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ꢜꢑꢄꢇꢋꢊꢕꢎꢝꢈꢅꢋꢄꢈꢊ

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ꢔꢔꢔ

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ꢍ ꢁꢑꢍꢒꢂꢍꢎꢁꢍ ꢁꢓꢃꢆꢌꢍꢅꢍꢔꢃꢕꢁ

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Graduate School of Business and Law

ꢅꢒꢃꢄꢄꢌꢓꢌꢅꢃꢆꢅꢍ ꢎꢏꢐꢌꢎꢎꢅ
ꢔꢕ ꢖꢅꢗꢐꢏ!ꢌꢈꢎꢏꢋ#ꢅ
ꢅ ꢅ
ꢘꢁꢋꢃꢙꢌꢈꢅꢚꢛꢜꢝꢁ

Declaration

I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; the content of the thesis/project is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged; and, ethics procedures and guidelines have been followed.

Norah Albishri October 2017

ii

Acknowledgements

Undertaking PhD research was life changing for me in many ways and I need to thank the many people who have strongly supported, guided and influenced me throughout this experience to get to this stage.

First of all, ‘thanks are for Allah, the one who, by his blessings and favour, good works are accomplished’. I’m indebted to my sponsor, the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Higher Education for its generous financial support.

I owe my supervisor, Dr. Paul Gibson, my sincere gratitude for his invaluable guidance, encouragement, patience and tremendous help throughout this challenging journey. Without his valuable feedback this research would not have been possible. Your doors were always open for me. Thank you!

To my two wonderful boys, Ziyad and Fahad, your adorable smiles kept me going when I wanted to give up. You two are the light of this journey. To my siblings, Mashael, Naif and Fhdah, although we are oceans apart your constant encouragement and love during this challenging period gave me the motivation to keep going.

I acknowledge, with thanks, Dr. Diane Brown for copy editing my thesis in accordance with

the Australian Standards for Editing Practice and the IPED/ACGR guidelines.

iii

Dedication

I dedicate this thesis to my amazing parents and my wonderful husband. iv

Abstract

International joint ventures (IJVs) are important actors in the globalised economy offering a range of business opportunities from market entry to knowledge transfer. However, the success of IJVs is by no means guaranteed. Indeed, many perform badly or fail altogether. Why they fail has already attracted much scholarly interest although most previous research has focused on financial and operational aspects of IJV performance. This research examines IJV performance through the lens of national culture with the aim of developing an insightful understanding of how cultural differences can influence performance and present additional challenges.

The thesis addresses research questions about how our understanding of IJV performance can be clarified by identifying the ultimate and proximate factors contributing to IJV performance; the consequences of cultural distance for IJVs; and what senior IJV management can do to minimise the risk of failure when there is great cultural distance between the two partners. The research comprised a single case study of an IJV between an American and Saudi corporation. The setting was an industrial complex in Saudi Arabia. The methodology was predominantly qualitative with data collected from 40 semi-structured interviews, field observations and documentation. Thematic and frame analysis was applied to the data.

There is already an extensive literature pertaining to IJV performance and national culture at both the theoretical level and in empirical studies. That literature is reviewed to deduce an initial framework of ultimate and proximate factors influencing IJV performance with the aim of developing that framework in the light of later empirical case study data. National culture is initially proposed as the ultimate factor contributing to attitudes and behaviours within the

vcase study IJV while trust, commitment and communication are proposed as proximate factors. The empirical data analysis, however, revealed that additional important situational and self-interested factors were contributing to the attitudes and behaviours of employees working in the case study IJV.

These additional factors included the role of cultural training, cultural intelligence, biculturalism and multiculturalism, adaptability, religious tolerance and perceptions of inequity – and in particular the tendency of interviewees on both sides of the cultural differences to frame the other side in negative and blaming ways. Regarding national culture, cultural distance - particularly along the Individualist/Collectivist dimension - was found to be presenting many challenges to the case study IJV managers and employees. The thesis concludes by proposing a set of recommendations for senior management who are planning to establish, or to improve the performance of, a high cultural contrast IJV.

vi

Table of Contents

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Chapter One: Introductory Background ........................................................ 1ꢀ

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Chapter Two: Review of The Literature ....................................................... 15ꢀ

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Chapter Three: Research Methodology......................................................... 91ꢀ

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    Bachillerato Internacional Programa del Diploma 2016 OrbisTertius junior Selección de monografías IB OrbisTertius Sumario junior Revista de Pensamiento de IEN AÑOS DE SOLEDAD DE ABRIEL ARCÍA ÁRQUEZ la Institución Educativa SEK 8 C G G M COMO INSPIRACIÓN DE 1Q84 HARUKI MURAKAMI Número 6 Octubre 2016 Este análisis pretende descubrir la infl uencia que ejerce la novela Cien años de soledad sobre la trilogía 1Q84 de Ha- PRESIDENTA ruki Murakami. El trabajo parte de la base de que el propio Nieves Segovia Bonet Murakami durante una entrevista estableció una conexión entre la forma de escribir de ambos autores, a la vez que CONSEJO EDITORIAL Directora General de SEK International Schools diferenciaba la suya propia califi cándola como contempo- Directores de SEK International Schools ránea, conforme a la época actual. Directora de la Fundación Felipe Segovia En respuesta a la pregunta de investigación se buscan pasa- EDITA © Fundación Felipe Segovia jes en las obras con el fi n de encontrar similitudes tanto en el contenido como en la forma. DEPÓSITO LEGAL: M-21220-2008 IMPRESO EN ESPAÑA POR: Albatros Comunicación, S.L. 24 TO WHAT EXTENT HAS THE LANGUAGE USED TO DEPICT MUSLIMS IN US WRITTEN MEDIA EVOLVED SINCE 9/11 AND THEREFORE HAD AN IMPACT ON MUSLIM COMMUNITIES? The aim of the essay is to find out in which way written media portrayed their feelings after the 9/11 attacks and in which way this affected the Muslim community in the United States. In order to answer the research question, an analysis of three different pieces of written media throughout the years follow- ing 2001 were used.
  • Becoming Ghosts: the Public Veiling of Puerto Ricans in New York City

    Becoming Ghosts: the Public Veiling of Puerto Ricans in New York City

    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 6-2017 Becoming Ghosts: The Public Veiling of Puerto Ricans in New York City Samantha Pina Saghera The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2085 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Becoming Ghosts: The Public Veiling of Puerto Ricans in New York City By Samantha Pina Saghera A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Sociology as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2017 © 2017 SAMANTHA PINA SAGHERA All Rights Reserved ii Becoming Ghosts: The Public Veiling of Puerto Ricans in New York City by Samantha Pina Saghera This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Sociology in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date Vilna Bashi Treitler Chair of Examining Committee Date Philip Kasinitz Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Richard Alba Philip Kasinitz THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Becoming Ghosts: The Public Veiling of Puerto Ricans in New York City By Samantha Pina Saghera Advisor: Dr. Vilna Bashi Treitler In recent years Puerto Ricans in New York City have become difficult to locate in the public realm. This is a paradox given that Puerto Ricans make up the largest Hispanic subgroup in the larger metropolitan region.
  • Development of Intercity Mode Choice Models for Saudi Arabia

    Development of Intercity Mode Choice Models for Saudi Arabia

    JKAU: Eng. Sci., Vol. 17 No. 1, pp: 3 - 21 (2006A.D. /1427 A.H.) Development of Intercity Mode Choice Models for Saudi Arabia Hasan M. Al-Ahmadi Civil Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia Abstract. Several mode choice models are developed all over the world to predict the trip-maker choice of using a specific mode among a set of transportation modes. This modeling is quite important from planning point of view since the transportation systems usually receive huge investment. In Saudi Arabia, there are some characteristics of intercity tripmakers that differ from those of tripmakers in other countries. These characteristics include cultural, socioeconomic, safety, and religious parameters. In this study, the main purpose was to develop intercity mode choice models for Saudi Arabia. The required data was collected from all major cities throughout Saudi Arabia. Comprehensive questionnaires (Arabic and English) were designed and distributed at airport terminals, bus terminals, train stations, and at gasoline stations located midway between the cities under study. Behavioral mode-choice models were successfully built and validated with an independent sample for work, Aumra and social trips. These models indicated that in-vehicle travel time, out-of-pocket cost, number of family members traveling together, monthly household income, travel distance, nationality of the traveler, and number of cars owned by the family played a role in decisions related to intercity mode-choices. These models will be helpful in travel demand analysis for Saudi Airlines and Ministry of Transportation. This conclusion will help government and public transportation agencies and private carriers to make marginal decisions, and to prevent under or over-design of their facilities.
  • Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 02/23/2021 11:07:12 AM

    Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 02/23/2021 11:07:12 AM

    Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 02/23/2021 11:07:12 AM 02/22/21 Monday This material is distributed by Ghebi LLC on behalf of Federal State Unitary Enterprise Rossiya Segodnya International Information Agency, and additional information is on file with the Department of Justice, Washington, District of Columbia. El Chapo’s Wife Arrested in Virginia on Charges of Drug Trafficking, Busting Crime Lord From Prison by Morgan Artvukhina Recent investigations have revealed that the Mexican Sinaloa Cartel has begun shifting towards trafficking in fentanyl, in response to rising demand in the US. The drug is 50-to-100 times more potent than morphine. Emma Coronel Aispuro, the wife of Sinaloa Cartel leader Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman, was arrested in Virginia on Monday on drug-trafficking charges, the US Department of Justice announced. According to the release, the 31-year-old former-teenage model and dual US-Mexican citizen was arrested at Dulles International Airport outside Washington, DC. She is accused of “participating in a conspiracy” to distribute a variety of drugs in the US, including cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin and marijuana, as well as having helped El Chapo escape from Mexico’s Altiplano prison in 2015 and with having planned a second prison bust after he was re-arrested in 2016, according to the complaint affidavit. El Chapo was extradited to the US in 2017, where he was convicted on a number of criminal charges relating to his leadership of the violent drug-running cartel, and is serving a life sentence in a maximum security prison in Florence, Colorado.
  • The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the U.S. Population

    The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the U.S. Population

    The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the US Population: Emerging American Identities ANTHONY DANIEL PEREZ CHARLES HIRSCHMAN THE RACIAL AND ETHNIC makeup of the American people is in flux. New im- migrants from Asia and Latin America have added a large measure of cultural and phenotypic diversity to the American population in recent decades, just as waves of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe did a century ago (Bean and Stevens 2003; Higham 1988; Lieberson and Waters 1988: Ch. 2; Thompson and Whelpton 1933: Ch. 2). Moreover, the boundaries between ra- cial and ethnic groups are becoming blurred by high rates of intermarriage and the growing number of persons with mixed ancestry (Lee and Bean 2004). Descriptions and projections of the racial and ethnic composition of the American people appear kaleidoscopic, with varied accounts and interpreta- tions. Some commentators anticipate a new melting pot, often labeled as the “browning of America,” characterized by continued blurring of once-distinct racial and ethnic divisions (Rodriguez 2003). This interpretation is consistent with the thesis of the declining significance of race and ethnicity in American society. Others see new racial divisions arising as some immigrant groups are allowed to integrate with an expanded and privileged white population, while other groups are “racialized” as disadvantaged brown and black minorities (Bonilla-Silva and Glover 2004; Golash-Boza 2006). These conflicting ac- counts arise, in part, because of differing ideological presuppositions, but also because racial and ethnic identities are not mutually exclusive or immutable (Barth 1969; Alba 1999). The US Census Bureau recently released population projections showing that non-Hispanic whites will no longer be the majority of the population in 2042 (US Census Bureau 2008b; Roberts 2008).
  • Macroeconomic Determinants of the Stock Market Movements

    Macroeconomic Determinants of the Stock Market Movements

    MACROECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF THE STOCK MARKET MOVEMENTS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE SAUDI STOCK MARKET By MOFLEH ALI MOFLEH ALSHOGEATHRI B.A., IMAM MUHAMMAD IBN SAUD ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY, 1988 M.S., KING SAUD UNIVERSITY, 1998 AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS COLLEGE OF ART AND SCIENCES KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY MANHATTAN, KANSAS 2011 Abstract This dissertation investigates the long run and short run relationships between Saudi stock market returns and eight macroeconomic variables. We investigate the ability of these variables to predict the level and volatility of Saudi stock market returns. A wide range of Vector autoregression (VAR) and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models estimated and interpreted. A Johansen-Juselius cointegration test indicates a positive long run relationship between the Saudi stock price index and the M2 money supply, bank credit, and the price of oil, and a negative long run relationship with the M1 money supply, the short term interest rate, inflation, and the U.S. stock market. An estimated vector error correction model (VECM) suggests significant unidirectional short run causal relationships between Saudi stock market returns and the money supply and inflation. The VECM also finds a significant long run causal relationship among the macroeconomic variables in the system. The estimated speed of adjustment indicates that the Saudi stock market converges to the equilibrium within half a year. Granger causality tests show no causal relationship between Saudi stock market returns and the exchange rate. Impulse response function analysis shows no significant relationship between Saudi stock market returns and the macroeconomic variables.
  • The Genocidal Exodus

    The Genocidal Exodus

    The Genocidal Exodus by Commander-in-Chief Hatonn Scribed by the Hand and Pen of I, Uthrania Seila Sentana-Ries Chapter One Prepare for the entire liquidation of all your assets, people of the Great Land! Since we don't have the proper and articulate font to presume ourselves upon, we will just most elatedly, dear brethren, use that to which is seemingly at least at the present time within our means. Greetings, and you will be listening to I the great but naught presumed Hatonn as we trek on with the summation at the time of all world but not really "worldly" philosophy. Put this instead in default print, but we default on nothing, dear ones, simply due to the fact that the precious ones deep in the fight for their lives, their liberty, and their ‘kin,’ have fought this same battle beforehand in many of their previous lifestreams. Please then, little one, let us most heartily begin. And do naught wait at all for Dharma, for she has long ago been severely 'released' from her work by the ones at the top of all sincere casing of the Stockholm accord, and to that do we entirely wish to her and her husband the very best as we bring down the walls of hell for what they have done to her. Mayhem at the border! Stricken with all resources the governments have derided the entire public consortium and Wales, Egypt as well as Sacramento, California have bested themselves all the way up the tripod of delivery with the valium of the day, the liquid consortium of all tooling effects.
  • What Are Human Rights?

    What Are Human Rights?

    What are human rights? Human rights represent a fundamental area of international law which developed following the atrocities committed during World War I and II. Amongst the first instruments is the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) - championed by Eleanor Roosevelt – marking the first time that a statement existed that human rights do not simply belong to the national level but exist on the international plane as well. Subsequently, human rights were defined internationally as we know them today – rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of the nationality, place of residence, sex, national/ethnic origin, colour, religion, language or any other status without discrimination. These rights are all universal, inalienable, interrelated, interdependent and indivisible. They are subject to national implementation and international protection. Therefore, it remains the responsibility of states to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups. LOCAL Monday Lebanon – Lebanon reports 63 COVID-19 deaths, 2,020 cases 1 February 2021 Lebanon recorded 2,020 new coronavirus cases and 63 further deaths showing that the total lockdown along with an all-day curfew have successfully lowed the daily figures. Lebanon – Lebanese Army arrests 18 members of Daesh-linked cell The Army's Intelligence Unit arrested 18 people of Lebanese and Syrian nationalities linked to Daesh over the past two weeks in the town of Arsal. During their interrogation, the detainees confessed allegiance to the militant group as well as their intention to carry out any terrorist act. Lebanon / Japan – National News Agency - Japan extends urgent assistance to Lebanon with $16.13 million The Government of Japan decided to provide 16.13 million US Dollars for the implementation of 15 humanitarian and developmental initiatives in Lebanon in support of the vulnerable Lebanese people and the refugees residing in the country.