A Paint Horse Owner's Guide to Demystifying the Genetics Of

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Paint Horse Owner's Guide to Demystifying the Genetics Of 083-088-GeneticSeries_Part1 Modifi ed: December 10, 2015 10:58 AM Files:Publications:PHJ:01.16 Journal:01.16-Sent to Rip:083-088-GeneticSeries_Part1.indd APHA FILE PHOTO A Paint Horse owner’s guide to demystifying Genetics IQ the genetics of spott ing patt erns. Part 1 of 2 By IRENE STAMATELAKYS efore DNA testing became com- it’s challenging to keep up with the latest be thought of as strings of genes—the mon—before we downloaded developments. building blocks in all living organisms Bforms and pulled mane hairs and With that in mind, the Paint Horse that determine visible traits, like hair received results via email—Paint Horse Journal has developed a two-part series color, and non-visible traits, like blood breeders relied on collective wisdom and to increase your genetics IQ. For nov- type. A horse has 64 chromosome pairs, trial and error in their quest to produce ices, we’ll bring you up to speed on the inheriting half from the sire and half those all-so-desirable colored foals. Breed- essentials. For genetics buff s, we’ll shed from the dam. ers needed to experiment for years before light on some of the latest developments Each gene has an address—a spe- confi rming a horse was a good, great or and challenges facing researchers and cifi c site on a specifi c chromosome. poor color producer. Foaling time brought breeders. And for everyone, we’ll attempt We call this address a locus, with the lots of pleasant surprises, along with some to answer the question, “How can these plural being loci. Quite often, geneti- disappointment and occasional heartache. genes enhance my Paint Horse breeding cists use the locus name to refer to a While the arrival and development of program?” gene. And when a gene comes in diff er- DNA testing has eliminated a lot of the ent forms, those variations are called guesswork, many of us have a limited Genetics Jargon alleles. understanding of the tools science has to Before we get into spotting specif- For example, the Tobiano locus has off er. Others have a good handle on Paint ics, let’s start with some basic genet- two alleles: a tobiano allele (TO) and a Horse genetics, but advances and discov- ics terminology you probably learned non-tobiano allele (n). Either can occur at eries are happening at such a fast rate that in biology class. Chromosomes can the Tobiano locus, but each chromosome PAINT HORSE JOURNAL | JANUARY 2016 83 083-088-GeneticSeries_Part1 Modifi ed: December 10, 2015 10:58 AM Files:Publications:PHJ:01.16 Journal:01.16-Sent to Rip:083-088-GeneticSeries_Part1.indd can only carry one allele. Because chro- A recessive gene is only expressed with how we think that gene should look The Dominant Whites mosomes come in pairs, a horse carries in the homozygous state. Overo Lethal phenotypically. All of these mutations are found on two alleles at a particular locus. White Syndrome, for example, is a Now that you’ve reviewed the lingo, the KIT gene, located on Chromosome The Dominant Whites If a gene is dominant, like Tobiano, recessive condition; none of the known let’s take a look at the known mutations 3. Researchers named them Dominant Position on the horse only needs one copy of the allele spotting patterns are fully recessive. responsible for Paint Horse spotting pat- White, although horse breeders might Name KIT Gene Breed from one parent to have a tobiano spot- Finally, phenotype is what some- terns: “The Big Six” and “The Dominant use other terms to describe the patterns. Dominant White 1 (W1) Exon 15 Franches-Montagnes Horse: White horses ting pattern. For instance, a heterozygous thing looks like on the outside—for our Whites.” It’s important to note that these The alleles are dominant, meaning a trace back to Cigale, a mare foaled in 1957 tobiano (n/TO) has one Tobiano allele; a purposes, that’s the outward expres- genes do not determine whether or not horse only needs to inherit one copy Dominant White 2 (W2) Exon 2 Thoroughbred: White horses trace back homozygous tobiano (TO/TO) has two. sion of a white spotting pattern in Paint skin cells can produce melanin, which of the mutation to produce phenotypes to KY Colonel, a chestnut with extensive white markings, foaled in 1946. Some genes are incompletely domi- Horses. Genotype refers to the horse’s is a class of pigment that’s responsible that range from slightly increased face nant. This means that heterozygotes genetic makeup. Sometimes a horse can for the dark color of skin, hair and more. and leg markings to sabino-like to com- Dominant White 3 (W3) Exon 4 Arabian: Spotted horses trace back to R Khasper, a near-white stallion foaled in 1996. do not look the same as homozygotes. carry a spotting pattern gene, but not Rather, these genes infl uence the migra- pletely white. We’ve bolded the entries Dominant White 4 (W4) Exon 12 Camarillo White Horse: White horses Sabino 1 is one example, which we’ll express it in a way that’s consistent tion of melanocytes (melanin pigment- for three Dominant White genes known trace back to Sultan, a stallion foaled in 1912. describe later. producing cells) in the embryo. to exist in the Paint Horse breed, and Dominant White 5 (W5) Exon 15 Thoroughbred: Horses trace back to show examples of each below. (see photo at left ) Puchilingui, a stallion foaled in 1984 with a sabino-like coat pattern, and his offspring. Dominant White 6 (W6) Exon 5 Thoroughbred: Identifi ed in a single white The Big Six horse. Dominant White 5 (W5) Dominant White 7 (W7) Intron 2 Thoroughbred: Identifi ed in a partially white fi lly. Dominant White 8 (W8) Intron 15 Icelandic Horse: Identifi ed in a partially white horse with mottled phenotype. Dominant White 9 (W9) Exon 12 Holsteiner: Identifi ed in a completely white horse. Dominant White 10 (W10) Exon 7 Paint/Quarter Horse: Horses trace back (see photo at left ) to GQ Santana, a stallion foaled in 2000, CASSIDY COBARR CASSIDY COBARR CASSIDY COURTESY LAUREN BORK LAUREN COURTESY and his offspring; expression ranges from nearly all-white to horses with face/leg white and belly spots. Dominant White 11 (W11) Intron 19 South German Draft Horse: Identifi ed in a DON TROUT completely white stallion and three white offspring. Dominant White 10 (W10) Dominant White 12 (W12) Exon 3 Thoroughbred: Identifi ed in a single horse with sabino-like pattern. Dominant White 13 (W13) Intron 17 Quarter Horse/Peruvian Paso: Identifi ed in a crossbred family with two white animals. Dominant White 14 (W14) Exon 17 Thoroughbred: Identifi ed in a completely white horse. Dominant White 15 (W15) Exon 10 Arabian: Identifi ed in a single horse with partial depigmentation. Dominant White 16 (W16) Exon 7 Oldenburg: Identifi ed in a family with three almost completely white horses. Dominant White 17 (W17) Exon 12 Japanese Draft Horse: Identifi ed in a com- pletely white horse with one blue eye. KELLY GRAPHICS LLC KELLY Dominant White 18 (W18) Intron 8 Swiss Warmblood: Identifi ed in a single Dominant White 20 (W20) horse with extended white speckled areas. CASSIDY COBARR CASSIDY SUSANNA COURTESY MARINELLI COURTESY BAR K 2 RANCH BAR COURTESY Dominant White 19 (W19) Exon 8 Part-Bred Arabian: Horses have bald faces, extended white legs and irregular belly spots. Dominant White 20 (W20) Exon 14 Multiple Breeds: Very common mutation; (see photo at left ) incomplete dominant trait. Markings might include a wide blaze, leg markings and small belly spots. Has a subtle effect on depig- mentation with a stronger effect on bays than sorrels. Living homozygotes have been found and tend to have more white. Dominant White 21 (W21) Exon 17 Icelandic Horse: Identifi ed in a single horse with a sabino-like pattern. COURTESY KRISTEN MEYERS KRISTEN COURTESY PAINT HORSE JOURNAL | JANUARY 2016 85 083-088-GeneticSeries_Part1 Modified: December 10, 2015 10:58 AM Files:Publications:PHJ:01.16 Journal:01.16-Sent to Rip:083-088-GeneticSeries_Part1.indd One of the biggest challenges facing researchers and Paint Horse breeders alike is the nomenclature of spotting patterns. CASSIDY COBARR COBARR CASSIDY GAIL SHAW CASSIDY COBARR COBARR CASSIDY The only completely dominant white spotting gene isTobiano , which means a horse only It stands to reason that homozygosity increases the amount of While many Splash White carriers might look phenotypically similar, the needs one copy of the gene to inherit the trait. white markings—that seems to be the case for this 2015 cropout three known genes are very different. Hello Big Chex, a 2012 chestnut overo colt by A Splash Of Silver (QH) and out of Dun Gone Classy (QH). stallion by Big Chex To Cash and out of Custom Princess (QH), carries a Both parents are n/SW1 and minimally colored; this loud colt car- single copy of the SW1 gene and is negative for other known white-spotting ries two copies of the Splash White 1 gene. patterns. The Nomenclature a dominant form of white spotting, which Nightmare ranges from extended face and leg mark- Color Genetics One of the biggest challenges fac- ings to a completely white coat. mutation. But other W mutations vary talk to horse people, and they call it some- ing researchers and Paint Horse breed- Researchers decided to call the gene greatly in their expression—not all look thing entirely different.” Bookshelf ers alike is the nomenclature of spotting Sabino 1 for two reasons, Samantha like GQ Santana; they can range from a patterns.
Recommended publications
  • UNDERSTANDING HORSE BEHAVIOR Prepared By: Warren Gill, Professor Doyle G
    4-H MEMBER GUIDE Agricultural Extension Service Institute of Agriculture HORSE PROJECT PB1654 UNIT 8 GRADE 12 UUNDERSTANDINGNDERSTANDING HHORSEORSE BBEHAVIOREHAVIOR 1 CONTENTS Introduction 3 Planning Your Project 3 The Basics of Horse Behavior 3 Types of Behavior 4 Horse Senses 4 Horse Communication 10 Domestication & Behavior 11 Mating Behavior 11 Behavior at Foaling Time 13 Feeding Behavior 15 Abnormal Behavior / Vices 18 Questions and Answers about Horses 19 References 19 Exercises 20 Glossary 23 SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED • Improved understanding of why horses behave like horses • Applying basic behavioral knowledge to improve training skills • Learning to prevent and correct behavioral problems • Better ways to manage horses through better understanding of horse motivation OBJECTIVES To help you: • Be more competent in horse-related skills and knowledge • Feel more confident around horses • Understand the applications of basic knowledge to practical problems REQUIREMENTS 1. Make a project plan 2. Complete this manual 3. Work on this project with others, including other 4-H members, 4-H leaders, your 4-H agent and other youth and adults who can assist you in your project. 4. Evaluate your accomplishments cover photo by2 Lindsay German UNDERSTANDING HORSE BEHAVIOR Prepared by: Warren Gill, Professor Doyle G. Meadows, Professor James B. Neel, Professor Animal Science Department The University of Tennessee INTRODUCTION he 4-H Horse Project offers 4-H’ers opportunities for growing and developing interest in horses. This manual should help expand your knowledge about horse behavior, which will help you better under T stand why a horse does what it does. The manual contains information about the basics of horse behavior, horse senses, domestication, mating behavior, ingestive (eating) behavior, foaling-time behavior and how horses learn.
    [Show full text]
  • FEI Regulations for Equestrian Events at the Olympic Games
    FEI Fédération Equestre Internationale FEI Regulations for Equestrian Events at the Olympic Games 24th Edition, Effective for the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 23 July-8 August 2021 Fédération Equestre Internationale t +41 21 310 47 47 HM King Hussein I Building f +41 21 310 47 60 Chemin de la Joliette 8 www.fei.org 1006 Lausanne Switzerland Printed in Switzerland Copyright © 2018 Fédération Equestre Internationale 7 December 2018 Updated on 21 December 2018 Updated on 30 December 2018 Updated on 18 April 2019 Updated on 3 October 2019 Updated on 24 June 2020 Updated on 16 June 2021 FEI Regulations for Equestrian Events Tokyo (JPN) 2020 Olympic Games TABLE OF CONTENTS THE FEI CODE OF CONDUCT FOR THE WELFARE OF THE HORSE .................................. 4 CHAPTER I GENERAL .................................................................................................. 6 ARTICLE 600 – INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 6 ARTICLE 601 –COMPETITIONS .................................................................................................... 6 ARTICLE 602 – COMPETITION SCHEDULE .................................................................................... 7 ARTICLE 603 – CLASSIFICATION, MEDALS & PRIZES..................................................................... 7 ARTICLE 604 – QUOTA .............................................................................................................. 8 ARTICLE 605 - AP ALTERNATE ATHLETES, RESERVE HORSES,
    [Show full text]
  • Population Genetic Analysis of the Estonian Native Horse Suggests Diverse and Distinct Genetics, Ancient Origin and Contribution from Unique Patrilines
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Population Genetic Analysis of the Estonian Native Horse Suggests Diverse and Distinct Genetics, Ancient Origin and Contribution from Unique Patrilines Caitlin Castaneda 1 , Rytis Juras 1, Anas Khanshour 2, Ingrid Randlaht 3, Barbara Wallner 4, Doris Rigler 4, Gabriella Lindgren 5,6 , Terje Raudsepp 1,* and E. Gus Cothran 1,* 1 College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA 2 Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA 3 Estonian Native Horse Conservation Society, 93814 Kuressaare, Saaremaa, Estonia 4 Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria 5 Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden 6 Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.R.); [email protected] (E.G.C.) Received: 9 August 2019; Accepted: 13 August 2019; Published: 20 August 2019 Abstract: The Estonian Native Horse (ENH) is a medium-size pony found mainly in the western islands of Estonia and is well-adapted to the harsh northern climate and poor pastures. The ancestry of the ENH is debated, including alleged claims about direct descendance from the extinct Tarpan. Here we conducted a detailed analysis of the genetic makeup and relationships of the ENH based on the genotypes of 15 autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs), 18 Y chromosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), mitochondrial D-loop sequence and lateral gait allele in DMRT3.
    [Show full text]
  • Winter 2006 Impulsion.Indd
    Winter 2006 HOLSTEINERThe Official Newsletter of the American Holsteiner Horse Association 2006 AHHA Approvals Results Home Again Fox Fire Farm We would like to thank and congratulate all breeders for showing your offspring from Fox Fire Farm stallions at the recent AHHA Approvals. Some premiums include: Photo by Paula Chamura LinaroAriadus Premium Premium Colt, Filly Lyonne Breeder: BrendanDebra Bartlik Mesker Ariadus Premium Colt, Addison Breeder: Deborah Bartlik Camiros Colt, Candelero Photo by Reg Corkum Champion, Colts & Geldings, Cool Autust Nights Breed Show, LA Equestrian Center. Ariadus Premium Filly, Uncia Reserve Best Young Horse, Hunter Breed Breeder: Andras Szieberth Show at Pebble Beach. Congratulations, KIm! Breeder: Dr. Kim Gill Favier FOX FIRE FARM 450 Fox Fire Lane NEWS: Discounted breeding fees for active PO Box 8 AHHA members, Premium mares, show winners Fox Island, WA 98333 and return breeders! E-mail: [email protected] The American Holsteiner Horse Association, Inc. 222 East Main Street, President’s Message Georgetown, KY 40324 502-863-4239, Fax: 502-868-0722 From the President: Executive Director Bruce Cottew The 2005 approvals tour is behind us. Many Registrar Jennifer Franco Executive Assistant Jennifer Walker thanks to all who showed horses and foals, Webmaster Mary Jane Gook and also all who worked behind the scenes. Special thanks go to the hard-working judg- 2005 Board of Directors President ing team of chief judge Arlene Rigdon, judges Daniel van Heeckeren 2007 440-423-3244 Eva Maria Junkelmann and Heino Kracht, and Vice President Karen Reid 2007 253-549-2838 also stallion judge Joachim Tietz at Solvang, Treasurer CA and Winley Farm, in Milbrook, NY.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Racehorse Clusters in the United States: Geographic Analysis and Implications for Sustainable Agricultural Development
    sustainability Article The Evolution of Racehorse Clusters in the United States: Geographic Analysis and Implications for Sustainable Agricultural Development Paul D. Gottlieb 1,2, Jennifer R. Weinert 2, Elizabeth Dobis 3 and Karyn Malinowski 2,* 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 55 Dudley Rd., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; [email protected] 2 Equine Science Center, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, ASB II 57 US HWY 1, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; [email protected] 3 Northeast Regional Center for Rural Development, Pennsylvania State University, 207A Armsby Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-848-932-9419 Received: 31 October 2019; Accepted: 6 January 2020; Published: 8 January 2020 Abstract: Sustainability is frequently defined as the need to place equal emphasis on three societal goals: economic prosperity, environment, and social equity. This “triple bottom line” (TBL) framework is embraced by practitioners in both corporate and government settings. Within agriculture, the horse-racing industry and its breeding component are an interesting case study for the TBL approach to local development. The sector is to some extent a “knowledge industry”, agglomerating in relatively few regions worldwide. In the USA, choices made by breeders or owners are likely affected by sudden changes in specific state policies, especially those related to gambling. Both of these unusual conditions—for agriculture at least—have been playing out against a background of national decline in the number of registered racehorse breeding stock. This study traces changes, between 1995 and 2017, in the geographic distribution of registered Thoroughbred and Standardbred stallions.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Horse Breeds 1 List of Horse Breeds
    List of horse breeds 1 List of horse breeds This page is a list of horse and pony breeds, and also includes terms used to describe types of horse that are not breeds but are commonly mistaken for breeds. While there is no scientifically accepted definition of the term "breed,"[1] a breed is defined generally as having distinct true-breeding characteristics over a number of generations; its members may be called "purebred". In most cases, bloodlines of horse breeds are recorded with a breed registry. However, in horses, the concept is somewhat flexible, as open stud books are created for developing horse breeds that are not yet fully true-breeding. Registries also are considered the authority as to whether a given breed is listed as Light or saddle horse breeds a "horse" or a "pony". There are also a number of "color breed", sport horse, and gaited horse registries for horses with various phenotypes or other traits, which admit any animal fitting a given set of physical characteristics, even if there is little or no evidence of the trait being a true-breeding characteristic. Other recording entities or specialty organizations may recognize horses from multiple breeds, thus, for the purposes of this article, such animals are classified as a "type" rather than a "breed". The breeds and types listed here are those that already have a Wikipedia article. For a more extensive list, see the List of all horse breeds in DAD-IS. Heavy or draft horse breeds For additional information, see horse breed, horse breeding and the individual articles listed below.
    [Show full text]
  • The Occurrence of Silver Dilution in Horse Coat Colours
    ISSN 1392-2130. VETERINARIJA IR ZOOTECHNIKA (Vet Med Zoot). T. 60 (82). 2012 THE OCCURRENCE OF SILVER DILUTION IN HORSE COAT COLOURS Erkki Sild, Sirje Värv and Haldja Viinalass Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; Tel: +372 731 3469; Fax: +372 742 2344; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The MC1R allele “e” in the homozygous state leads to the production of pheomelanin and is responsible for inhibition of expression of the silver dilution gene (PMEL17 “Z” allele). Horse coat colour is one of the traits breeders select for. A total of 133 horses representing Estonian Native (48), Estonian Heavy Draught (40) and Tori (45) breeds were genotyped for key polymorphisms at C901T in MC1R, the 11 bp deletion in ASIP and C1457T in PMEL17 to determine horse coat colour variation and selection possibilities to increase silver-diluted colours. Our genotyping results showed the “ee” genotype frequency in the MC1R gene to be as follows: Estonian Native 45.8%, Estonian Heavy Draught 65.0%, and Tori 77.8%, and the “Z_” genotype in PMEL17 to be 10.4%, 12.5%, and 0.0%, respectively. Six of total 133 horses with silver dilution were examined for MCOA. No eye abnormalities were detected. Considering the PMEL17 gene singly, silver coat colour could be expressed phenotypically in 12% of genotyped Estonian Heavy Draught horses, but due to unfavourable covariation with the MC1R “e” allele, it only occurred in two per cent of horses. Keywords: ASIP, horse coat colour, MC1R, MCOA, PMEL17, silver phenotype.
    [Show full text]
  • Association of the DMRT3 Nonsense Mutation with Pattern of Locomotion in Five Different Horse Breeds
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Association of the DMRT3 nonsense mutation with pattern of locomotion in five different horse breeds Niina Kangas Examensarbete / Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Master Thesis, 30 hp Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Agriculture Programme 408 – Animal Science Uppsala 2013 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Association of the DMRT3 nonsense mutation with pattern of locomotion in five different horse breeds Association av stoppmutationen i DMRT3 med rörelsemönster hos fem olika hästraser Niina Kangas Supervisors: Lisa Andersson, SLU, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Gabriella Lindgren, SLU, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Examiner: Susanne Eriksson, SLU, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Credits: 30 hp Course title: Degree project in Animal Science Course code: EX0558 Programme: Agriculture Programme – Animal Science Level: Advanced, A2E Place of publication: Uppsala Year of publication: 2013 Cover picture: Upper left (Coldblooded trotter), lower right (Standardbred): Kim Jäderkvist Upper right (American Curly): Jak Curly, France Middle (Icelandic Horse): Lennart Lindholm Lower left (Morgan): Sara Huhtanen Persons and horses on cover picture did not have anything to do with the study They only illustrate the horse breeds in this study Name of series: Examensarbete / Swedish University of Agricultural
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative Genetic Analysis of Melanoma and Grey Level in Lipizzan Horses
    7th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, August 19-23, 2002, Montpellier, France QUANTITATIVE GENETIC ANALYSIS OF MELANOMA AND GREY LEVEL IN LIPIZZAN HORSES I. Curik1, M. Seltenhammer2 and J. Sölkner3 1Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Croatia 2Clinic of Surgery and Ophthalmology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria 3Department of Livestock Science, University of Agricultural Sciences Vienna, Austria INTRODUCTION Changes of coat colour in which the "dark (non-grey)" colour present in foals is progressively replaced by grey is a known phenomenon in horses. A similar process is present in humans. The grey coat colour is inherited as a dominant trait and is the characteristic, although not exclusive, colour for some horse breeds (Bowling, 2000). The Lipizzan horse, originally bred for show and parade at the Imperial Court in Vienna, is among those breeds. Unfortunately, melanomas (skin tumours) are more prevalent in grey than in non-grey horses (e.g. Seltenhammer, 2000). The causative relationship for this positive association as well as the molecular basis for both traits (melanoma and grey level) are not known (Rieder, 1999 ; Seltenhammer, 2000). The inheritance of coat colour in horses has been always studied from a qualitative view (Sponenberg, 1996 ; Bowling, 2000). In the present study we quantified the grey level (shade) and estimated the proportion of additive genetic component (heritability in the narrow sense) of this trait. Further, we estimated the genetic relationship between melanoma stages and grey level as well as the additive inheritance of melanoma stages. MATERIAL AND METHODS Horses. Data for this study was collected from 351 grey Lipizzan horses of four national studs (Djakovo – Croatia ; 64 horses, Piber – Austria ; 160 horses, Szilvesvarad – Hungary ; 67 horses and Topol'cianky – Slovakia ; 60 horses).
    [Show full text]
  • Homozygous Tobiano and Homozygous Black Could Be Winners for Your Breeding Program, If You Know How to Play Your Cards
    By IRENE STAMATELAKYS Homozygous tobiano and homozygous black could be winners for your breeding program, if you know how to play your cards. L L I T S K C O T S N N A Y S E T R U O C n poker, a pair is not much to brag gets one of the pair from the sire and the in equine color genetics. If your goal about. Two pairs are just a hair bet - other of the pair from the dam.” is a black foal, and you’ve drawn the ter. But in equine color genetics, a Every gene has an address—a spe - Agouti allele, you’re out of luck. pair—or, even better, two—could cific site on a specific chromosome. be one of the best hands you’ll ever We call this address a locus—plural The Agouti effect hold. We’re talking about a sure bet— being loci. Quite often, geneticists use Approximately 20 percent of horses a pair of tobiano or black genes. the locus name to refer to a gene. registered with the APHA are bay. If Any Paint breeder will tell you that When a gene comes in different you also include the colors derived producing a quality foal that will forms, those variations are called alle - from bay—buckskin, dun, bay roan bring in top dollar is a gamble. In this les. For example, there is a tobiano and perlino—almost one-quarter of business, there are no guarantees. But allele and a non-tobiano allele. Either registered Paints carry and express the what if you could reduce some of the one can occur at the tobiano locus, Agouti allele, symbolized by an upper - risk in your breeding program as well but each chromosome can only carry case A.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Horse Handbook
    EB1135E Draft Horse Handbook WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION CONTENTS Breeds of Draft Horses ................................................................................................. 1 Belgian ...................................................................................................................... 1 Percheron .................................................................................................................. 1 Clydesdale ................................................................................................................. 2 Shire .......................................................................................................................... 3 Suffolk ....................................................................................................................... 3 Mule .......................................................................................................................... 4 Draft Horse Judging ..................................................................................................... 4 Showing Draft Horses at Halter .................................................................................. 7 The Handler ............................................................................................................... 7 The Horse .................................................................................................................. 7 In the Ring ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Gene C Profile Test Results
    GeneGc Profile Test Results Horse: ByeMe Champagne Owner: Wendall, Jane Horse and Owner Informaon Horse ByeMe Champagne DOB 6/1/2007 Breed Paint Age 7 Color Classic Champagne Sex S Discipline Western Height 14.2 Registry APHA Reg. Number 12345 Sire Bye Bye Baby Dam Super Champagne Sire Reg. 9058-234 Dam Reg. 4314-334 Comments: Excellent Temperament Owner Wendall, Jane Address Tinseltown Phone 555-1212 City Hollywood, CA E-mail [email protected] Zip Code 91604 GeneGc Profile Test Results Horse: ByeMe Champagne Owner: Wendall, Jane Results Summary Coat Color : ByeMe Champagne has one Black allele and one Red allele making the Base coat appear Black. Also detected were single Champagne and Cream alleles; likely resulUng in a rare Champagne Cream color. One copy of the Frame Overo allele is also detected, indicang underlying white patches (hidden By CH). As a result of single gene copies in each of the following, he has a 50% chance of passing Black or Red, Cream and/or Champagne, AgouU and/or Frame Overo alleles to his offspring. Allele Summary: Aa, Ee, Ch, Cr, LWO/n Traits: ByeMe Champagne is a not a carrier of any known recessive disease genes. CauUon is recommended however, as any mare Bred to him should Be Frame Overo negave as to avoid a 25% chance of foal death (+/+ LWO results in a lethal condiUon at Birth). He may also throw Gaited foals when Bred to Gaited (+) mares. Notes: Please note that your analysis is ongoing and may include some regions marked with an asterisk denoUng the following: * Discovery – This gene detecUon is in the
    [Show full text]