREPerson, Parkwells, Pebs96, PeterHuntington, Pinaster, Pinethicket, Protector of Wiki, RafikiSykes, Rjwilmsi, Robert K S, SE7, SandyGeorgia, Sasata, Sei Shonagon, ShelfSkewed, SietskeEN, Skier Dude, Skizzik, Smartnerd800, Spitfire, Staffordkendall, The Claw, Tholme, Thomas Larsen, TicketMan, Timwi, Trappist the monk, TravisMunson1993, Una Smith, Venerock, VirtualDelight, WarlanderHorse, Wavelength, anonymous edits 184 ,05ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺎﻥ ,Webclient101, Wetman, Whywhenwhohow, Wikiuser100, Wllacer, Woohookitty, Wotnow, YLSS, YellowMonkey, Yomangan, Yoshi Canopus

Andravida horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=544809462 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, Countercanter, Discospinster, Ealdgyth, Eumolpo, Eurognosis, Fyyer, Good Olfactory, Joel7687, Lastgreekknight, Montanabw, Nirame, Paul A, Polyamorph, Queenmomcat, RafikiSykes, TreasuryTag, Una Smith, Yamenah, 16 anonymous edits

Anglo-Arabian Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596830989 Contributors: Adrien oc, Bajamircea, Bogbumper, Catxx, CommonsDelinker, Dana boomer, Eventer, Handicapper, Horsecanter, Iridescent, Kentynet, Kersti Nebelsiek, Lerdsuwa, Maloq, Mandarax, Mijobe, Montanabw, Niora, Pacifistic Ibis, Pitke, Rmhermen, Sam Hocevar, Stymphal, Udufruduhu, Una Smith, WikiInfoPublisher, 25 anonymous edits

Anglo-Kabarda Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=545547432 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, Dthomsen8, Good Olfactory, Horsecanter, Kersti Nebelsiek, Montanabw, Ramona.Karolina, Una Smith, 1 anonymous edits

Appaloosa Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=600917872 Contributors: 83d40m, Another Believer, Antonrojo, Appaloosa, Appaloosacowboy, Appaloosas, Apphistorian, Appyenthusiast, Archie, Arctic Kangaroo, Asarelah, Atwojay, AuburnPilot, Bib, Bongwarrior, Br'er Rabbit, Brad101, Brandmeister, Brenont, Bryan Derksen, Burgundavia, CanadianLinuxUser, Capmo, Casliber, Catxx, ChrisCork, Circeus, Civil Engineer III, Cmdrjameson, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Countercanter, Crazycamelothorse, Curtis Clark, DNewhall, DReyes5, Dabomb87, DanMS, Dana boomer, Danakil, Dank, Dbenbenn, Discospinster, Djembayz, DocWatson42, DoceyKate, Dysmorodrepanis, Ealdgyth, Eastowest, Editore99, Edwy, Eisenmond, Article Sources and Contributors 255

ElaineN, Elf, Eloquence, Emmett5, Enochlau, Epbr123, Eventer, Gaius Cornelius, Gerda Arendt, Giants2008, Gnarlodious, Gurch, Gwinva, H2O, Haddleauthor, Haddlejan, Hamoudafg, Hansdeepimage, Headbomb, Hede2000, Hmains, ImranC, Irishguy, JPMcGrath, JamesAM, Jannex, Janothird, JesseRafe, Jessetommy12, Joestarrunner, JohnCub, JohnOwens, Justlettersandnumbers, Kckc, Keesiewonder, Kersti Nebelsiek, Khoikhoi, Kipoc, Kizzy12, Klilidiplomus, Kozuch, KuduIO, Kumioko, Kwamikagami, Kyking000001, Lady32123, Lightmouse, Ling.Nut, Lizzzie8015, Lradrama, Luke B. Orr, Luna Santin, Lzur, MJHS2012, Magioladitis, Malcolm Morley, Malleus Fatuorum, Materialscientist, Maurice Carbonaro, Maximus Rex, Michael Devore, Mijobe, Mike Cline, Minority Report, Montanabw, Mukogodo, NawlinWiki, Nicke Lilltroll, Nikkimaria, Nirame, O.Koslowski, Onesius, Optakeover, Owen, Parkwells, PerlKnitter, Phr, Piledhigheranddeeper, Pinethicket, Printmanagement, Prochamp, PumpkinSky, Quadell, RA0808, RafikiSykes, RandomLittleHelper, Renata3, RexxS, Richard Keatinge, Rjwilmsi, Robbiegiles, Saintmelangell, SandyGeorgia, Shongelo, Some Wiki Editor, Sonett72, Sowelljan, Spacecasetheman, Steelpulse90, Super48paul, Svick, Tanyia, Tassedethe, ThatPeskyCommoner, The ed17, Thehappyappy, Theveravee, Thismightbezach, Tide rolls, Tipsy souljagrl, Tommy2010, Tovalu, Trappist the monk, Una Smith, Vanished user 19794758563875, Wavelength, Wayne Slam, WernerPopken, Wikihorses, Wikiuser100, Woofles, X13emocupcake13x, Xiahou, Yamenah, Yomangani, 306 anonymous edits

AraAppaloosa Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596830953 Contributors: Arabianhorse1702, Bogbumper, Catxx, Countercanter, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Fetchcomms, Igno2, Kwamikagami, Lady Tenar, Ladyvagarist, Longhair, Magnus Manske, Maustrauser, Montanabw, Nakedjuice, Orioane, PumpkinSky, RestlessThoughts, Roger Liart, Stemonitis, TheParanoidOne, Una Smith, Uncle G, WOSlinker, Xezbeth, 9 anonymous edits

Arabian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=599762599 Contributors: 2D, 564dude, A. Parrot, Abrech, Accounting4Taste, Acroterion, Alasdair, Alex '05, Alex earlier account, Altes2009, Amandahluvhorses, Amir85, Anbu121, Andonic, Andres, Angus Lepper, Anonyomov, Antur, Arabhorse, Arabia, Arabianlover2, ArglebargleIV, ArielGold, Artaxiad, Ash Crow, Asimnawazkhan, Balloonguy, Ben Ben, Benea, Besieged, BirgitteSB, Blacklake, Bluee Mountain, Bob1960evens, Bobo192, BrainyBabe, Brandmeister, Brian0918, Bryan Derksen, Burgundavia, Burkeedwards, Butseriouslyfolks, CWii, CaptainOrgasm, Carnby, Casliber, Catxx, Caughlin, Cfrydj, Cgoodwin, ChimX, Chip123456, Chris the speller, Cocopelli, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Corvus coronoides, Crazycamelothorse, Creol, Cst17, Cuchullain, Culnacreann, DNewhall, DVdm, Dalahäst, Dana boomer, Dantadd, Darrell Greenwood, Darth Vader is your Father, Deacon of Pndapetzim, Dejvid, Denxig, DerHexer, Dhm03, Dialectric, Diehlada, Dilek2, Discospinster, Donnaidh sidhe, Donny417, Dont101, Doug, DrL, Dreadstar, Dreamafter, ESkog, Ealdgyth, Editor Savannah, Edokter, Edward321, EmadIV, Enauspeaker, Envirex, Epbr123, Equine4eva, ErikHaugen, Esurnir, Eventer, Excirial, Extransit, F8isehs, FastLizard4, Favonian, FayssalF, FisherQueen, FordPrefect42, Francois-Pier, Frze, Fsotrain09, FunkMonk, Fvhsfb65, Fvw, Fæ, Gaius Cornelius, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Gergis, GrayFullbuster, Habibirox, Hadal, Hazael bc, Headbomb, Hesperian, Hmains, HoodedMan, HorseShouter, Horsefanatic, Horselover90909, Horseychick901, Hottentot, I love entei, IFAHRwebmaster, Ian Pitchford, Ian13, Ibn Battuta, IceCreamAntisocial, Icedingo, Ida Shaw, Ingii, Inka 888, Iridescent, Irul 901, J.delanoy, Jacek Kendysz, Jagged 85, James086, Jellevc, Jfeller, Joy, Jululu, KI, KamuiShirou, KathrynLybarger, Kelly Martin, Kenlukus, Khazar2, Kozuch, Kukini, Kumioko (renamed), Kwamikagami, Laikayiu, LazyLRanch, Lexi(AG), Lightmouse, LilHelpa, Ling.Nut, Litlblakkitty, Live2themaks, Lord Cornwallis, LoveArab, Luani 1, LydiaEquine14, Magictrick06, Majorsky, Mandy06M, Mark Arsten, Marl1787, Martin H., Martin Kozák, MedusoidMycelium, Michael Devore, Michael Romanov, Mijobe, Mizchalmers, Mmorris91, Montanabw, Moongurl101, Mstroeck, Muhaidib, Mz Monica, Nagle, Nagy, NetBMC, Nimloth250, Niro5, NodnarbLlad, Opus33, Oxymoron83, Parkwells, Patrick0Moran, Paullisa, Pearle, Pebs96, Pertrai1, Philafrenzy, Philip Trueman, Philippe, Phillipa, Picaroon, Piggybanksruletheworld, Pinethicket, Piotrus, Pitix, Pitke, Pokeymcphearson, Polytopal, Poniesrawk, Possibledream, Prester John, Proberton, Quadell, QuadrivialMind, Qwerty Binary, Racerx11, Radak, RafikiSykes, Ralhazzaa, RandallJones, RedWolf, RexNL, Rich Farmbrough, Richard New Forest, Ricky81682, Rjwilmsi, Rlevse, Road to a billion usernames, Road to a million usernames, Robin Chen, Robin1225, S.gharavysi, Sam Hocevar, Samanthaashleyhogan, SandyGeorgia, SaudiPseudonym, Scohoust, Search4Lancer, Seblini, Sfan00 IMG, Shandyv, Sheatan, ShelfSkewed, Shirik, Shouriki, SidP, Skizzik, SlimVirgin, Slow pony114, Smartestguyever101, SmashXhackX68, Sovar, Spencer, Starlingfeather, Starlite KNight, Steven Walling, Sun Creator, Sushant gupta, Tabletop, Tamagochita, Tashale, Tassedethe, Tawker, Taylor Lane, Terricola23, TestPilot, ThatPeskyCommoner, TheKMan, TheParanoidOne, Thingg, Thomas Larsen, Thomas.W, Tiddly Tom, Tide rolls, Tim1357, Tizio, Tpbradbury, Trappist the monk, Travis Cavanaugh, Trescastillos, Tundraphina, Twilightarabians, Ugog Nizdast, Una Smith, Vörös, WarthogDemon, Washburnmav, Wavelength, Widr, Wik, Wikid77, Wikihorses, Wikipelli, Wikism, Wimt, Wknight94, WoodyWerm, Woohookitty, Xdamr, Yalens, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yasingam, Ylime304, Yngvadottir, Zarife, ZayZayEM, Zer0fighta, ZxxZxxZ, anonymous edits 664 ,1991 ﺭﺍﺋﺪ

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Arenberg-Nordkirchen Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=541262212 Contributors: Angelhorseylover111, AvicAWB, Catxx, Epbr123, Good Olfactory, Green Giant, Katharineamy, Miniapolis, Montanabw, Nirame, Ramona.Karolina, SoCalSuperEagle, Vvven, 1 anonymous edits

Asturcón Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=593511578 Contributors: Aranel, Christophe95, Chyel, Dana boomer, Donarreiskoffer, Good Olfactory, Honeycake, Hooperbloob, Justlettersandnumbers, Malcolm Morley, Montanabw, Moonriddengirl, Nirame, RichardMills65, Sade, Stemonitis, TheParanoidOne, Thumperward, 9 anonymous edits

Percheron Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=599935715 Contributors: A2Kafir, Alliona, Another Believer, Anthony Appleyard, Apokryltaros, Apurveanand, Armetrek, Brian0918, Brianboulton, Bryan Derksen, Bullytr, Caltas, Casliber, Catxx, Crisco 1492, Cwd575, Dana boomer, Dank, Drmies, Ealdgyth, Emijrp, Expertwork1984, Flyhighplato, Gaius Cornelius, Gemini1980, Good Olfactory, Grutness, Heron, Hmains, Hohum, Justlettersandnumbers, Kgrange, Lindsay658, Luckas Blade, Malcolm Morley, Merrymount, Mijobe, Mike Rosoft, Miniapolis, Montanabw, Moonraker, Nicke L, Niora, Nk, Olivier, Pitke, Preyed upon, Queenmomcat, RafikiSykes, Ready, Rikric, Rockfish1987, Ryttar, Santryl, Sasata, SchreiberBike, Sherurcij, Skitlhigh, Spondoolicks, Sun Creator, Tashale, TheParanoidOne, Theveravee, Tide rolls, Trappist the monk, Una Smith, Wrerick, YUL89YYZ, Yanksox, 115 anonymous edits

Australian Draught Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=543190589 Contributors: Catxx, Cgoodwin, Crusoe8181, Good Olfactory, Montanabw, Una Smith, 4 anonymous edits

Australian Stock Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=562449777 Contributors: A Nobody, Ashley thomas80, Aushorse, Bogbumper, Catxx, Cgoodwin, Colonies Chris, Cuddy Wifter, Ealdgyth, Fairyfunny16, Figaro, Good Olfactory, Mais oui!, Malcolm Morley, Montanabw, NeilN, Only, PDH, Philski, Rjwilmsi, Spanner101, Tolly4bolly, Ufinne, Una Smith, Vlprince, Woohookitty, 39 anonymous edits

Austrian Warmblood Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=545074579 Contributors: Catxx, Countercanter, Giraffedata, Good Olfactory, Kersti Nebelsiek, Montanabw, Rjwilmsi, Una Smith, Woohookitty

Auvergne horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595514237 Contributors: Buspirtraz, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, Dana boomer, Frietjes, Glacialfox, Grey Geezer, Justlettersandnumbers, M-le-mot-dit, Montanabw, Terrencereilly, Tsaag Valren, WereSpielChequers

Auxois Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595514344 Contributors: Afernand74, Agne27, Bogbumper, Catxx, Chris the speller, Colonies Chris, Countercanter, Dana boomer, Ealdgyth, Frietjes, FunkMonk, Gemini1980, Goldenrowley, Good Olfactory, Hoplon, Horsecanter, Justlettersandnumbers, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kooma, LilHelpa, Merrymount, Mild Bill Hiccup, Montanabw, Mr Stephen, Nirame, Seaphoto, Signalhead, Tsaag Valren, Una Smith, 2 anonymous edits

Azerbaijan horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=592726368 Contributors: Dana boomer, Edward321, Good Olfactory, Interfase, LilHelpa, Montanabw, Nirame, Rich Farmbrough, Sanya3, Sodmy, 1 anonymous edits

Azteca horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=584248768 Contributors: Amatulic, American Azteca Horse Int Assoc., Argyll Lassie, Aztecagirl, Bogbumper, C.Kent87, Catxx, Dana boomer, Errie22, Everyking, Frodese, Fylbecatulous, Geni, Good Olfactory, Hydro, Jeff G., Justlettersandnumbers, Kellro, Kerowyn, Lady Tenar, Longhair, Lsaldana91, Mailer diablo, Montanabw, Nickyboy909, Orlikowo, Perla-dre, RafikiSykes, Sixtytwohundred, Tavilis, Una Smith, Vegaswikian, 21 anonymous edits

Baise horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=600902494 Contributors: Good Olfactory, Miniapolis, Montanabw, Nirame, Rjwilmsi

Balearic horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=513923542 Contributors: Auntof6, Justlettersandnumbers, Montanabw, R'n'B

Balikun horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=585311194 Contributors: Ajcfreak, Bogbumper, Catxx, Chaser, Dana boomer, Edward, GaiJin, Good Olfactory, John of Reading, Kersti Nebelsiek, Montanabw, Nirame, Pub849sp, Una Smith, Yamenah, 2 anonymous edits

Baluchi horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=541639536 Contributors: BlazingTrail, Bogbumper, Catxx, Dana boomer, Davehi1, Drspaz, EagleFan, Good Olfactory, Green Giant, Jonathan Stokes, Ka Faraq Gatri, LiamUK, Montanabw, NickelShoe, Orenburg1, Pascal.Tesson, Persian Gulf 4ever, RandomHumanoid, Sovar, Una Smith, 5 anonymous edits

Ban'ei Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=600074428 Contributors: Andycjp, Bogbumper, Boneyard90, Catxx, Cbdorsett, Dana boomer, Everton, Exukvera, Good Olfactory, GrahamBould, Justlettersandnumbers, Kleinzach, Koavf, Komuken, Mairi, Maoririder, Montanabw, Morningcrow, Mycomp, NatureA16, Nihonjoe, Nirame, RebDrummer61, Shanel, Skipperscorp, Tabletop, Tan90deg, Tigerboy1966, Una Smith, Waacstats, Yaki-gaijin, Yas, Yupik, 19 anonymous edits

Banker horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595895219 Contributors: AgnosticPreachersKid, Anthony717, BillC, Bogbumper, Br'er Rabbit, Calliopejen1, Captain-tucker, Catxx, Dana boomer, Dank, Ealdgyth, Ettrig, Fireyair, FoodPuma, Good Olfactory, Gorritxiki, GrahamColm, Horsecanter, Invertzoo, Jayron32, Jbmurray, JimmyButler, Lago Mar, LeadSongDog, Leptictidium, Malleus Fatuorum, Michael Devore, Montanabw, Mr Stephen, Nirame, NuclearWarfare, Parkwells, Postdlf, RafikiSykes, Rjwilmsi, SandyGeorgia, Signalhead, Article Sources and Contributors 256

Tholme, Tjbird9675, Trappist the monk, Udufruduhu, Una Smith, Vanished user 19794758563875, Wadewitz, Wassupwestcoast, Widr, WolfmanSF, Yohmom, 18 anonymous edits

Barb horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=590916438 Contributors: Abductive, Amaling, Anaxial, Barbehorse, Betacommand, Bogbumper, Catxx, Chris the speller, CommonsDelinker, Countercanter, Courcelles, Creidieki, DNewhall, Dana boomer, Ddgunter, Discospinster, DoctorPestis, Dzlinker, Emijrp, Eventer, Everyking, Freakofnurture, Fycafterpro, GTBacchus, Gabbe, Garglebutt, Hambletonian, Horse master, Ingii, Javier Arambel, Judgesurreal777, JustAGal, Justlettersandnumbers, KathrynLybarger, Kelly Martin, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kgrad, Lightmouse, Lugia2453, Maudlinjane, Mijobe, Miniapolis, Montanabw, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Narmowen, Od Mishehu, Omar-toons, Parkwells, Pepper, PeteShanosky, Que-Can, RG2, RHaworth, RegentsPark, SE7, Sannse, Sidasta, Stegop, Tangotango, Tassedethe, Thief Lord, Una Smith, Versus22, Xaxafrad, Xezbeth, Zoicon5, Лобачев Владимир, 104 anonymous edits

Bardigiano Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=592356804 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, Countercanter, Cpq29gpl, Dana boomer, Dthomsen8, Fioravante Patrone, Gorritxiki, Horsecanter, Justlettersandnumbers, Mild Bill Hiccup, Montanabw, Rich Farmbrough, Una Smith, 2 anonymous edits

Basque mountain horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=581555721 Contributors: Akerbeltz, Dewritech, Justlettersandnumbers, Makecat, Montanabw, Spicemix, 1 anonymous edits

Bavarian Warmblood Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=541477677 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, CommonsDelinker, Countercanter, Ealdgyth, Giraffedata, Good Olfactory, Gwern, Montanabw, Una Smith, Vvven, Yamenah, 1 anonymous edits

Belgian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=590522216 Contributors: Ae-a, AllanDeGroot, Anthony Appleyard, BD2412, Bellepheron, Bobo192, Bogbumper, Bryan Derksen, Bullytr, Buster7, Bvcarter, CambridgeBayWeather, Catxx, Cgoodwin, Cool3, Cwd575, DBigXray, Dana boomer, Dave Millwater, RMF, Edcolins, Flapdragon, Flyer22, Flyhighplato, Fraggle81, Fram, Gene Nygaard, GregorB, Hopeful Farm, Horsecanter, Hydrargyrum, Immunize, Intgr, JNW, JSimin, Jerryseinfeld, JoJan, John of Reading, JoshuaGarton, Justlettersandnumbers, Jwkane, Kgrange, Krilia, Kwiki, LeaveSleaves, Lotje, Macy, Mijobe, Montanabw, RafikiSykes, RazorICE, Remuel, RichardMills65, Rjwilmsi, Ronhjones, Saber girl08, Santryl, Shadowjams, Skitlhigh, Smalljim, SomeHuman, Sowelljan, Stemonitis, Steven Walling, TheParanoidOne, Thefox226G, Thomas Larsen, Tim1357, Una Smith, Vegaswikian, Witger, Zhenjiu, 94 anonymous edits

Belgian Warmblood Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=590755577 Contributors: Andrew69., Black Falcon, Bogbumper, Catxx, Cherry blossom tree, Countercanter, DRSsporthorse2008, Dana boomer, Ealdgyth, Eric-Wester, Fisherjs, Good Olfactory, Horsecanter, JamesAM, Jmundo, Montanabw, RafikiSykes, Rich257, Taketa, Ulric1313, Una Smith, YUL89YYZ, 8 anonymous edits

Black Forest Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=597711634 Contributors: Arabian64, Bogbumper, Catxx, Ealdgyth, Ferengi, Horsecanter, Hydro, Justdressageit, Kersti Nebelsiek, Manytexts, Montanabw, Nirame, Pinethicket, Rjwilmsi, Una Smith, Vvven, Xezbeth, 12 anonymous edits

Blazer horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595745956 Contributors: Catxx, CommonsDelinker, Ealdgyth, Good Olfactory, Kecrowley, Llc6077, Mandarax, Mogism, Montanabw, Nirame, RJFJR, Rjwilmsi, Silvery-MoonStables, Strike Eagle, 10 anonymous edits

Boulonnais horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595632302 Contributors: AmericanLemming, Anthony Appleyard, AttoRenato, BabbaQ, Bencherlite, Boobleface, Br'er Rabbit, Bruce1ee, Buffbills7701, Butseriouslyfolks, Catxx, CogitoErgoSum14, Dana boomer, EoGuy, Frietjes, Hambletonian, Hmains, Ib51, Jim1138, Jimfbleak, Justlettersandnumbers, Karel Anthonissen, Kersti Nebelsiek, Khazar2, Learner234, Lksaunders, Lugia2453, M-le-mot-dit, Malerooster, Mark Arsten, Materialscientist, Mikael Häggström, Montanabw, Moonraker, Mvertu2, Nikkimaria, Olivier, Piledhigheranddeeper, RexxS, Rich Farmbrough, Robsinden, Sasata, TBrandley, Tbhotch, Thiseye, Tsaag Valren, Udufruduhu, Una Smith, Yohan euan o4, Zachverb, 24 anonymous edits

Brandenburger Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=577296991 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, Craigfda, Eventer, Good Olfactory, Jaraalbe, Jim1138, Jumpingforjen, Kersti Nebelsiek, Khazar2, Montanabw, Pharaoh Hound, Thestor, Una Smith, Vvven, 13 anonymous edits

Brazilian Sport Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=544745851 Contributors: Bogbumper, Bwpach, Catxx, Dave6, Flrn, Good Olfactory, Jumpoverit2, Montanabw, Nirame, Una Smith, 5 anonymous edits

Breton horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595514411 Contributors: Aircorn, Black Falcon, Bobnorwal, Bogbumper, Catxx, Dana boomer, Dimitrii, Dl2000, DoctorPestis, EoGuy, Eventer, Frietjes, Garion96, Good Olfactory, Ian Pitchford, JVillon, Jimfbleak, Josve05a, Justlettersandnumbers, Kersti Nebelsiek, Little Mountain 5, MRSC, Markan80, Merrymount, Montanabw, Moonraker, RafikiSykes, Tabletop, Tsaag Valren, Udufruduhu, Una Smith, Xharze, 10 anonymous edits

Brumby Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595581482 Contributors: 1717, 2001:db8, Alan Liefting, Alexsanderson83, Alkivar, Allen McC., Allstarecho, Anthony Appleyard, Athesia, B.d.mills, BD2412, Bald Zebra, Bluezy, Bobo192, Bogbumper, Burntsauce, Casliber, Catxx, Cgoodwin, Chris the speller, Courcelles, CzarB, DRyan, Dale Arnett, Dana boomer, Dankru, DexDor, DigbyDalton, Dl2000, Dmol, DoctorPestis, Dthomsen8, DutchDevil, Edward321, Emijrp, Epf, Esperant, Figaro, Fish and karate, Fleela, Fyyer, GarrieIrons, Gary, Good Olfactory, Graham87, Grahamec, Hamamelis, Hanay, Hesperian, Hibernian, Hike395, Hippietrail, Hmains, Hongooi, Ibn Battuta, Ingii, Inugami-bargho, JamieS93, Jim1138, JoanneB, Kajervi, Kelly2357, Khatru2, Klemen Kocjancic, LilHelpa, Lillingen, Lisahow, Lizby, Londo06, Lummie, Lyræ, MER-C, Magioladitis, Mark Arsten, Materialscientist, Mgiuras, Mitternacht90, Montanabw, Natural Cut, Nrg800, Ossipewsk, Ottre, PDH, Philryan, PurpleMint, Queenmomcat, RafikiSykes, Randallrayarms, Rjwilmsi, Robauz, Rojomoke, Saber girl08, SandyRadke, Sebesta, SlimVirgin, Sss333, StAnselm, Sydney.city.easts, Tbhotch, Tesscass, Theveravee, Titodutta, Turing, Ulric1313, Una Smith, Vanished user 19794758563875, Wikidemon, Woohookitty, 134 anonymous edits

Budyonny horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=587306356 Contributors: Aes, Aldis90, Altenmann, Archi2k15, Balph Eubank, Carnby, Catxx, Courcelles, Dana boomer, DePiep, DragonflySixtyseven, Everyking, Ingii, Justlettersandnumbers, Lajos87, Longhair, Mackensen, MakeRocketGoNow, Mergirl97, Mogism, Montanabw, Niora, Omegacc, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Shira68, Skier Dude, Timrollpickering, Una Smith, Vmenkov, Wiki alf, 23 anonymous edits

Burguete horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=546139377 Contributors: Akerbeltz, Good Olfactory, Justlettersandnumbers, Makecat, Montanabw, Vanyka2011

Byelorussian Harness (horse) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=549438136 Contributors: Bogbumper, Businessman332211, Catxx, Cuttlefish 0613, Dana boomer, Finngall, Good Olfactory, I dream of horses, January, Jk2q3jrklse, Lupin, Mairi, Maoririder, Montanabw, PeterCanthropus, PhiJ, RJFJR, RafikiSykes, Rl, TheParanoidOne, Una Smith, 7 anonymous edits

Calabrese horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=593227856 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, ColRad85, Dana boomer, Eponimm, Hmains, Horsecanter, Justlettersandnumbers, KathrynLybarger, Montanabw, Nirame, Signalhead, Una Smith, 8 anonymous edits

Camargue horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595514470 Contributors: Adamsdad, Angelastic, Anthony Appleyard, BMT, Bogbumper, Buspirtraz, Buster7, Capricorn42, Catxx, Chevaux, Colonies Chris, DMS, EagerToddler39, Ealdgyth, Erodola, Eventer, Frietjes, Fuhghettaboutit, Gemini1980, Hamiltondaniel, Ingii, Justlettersandnumbers, Luigibob, Mais oui!, Markus Kuhn, Mereda, Milk.hermit, Montanabw, Mschneblin, Nirame, Ocean Shores, Palinodial, Parkwells, Pharaoh Hound, Randallrayarms, Rjwilmsi, Simonmac220, SkeletorUK, Steven Walling, TexasAndroid, Theo10011, Thewayforward, Tsaag Valren, Una Smith, Vadszederke Agnes Modis, Widsith, 40 anonymous edits

Camarillo White Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=573586245 Contributors: After Midnight, BD2412, BlueAzure, Bogbumper, Catxx, Dana boomer, Emargie, Hmwith, KathrynLybarger, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kroytz, Lmkenefick, Montanabw, Nirame, Optigan13, Pitke, Pol098, Queenmomcat, Rjwilmsi, Sting au, Una Smith, 5 anonymous edits

Campolina Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=585145987 Contributors: Amazona01, Andy M. Wang, Auntof6, Bogbumper, Catxx, Countercanter, Dana boomer, Dangermouth, Debresser, Fangfufu, GoingBatty, Good Olfactory, Kersti Nebelsiek, Khazar2, Meaghan, Montanabw, Niayre, Nirame, Pitke, SriMesh, TicketMan, Una Smith, Yamenah, 13 anonymous edits

Canadian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=594621428 Contributors: Arjayay, Bogbumper, Catxx, Cdnhorse, ChrisCork, Corlyon, Countercanter, Dana boomer, Discospinster, Eventer, Everyking, Falcon8765, Good Olfactory, Ground Zero, Gsl, HH Canadians, Hampshire2004, IndulgentReader, JQF, Juliancolton, Kaiwynn, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kevlar67, Khazar2, Lanternshine, Lexington50, Likemike1, Montanabw, Mr Stephen, NiTenIchiRyu, Nobodyknows007, Oaktree b, Pharaoh Hound, RayAYang, Rmhermen, S-Intrigue, Sasata, Shanemcd, Tide rolls, Twas Now, Una Smith, 66 anonymous edits

Carolina Marsh Tacky Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=594751483 Contributors: AgnosticPreachersKid, Angusmclellan, Bogbumper, Catxx, Chris the speller, DTMedia, Dana boomer, ElinorD, Gemini1980, Glane23, Good Olfactory, Gwinva, Hampshire2004, Hmains, Jberanger, Jimfbleak, Kersti Nebelsiek, Montanabw, Nirame, Optigan13, Queenmomcat, SteinbDJ, Tsaag Valren, Una Smith, WikHead, Yamenah, 8 anonymous edits

Caspian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596171974 Contributors: AnonMoos, Asgard megagard, Bathleyhills, Biffwa, Bogbumper, BrainMafia, Breeezee, Catxx, Chrisfluskey28, Dana boomer, Darklilac, Dbachmann, Dbrodbeck, DePiep, Eventer, Good Olfactory, Hampshire2004, Horsetalk, J. Spencer, JPG-GR, JamesAM, Joethemetaldude, Johnuniq, JonJson, Kersti Nebelsiek, Monado, Montanabw, Morgankevinj, Mww113, Nirame, Obsidian Soul, Piethingy, Ponnymadd, Quai-de-Javel, Rjwilmsi, Sangak, Siamax, Steven Walling, Tapir Article Sources and Contributors 257

Terrific, Tbhotch, Thryduulf, Tikiwont, Una Smith, Was a bee, 40 anonymous edits

Castillonnais Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=540421269 Contributors: CommonsDelinker, Cwmhiraeth, Daemonic Kangaroo, Dana boomer, Justlettersandnumbers, Montanabw, Moonraker, Ruby2010, 1 anonymous edits

Catria horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=567562267 Contributors: Dana boomer, ElSaxo, Jesse V., Justlettersandnumbers, Montanabw, Orenburg1, RafikiSykes, Sc291408

Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=586638118 Contributors: Bob1960evens, Justlettersandnumbers, LittleWink, Montanabw, Nirame, R'n'B, Timelezz, WhisperToMe, Woohookitty, 1 anonymous edits

Chilean horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=589726351 Contributors: Araucania, Bogbumper, BorgQueen, Brookie, Catxx, Chiton magnificus, CommonsDelinker, DNewhall, Dana boomer, DanielCD, Dentren, Ealdgyth, EdwinHJ, Eventer, Fafnir1, Garion96, Good Olfactory, Hawkestone, Hmains, Jaxhere, Juan24, Juan25, Khazar2, Kornfan71, Lightmouse, Montanabw, Nick Number, Nirame, Pearle, RJASE1, Randallrayarms, Rich Farmbrough, Rorx, Una Smith, Urco, , 30 anonymous edits

Choctaw horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=581556155 Contributors: Ajstov, Asarelah, Bkonrad, Dana boomer, Farmgirl321, Finnrind, Melaen, Montanabw, Nirame, Spicemix, Woohookitty, 3 anonymous edits

Cleveland Bay Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=573452700 Contributors: ABach, Alexandronikos, Amandajm, Bob1960evens, Bogbumper, Brookelollove, CMSporthorses, Casliber, Catxx, Countercanter, Dana boomer, Eventer, Everyking, Gare408, Garej, Hambletonian, Hampshire2004, Hmains, Ian Pitchford, Lady Tenar, Leoni2, LilHelpa, Lozleader, Lradrama, Malleus Fatuorum, Merrymount, Miz, Montanabw, Moonraker, Neets Human, Nicolas Ray, Nirame, Nlu, NuclearWarfare, RafikiSykes, Rodhullandemu, Roger Liart, Ruhrfisch, Sam Hocevar, Sasata, SteinbDJ, Steven Walling, Sundance, Tbhotch, Una Smith, Visor, 26 anonymous edits

Clydesdale horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596121697 Contributors: A. Parrot, ABF, Acather96, Adavidw, Addihockey10, Aff123a, Ahoerstemeier, Amandajm, Ashlie123, BD2412, Bachrach44, Bayberrylane, Blethering Scot, Bob1960evens, Bobobob121314, Bornintheguz, Breadandcheese, Bryan Derksen, Burgundavia, Catxx, Clydesdale, Cmartin04, Crazycamelothorse, Cureden, Dale Arnett, Dana boomer, Darklilac, DeadEyeArrow, Discospinster, Docboat, Drmies, Ealdgyth, Eddaido, Emijrp, Euchiasmus, Eventer, Fabulous Creature, FastLizard4, Flyer22, Flyhighplato, FrYGuY, Fraise, Fæ, GTBacchus, Garej, Gemini1980, Gurch, Hadal, Haymaker, HexaChord, Hmains, Horse freak95, Hu, Hydrargyrum, Infrogmation, J.delanoy, JForget, JamesBWatson, Jcpower, Jimbo1561, Johnnyrover, Johnvdenley, Jonur, Joshmt, Josve05a, JustAGal, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kf054, Kgrange, Klilidiplomus, Leadgold, LeeG, Lfrank22001, Lihaas, Magnificat, Mais oui!, Maxim, Meelar, Melonkelon, Mentifisto, Metatron the Tetramorph, Mintrick, Miyagawa, Montanabw, Mr. Stradivarius, Mr.Z-man, Mshawin, Mycroft7, NPrice, Nburden, Niora, Nirame, Nobodyknows007, Otto1970, Oyoyoy, Patrick0Moran, Pesco, Philip Trueman, Pollinator, Quadell, Que-Can, RafikiSykes, Rjwilmsi, Rosser1954, Scareduck, Schnazer Girl, Scs, Semperf, Shell Kinney, Shpigunov, Skäpperöd, Snowolf, Soliloquial, Some jerk on the Internet, Specs112, Srnec, Steven Walling, Stmirrenfc, Sun Creator, TCO, Tedder, TheParanoidOne, Theveravee, TimBentley, Tom Parks, TonyTheTiger, Triona, Tsaag Valren, Tyw7, UKER, Una Smith, Wavelength, Welsh, WikiDonn, Wimt, Xcentaur, 350 anonymous edits

Colorado Ranger Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=540922009 Contributors: Avalon, Bogbumper, Calabe1992, Carabinieri, Casliber, Catxx, Chris the speller, Dana boomer, Ealdgyth, Elonka, Evenrød, Hobo14, Jack Greenmaven, Kersti Nebelsiek, Krash, Leech44, Montanabw, Nirame, Propaniac, Searles2sels, Smigs, Una Smith, Woohookitty, 8 anonymous edits

Coldblood trotter Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=575788324 Contributors: Bearcat, Dana boomer, Justlettersandnumbers, Montanabw, Nimloth250, Nirame, Pitke, RafikiSykes, Salamurai, TaalVerbeteraar, 1 anonymous edits

Comtois horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595514278 Contributors: Catxx, Dana boomer, Eventer, Frietjes, Gemini1980, Justlettersandnumbers, KathrynLybarger, Montanabw, Nirame, Someguy1221, Una Smith, Woohookitty, Yamenah, Zafonic, 1 anonymous edits

Costa Rican Saddle Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=559743799 Contributors: Arsdelicata, Awien, Bob1960evens, Chowbok, Good Olfactory, MaybeMaybeMaybe, Montanabw, NVO

Criollo horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=554362444 Contributors: ABach, AxelBoldt, Bogbumper, Catxx, ChrisGualtieri, Dana boomer, Denni, Ebyabe, Egil, Eventer, Everyking, FilipeS, Gene Nygaard, Gurch, Howcheng, Ixfd64, Jeff G., Jordan.Oian, Jorge Stolfi, Juan25, Krenakarore, LAAFan, Lady Tenar, Longhair, Markan80, Mboverload, Mijobe, Montanabw, Niceguyedc, Niora, Randallrayarms, Rjwilmsi, SchreiberBike, Shanman7, Skier Dude, Squids and Chips, Stbalbach, Una Smith, WikHead, Лукас Фокс, 47 anonymous edits

Croatian Coldblood Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=597783828 Contributors: Montanabw, Nordlicht8, NotWith, Silverije

Cuban Criollo horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=554972173 Contributors: Bgwhite, Catxx, GTBacchus, Good Olfactory, Hutcher, Jorge Stolfi, MaybeMaybeMaybe, Mcoupal, Montanabw, Ramona.Karolina, Squids and Chips, TexasAndroid, Una Smith, 6 anonymous edits

Cumberland Island horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=561734754 Contributors: Dana boomer, Disavian, Geeoharee, Jami430, Ken Gallager, Khazar2, LilHelpa, MarkGelbart, Montanabw, NawlinWiki, RafikiSykes, Ruttles, Woohookitty, 1 anonymous edits

Curly Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596838165 Contributors: Anthony Appleyard, Ashleigh29, Catxx, Cgoodwin, ChrisCork, Clovis Sangrail, Curlyhorsecountry60, Dar-Ape, Download, Ealdgyth, Efelmer, Eike Welk, Ethii, Eventer, Gemini1980, Hmains, Hydro, ICHOofficeGal, Justlettersandnumbers, Kersti Nebelsiek, Lindsayanne, LiquidNitrogen18, LizGere, MIckStephenson, Merrymount, Mild Bill Hiccup, Montanabw, Pb30, Penella22, Pinethicket, RJFJR, TKD, Thumperward, Una Smith, Virtualphtn, Xaxafrad, Yupik, Zavebe, 49 anonymous edits

Czech warm blood Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=541396797 Contributors: Alois Musil, Aloysius, Bogbumper, Chris the speller, CommonsDelinker, Countercanter, Cuddy Wifter, ESkog, Ealdgyth, Good Olfactory, Joelmills, Kersti Nebelsiek, Longhair, Malcolm, Michael Daly, Montanabw, N A T Y, Nádvorník, Pavel Vozenilek, RJFJR, RafikiSykes, Una Smith, 11 anonymous edits Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 258 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

file:Abessinier.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Abessinier.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: 4028mdk09, Hü, Kersti Nebelsiek, Pitke file:Aegidienberger.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aegidienberger.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: BS Thurner Hof, Kersti Nebelsiek, Pitke file:Dagat-Geli.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dagat-Geli.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Artur Baboev File:Garant.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Garant.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Artur Baboev Image:Akhal Teke Stallion - Samovar (his color is Perlino).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Akhal_Teke_Stallion_-_Samovar_(his_color_is_Perlino).jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Heather Moreton File:RaceChevalineTurque.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RaceChevalineTurque.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: F Joseph Cardini File:Akhal-Teke Mele Koush born 1909.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Akhal-Teke_Mele_Koush_born_1909.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Michael Romanov, Zhuyifei1999 File:Merv.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Merv.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Carol Magalow Image:Dirkhan.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dirkhan.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Artur Baboev File:Coat of Arms of Turkmenistan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Turkmenistan.svg License: unknown Contributors: - File:Stamp of Azerbaijan 170.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stamp_of_Azerbaijan_170.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Post of Azerbaijan File:Stamp of Azerbaijan 446.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stamp_of_Azerbaijan_446.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Post of Azerbaijan File:Stamp of Kazakhstan 369.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stamp_of_Kazakhstan_369.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Post of Kazakhstan File:Soviet Union-1968-stamp-Horse-12K.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Soviet_Union-1968-stamp-Horse-12K.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AKA MBG, Augiasstallputzer, Editor at Large, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kilom691, Michael Romanov, Snek01 File:Stamp of Turkmenistan 1992 14d.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stamp_of_Turkmenistan_1992_14d.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Leonid 2 File:Turkmenistan miniature sheet.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Turkmenistan_miniature_sheet.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Postal administration of Turkmenistan File:Turkmenistan miniature sheet 2001.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Turkmenistan_miniature_sheet_2001.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Postal administration of Turkmenistan File:50 manat. 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http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ACD_Horses_in_Parade.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Kaibelg, Kersti Nebelsiek, Man vyi File:Sleeping American Cream Draft Horse.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sleeping_American_Cream_Draft_Horse.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Just chaos File:American Cream Draft Horse1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:American_Cream_Draft_Horse1.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Just chaos file:New Moon Girl (Little Girl) Spanish Mustang Mare.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:New_Moon_Girl_(Little_Girl)_Spanish_Mustang_Mare.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: JD Lamb file:Paint Horse REFON.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Paint_Horse_REFON.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Dcoetzee, Jarekt, Kersti Nebelsiek, Pitke, Reynaldo, 5 anonymous edits Image:American Paint Horse.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:American_Paint_Horse.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Karakal Image:bsp.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bsp.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Original uploader was SkippyTheWonder at en.wikipedia Image:Am Paint Horse.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Am_Paint_Horse.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was H2O at en.wikipedia Image:Overo2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Overo2.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Malcolm Morley file:Quarter Horse(REFON)-cleaned.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Quarter_Horse(REFON)-cleaned.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Quarter_Horse(REFON).jpg: José Reynaldo da Fonseca derivative work: Pitke (talk) Image:Petermccuewithcaudell.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Petermccuewithcaudell.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ealdgyth, Kersti Nebelsiek Image:Barrel racing.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Barrel_racing.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: MyName (Jamidwyer (talk)) Image:Brauner.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Brauner.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 1.0 Generic Contributors: Dcoetzee, Kersti Nebelsiek, Pitke, Wst Image:Quarter Horse Hunter.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Quarter_Horse_Hunter.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was LochNessDonkey at en.wikipedia file:American Saddlebred3.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:American_Saddlebred3.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Just chaos File:Courageous Lord.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Courageous_Lord.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: AkimaDoll File:Saddlebred Long Yearlings at Willowbank Farm in Simpsonville, Ky (8081515138).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Saddlebred_Long_Yearlings_at_Willowbank_Farm_in_Simpsonville,_Ky_(8081515138).jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Heather Moreton from Louisville, KY, USA Image:Gypsyqueensaddlebredalpha.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gypsyqueensaddlebredalpha.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Charles Plumb File:American Saddlebred .jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:American_Saddlebred_.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Jean File:2009 Shelbyville Horse Show (3867465037).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2009_Shelbyville_Horse_Show_(3867465037).jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Heather Moreton from Louisville, KY, USA File:William Shatner Riding.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_Shatner_Riding.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Jean from Shelbyville, KY file:Andalusian horse moscow.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Andalusian_horse_moscow.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Лена File:Cobra de juments.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cobra_de_juments.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Realinou File:WELBECK Le Superbe Cheval De Spanie.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WELBECK_Le_Superbe_Cheval_De_Spanie.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: C. Caukercken, File:WC07b.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WC07b.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: nickagenickage (User:Fotoimage) Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 259

File:Passage animated.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Passage_animated.gif License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Photos and animation by User:Waugsberg File:Caligula10a.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Caligula10a.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors: Yeguada San Joaquin File:PRE CSO1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PRE_CSO1.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Realinou file:Etalon Anglo-arabe.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Etalon_Anglo-arabe.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Wikikoko File:Anglo-Encore-une-Medaille-masters-pro2009.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Anglo-Encore-une-Medaille-masters-pro2009.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Eponimm File:Brand-aa-2.svg Source: 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