DOCSLIB.ORG

Native Forests

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Public Disclosure Authorized CHILE’S FORESTS Public Disclosure Authorized A pillar for inclusive and sustainable development Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized CHILE’S FORESTS A pillar for inclusive and sustainable development Acknowledgements This document was prepared by a team led by Stavros Papageor- giou (World Bank) and Carolina Massai (Conaf), in collaboration with an editorial committee formed by José Antonio Prado, Jaeel Moraga, Constanza Troppa, Mariela Espejo, Sergio Aguirre, Wil- fredo Alfaro, Luis Carrasco, and José Manuel Rebolledo. Eduardo Morales Verdugo (technical editor), Humberto Merino Peralta (news editor), and Marisa Polenta (art director) were in charge of the content and editorial production. The team wishes to thank Eduardo Vial Ruiz-Tagle, Patricio Rosas Barriga, Jerónimo Berg Costa, Guillermo Canales Domich, and Charo Gutiérrez for their collaboration. Rights and permits This work is a product of the staff of the World Bank developed in collaboration with staff of the National Forestry Corporation (CONAF) of the Ministry of Agriculture of Chile. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, its Executive Board, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The borders, colors, denominations and any other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment by the World Bank regarding the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such borders. The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages the dissemination of its knowledge, this work can be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non-commercial purposes, provided that full attribution to this work is granted. For all other uses, send an email to: [email protected] © 2020 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Website: www.worldbank.org Photo credits The owners of the photographs included in this publication have granted all the corresponding usage rights and authorizations. We appreciate the collaboration of the following entities who provided images: CONAF, INIA, INDAP, MINAGRI, CMPC, Fundación Imagen de Chile, and Agencia Vientosur. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 COUNTRY CONTEXT / Page 10 1.1 NATURAL AND HUMAN ORIGINS / Page 12 1.2 DEGRADATION OF SOIL AND FOREST RESOURCES / Page 19 1.3 EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS / Page 20 1.4 PROPERTY RIGHTS / Page 22 Chapter 2 THE CONSOLIDATION OF CHILE’S FOREST SECTOR / Page 28 2.1 STATE OF CHILE’S FOREST RESOURCES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT / Page 30 2.2 THE KEYS TO THE SUCCESS OF THE CHILEAN FOREST MODEL / Page 56 Chapter 3 TOWARDS AN INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE MODEL / Page 72 3.1 THE NEW GENERATION OF FOREST PLANTATIONS / Page 74 3.2 VALUING NATIVE FOREST RESOURCES / Page 78 3.3 CLIMATE CHANGE, DESERTIFICATION, LAND DEGRADATION AND DROUGHT / Page 88 3.4 SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY / Page 98 3.5 NEW INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK / Page 101 3.6 TOWARDS AN INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE MODEL / Page 104 5 ACRONYMS AGCID: Chilean Agency for International DLDD: Desertification, Land Degradation Development Cooperation and Drought AIFBN: Association of Forest Engineers for ENCCRV: Chilean Strategy for Climate the Native Forest Change and Vegetation Resources APF: Preferably Suitable for Forestry EPG: Assessment of Government Programs ASP: Wildlife Protected Areas ERPA: Emissions Reduction Purchase BRIDEF: Metropolitan Anti-Corruption Agreement Investigation Brigade FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of CBD: Convention on Biological Biodiversity the United Nations CERTFOR: Chilean Sustainable Forest FCBN: Conservation, Recovery and Management Certification System Sustainable Management of the Native Forest Fund CIREN: Natural Resources Information Center FCPF: Forest Carbon Partnership Facility CLP: Chilean Peso FIBN: Native Forest Research Fund CMPC: Paper and Cardboard Manufacturing FOB: Free On Board Company FPM: Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) CMSBN: Conservation and Sustainable FRA: Forest Resources Assessment Management of Native Forests FSC: Forest Stewardship Council CNE: Chilean Energy Commission ECLAC: FTA: Free Trade Agreement Economic Commission for Latin America GCF: Green Climate Fund and the Caribbean GEDEFF: Department of Forest CO : Carbon dioxide 2 Development and Promotion CO : Carbon dioxide equivalent 2eq GEF: Global Environment Facility CONAF: National Forestry Corporation GHG: Greenhouse Gases CONAMA: Chilean Environmental GTZ: German Cooperation Agency Commission GWh: Gigawatt hours COP: Conference of the Parties ha: Hectares COREF: Reforestation Corporation HDF: High Density Fiberboard CORFO: Chilean Economic Development Agency INDAP: Agricultural Development Institute CORMA: Chilean Timber Industry INE: National Statistics Institute Association INFOR: Forestry Institute DGA: General Directorate of Water INGEI: Chilean Greenhouse Gas Inventory DIPRES: Chilean Budget Office INIA: Agricultural Research Institute DL 701: Decree Law No. 701 on Forest IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Development Change 6 IUCN: International Union for Conservation PES: Payment for Environmental Services of Nature REDD+: Reducing Emissions from IUFRO: International Union of Forest Deforestation and Forest Degradation Research Organizations SAG: Agricultural and Livestock Service LBN: Native Forest Law SBAP: Biodiversity and Protected Areas LDN: Land Degradation Neutrality Service LULUCF: Land use, land-use change and SDG: Sustainable Development Goals forestry SERNAFOR: National Forest Service 3 M sub: Solid cubic meter under bark SFO: Small Forest Owner masl: meters above sea level SIMEF: Integrated System of Monitoring MAIA: Andean Intercultural Environmental and Evaluation of Forest Ecosystems Model SIT: Territorial Information System MDF: Medium Density Fiberboard SNASPE: National System of State MDP: Medium Density Particleboard Protected Areas MINAGRI: Ministry of Agriculture UACH: Austral University of Chile MMA: Ministry of the Environment UCCSA: Climate Change and Environmental MOFIN: Mapuche Intercultural Forestry Services Unit Model UF: Development Unit (Unit of account used MW: Mega Watt in Chile and set according to inflation) NCRE: Non-Conventional Renewable UN: United Nations Energy UNCCD: United Nations Convention to NDC: Nationally Determined Contribution Combat Desertification NTFP: Non-timber forest products UNDP: United Nations Development Program OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization OSB: Oriented Strand Board UNFCCC: United Nations Framework PANCC: Chilean Climate Change Action Convention on Climate Change Plan USD: United States Dollar PANCD: Chilean Action Program Against Desertification UTEM: Metropolitan Technological University PCI: Private Conservation Initiatives VAT: Value Added Tax PEFC: Program for the Endorsement of Forest Certification PGRVTI: Management Plan for Vegetation Resources in Indigenous Lands 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Thanks to a long-term reforestation policy that has allowed the country to re- cover its forests and develop a strong forestry industry in less than four decades, Chile is currently positioned as a leading global player in the forestry sector. From an environ- ment perspective, it is one of the few countries in the world that has managed to reverse deforestation and increase its forest area, ranking third in the list of countries with the largest increase in forest area worldwide between 2010-2015; and among the twelve countries worldwide that increased their forest cover by more than 10% in the last 25 years, in contrast with the global trend of forest cover loss. Today, forests cover 17.9 million hectares of land throughout the country, of which approximately 82% consist of native forests (14.6 million hectares), 17% of planted forests (3.1 million hectares), and 1% of mixed forests (179,125 hectares). In the case of planted forests, the majority (almost 95% of the total area) is used to grow pine and eucalyptus species. The economic success of the Chilean forest industry is also remarkable. While prior to the 1970s the sector had a secondary role in the national economy, today, the forest industry constitutes one of the pillars of the Chilean economy, representing 2.1% of national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The forest sector is particularly relevant in the south-central parts of the country, where its contribution to the GDP of some re- gions, such as Biobío and Los Ríos, exceeds 15%. The forest industry is also an important source of employment. In 2018, employment in the forestry sector reached 113,769 jobs, which accounts for approximately 1.5% of the national employment rate. The Biobío region features the highest rate of forestry jobs (37.8%) in Chile. This remarkable economic growth has been driven by a significant increase in forestry exports over time, reaching in 2018 a historical record of more than USD 6.8 billion, representing 9.1% of Chilean total exports and placing the forestry sector as the third biggest exporting industry after mining, and fishing & aquaculture. This increase in commercial activity has allowed Chile to position itself among the top 20 major export- ers of forest products in the world, and to become a leading producer of pulp, plywood panels, woodchips and timber. The national
Recommended publications
  • Protected Areas in Chile, and Identify the Challenges That the Country Confronts for Improving the Conservation and Social Efficacy of Protected Areas

    Protected Areas in Chile, and Identify the Challenges That the Country Confronts for Improving the Conservation and Social Efficacy of Protected Areas

    C O N S E R V A T I O N I S S U E S ABSTRACT: Natural reserves or protected areas are a keystone of global strategies for biological conservation. With over 18% of its land under protection, Chile faces challenges similar to those in other developing countries. In this paper we describe the history and status of protected areas in Chile, and identify the challenges that the country confronts for improving the conservation and social efficacy of protected areas. Following the modern “pristine” concept of protected areas, Chile created its first protected area in 1907 and the first national park in 1925. Historically, several national and local • agencies were in charge of the creation and management of protected areas. In 1984, the national public system of protected areas was created to organize the scattered protected areas around a unified system that seeks to conserve Chilean natural resources. The system has several problems that jeopardize its Protected capability to conserve Chilean biodiversity: insufficient ecosystem representation, inadequate coverage of biodiversity hot-spots, low budgets, and boundary issues. Private protected areas have recently been considered as complementary units to SNASPE. But there are questions about long-term commitment Areas in Chile: and restriction to development in such areas. The growth of ecotourism may be boosting SNASPE and private reserve initiatives, but it may also threaten the conservation of pristine environments. We History, Current propose that protected areas in Chile be part of a comprehensive conservation policy that considers the entire range of natural resources. This policy should also address new ways to conserve biodiversity Status, and outside protected area boundaries, bringing both private and public initiatives together.
  • The Forest Sector in Chile: an Overview and Current Challenges

    The Forest Sector in Chile: an Overview and Current Challenges

    J. For. 114(5):562–571 REVIEW ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/jof.14-062 Copyright © 2016 Society of American Foresters international forestry The Forest Sector in Chile: An Overview and Current Challenges Christian Salas, Pablo J. Donoso, Rodrigo Vargas, Cesar A. Arriagada, Rodrigo Pedraza, and Daniel P. Soto Chile has a strong forest sector based on plantations of exotic species and an extensive area of temperate Among the first English peer-reviewed pub- rainforests with unique ecological features and a wealth of biodiversity and endemism. We present an overview lications on the forest sector of Chile are of the forest sector of Chile focused on forest resources, silviculture, economy, social and environmental aspects, those of Recart (1973), Husch (1982), Je´lvez and forestry education and research. The Chilean forest sector is internationally known for its success. Although et al. (1990), and Gwynne (1993). These this is one of the most important economic activities of Chile, management between exotic species plantations mostly focused on forestry plantations and and natural forests is very asymmetric. Currently, highly intensive silviculture is applied to forest plantations of did not pay much attention to natural forests Pinus radiata (radiata pine) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus nitens) but only limited operational and the social aspects of forestry in Chile. silviculture is applied to natural forests, even though there is considerable research to support it. There are still Later, Lara and Veblen (1993) focused on unresolved issues related to: conversion from natural forests to other land uses; pulp mills, and new efforts are the levels of substitution of natural forest ar- needed from the government and large forestry companies to account for social and environmental demands.
  • Trees for Farm Forestry: 22 Promising Species

    Trees for Farm Forestry: 22 Promising Species

    Forestry and Forest Products Natural Heritage Trust Helping Communities Helping Australia TREES FOR FARM FORESTRY: 22 PROMISING SPECIES Forestry and Forest Products TREES FOR FARM FORESTRY: Natural Heritage 22 PROMISING SPECIES Trust Helping Communities Helping Australia A report for the RIRDC/ Land & Water Australia/ FWPRDC Joint Venture Agroforestry Program Revised and Edited by Bronwyn Clarke, Ian McLeod and Tim Vercoe March 2009 i © 2008 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 1 74151 821 0 ISSN 1440-6845 Trees for Farm Forestry: 22 promising species Publication No. 09/015 Project No. CSF-56A The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication.
  • Timber Legality Risk Assessment Chile

    Timber Legality Risk Assessment Chile

    Timber Legality Risk Assessment Chile <MONTH> <YEAR> Version 1.1 l August 2017 COUNTRY RISK ASSESSMENTS This risk assessment has been developed by NEPCon with support from the LIFE programme of the European Union, UK aid from the UK government and FSCTM. www.nepcon.org/sourcinghub NEPCon has adopted an “open source” policy to share what we develop to advance sustainability. This work is published under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 license. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this document, to deal in the document without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, and/or distribute copies of the document, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any modified version. This Risk Assessment has been produced for educational and informational purposes only. NEPCon is not liable for any reliance placed on this document, or any financial or other loss caused as a result of reliance on information contained herein. The information contained in the Risk Assessment is accurate, to the best of NEPCon’s knowledge, as of the publication date The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute endorsement of the contents which reflect the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. This material has been funded by the UK aid from the UK government; however the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK government’s official policies.
  • The Chilean Miracle

    The Chilean Miracle

    Proefschrift DEF stramien 14-09-2005 09:35 Pagina 1 The Chilean miracle PATRIMONIALISM IN A MODERN FREE-MARKET DEMOCRACY Proefschrift DEF stramien 14-09-2005 09:35 Pagina 2 The Chilean miracle Promotor: PATRIMONIALISM IN A MODERN Prof. dr. P. Richards FREE-MARKET DEMOCRACY Hoogleraar Technologie en Agrarische Ontwikkeling Wageningen Universiteit Copromotor: Dr. C. Kay Associate Professor in Development Studies Institute of Social Studies, Den Haag LUCIAN PETER CHRISTOPH PEPPELENBOS Promotiecommissie: Prof. G. Mars Brunel University of London Proefschrift Prof. dr. S.W.F. Omta ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor Wageningen Universiteit op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Prof. dr. ir. J.D. van der Ploeg prof. dr. M. J. Kropff, Wageningen Universiteit in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 10 oktober 2005 Prof. dr. P. Silva des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula. Universiteit Leiden Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen de onderzoeksschool CERES Proefschrift DEF stramien 14-09-2005 09:35 Pagina 4 Preface The work that follows is an attempt to blend together cultural anthropology with managerial sciences in a study of Chilean agribusiness and political economy. It also blends together theory and practice, in a new account of Chilean institutional culture validated through real-life consultancy experiences. This venture required significant cooperation from various angles. I thank all persons in Chile who contributed to the fieldwork for this study. Special Peppelenbos, Lucian thanks go to local managers and technicians of “Tomatio” - a pseudonym for the firm The Chilean miracle. Patrimonialism that cooperated extensively and became key subject of this study.
  • Brochure Route-Of-Parks EN.Pdf

    Brochure Route-Of-Parks EN.Pdf

    ROUTE OF PARKS OF CHILEAN PATAGONIA The Route of Parks of Chilean Patagonia is one of the last wild places on earth. The Route’s 17 National Parks span the entire south of Chile, from Puerto Montt all the way down to Cape Horn. Aside from offering travelers what is perhaps the world’s most scenic journey, the Route has also helped revitalize more than 60 local communities through conservation-centered tourism. This 1,740-mile Route spans a full third of Chile. Its ecological value is underscored by the number of endemic species and the rich biodiversity of its temperate rainforests, sub-Antarctic climates, wetlands, towering massifs, icefields, and its spectacular fjord system–the largest in the world. The Route’s pristine ecosystems, largely untouched by human intervention, capture three times more carbon per acre than the Amazon. They’re also home to endangered species like the Huemul (South Andean Deer) and Darwin’s Frog. The Route of Parks is born of a vision of conservation that seeks to balance the protection of the natural world with human economic development. This vision emphasizes the importance of conserving and restoring complete ecosystems, which are sources of pride, prosperity, and belonging for the people who live in and near them. It’s a unique opportunity to reverse the extinction crisis and climate chaos currently ravaging our planet–and to provide a hopeful, harmonious model of a different way forward. 1 ALERCE ANDINO National Park This park, declared a National Biosphere Reserve of Temperate Rainforests, features 97,000 acres of evergreen rainforest.
  • Ngo Documents 2007-08-06 00:00:00 Banks, Pulp And

    Ngo Documents 2007-08-06 00:00:00 Banks, Pulp And

    Banks, Pulp and People A Primer on Upcoming International Pulp Projects Published by: urgewald e.V. Editing: Lydia Bartz, Heffa Schücking, Patrick Anderson Author: Chris Lang Layout by: Kirsten Everwien, [konzept+gestaltung], Köln, Germany Printed by: Darpe Industriedruck GmbH & Co KG, Warendorf, Germany V.I.S.d.P: Heffa Schücking, Von Galen Str. 2, 48336 Sassenberg, Germany Copyright: © Juni 2007 urgewald Many thanks to the following institutions for their support 2 urgewald – Advocacy for the Environment and Human Rights urgewald is a German non-profit organization, movements, which are challenging the massive whose mission is to address the underlying causes impacts of the pulp industry in their countries. of global environmental destruction and poverty. Time and again, we have experienced that both We monitor the activities of German banks and development and commercial banks are seldom companies abroad and educate the German public aware of the environmental and social impacts of about the negative impacts of our consumption the pulp industry in these countries, when they patterns on people and nature in far-away places. make investment decisions. After years of working with consumers, our forest program has therefore urgewald works closely with affected communities begun to actively reach out to financial institutions and NGOs in the global South. Over the years, we and to encourage them to recognize indigenous have become an important contact point for anti- and local peoples’ rights as well as environmental nuclear campaigners in Eastern Europe, indigenous concerns, when making decisions, that will affect people in Brazil, whose cultures are threatened by the future of communities and ecosystems.
  • Th Em Es of Act Ivit Ies Dur Ing Rep Orti Ng Per

    Th Em Es of Act Ivit Ies Dur Ing Rep Orti Ng Per

    Reporting format for UNESCO’s Water-related Centres on activities for the period October 2018 – March 2021 1. Basic information Water Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Zones of Full Name of the Centre Latin America and the Caribbean (CAZALAC) Name of Centre holder/Director Gabriel Mancilla Escobar Other contacts (other focal points/Deputy Director, etc.) E-mail [email protected] Telephone number +56 51 2204493 Website http://www.cazalac.org Mailing Address Benavente 980, La Serena, Chile Geographic scope 1* ☐ International x regional Specify which Region(s) (if Latin America and Caribbean applicable) Year of establishment 2006 Year of renewal 2016 x groundwater ☐ urban water management x rural water management x arid / semi-arid zones ☐ humid tropics Th ☐ cryosphere (snow, ice, glaciers) em x water related disasters (drought/floods) x Erosion/sedimentation, and landslides es x ecohydrology/ecosystems Of x water law and policy act x social/cultural/gender dimension of water/youth ivit ☐ transboundary river basins/ aquifers ies ☐ mathematical modelling Focal Areas 2♦ dur hydroinformatics ing x remote sensing/GIS x IWRM rep x Watershed processes/management orti x global and change and impact assessment ng ☐ mathematical modelling per x water education iod ☐ water quality ☐ nano-technology x waste water management/re-use ☐ water/energy/food nexus ☐ water systems and infrastructure ☐ Water Diplomacy x Climate Change 1* check on appropriate box 2♦ check all that apply ☐ other: (please specify) ___________________ x vocational training x postgraduate education ☐ continuing education x public outreach x research x institutional capacity-building Scope of Activities 3♦ ☐ advising/ consulting x software development x data-sets/data-bases development xKnowledge/sharing x Policy Advice/Support x Publication and documentation ☐ other: (please specify) __________________ UNESCO Water Family; G-WADI Program Existing networks network; UNCCD;FAO; European Union /cooperation/partnerships 4 (EUROCLIMA project; RALCEA); Technological Consortium Quitai-Anko (Chile).
  • THE HUMAN RIGHTS of the RAPA NUI PEOPLE on EASTER ISLAND Rapa Nui

    THE HUMAN RIGHTS of the RAPA NUI PEOPLE on EASTER ISLAND Rapa Nui

    THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE RAPA NUI PEOPLE ON EASTER ISLAND Rapa Nui IWGIA report 15 THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE RAPA NUI PEOPLE ON EASTER ISLAND Report of the international Observers’ Mission to Rapa Nui 2011 OBSERVERS: Clem Chartier, President of Métis National Council, Canada. Alberto Chirif, Anthropologist and Researcher, IWGIA, Peru. Nin Tomas, Associate Professor of Law at the University of Auckland in Aotearoa- New Zealand, and researcher in the area of Indigenous Peoples Rights. Rapa Nui: August 1 - 3, 2011 Santiago: August 4 - 8, 2011 Report 15 IWGIA - 2012 CONTENTS THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE RAPA NUI PEOPLE ON EASTER ISLAND Observer´s Report visit to Rapa Nui 2011 ISBN: 978-87-92786-27-2 PRESENTATION 5 Editor Observatorio Ciudadano 1. Historical information about the relationship between the Rapa Nui Design and layout people and the Chilean State 7 Lola de la Maza Cover photo 2. Diagnosis of the Human Rights situation of the Rapa Nui and their Isabel Burr, archivo Sacrofilm demands, with special reference to the rights of self-determination Impresión Impresos AlfaBeta and territorial rights 11 Santiago , Chile 2.1. Self Determination 12 2.1.1 Right to Consultation over Migration Control 18 2.1.2 Conclusion 20 2.2. Territorial Rights 21 OBSERVATORIO CIUDADANO Antonio Varas 428 - Temuco, Chile 2.2.1. Lands Occupations 21 Tel: 56 (45) 213963 - Fax 56 (45) 218353 E-mail: [email protected] - Web: www.observatorio.cl 2.2.2. Return of Lands 26 INTERNATIONAL WORK GROUP FOR INDIGENOUS AFFAIRS 3. RightS OF IndigEnouS PEoplES in ChilE 30 Classensgade 11 E, DK 2100 - Copenhagen, Denmark Tel: (45) 35 27 05 00 - Fax (45) 35 27 05 07 4.
  • EASTER ISLAND Botswana Safaris Amazing Wonders from Desert to Wetlands

    EASTER ISLAND Botswana Safaris Amazing Wonders from Desert to Wetlands

    EASTER ISLAND BOTSWANA SAFARIS Amazing Wonders From Desert To Wetlands Easter Island is a magical mysterious place located in a remote area in the southeastern Pacific Ocean some 2,300 miles west of South America. A Chilean territory, Easter Island is a volcanic island known for its intriguing archaeological sites. There are approximately 900 monumental statues, called moai, created by the early Rapa Nui inhabitants during the 10th-16th centuries. In 1995 UNESCO named Easter Island a World Heritage Site, with much of the island protected within Rapa Nui National Park. The moai are carved figures with oversized heads, often resting on massive rock altars. Polynesian people most likely settled on Easter Island sometime between 700 to 1100 AD, and created a thriving and industrious culture as evidenced by the island’s numerous enormous stone moai and other artifacts. By the time of European arrival in 1722, the island’s population had dropped to 2,000–3,000 from an estimated high of approximately 15,000 just a century earlier. European diseases and Peruvian slave raiding in the 1860s further reduced the Rapa Nui population, to a very low number of inhabitants in 1877. Begin your exploration with a stop at Rano Kao, one of three extinct volcanoes on the island whose crater is pocked with over 100 small lakes. Rano Kao was the second of the three volcanoes to erupt about 2.5 million years ago. Growing inside the crater are grapes, bananas, and totora, a reed used extensively for houses, boats and other uses. Visit Rano Raraku, one of the most interesting archaeological sites not only on Easter Island but also in the entire world.
  • Rapa Nui National Park

    Rapa Nui National Park

    WORLD HERITACE LIST Rapa Nui NO 715 Identification Nomination Rapa Nui National Park Location Easter Island Province, Valparaiso Region State Party RepubliC Of Ch ile Date 13 June 1994 Justification by State Party Rapa Nui National Park contains archaeological evidence, consisting mainly of moai <megalithic statues>, ahu <ceremonial structures>, houses and ceremonial villages, petroglyphs, and wall paintings. They constitute an outstanding and unique cultural heritage. category of propertv ln terms of the categories of property set out in Article 1 of the 1972 world Heritage convention, Rapa Nui is a site. Historv and Description History Rapa Nui was settled around AD 300 by Polynesians, probably from the Marquesas, who brought with them a wholly Stone Age society. Ali the cultural elements in Ra pa Nui prior to the arrivai of Europeans indicate th at the re were no other incoming groups; they rule out the many hypotheses that have been advanced regarding settlement from south America, Melanesia, Egypt, or elsewhere. According to island tradition, the colonizing expedition of fifty people in two canees was led by King Hotu Matu'a. Between the 10th and 16th centuries the island community expanded steadily, small settlements being set up along practically the entire coastline. The high cultural level of this society was high, and is best known from its monumental stone figures <moai> and ceremonial shrines <ahu>; it is also noteworthy for a form of pictographie writing (fango rongo>, which is so far undeciphered. However, there was an economie and social crisis in the community in the 16th centurv, attributable perhaps to over-population and environmental deterioration.
  • The Impacts of Forest Certification for Chilean Forestry Businesses

    The Impacts of Forest Certification for Chilean Forestry Businesses

    Forest Policy and Economics 92 (2018) 82–91 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Forest Policy and Economics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/forpol The impacts of forest certification for Chilean forestry businesses T ⁎ Marcos Tricallotisa, , Neil Gunninghamb, Peter Kanowskic a Fenner School of Environment and Society, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Bldg 48 Linnaeus way, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia b Regulatory Institutions Network, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia c University House, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Forest certification, under both the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the PEFC-endorsed Chilean CERTFOR Certification impacts schemes, has been widely adopted in both the native and plantation forestry sectors in Chile. This study of the CERTFOR impacts of forest certification on Chilean forestry businesses is based in-depth interviews with 72 actors re- Chile presenting a diversity of roles and perspectives in the Chilean forestry sector. Forest governance The impacts of certification have been greatest in the plantation forestry sector, and for larger businesses. FSC These impacts include the cessation of deforestation for plantation establishment, rehabilitation of natural ecosystems, greater benefits to local communities, and the development of a positive dialogue between forestry businesses and their stakeholders. However, certification has not resolved some long-standing conflicts between forestry businesses and other actors, notably in relation to Indigenous peoples' land claims and workers' rights. Both certification schemes in Chile have promoted legal compliance; FSC certification is encouraging im- provements beyond legal compliance, and deepening the changes initiated by CERTFOR.