Ugaritic Paradigms for Both Verbal and Non�Verbal Forms

Ugaritic Paradigms for both verbal and nonverbal forms

Compiled by Joshua L. Harper Fall 2008

Based on information from: Daniel Sivan, A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language (HdO 1:28; Atlanta: SBL, 2001) William M. Schniedewind and Joel H. Hunt, A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture and Literature (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007) and course materials produced by Meredith M. Kline

Noun Paradigms Masculine Feminine Singular Unbound Bound Singular Unbound Bound Nom mlk malku mlk malku Nom mlkt malkatu mlkt malkatu Gen mlk malki mlk malki Gen mlkt malkati mlkt malkati Acc mlk malka mlk malka Acc mlkt malkata mlkt malkata Dual Dual Nom mlkm malkāmi mlk malkā Nom mlktm malkatāmi mlkt malkatā Obl mlkm malkēmi mlk malkē Obl mlktm malkatēmi mlkt malkatē Plural Plural Nom mlkm malkūma mlk malkū Nom mlkt malkātu mlkt malkātu Obl mlkm malkīma mlk malkī Obl mlkt malkāti mlkt malkāti

Independent Pronouns 3ms hw huwa 3cd hm humā 3mp hm hum(ū) Independent Oblique 3fs hy hiya 3fp hn hin(ā) 3ms hwt huwāti 2ms at ʾatta 2cd atm ʾattumā 2mp atm ʾattum(ū) 3fs hyt hiyāti 2fs at ʾatti 1cs ank ʾanāku 3cd hmt humāti an ʾanā 3mp hmt humūti Pronoun Suffixes 3ms h/n/nh/nn hu 3cd hm humā 3mp hm hum(ū) 3fs h/n/nh/nn ha 3fp hn hun(ā) 2ms k ka 2cd km kumā 2mp km kumū (?) 2fs k ki 2fp kn kun(ā) 1cs NOM ø ī 1cd ny nayā 1cp n ni/na (?) OBL y ya VBL n nī Other Pronouns DeterminativeRelative Interrogatives Indefinite ms d dū/dī/dā my mīyu/i/a “who(m)” mnk mīnuku “whatever, fs dt dātu/dāti/dāta mh mahu/i/a “what” mnkm mīnukumu}{ whoever, any mp dt dūtu/dūti (?) mn mannu/i/a mnm mīnuma one, whichever” fp dt dūtu/dūti (?) or: mīnu/i/a “which” kl kullu/i/a “all, every” klkl kulkullu “every, all” ay ʾayyu “which, any” Demonstratives hnd hānādū (hannadū) “this” hnk hānāka (masc) “that” hnkt hānākata (fem) “that” Cardinal Numbers Feminine Masculine 1 aḥt ʾaḥ(ḥ)attu aḥd ʾaḥ(ḥ)adu Tens and Greater Common 2 ṯt ṯittā/ṯittê ṯn ṯinā/ṯinê 20 ʿšrm ʿašrāma/i 3 ṯlṯ ṯalāṯu ṯlṯt ṯalāṯatu 30 ṯlṯm ṯalāṯūma 4 arbʿ ʾarbaʿu arbʿt ʾarbaʿatu 40 arbʿm ʾarbaʿūma 5 ḫmš ḫamišu ḫmšt ḫamišatu 50 ḫmšm ḫamišūma 6 ṯṯ ṯīṯṯu ṯṯt ṯīṯṯatu 60 ṯṯm ṯīṯṯūma 7 šbʿ šabʿu šbʿt šabʿatu 70 šbʿm šabʿūma 8 ṯmn ṯamānû ṯmnt ṯamānîtu 80 ṯmnym ṯamāniyūma 9 ṯšʿ ṯišʿu ṯšʿt ṯišʿatu 90 ṯšʿm ṯišʿūma 10 ʿšr ʿašaru ʿšrt ʿašaratu 100 mit miʾtu 11 ʿšt ʿšr ʿaštê ʿašaru ʿšt ʿšr/ʿšrh ʿaštê ʿašaru/ʿišrêh 200 mitm miʾtāma/i 12 ṯt ʿšr ṯittā ʿašaru ṯn ʿšr/h ṯinā ʿašaru/ʿišrêh 300 ṯlṯ mat ṯalāṯ(u) miʾātu/i ṯn ʿšrt ṯinā ʿašaratu 1000 alp ʾalpu 13 ṯlṯ ʿšr ṯalāṯu ʿašaru ṯlṯ ʿšr/h ṯalāṯu ʿašaru/ʿišrêh 2000 alpm ʾalpāma/i ṯlṯt ʿšrt ṯalāṯatu ʿašaratu 3000 ṯlṯ alpm ṯalāṯ(u) ʾal(a)pūma 53 ḫmšm ṯlṯ ḫamišūma ṯalāṯu 10000 rbtm ribbatu 37 ṯlṯm w šbʿ ṯalāṯūma wa šabʿu 20000 rbtm ribbatāma/i 122 mit ʿšrm ṯn miʾtu ʿašrāma ṯinā 30000 ṯlṯ rbbt ṯalāṯ(u) ribabātu

Prepositions and Particles before לִפְנֵ י directional lpn lepani ־◌ָ ה or h ah אוֹ u ʾu id ʾida when, after hlm halumma here m ama/i on noun > adverb after, behind hlny hallinīya here m ma emphatic suff. on אַחֲרֵ י aḫr ʾaḫra/ê if/or nouns or vbl. forms אִ ם (how? hm him(ma אַ יִ ik ʾêka ?why מַ דּוַּ behold mdʿ madduʿa \הֵ ן הִ נֵּ ה where? hn hinnī אֵ י Iy ʾiyyi after impv א־נָ to, toward ht hitta now mʿ maʿ אַ ל al ʾal up to, until ַ ד and ʿd ʿadi/ê וְ an ʾan where? w wa upon, over ֶ ל/ ַ ל there isn’t y yā vocative marker ʿl ʿalê אַ יִן in ʾêna with ִ ם also yd yada with ʿm ʿimma אַ ף ap ʾappa now ַתָּ ה like, as, while ʿnt ʿanata כְּ k ki ( אִ יתַ י BA) יֵשׁ iṯ ʾiṯê aṯr ʾaṯra after k kî emphatic before verbs p pa then, and ( קֳדָ ם in, with, by, etc. kbd kabida midst of qdm qudāma before (BA בְּ b bi to, for, etc. qrb qirbu/a midst of לְ bd bādi from the hands of l le under, beneath תַּחַ ת no, not tḥt taḥtu/a לֹא bl bal negates noun clauses l la ( תּוֹ) or vocative marker tk tôku/a inside, middle לוּ between l lu בֵּ ין bn bēna there שָׁמָּ ה why? ṯm ṯamma לָמָּ ה bʿd baʿda behind/after lm lamma

The Strong Verb:111 QṬL

G Stem

Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m qṭl qaṭala qṭl qaṭalā qṭl qaṭalū 3f qṭlt qaṭalat qṭlt qaṭal(a)tā qṭl qaṭalā 2m qṭlt qaṭalta qṭltm qaṭaltumā qṭltm qaṭaltum(ū) Imperative 444 2f qṭlt qaṭalti qṭltm qaṭaltumā qṭltn qaṭaltunā ms qṭl quṭul/ quṭla 1c qṭlt qaṭaltu (?) qṭlny qaṭalniyā qṭln qaṭalnū fs qṭl quṭulī dual qṭl quṭulā Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation mp qṭl quṭulū Singular Dual Plural 3m yqṭl yaqṭul y/tqṭl y/taqṭulā tqṭl taqṭulū 3f tqṭl taqṭul tqṭl taqṭulā tqṭln taqṭulna Active Participle 2m tqṭl taqṭul tqṭl taqṭulā tqṭl taqṭulū ms qṭl qāṭilu 2f tqṭl taqṭulī tqṭl taqṭulā tqṭln taqṭulna fs qṭlt qāṭilatu 1c aqṭl ʾaqṭul nqṭl naqṭulā nqṭl naqṭul mp qṭlm qāṭilūma fp qṭlt qāṭilātu 222 Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m yqṭl yaqṭulu y/tqṭln y/taqṭulāni tqṭln taqṭulūna Passive Participle 555 3f tqṭl taqṭulu tqṭln taqṭulāni tqṭln taqṭulnā ms qṭl qaṭūlu 2m tqṭl taqṭulu tqṭln taqṭulāni tqṭln taqṭulūna fs qṭlt qaṭūlatu 2f tqṭln taqṭulīna tqṭln taqṭulāni tqṭln taqṭulnā mp qṭlm qaṭūlūma 1c aqṭl ʾaqṭulu nqṭln naqṭulāni nqṭl naqṭulu fp qṭlt qaṭūlātu

333 Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural Infinitive 666 3m yqṭl yaqṭula y/tqṭl y/taqṭulā tqṭl taqṭulū qṭl qaṭālu 3f tqṭl taqṭula tqṭl taqṭulā tqṭln taqṭulna 2m tqṭl taqṭula tqṭl taqṭulā tqṭl taqṭulū

2f tqṭl taqṭulī tqṭl taqṭulā tqṭln taqṭulna 4 The vowel is the theme vowel 1c aqṭl ʾaqṭula nqṭl naqṭulā nqṭl naqṭula of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 5 Uncertain vocalization; this is 1 This also includes all IGuttural verbs, which are strong in Ugaritic. on the BH pattern. 2 6 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na If in bound relationship, then lengthened. Infinitive Construct; if unbound, 3 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets a. then Infinitive Absolute. Strong: N Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m nqṭl naqṭala nqṭl naqṭalā nqṭl naqṭalū 3f nqṭlt naqṭalat nqṭlt naqṭal(a)tā nqṭl naqṭalā 333 2m nqṭlt naqṭalta nqṭltm naqṭaltumā nqṭltm naqṭaltum(ū) Imperative 2f nqṭlt naqṭalti nqṭltm naqṭaltumā nqṭltn naqṭaltunā 1c nqṭlt naqṭaltu (?) nqṭlny naqṭalniyā nqṭln naqṭalnū

Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m yqṭl yiqqaṭil y/tqṭl y/tiqqaṭilā tqṭl tiqqaṭilū 3f tqṭl tiqqaṭil tqṭl tiqqaṭilā tqṭln tiqqaṭilna 444 2m tqṭl tiqqaṭil tqṭl tiqqaṭilā tqṭl tiqqaṭilū Participle 2f tqṭl tiqqaṭilī tqṭl tiqqaṭilā tqṭln tiqqaṭilna ms nqṭl naqṭalu 1c iqṭl ʾiqqaṭil nqṭl niqqaṭilā nqṭl niqqaṭil fs nqṭlt naqṭalatu mp nqṭlm naqṭalūma Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 111 fp nqṭlt naqṭalātu Singular Dual Plural 3m yqṭl yiqqaṭilu y/tqṭln y/tiqqaṭilāni tqṭln tiqqaṭilūna 3f tqṭl tiqqaṭilu tqṭln tiqqaṭilāni tqṭln tiqqaṭilnā 555 2m tqṭl tiqqaṭilu tqṭln tiqqaṭilāni tqṭln tiqqaṭilūna Infinitive 2f tqṭln tiqqaṭilīna tqṭln tiqqaṭilāni tqṭln tiqqaṭilnā nqṭl naqṭalu 1c iqṭl ʾiqqaṭilu nqṭln niqqaṭilāni nqṭl niqqaṭilu

Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 222 Singular Dual Plural 3m yqṭl yiqqaṭila y/tqṭl y/tiqqaṭilā tqṭl tiqqaṭilū 3f tqṭl tiqqaṭila tqṭl tiqqaṭilā tqṭln tiqqaṭilna 2m tqṭl tiqqaṭila tqṭl tiqqaṭilā tqṭl tiqqaṭilū 2f tqṭl tiqqaṭilī tqṭl tiqqaṭilā tqṭln tiqqaṭilna 3 There are no attestations for 1c iqṭl ʾiqqaṭila nqṭl niqqaṭilā nqṭl niqqaṭila the Imperative; the Jussive is used instead. The pattern would presumably be nqṭl naqṭil , but

the last vowel is questionable. 4 Very rare. 5 The final a may be long. If in 1 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na bound relationship, then Infi lengthened. nitive Construct; if unbound, 2 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets a. then Infinitive Absolute. Strong: D Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m qṭl qaṭṭila qṭl qaṭṭilā qṭl qaṭṭilū 3f qṭlt qaṭṭilat qṭlt qaṭṭil(a)tā qṭl qaṭṭilā 2m qṭlt qaṭṭilta qṭltm qaṭṭiltumā qṭltm qaṭṭiltum(ū) Imperative 2f qṭlt qaṭṭilti qṭltm qaṭṭiltumā qṭltn qaṭṭiltunā ms qṭl qaṭṭil 1c qṭlt qaṭṭiltu (?) qṭlny qaṭṭilniyā qṭln qaṭṭilnū fs qṭl qaṭṭilī dual qṭl qaṭṭilā Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation 111 mp qṭl qaṭṭilū Singular Dual Plural 3m yqṭl yuqaṭṭil y/tqṭl y/tuqaṭṭilā tqṭl tuqaṭṭilū 3f tqṭl tuqaṭṭil tqṭl tuqaṭṭilā tqṭln tuqaṭṭilna 2m tqṭl tuqaṭṭil tqṭl tuqaṭṭilā tqṭl tuqaṭṭilū Participle 2f tqṭl tuqaṭṭilī tqṭl tuqaṭṭilā tqṭln tuqaṭṭilna ms mqṭl muqaṭṭilu 1c aqṭl ʾaqaṭṭil 2 nqṭl nuqaṭṭilā nqṭl nuqaṭṭil fs mqṭlt muqaṭṭilatu mp mqṭlm muqaṭṭilūma Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 333 fp mqṭlt muqaṭṭilātu Singular Dual Plural 3m yqṭl yuqaṭṭilu y/tqṭln y/tuqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭilūna 3f tqṭl tuqaṭṭilu tqṭln tuqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭilnā 555 2m tqṭl tuqaṭṭilu tqṭln tuqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭilūna Infinitive 2f tqṭln tuqaṭṭilīna tqṭln tuqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭilnā qṭl quṭṭalu 1c aqṭl ʾaqaṭṭilu nqṭln nuqaṭṭilāni nqṭl nuqaṭṭilu

Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 444 Singular Dual Plural 3m yqṭl yuqaṭṭila y/tqṭl y/tuqaṭṭilā tqṭl tuqaṭṭilū 3f tqṭl tuqaṭṭila tqṭl tuqaṭṭilā tqṭln tuqaṭṭilna 2m tqṭl tuqaṭṭila tqṭl tuqaṭṭilā tqṭl tuqaṭṭilū 2f tqṭl tuqaṭṭilī tqṭl tuqaṭṭilā tqṭln tuqaṭṭilna 1c aqṭl ʾaqaṭṭila nqṭl nuqaṭṭilā nqṭl nuqaṭṭila

1 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 2 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 3 5 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na If in bound relationship, then lengthened. Infinitive Construct; if unbound, 4 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets a. then Infinitive Absolute. Strong: Š Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m šqṭl šaqṭila šqṭl šaqṭilā šqṭl šaqṭilū 3f šqṭlt šaqṭilat šqṭlt šaqṭil(a)tā šqṭl šaqṭilā 2m šqṭlt šaqṭilta šqṭltm šaqṭiltumā šqṭltm šaqṭiltum(ū) Imperative 2f šqṭlt šaqṭilti šqṭltm šaqṭiltumā šqṭltn šaqṭiltunā ms šqṭl šaqṭil 1c šqṭlt šaqṭiltu (?) šqṭlny šaqṭilniyā šqṭln šaqṭilnū fs šqṭl šaqṭilī dual šqṭl šaqṭilā Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation 111 mp šqṭl šaqṭilū Singular Dual Plural 3m yšqṭl yušaqṭil y/tšqṭl y/tušaqṭilā tšqṭl tušaqṭilū 3f tšqṭl tušaqṭil tšqṭl tušaqṭilā tšqṭln tušaqṭilna 2m tšqṭl tušaqṭil tšqṭl tušaqṭilā tšqṭl tušaqṭilū Participle 2f tšqṭl tušaqṭilī tšqṭl tušaqṭilā tšqṭln tušaqṭilna ms mšqṭl mušaqṭilu 1c ašqṭl ʾašaqṭil 2 nšqṭl nušaqṭilā nšqṭl nušaqṭil fs mšqṭlt mušaqṭilatu mp mšqṭlm mušaqṭilūma Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 333 fp mšqṭlt mušaqṭilātu Singular Dual Plural 3m yšqṭl yušaqṭilu y/tšqṭln y/tušaqṭilāni tšqṭln tušaqṭilūna 3f tšqṭl tušaqṭilu tšqṭln tušaqṭilāni tšqṭln tušaqṭilnā 555 2m tšqṭl tušaqṭilu tšqṭln tušaqṭilāni tšqṭln tušaqṭilūna Infinitive 2f tšqṭln tušaqṭilīna tšqṭln tušaqṭilāni tšqṭln tušaqṭilnā šqṭl šuqṭalu 1c ašqṭl ʾašaqṭilu nšqṭln nušaqṭilāni nšqṭl nušaqṭilu

Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 444 Singular Dual Plural 3m yšqṭl yušaqṭila y/tšqṭl y/tušaqṭilā tšqṭl tušaqṭilū 3f tšqṭl tušaqṭila tšqṭl tušaqṭilā tšqṭln tušaqṭilna 2m tšqṭl tušaqṭila tšqṭl tušaqṭilā tšqṭl tušaqṭilū 2f tšqṭl tušaqṭilī tšqṭl tušaqṭilā tšqṭln tušaqṭilna 1c ašqṭl ʾašaqṭila nšqṭl nušaqṭilā nšqṭl nušaqṭila

1 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 2 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 5 The vowels are contested. If in 3 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na bound relationship, then Infini lengthened. tive Construct; if unbound, then 4 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets a. Infinitive Absolute. Strong: Gp Stem111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m qṭl quṭila 2 qṭl quṭilā qṭl quṭilū 3f qṭlt quṭilat qṭlt quṭil(a)tā qṭl quṭilā 666 2m qṭlt quṭilta qṭltm quṭiltumā qṭltm quṭiltum(ū) Imperative 2f qṭlt quṭilti qṭltm quṭiltumā qṭltn quṭiltunā 1c qṭlt quṭiltu (?) qṭlny quṭilniyā qṭln quṭilnū

Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m yqṭl yuqṭal y/tqṭl y/tuqṭalā tqṭl tuqṭalū 3f tqṭl tuqṭal tqṭl tuqṭalā tqṭln tuqṭalna 777 2m tqṭl tuqṭal tqṭl tuqṭalā tqṭl tuqṭalū Participle 2f tqṭl tuqṭalī tqṭl tuqṭalā tqṭln tuqṭalna ms qṭl qaṭūlu 1c aqṭl ʾaqṭal 3 nqṭl nuqṭalā nqṭl nuqṭal fs qṭlt qaṭūlatu mp qṭlm qaṭūlūma Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 444 fp qṭlt qaṭūlātu Singular Dual Plural 3m yqṭl yuqṭalu y/tqṭln y/tuqṭalāni tqṭln tuqṭalūna 3f tqṭl tuqṭalu tqṭln tuqṭalāni tqṭln tuqṭalnā 2m tqṭl tuqṭalu tqṭln tuqṭalāni tqṭln tuqṭalūna Infinitive 888 2f tqṭln tuqṭalīna tqṭln tuqṭalāni tqṭln tuqṭalnā 1c aqṭl ʾaqṭalu nqṭln nuqṭalāni nqṭl nuqṭalu

Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 555 Singular Dual Plural 3m yqṭl yuqṭala y/tqṭl y/tuqṭalā tqṭl tuqṭalū 3f tqṭl tuqṭala tqṭl tuqṭalā tqṭln tuqṭalna 2m tqṭl tuqṭala tqṭl tuqṭalā tqṭl tuqṭalū 2f tqṭl tuqṭalī tqṭl tuqṭalā tqṭln tuqṭalna 1c aqṭl ʾaqṭala nqṭl nuqṭalā nqṭl nuqṭala

1 This stem may not exist at all. The forms in the text may be 3mp indefinites ( they killed him = he was killed ), or in the Imperfect may be N forms. (Cf. Sivan 126) 2 The stem vowel may be either i or a. 3 Presumably preformative vowel a, but no 1cs forms attested. 4 6 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na None attested. lengthened. 7 I.e. the G Passive Participle. 5 8 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets a. None attested. Strong: Gt Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation 111 Singular Dual Plural 3m iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭala iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalā iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalū 3f iqtṭlt ʾiqtaṭalat iqtṭlt ʾiqtaṭal(a)tā iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalā 555 2m iqtṭlt ʾiqtaṭalta iqtṭltm ʾiqtaṭaltumā iqtṭltm ʾiqtaṭaltum(ū) Imperative 2f iqtṭlt ʾiqtaṭalti iqtṭltm ʾiqtaṭaltumā iqtṭltn ʾiqtaṭaltunā ms iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭal 1c iqtṭlt ʾiqtaṭaltu (?) iqtṭlny ʾiqtaṭalniyā iqtṭln ʾiqtaṭalnū fs iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalī dual iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalā Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation mp iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalū Singular Dual Plural 3m yqtṭl yiqtaṭal 2 y/tqtṭl y/tiqtaṭalā tqtṭl tiqtaṭalū 3f tqtṭl tiqtaṭal tqtṭl tiqtaṭalā tqtṭln tiqtaṭalna 6 2m tqtṭl tiqtaṭal tqtṭl tiqtaṭalā tqtṭl tiqtaṭalū Participle 66 2f tqtṭl tiqtaṭalī tqtṭl tiqtaṭalā tqtṭln tiqtaṭalna ms mqtṭl muqtaṭilu 1c iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭal nqtṭl niqtaṭalā nqtṭl niqtaṭal fs mqtṭlt muqtaṭilatu mp mqtṭlm muqtaṭilūma 3 Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 33 fp mqtṭlt muqtaṭilātu Singular Dual Plural 3m yqtṭl yiqtaṭalu y/tqtṭln y/tiqtaṭalāni tqtṭln tiqtaṭalūna 3f tqtṭl tiqtaṭalu tqtṭln tiqtaṭalāni tqtṭln tiqtaṭalnā 2m tqtṭl tiqtaṭalu tqtṭln tiqtaṭalāni tqtṭln tiqtaṭalūna Infinitive 777 2f tqtṭln tiqtaṭalīna tqtṭln tiqtaṭalāni tqtṭln tiqtaṭalnā tqtṭl tVqtaṭilu 1c iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalu nqtṭln niqtaṭalāni nqtṭl niqtaṭalu

Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 444 Singular Dual Plural 3m yqtṭl yiqtaṭala y/tqtṭl y/tiqtaṭalā tqtṭl tiqtaṭalū 3f tqtṭl tiqtaṭala tqtṭl tiqtaṭalā tqtṭln tiqtaṭalna 2m tqtṭl tiqtaṭala tqtṭl tiqtaṭalā tqtṭl tiqtaṭalū 2f tqtṭl tiqtaṭalī tqtṭl tiqtaṭalā tqtṭln tiqtaṭalna 1c iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭala nqtṭl niqtaṭalā nqtṭl niqtaṭala

1 When clause initial, the form has a prosthetic ʾ with i vowel; otherwise, the t and q seem to undergo metathesis: tqṭl taqṭal (?) (Schniedewind 175, n17). 2 The stem vowel may be i not a (cf. Sivan 12930). 5 Prosthetic ʾ with i vowel; the 3 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na stem vowel may be either a or i. lengthened. 6 This form is speculative. 4 7 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets a. This form is also speculative. Strong: Dp Stem 111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m qṭl quṭṭila 2 qṭl quṭṭilā qṭl quṭṭilū 3f qṭlt quṭṭilat qṭlt quṭṭil(a)tā qṭl quṭṭilā 2m qṭlt quṭṭilta qṭltm quṭṭiltumā qṭltm quṭṭiltum(ū) Imperative 2f qṭlt quṭṭilti qṭltm quṭṭiltumā qṭltn quṭṭiltunā 1c qṭlt quṭṭiltu (?) qṭlny quṭṭilniyā qṭln quṭṭilnū

Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation 333 Singular Dual Plural 3m yqṭl yuqaṭṭal y/tqṭl y/tuqaṭṭalā tqṭl tuqaṭṭalū 3f tqṭl tuqaṭṭal tqṭl tuqaṭṭalā tqṭln tuqaṭṭalna 777 2m tqṭl tuqaṭṭal tqṭl tuqaṭṭalā tqṭl tuqaṭṭalū Participle 2f tqṭl tuqaṭṭalī tqṭl tuqaṭṭalā tqṭln tuqaṭṭalna ms mqṭl muqaṭṭalu 1c aqṭl ʾaqaṭṭal 4 nqṭl nuqaṭṭalā nqṭl nuqaṭṭal fs mqṭlt muqaṭṭalatu mp mqṭlm muqaṭṭalūma Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 555 fp mqṭlt muqaṭṭalātu Singular Dual Plural 3m yqṭl yuqaṭṭalu y/tqṭln y/tuqaṭṭalāna tqṭln tuqaṭṭalūna 3f tqṭl tuqaṭṭalu tqṭln tuqaṭṭalāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭalnā 2m tqṭl tuqaṭṭalu tqṭln tuqaṭṭalāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭalūna Infinitive 2f tqṭln tuqaṭṭalīna tqṭln tuqaṭṭalāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭalnā 1c aqṭl ʾaqaṭṭalu nqṭln nuqaṭṭalāni nqṭl nuqaṭṭalu

Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 666 Singular Dual Plural 3m yqṭl yuqaṭṭala y/tqṭl y/tuqaṭṭalā tqṭl tuqaṭṭalū 3f tqṭl tuqaṭṭala tqṭl tuqaṭṭalā tqṭln tuqaṭṭalna 2m tqṭl tuqaṭṭala tqṭl tuqaṭṭalā tqṭl tuqaṭṭalū 2f tqṭl tuqaṭṭalī tqṭl tuqaṭṭalā tqṭln tuqaṭṭalna 1c aqṭl ʾaqaṭṭala nqṭl nuqaṭṭalā nqṭl nuqaṭṭala

1 This stem is rare, and the forms are difficult to interpret. Cf. Sivan 13738. 2 The stem vowel may also be a: quṭṭala . 3 The preformative vowel may also be a. 4 The 1cs is not attested, so the form may be either ʾa or ʾu. 5 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na lengthened. 7 The form interpreted as a Dp 6 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets a. participle may in fact be a noun. Strong: tD Stem 111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m itqṭl ʾitqaṭṭila 2 itqṭl ʾitqaṭṭilā itqṭl ʾitqaṭṭilū 3f itqṭlt ʾitqaṭṭilat itqṭlt ʾitqaṭṭil(a)tā itqṭl ʾitqaṭṭilā 777 2m itqṭlt ʾitqaṭṭilta itqṭltm ʾitqaṭṭiltumā itqṭltm ʾitqaṭṭiltum(ū) Imperative 2f itqṭlt ʾitqaṭṭilti itqṭltm ʾitqaṭṭiltumā itqṭltn ʾitqaṭṭiltunā ms tqṭl taqaṭṭil 1c itqṭlt ʾitqaṭṭiltu (?) itqṭlny ʾitqaṭṭilniyā itqṭln ʾitqaṭṭilnū fs tqṭl taqaṭṭilī dual tqṭl taqaṭṭilā Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation 333 mp tqṭl taqaṭṭilū Singular Dual Plural 3m ytqṭl yutqaṭṭil y/tqṭl y/tutqaṭṭilā tqṭl tutqaṭṭilū 3f tqṭl tutqaṭṭil tqṭl tutqaṭṭilā tqṭln tutqaṭṭilna 2m tqṭl tutqaṭṭil tqṭl tutqaṭṭilā tqṭl tutqaṭṭilū Participle 2f tqṭl tutqaṭṭilī tqṭl tutqaṭṭilā tqṭln tutqaṭṭilna 1c aqṭl ʾatqaṭṭil 4 nqṭl nutqaṭṭilā nqṭl nutqaṭṭil

Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 555 Singular Dual Plural 3m yqṭl yutqaṭṭilu y/tqṭln y/tutqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tutqaṭṭilūna 3f tqṭl tutqaṭṭilu tqṭln tutqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tutqaṭṭilnā 50 2m tqṭl tutqaṭṭilu tqṭln tutqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tutqaṭṭilūna Infinitive 2f tqṭln tutqaṭṭilīna tqṭln tutqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tutqaṭṭilnā tqṭl tuqaṭṭilu 1c aqṭl ʾatqaṭṭilu nqṭln nutqaṭṭilāni nqṭl nutqaṭṭilu

Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 666 Singular Dual Plural 3m yqṭl yutqaṭṭila y/tqṭl y/tutqaṭṭilā tqṭl tutqaṭṭilū 3f tqṭl tutqaṭṭila tqṭl tutqaṭṭilā tqṭln tutqaṭṭilna 2m tqṭl tutqaṭṭila tqṭl tutqaṭṭilā tqṭl tutqaṭṭilū 2f tqṭl tutqaṭṭilī tqṭl tutqaṭṭilā tqṭln tutqaṭṭilna 1c aqṭl ʾatqaṭṭila nqṭl nutqaṭṭilā nqṭl nutqaṭṭila

1 This stem, too, is quite rare and debatable. 2 The stem vowel may be a: ʾitquṭṭala , there may be an a after the t: ʾitaquṭṭi/ala , and the form may not take a prosthetic ʾ at all: taquṭṭi/ala . 7 The form identified by Sivan as 3 The preformative vowel may also be a. an imperative is identified by 4 The 1cs is not attested, so the form may be either ʾa or ʾu. Schniedewind and Hunt as an 5 Any Pret form ending in C 3 gets u; long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na lengthened. infinitive. Thus, one or the other 6 Any Pret form ending in C 3 gets a. may be doubtful. Strong: Šp Stem 111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m šqṭl šuqṭala 2 šqṭl šuqṭalā šqṭl šuqṭalū 3f šqṭlt šuqṭalat šqṭlt šuqṭal(a)tā šqṭl šuqṭalā 2m šqṭlt šuqṭalta šqṭltm šuqṭaltumā šqṭltm šuqṭaltum(ū) Imperative 2f šqṭlt šuqṭalti šqṭltm šuqṭaltumā šqṭltn šuqṭaltunā 1c šqṭlt šuqṭaltu (?) šqṭlny šuqṭalniyā šqṭln šuqṭalnū

Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation 333 Singular Dual Plural 3m yšqṭl yušaqṭal y/tšqṭl y/tušaqṭalā tšqṭl tušaqṭalū 3f tšqṭl tušaqṭal tšqṭl tušaqṭalā tšqṭln tušaqṭalna 2m tšqṭl tušaqṭal tšqṭl tušaqṭalā tšqṭl tušaqṭalū Participle 2f tšqṭl tušaqṭalī tšqṭl tušaqṭalā tšqṭln tušaqṭalna ms mšqṭl mušaqṭalu 1c ašqṭl ʾašaqṭal 4 nšqṭl nušaqṭalā nšqṭl nušaqṭal fs mšqṭlt mušaqṭalatu mp mšqṭlm mušaqṭalūma Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 555 fp mšqṭlt mušaqṭalātu Singular Dual Plural 3m yšqṭl yušaqṭalu y/tšqṭln y/tušaqṭalāni tšqṭln tušaqṭalūna 3f tšqṭl tušaqṭalu tšqṭln tušaqṭalāni tšqṭln tušaqṭalnā 2m tšqṭl tušaqṭalu tšqṭln tušaqṭalāni tšqṭln tušaqṭalūna Infinitive 2f tšqṭln tušaqṭalīna tšqṭln tušaqṭalāni tšqṭln tušaqṭalnā 1c ašqṭl ʾašaqṭalu nšqṭln nušaqṭalāni nšqṭl nušaqṭalu

Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 666 Singular Dual Plural 3m yšqṭl yušaqṭala y/tšqṭl y/tušaqṭalā tšqṭl tušaqṭalū 3f tšqṭl tušaqṭala tšqṭl tušaqṭalā tšqṭln tušaqṭalna 2m tšqṭl tušaqṭala tšqṭl tušaqṭalā tšqṭl tušaqṭalū 2f tšqṭl tušaqṭalī tšqṭl tušaqṭalā tšqṭln tušaqṭalna 1c ašqṭl ʾašaqṭala nšqṭl nušaqṭalā nšqṭl nušaqṭala

1 This stem is fairly rare. 2 The stem vowel may also be i. 3 The preformative vowel may be either u or a. 4 The 1cs is not attested, so the form may be either ʾa or ʾu. 5 Any Pret form ending in C 3 gets u; long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na lengthened. 6 Any Pret form ending in C 3 gets a. Strong: At a Glance

Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Participle Infinitive

G Stem qṭl qaṭala yqṭl yaqṭul qṭl quṭul (act) qṭl qāṭilu qṭl qaṭālu (ps) qṭl qaṭūlu

N Stem nqṭl naqṭala yqṭl yiqqaṭil nqṭl naqṭalu nqṭl naqṭalu

D Stem qṭl qaṭṭila yqṭl yuqaṭṭil1 qṭl qaṭṭil mqṭl muqaṭṭilu qṭl quṭṭalu

Š Stem šqṭl šaqṭila yšqṭl yušaqṭil57 šqṭl šaqṭil mšqṭl mušaqṭilu šqṭl šuqṭalu

Gp Stem qṭl quṭila 2 yqṭl yuqṭal qṭl qaṭūlu 3

Gt Stem iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭala 4 yqtṭl yiqtaṭal 5 iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭal 61 mqtṭl muqtaṭilu tqtṭl tVqtaṭilu

Dp Stem qṭl quṭṭila 6 yqṭl yuqaṭṭal57 mqṭl muqaṭṭalu

tD Stem itqṭl ʾitqaṭṭila 7 ytqṭl yutqaṭṭil57 tqṭl taqaṭṭil 8 tqṭl tuqaṭṭilu

Šp Stem šqṭl šuqṭala 61 yšqṭl yušaqṭal57 mšqṭl mušaqṭalu

1 The preformative vowel may u or a. 2 The stem vowel may be either i or a. 3 I.e. the G Passive Participle. 4 When clause initial, the form has a prosthetic ʾ with i vowel; otherwise, the t and q seem to undergo metathesis: tqtqtqṭtq ṭṭṭll taqṭal (?) (Schniedewind 175, n17). 5 The stem vowel may be i not a. 6 The stem vowel may also be a: quṭṭala . 7 The stem vowel may be a: ʾitquṭṭala , there may be an a after the t: ʾitaquṭṭi/ala , and the form may not take a prosthetic ʾ at all: taquṭṭi/ala . 8 The form identified by Sivan as an imperative is identified by Schniedewind and Hunt as an infinitive. Thus, one or the other may be doubtful. iStative: KBD

G Stem

111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m kbd kabida kbd kabidā kbd kabidū 3f kbdt kabidat kbdt kabid(a)tā kbd kabidā Imperative 444 2m kbdt kabidta kbdtm kabidtumā kbdtm kabidtum(ū) ms kbd kabad/ kabda 2f kbdt kabidti kbdtm kabidtumā kbdtn kabidtunā fs kbd kabadī 1c kbdt kabidtu (?) kbdny kabidniyā kbdn kabidnū duad kbd kabadā mp kbd kabadū Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m ykbd yikbad y/tkbd y/tikbadā tkbd tikbadū Active Participle 3f tkbd tikbad tkbd tikbadā tkbdn tikbadna ms kbd kābidu 2m tkbd tikbad tkbd tikbadā tkbd tikbadū fs kbdt kābidatu 2f tkbd tikbadī tkbd tikbadā tkbdn tikbadna mp kbdm kābidūma 1c ikbd ʾikbad nkbd nikbadā nkbd nikbad fp kbdt kābidātu

222 Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural Passive Participle 555 3m ykbd yikbadu y/tkbdn y/tikbadāni tkbdn tikbadūna ms kbd kabūdu 3f tkbd tikbadu tkbdn tikbadāni tkbdn tikbadnā fs kbdt kabūdatu 2m tkbd tikbadu tkbdn tikbadāni tkbdn tikbadūna mp kbdm kabūdūma 2f tkbdn tikbadīna tkbdn tikbadāni tkbdn tikbadnā fp kbdt kabūdātu 1c ikbd ʾikbadu nkbdn nikbadāni nkbd nikbadu

333 Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation Infinitive 666 Singular Dual Plural kbd kabādu 3m ykbd yikbada y/tkbd y/tikbadā tkbd tikbadū 3f tkbd tikbada tkbd tikbadā tkbdn tikbadna 2m tkbd tikbada tkbd tikbadā tkbd tikbadū

2f tkbd tikbadī tkbd tikbadā tkbdn tikbadna 4 The vowel is the theme vowel 1c ikbd ʾikbada nkbd nikbadā nkbd nikbada of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 5 Uncertain vocalization; this is .The N, D, and Š stems are regular, as are the minor stems. on the BH pattern יִכְבַּ ד/ כָּבֵ ד .Cf 1 2 6 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na If in bound relationship, then lengthened. Infinitive Construct; if unbound, 3 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets a. then Infinitive Absolute. uStative: QṬN

G Stem 111

Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m qṭn qaṭuna qṭn qaṭunā qṭn qaṭunū 3f qṭnt qaṭunat qṭnt qaṭun(a)tā qṭn qaṭunā 2m qṭnt qaṭunta qṭntm qaṭuntumā qṭntm qaṭuntum(ū) Imperative 444 2f qṭnt qaṭunti qṭntm qaṭuntumā qṭntn qaṭuntunā ms qṭn qaṭan/ qaṭna 1c qṭnt qaṭuntu (?) qṭnny qaṭunniyā qṭnn qaṭunnū fs qṭn qaṭanī Dual qṭn qaṭanā Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation mp qṭn qaṭanū Singular Dual Plural 3m yqṭn yaqṭan y/tqṭn y/taqṭanā tqṭn taqṭanū 3f tqṭn taqṭan tqṭn taqṭanā tqṭnn taqṭanna Active Participle 2m tqṭn taqṭan tqṭn taqṭanā tqṭn taqṭanū ms qṭn qāṭinu 2f tqṭn taqṭanī tqṭn taqṭanā tqṭnn taqṭanna fs qṭnt qāṭinatu 1c iqṭn ʾiqṭan nqṭn naqṭanā nqṭn naqṭan mp qṭnm qāṭinūma fp qṭnt qāṭinātu 222 Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m yqṭn yaqṭanu y/tqṭnn y/taqṭanāni tqṭnn taqṭanūna Passive Participle 555 3f tqṭn taqṭanu tqṭnn taqṭanāni tqṭnn taqṭannā ms qṭn qaṭūnu 2m tqṭn taqṭanu tqṭnn taqṭanāni tqṭnn taqṭanūna fs qṭnt qaṭūnatu 2f tqṭnn taqṭanīna tqṭnn taqṭanāni tqṭnn taqṭannā mp qṭnm qaṭūnūma 1c iqṭn ʾiqṭanu nqṭnn naqṭanāni nqṭn naqṭanu fp qṭnt qaṭūnātu

333 Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural Infinitive 666 3m yqṭn yaqṭana y/tqṭn y/taqṭanā tqṭn taqṭanū qṭn qaṭānu 3f tqṭn taqṭana tqṭn taqṭanā tqṭnn taqṭanna 2m tqṭn taqṭana tqṭn taqṭanā tqṭn taqṭanū

2f tqṭn taqṭanī tqṭn taqṭanā tqṭnn taqṭanna 4 The vowel is the theme vowel 1c iqṭn ʾiqṭana nqṭn naqṭanā nqṭn naqṭana of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 5 Uncertain vocalization; this is .The N, D, and Š stems are regular, as are the minor stems. on the BH pattern יִקְטַ ן/ קָ טֹן .Cf 1 2 6 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na If in bound relationship, then lengthened. Infinitive Construct; if unbound, 3 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets a. then Infinitive Absolute. IIGuttural: MḪṢ

G Stem 111

Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m mḫṣ maḫaṣa mḫṣ maḫaṣā mḫṣ maḫaṣū 3f mḫṣt maḫaṣat mḫṣt maḫaṣ(a)tā mḫṣ maḫaṣā 2m mḫṣt maḫaṣta mḫṣtm maḫaṣtumā mḫṣtm maḫaṣtum(ū) Imperative 444 2f mḫṣt maḫaṣti mḫṣtm maḫaṣtumā mḫṣtn maḫaṣtunā ms mḫṣ maḫaṣ/ maḫṣa 1c mḫṣt maḫaṣtu (?) mḫṣny maḫaṣniyā mḫṣn maḫaṣnū fs mḫṣ maḫaṣī Dual mḫṣ maḫaṣā Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation mp mḫṣ maḫaṣū Singular Dual Plural 3m ymḫṣ yimḫaṣ y/tmḫṣ y/timḫaṣā tmḫṣ timḫaṣū 3f tmḫṣ timḫaṣ tmḫṣ timḫaṣā tmḫṣn timḫaṣna Active Participle 2m tmḫṣ timḫaṣ tmḫṣ timḫaṣā tmḫṣ timḫaṣū ms mḫṣ māḫiṣu 2f tmḫṣ timḫaṣī tmḫṣ timḫaṣā tmḫṣn timḫaṣna fs mḫṣt māḫiṣatu 1c imḫṣ ʾimḫaṣ nmḫṣ nimḫaṣā nmḫṣ nimḫaṣ mp mḫṣm māḫiṣūma fp mḫṣt māḫiṣātu 222 Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m ymḫṣ yimḫaṣu y/tmḫṣn y/timḫaṣāni tmḫṣn timḫaṣūna Passive Participle555 3f tmḫṣ timḫaṣu tmḫṣn timḫaṣāni tmḫṣn timḫaṣnā ms mḫṣ maḫūṣu 2m tmḫṣ timḫaṣu tmḫṣn timḫaṣāni tmḫṣn timḫaṣūna fs mḫṣt maḫūṣatu 2f tmḫṣn timḫaṣīna tmḫṣn timḫaṣāni tmḫṣn timḫaṣnā mp mḫṣm maḫūṣūma 1c imḫṣ ʾimḫaṣu nmḫṣn nimḫaṣāni nmḫṣ nimḫaṣu fp mḫṣt maḫūṣātu

333 Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural Infinitive 666 3m ymḫṣ yimḫaṣa y/tmḫṣ y/timḫaṣā tmḫṣ timḫaṣū mḫṣ maḫāṣu 3f tmḫṣ timḫaṣa tmḫṣ timḫaṣā tmḫṣn timḫaṣna 2m tmḫṣ timḫaṣa tmḫṣ timḫaṣā tmḫṣ timḫaṣū

2f tmḫṣ timḫaṣī tmḫṣ timḫaṣā tmḫṣn timḫaṣna 4 The vowel is the theme vowel 1c imḫṣ ʾimḫaṣa nmḫṣ nimḫaṣā nmḫṣ nimḫaṣa of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 5 Uncertain vocalization; this is .The N, D, and Š stems are regular, as are the minor stems. on the BH pattern יִמְחַ ץ/ מָחַ ץ Cf 1 2 6 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na If in bound relationship, then lengthened. Infinitive Construct; if unbound, 3 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets a. then Infinitive Absolute. IIIGuttural: ŠLḤ

G Stem 111

Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m šlḥ šalaḥa šlḥ šalaḥā šlḥ šalaḥū 3f šlḥt šalaḥat šlḥt šalaḥ(a)tā šlḥ šalaḥā 2m šlḥt šalaḥta šlḥtm šalaḥtumā šlḥtm šalaḥtum(ū) Imperative 444 2f šlḥt šalaḥti šlḥtm šalaḥtumā šlḥtn šalaḥtunā ms šlḥ šalaḥ/ šalḥa 1c šlḥt šalaḥtu (?) šlḥny šalaḥniyā šlḥn šalaḥnū fs šlḥ šalaḥī Dual šlḥ šalaḥā Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation mp šlḥ šalaḥū Singular Dual Plural 3m yšlḥ yišlaḥ y/tšlḥ y/tišlaḥā tšlḥ tišlaḥū 3f tšlḥ tišlaḥ tšlḥ tišlaḥā tšlḥn tišlaḥna Active Participle 2m tšlḥ tišlaḥ tšlḥ tišlaḥā tšlḥ tišlaḥū ms šlḥ māḫiṣu 2f tšlḥ tišlaḥī tšlḥ tišlaḥā tšlḥn tišlaḥna fs šlḥt māḫiṣatu 1c išlḥ ʾišlaḥ nšlḥ nišlaḥā nšlḥ nišlaḥ mp šlḥm māḫiṣūma fp šlḥt māḫiṣātu 222 Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m yšlḥ yišlaḥu y/tšlḥn y/tišlaḥāni tšlḥn tišlaḥūna Passive Participle 555 3f tšlḥ tišlaḥu tšlḥn tišlaḥāni tšlḥn tišlaḥnā ms šlḥ maḫūṣu 2m tšlḥ tišlaḥu tšlḥn tišlaḥāni tšlḥn tišlaḥūna fs šlḥt maḫūṣatu 2f tšlḥn tišlaḥīna tšlḥn tišlaḥāni tšlḥn tišlaḥnā mp šlḥm maḫūṣūma 1c išlḥ ʾišlaḥu nšlḥn nišlaḥāni nšlḥ nišlaḥu fp šlḥt maḫūṣātu

333 Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural Infinitive 666 3m yšlḥ yišlaḥa y/tšlḥ y/tišlaḥā tšlḥ tišlaḥū šlḥ maḫāṣu 3f tšlḥ tišlaḥa tšlḥ tišlaḥā tšlḥn tišlaḥna 2m tšlḥ tišlaḥa tšlḥ tišlaḥā tšlḥ tišlaḥū

2f tšlḥ tišlaḥī tšlḥ tišlaḥā tšlḥn tišlaḥna 4 The vowel is the theme vowel 1c išlḥ ʾišlaḥa nšlḥ nišlaḥā nšlḥ nišlaḥa of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 5 Uncertain vocalization; this is .The N, D, and Š stems are regular, as are the minor stems. on the BH pattern יִשְׁ לַ ח/שָׁ לַ ח .Cf 1 2 6 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na If in bound relationship, then lengthened. Infinitive Construct; if unbound, 3 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets a. then Infinitive Absolute. IN:111 NPL

G Stem

Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m npl napala npl napalā npl napalū 3f nplt napalat nplt napal(a)tā npl napalā 2m nplt napalta npltm napaltumā npltm napaltum(ū) Imperative 444 2f nplt napalti npltm napaltumā npltn napaltunā ms pl pul/ pula 1c nplt napaltu (?) nplny napalniyā npln napalnū fs pl pulī dual pl pulā Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation mp pl pulū Singular Dual Plural 3m ypl yappul y/tpl y/tappulā tpl tappulū 3f tpl tappul tpl tappulā tpln tappulna Active Participle 2m tpl tappul tpl tappulā tpl tappulū ms npl nāpilu 2f tpl tappulī tpl tappulā tpln tappulna fs nplt nāpilatu 1c apl ʾappul npl nappulā npl nappul mp nplm nāpilūma fp nplt nāpilātu 222 Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m ypl yappulu y/tpln y/tappulāni tpln tappulūna Passive Participle 555 3f tpl tappulu tpln tappulāni tpln tappulnā ms npl napūlu 2m tpl tappulu tpln tappulāni tpln tappulūna fs nplt napūlatu 2f tpln tappulīna tpln tappulāni tpln tappulnā mp nplm napūlūma 1c apl ʾappulu npln nappulāni npl nappulu fp nplt napūlātu

333 Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural Infinitive 666 3m ypl yappula y/tpl y/tappulā tpl tappulū npl napālu 3f tpl tappula tpl tappulā tpln tappulna 2m tpl tappula tpl tappulā tpl tappulū

2f tpl tappulī tpl tappulā tpln tappulna 4 The vowel is the theme vowel 1c apl ʾappula npl nappulā npl nappula of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 5 Uncertain vocalization; this is 1 And LQḤ on the BH pattern. 2 6 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na If in bound relationship, then lengthened. Infinitive Construct; if unbound, 3 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets a. then Infinitive Absolute. IN: N Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation 111 Singular Dual Plural 3m npl nappala npl nappalā npl nappalū 3f nplt nappalat nplt nappal(a)tā npl nappalā 2m nplt nappalta npltm nappaltumā npltm nappaltum(ū) 444 2f nplt nappalti npltm nappaltumā npltn nappaltunā Imperative 1c nplt nappaltu (?) nplny nappalniyā npln nappalnū

Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m ynpl yinnapil y/tnpl y/tinnapilā tnpl tinnapilū 3f tnpl tinnapil tnpl tinnapilā tnpln tinnapilna 2m tnpl tinnapil tnpl tinnapilā tnpl tinnapilū 555 2f tnpl tinnapilī tnpl tinnapilā tnpln tinnapilna Participle 1c inpl ʾinnapil nnpl ninnapilā nnpl ninnapil

Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 222 Singular Dual Plural 3m ynpl yinnapilu y/tnpln y/tinnapilāni tnpln tinnapilūna 3f tnpl tinnapilu tnpln tinnapilāni tnpln tinnapilnā 2m tnpl tinnapilu tnpln tinnapilāni tnpln tinnapilūna 666 2f tnpln tinnapilīna tnpln tinnapilāni tnpln tinnapilnā Infinitive 1c inpl ʾinnapilu nnpln ninnapilāni nnpl ninnapilu

Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 333 Singular Dual Plural 3m ynpl yinnapila y/tnpl y/tinnapilā tnpl tinnapilū 3f tnpl tinnapila tnpl tinnapilā tnpln tinnapilna 2m tnpl tinnapila tnpl tinnapilā tnpl tinnapilū 2f tnpl tinnapilī tnpl tinnapilā tnpln tinnapilna 1c inpl ʾinnapila nnpl ninnapilā nnpl ninnapila

4 There are no attestations for 1 Presumably C 1 assimilates to C 2, though there is the form nlqḥt nalqaḥt, where this the Imperative; the Jussive is apparently does not happen—unless LQḤ behaves regularly in the N, as HLQ does in used instead. The pattern would the Š. presumably be nqṭl naqṭil , but 2 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na the last vowel is questionable. lengthened. 5 Unattested in IN 3 6 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets a. Unattested in IN IN: At a Glance with D, Š, and Minor Stems

Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Participle Infinitive

G Stem npl napala ypl yappul pl pul npl nāpilu npl napālu npl napūlu

N Stem npl nappala ynpl yinnapil

D Stem npl nappila ynpl yunappil [ npl nappil mnpl munappilu npl nuppalu ]

Š Stem 111 špl šappila [ yšpl yušappil špl šappil mšpl mušappilu špl šuppalu ]

Gp Stem [ npl nupila ] ypl yuppal [ npl napūlu ]

Gt Stem [ itpl ʾittapala ] ytpl yittapil [ itpl ʾittapal ] mtpl muttapilu [ ttpl tVttapilu ]

Šp Stem [ špl šuppala yšpl yušappal ] mšpl mušappalu

1 Only one IN form is found in the Š Stem: šsʿn šassiʿan “he brought [the silver] to me” from NS ʿ IY: 111 YRD

G Stem

Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m yrd yarada yrd yaradā yrd yaradū Imperative 444 3f yrdt yaradat yrdt yarad(a)tā yrd yaradā ms rd rid/ rida 2m yrdt yaradta yrdtm yaradtumā yrdtm yaradtum(ū) fs rd ridī 2f yrdt yaradti yrdtm yaradtumā yrdtn yaradtunā dual rd ridā 1c yrdt yaradtu (?) yrdny yaradniyā yrdn yaradnū mp rd ridū

Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural Active Participle 3m yrd yarid y/trd y/taridā trd taridū ms yrd yāridu 3f trd tarid trd taridā trdn taridna fs yrdt yāridatu 2m trd tarid trd taridā trd taridū mp yrdm yāridūma 2f trd taridī trd taridā trdn taridna fp yrdt yāridātu 1c ard ʾarid nrd naridā nrd narid

222 Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation Passive Participle 555 Singular Dual Plural ms mrd môrūdu 3m yrd yaridu y/trdn y/taridāni trdn taridūna fs mrdt môrūdatu 3f trd taridu trdn taridāni trdn taridnā mp mrdm môrūdūma 2m trd taridu trdn taridāni trdn taridūna fp mrdt môrūdātu 2f trdn taridīna trdn taridāni trdn taridnā 1c ard ʾaridu nrdn naridāni nrd naridu Infinitive 666 333 Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation yrd yarādu Singular Dual Plural OR rdt ridatu 3m yrd yarida y/trd y/taridā trd taridū 3f trd tarida trd taridā trdn taridna 2m trd tarida trd taridā trd taridū 4 The y is lost. 5 The yyy contracts, based on whe 2f trd taridī trd taridā trdn taridna ther the verb was IY or IW in 1c ard ʾarida nrd naridā nrd narida Proto Semitic: Iy forms are ê < *ay , while IW forms are ô < * aw ; unless the extant forms are actually nouns. Cf. Sivan 14950. 1 And HLK 6 As in BH, there seem to be two 2 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na Infinitive forms: one preserving lengthened. the yyy,y and the other adding a t to 3 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets a. the end. IY: Š Stem 111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m šrd šôrida šrd šôridā šrd šôridū 3f šrdt šôridat šrdt šôrid(a)tā šrd šôridā 2m šrdt šôridta šrdtm šôridtumā šrdtm šôridtum(ū) 2f šrdt šôridti šrdtm šôridtumā šrdtn šôridtunā Imperative 1c šrdt šôridtu (?) šrdny šôridniyā šrdn šôridnū ms šrd šôrid fs šrd šôridī Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation 222 dual šrd šôridā Singular Dual Plural mp šrd šôridū 3m yšrd yušôrid y/tšrd y/tušôridā tšrd tušôridū 3f tšrd tušôrid tšrd tušôridā tšrdn tušôridna 2m tšrd tušôrid tšrd tušôridā tšrd tušôridū 2f tšrd tušôridī tšrd tušôridā tšrdn tušôridna Participle 1c ašrd ʾašôrid nšrd nušôridā nšrd nušôrid ms mšrd mušôridu fs mšrdt mušôridatu Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 333 mp mšrdm mušôridūma Singular Dual Plural fp mšrdt mušôridātu 3m yšrd yušôridu y/tšrdn y/tušôridāni tšrdn tušôridūna 3f tšrd tušôridu tšrdn tušôridāni tšrdn tušôridnā 2m tšrd tušôridu tšrdn tušôridāni tšrdn tušôridūna 555 2f tšrdn tušôridīna tšrdn tušôridāni tšrdn tušôridnā Infinitive 1c ašrd ʾašôridu nšrdn nušôridāni nšrd nušôridu šrd šûradu

Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 444 Singular Dual Plural 3m yšrd yušôrida y/tšrd y/tušôridā tšrd tušôridū 3f tšrd tušôrida tšrd tušôridā tšrdn tušôridna 2m tšrd tušôrida tšrd tušôridā tšrd tušôridū 2f tšrd tušôridī tšrd tušôridā tšrdn tušôridna 1c ašrd ʾašôrida nšrd nušôridā nšrd nušôrida

1 In this stem, the verb HLQ behaves like a strong verb in attested forms. The yyy contracts in all forms in this stem, based on whether the verb was IY or IW in Proto Semitic: Iy forms are ê < * ay , while IW forms are ô < * aw . 2 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 3 5 Any Short form in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na lengthened. Vocalization based on the D 4 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets a. Infinitive; û < *uw or *uy IY: At a Glance with N, D, and Minor Stems

Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Participle Infinitive

G Stem yrd yarada yrd yarid rd rid yrd yāridu yrd yarādu mrd môrūdu rdt ridatu

N Stem nrd nôrada 1

D Stem 222 wrd warrida ywrd yuwarrid

Š Stem šrd šôrida yšrd yušôrid šrd šôrid mšrd mušôridu šrd šûradu

Gp Stem yrd yûrad3

Gt Stem 444 ytrd yi(t)tarad itrd ʾi(t)tarad 5

Šp Stem 666 yšrd yušôrad

1 Only one form is attested: ntn nêtana/nôtana . The yyy contracts, based on whether the verb was IY or IW in Proto Semitic: Iy forms are ê < * ay , while IW forms are ô < * aw . 2 The D Stem of IY verbs acts normally—as if the verb were a IW—when it occurs. 3 yûrad < *yuyrad 4 The yyy may or may not assimilate to the infixed ttt,t hence the parenthesis. 5 Then again, the only Gt Imperative form attested has elided the prosthetic ʾ and may not actually be Gt but G from TQǴ. 6 Only YṮB is attested in the Šp, and in this case, the partially assimilates to the ṯṯṯ:ṯ yuṯôṯab < yuôṯab < yuawṯab. IIY/W: QWM, ŠYR, BWṮ

G Stem, QWM

Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 1 3m qm qâma qm qâmā qm qâmū 3f qmt qâmat qmt qâm(a)tā qm qâmā 2m qmt qâmta qmtm qâmtumā qmtm qâmtum(ū) Imperative 555 2f qmt qâmti qmtm qâmtumā qmtn qâmtunā ms qm qum 1c qmt qâmtu (?) qmny qâmniyā qmn qâmnū fs qm qūmī6 dual qm qūmā Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation mp qm qūmū Singular Dual Plural 2 3m yqm yaqūm y/tqm y/taqūmā tqm taqūmū 3f tqm taqūm tqm taqūmā tqmn taqūmna Active Participle 2m tqm taqūm tqm taqūmā tqm taqūmū ms qm qâmu7 2f tqm taqūmī tqm taqūmā tqmn taqūmna fs qmt qâmatu 1c aqm ʾaqūm nqm naqūmā nqm naqūm mp qmm qâmūma fp qmt qâmātu 333 Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m yqm yaqūmu y/tqmn y/taqūmāni tqmn taqūmūna Passive Participle 888 3f tqm taqūmu tqmn taqūmāni tqmn taqūmnā 2m tqm taqūmu tqmn taqūmāni tqmn taqūmūna 2f tqmn taqūmīna tqmn taqūmāni tqmn taqūmnā 1c aqm ʾaqūmu nqmn naqūmāni nqm naqūmu

444 Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural Infinitive 3m yqm yaqūma y/tqm y/taqūmā tqm taqūmū qm qûmu 3f tqm taqūma tqm taqūmā tqmn taqūmna 2m tqm taqūma tqm taqūmā tqm taqūmū 2f tqm taqūmī tqm taqūmā tqmn taqūmna 1c aqm ʾaqūma nqm naqūmā nqm naqūma 5 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju gation, doubled. The second may 1 Contracted from a presumed * qayama/qawama. be apocopated. 2 lengthened to compensate for the loss of w; Sivan argues (154) that those forms 6 Perhaps the u should be short. without vocalic endings would have u: yaqum instead of yaqm . 7 Perhaps contracted from 3 Any Short form in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na lengthened. *qwimu ? 4 8 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets a. Unattested in IIW. IIY: G Stem, ŠYR Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m šr šâra 1 šr šârā šr šârū 3f šrt šârat šrt šâr(a)tā šr šârā 2m šrt šârta šrtm šârtumā šrtm šârtum(ū) 555 2f šrt šârti šrtm šârtumā šrtn šârtunā Imperative 1c šrt šârtu (?) šrny šârniyā šrn šârnū ms šr šir 6 fs šr šīrī Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation dual šr šīrā Singular Dual Plural mp šr šīrū 3m yšr yašīr 2 y/tšr y/tašīrā tšr tašīrū 3f tšr tašīr tšr tašīrā tšrn tašīrna 2m tšr tašīr tšr tašīrā tšr tašīrū Active Participle 7 2f tšr tašīrī tšr tašīrā tšrn tašīrna ms šr šâru 1c ašr ʾašīr nšr našīrā nšr našīr fs šrt šâratu mp šrm šârūma Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 333 fp šrt šârātu Singular Dual Plural 3m yšr yašīru y/tšrn y/tašīrāni tšrn tašīrūna 888 3f tšr tašīru tšrn tašīrāni tšrn tašīrnā Passive Participle 2m tšr tašīru tšrn tašīrāni tšrn tašīrūna 2f tšrn tašīrīna tšrn tašīrāni tšrn tašīrnā 1c ašr ʾašīru nšrn našīrāni nšr našīru

Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 444 Singular Dual Plural 3m yšr yašīra y/tšr y/tašīrā tšr tašīrū Infinitive 3f tšr tašīra tšr tašīrā tšrn tašīrna šr šîru 2m tšr tašīra tšr tašīrā tšr tašīrū 2f tšr tašīrī tšr tašīrā tšrn tašīrna 1c ašr ʾašīra nšr našīrā nšr našīra

5 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju gation, doubled. The second may 1 Contracted from a presumed * ayara. be apocopated. 2 lengthened to compensate for the loss of y; Sivan argues (154) that those forms 6 Perhaps the u should be short. without vocalic endings would have i: yair instead of yar. 7 Perhaps contracted from 3 Any Short form in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na lengthened. *wiru ? 4 8 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets a. Unattested in IIY. IIW: G Stem, BWṮ Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m bṯ bâṯa1 bṯ bâṯā bṯ bâṯū 3f bṯt bâṯat bṯt bâṯ(a)tā bṯ bâṯā 2m bṯt bâṯta bṯtm bâṯtumā bṯtm bâṯtum(ū) 555 2f bṯt bâṯti bṯtm bâṯtumā bṯtn bâṯtunā Imperative 1c bṯt bâṯtu (?) bṯny bâṯniyā bṯn bâṯnū ms bṯ baṯ 6 fs bṯ bāṯī Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation dual bṯ bāṯā Singular Dual Plural mp bṯ bāṯū 3m ybṯ yabāṯ2 y/tbṯ y/tabāṯā tbṯ tabāṯū 3f tbṯ tabāṯ tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯn tabāṯna 2m tbṯ tabāṯ tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯ tabāṯū Active Participle 7 2f tbṯ tabāṯī tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯn tabāṯna ms bṯ bâṯu 1c abṯ ʾabāṯ nbṯ nabāṯā nbṯ nabāṯ fs bṯt bâṯatu mp bṯm bâṯūma Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 333 fp bṯt bâṯātu Singular Dual Plural 3m ybṯ yabāṯu y/tbṯn y/tabāṯāni tbṯn tabāṯūna 888 3f tbṯ tabāṯu tbṯn tabāṯāni tbṯn tabāṯnā Passive Participle 2m tbṯ tabāṯu tbṯn tabāṯāni tbṯn tabāṯūna 2f tbṯn tabāṯīna tbṯn tabāṯāni tbṯn tabāṯnā 1c abṯ ʾabāṯu nbṯn nabāṯāni nbṯ nabāṯu

Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 444 Singular Dual Plural 3m ybṯ yabāṯa y/tbṯ y/tabāṯā tbṯ tabāṯū Infinitive 3f tbṯ tabāṯa tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯn tabāṯna bṯ bâṯu 2m tbṯ tabāṯa tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯ tabāṯū 2f tbṯ tabāṯī tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯn tabāṯna 1c abṯ ʾabāṯa nbṯ nabāṯā nbṯ nabāṯa

5 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju gation, doubled. The second may 1 Contracted from a presumed * bawaṯa. be apocopated. 2 lengthened to compensate for the loss of w; Sivan argues (154) that those forms 6 Perhaps the u should be short. without vocalic endings would have a: yabaṯ instead of yabṯ. 7 Perhaps contracted from 3 Any Short form in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na lengthened. *bwiṯu? 4 8 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets a. Unattested in IIW. IIY/W: L Stem 111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m qmm qāmima qmm qāmimā qmm qāmimū 3f qmmt qāmimat qmmt qāmim(a)tā qmm qāmimā 2m qmmt qāmimta qmmtm qāmimtumā qmmtm qāmimtum(ū) 2f qmmt qāmimti qmmtm qāmimtumā qmmtn qāmimtunā Imperative 1c qmmt qāmimtu (?) qmmny qāmimniyā qmmn qāmimnū ms qmm qāmim fs qmm qāmimī Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation 222 dual qmm qāmimā Singular Dual Plural mp qmm qāmimū 3m yqmm yuqāmim y/tqmm y/tuqāmimā tqmm tuqāmimū 3f tqmm tuqāmim tqmm tuqāmimā tqmmn tuqāmimna 2m tqmm tuqāmim tqmm tuqāmimā tqmm tuqāmimū 2f tqmm tuqāmimī tqmm tuqāmimā tqmmn tuqāmimna Participle 1c aqmm ʾaqāmim 3 nqmm nuqāmimā nqmm nuqāmim

Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 444 Singular Dual Plural 3m yqmm yuqāmimu y/tqmmn y/tuqāmimāni tqmmn tuqāmimūna 3f tqmm tuqāmimu tqmmn tuqāmimāni tqmmn tuqāmimnā 2m tqmm tuqāmimu tqmmn tuqāmimāni tqmmn tuqāmimūna 2f tqmmn tuqāmimīna tqmmn tuqāmimāni tqmmn tuqāmimnā Infinitive 1c aqmm ʾaqāmimu nqmmn nuqāmimāni nqmm nuqāmimu

Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 555 Singular Dual Plural 3m yqmm yuqāmima y/tqmm y/tuqāmimā tqmm tuqāmimū 3f tqmm tuqāmima tqmm tuqāmimā tqmmn tuqāmimna 2m tqmm tuqāmima tqmm tuqāmimā tqmm tuqāmimū 2f tqmm tuqāmimī tqmm tuqāmimā tqmmn tuqāmimna 1c aqmm ʾaqāmima nqmm nuqāmimā nqmm nuqāmima

1 The L stem replaces the D stem for IIY/W verbs. 2 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 3 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 4 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na lengthened. 5 Any Short form ending in C3 gets a. IIY/W: Š Stem 111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m šqm šaqīma šqm šaqīmā šqm šaqīmū 3f šqmt šaqīmat šqmt šaqīm(a)tā šqm šaqīmā 2m šqmt šaqīmta šqmtm šaqīmtumā šqmtm šaqīmtum(ū) 2f šqmt šaqīmti šqmtm šaqīmtumā šqmtn šaqīmtunā Imperative 6 1c šqmt šaqīmtu (?) šqmny šaqīmniyā šqmn šaqīmnū ms šqm šaqim fs šqm šaqimī Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation 222 dual šqm šaqimā Singular Dual Plural mp šqm šaqimū 3m yšqm yušaqīm y/tšqm y/tušaqīmā tšqm tušaqīmū 3f tšqm tušaqīm tšqm tušaqīmā tšqmn tušaqīmna 2m tšqm tušaqīm tšqm tušaqīmā tšqm tušaqīmū 2f tšqm tušaqīmī tšqm tušaqīmā tšqmn tušaqīmna Participle 1c ašqm ʾašaqīm 3 nšqm nušaqīmā nšqm nušaqīm

Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 444 Singular Dual Plural 3m yšqm yušaqīmu y/tšqmn y/tušaqīmāni tšqmn tušaqīmūna 3f tšqm tušaqīmu tšqmn tušaqīmāni tšqmn tušaqīmnā 2m tšqm tušaqīmu tšqmn tušaqīmāni tšqmn tušaqīmūna 2f tšqmn tušaqīmīna tšqmn tušaqīmāni tšqmn tušaqīmnā Infinitive 1c ašqm ʾašaqīmu nšqmn nušaqīmāni nšqm nušaqīmu šqm šuqāmu

Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 555 Singular Dual Plural 3m yšqm yušaqīma y/tšqm y/tušaqīmā tšqm tušaqīmū 3f tšqm tušaqīma tšqm tušaqīmā tšqmn tušaqīmna 2m tšqm tušaqīma tšqm tušaqīmā tšqm tušaqīmū 2f tšqm tušaqīmī tšqm tušaqīmā tšqmn tušaqīmna 1c ašqm ʾašaqīma nšqm nušaqīmā nšqm nušaqīma

1 Note, in this stem for the common verb ṮṮṮWBṮWBWBWB, the of the stem assimilates to the ṯ, thus ṯṯṯṯṯṯbṯṯ bbb ṯaṯba < * aṯba < * aṯwiba (?) 2 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 3 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 4 6 Any Short form in C 3 gets u; in long V gets na , except Dual ni ; fp na lengthened. Perhaps this vowel should be 5 Any Short form ending in C 3 gets a. long. IIY/W: At a Glance with Minor Stems

Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Participle Infinitive

G Stem qm qâma yqm yaqūm qm qum qm qâmu qm qûmu šr šâra yšr yašīr šr šir šr šâru šr šîru bṯ bâṯa ybṯ yabāṯ bṯ baṯ bṯ bâṯu bṯ bâṯu

L Stem 111 qmm qāmima yqmm yuqāmim qmm qāmim

Š Stem šqm šaqīma yšqm yušaqīm šqm šaqim

Gp Stem yqm yuqām

Gt Stem yqtm yiqtân/yiqtîn2

Šp Stem 333 yšqm yušaqām (?)

1 The L Stem replaces the D Stem for IIY/W verbs. 2 From * yiqtawin/yiqtawan. 3 Only YṮB is attested in the Šp, and in this case, the partially assimilates to the ṯṯṯ:ṯ yuṯôṯab < yuôṯab < yuawṯab. IIIY: BNY

G Stem

Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 1 3m bny banaya bny banayā bny banayū 3f bnyt banayat bnyt banay(a)tā bny banayā 2 2m bnt banêta bntm banêtumā bntm banêtum(ū) Imperative 666 2f bnt banêti bntm banêtumā bntn banêtunā ms bn(y) banî/baniya 1c bnt banêtu (?) bnny banêniyā bnn banênū fs bn(y) banî/baniyī

dual bny baniyā Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation 333 mp bn(y) banû/baniyū Singular Dual Plural

3m ybn yabnî y/tbny y/tabniyā tbny tabniyū

3f tbn tabnî tbny tabniyā tbnn tabnîna Active Participle 2m tbn tabnî tbny tabniyā tbny tabniyū ms bny bāniyu 2f tbny tabniyī tbny tabniyā tbnn tabnîna fs bnyt bāniyatu 1c abn ʾabnî nbny nabniyā nbn nabnî mp bnym bāniyūma Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 444 fp bnyt bāniyātu Singular Dual Plural 3m ybny yabniyu y/tbnyn y/tabniyāni tbnyn tabniyūna 3f tbny tabniyu tbnyn tabniyāni tbnn tabnînā Passive Participle 2m tbny tabniyu tbnyn tabniyāni tbnyn tabniyūna ms bny banūyu 2f tbnyn tabniyīna tbnyn tabniyāni tbnn tabnînā fs bnyt banūyatu 1c abny ʾabniyu nbnyn nabniyāni nbny nabniyu mp bnym banūyūma 7 fp bnyt banūyātu 5 Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 55 Singular Dual Plural 3m ybny yabniya y/tbny y/tabniyā tbny tabniyū Infinitive 3f tbny tabniya tbny tabniyā tbnn tabnîna bny banāyu 2m tbny tabniya tbny tabniyā tbny tabniyū bn banâ 2f tbny tabniyī tbny tabniyā tbnn tabnîna 1c abny ʾabniya nbny nabniyā nbny nabniya

1 The forms with y may also contract: banaya > banâ ; banay > banû. These appear both with and 6 ( בָּנִ יתָ Contracted from *banayta ; the form could be banîta < * baniyta (cf. BH 2 3 The y is usually preserved in the forms with a vowel after it; otherwise it contracts: without the y; the forms are not *yabniy > yabnî. Sometimes, even a triphthong will contract: yabniyu > yabnû . certain. 4 Any endingless Short form gets u; in long V gets na (Dual ni ); fp na lengthened. 7 This form is also written bnwt 5 Any endingless Short form gets a. banwtu , with the w as a glide? IIIY: D Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m bny banniya bny banniyā bny banniyū 3f bnyt banniyat bnyt banniy(a)tā bny banniyā 2m bnt bannîta bntm bannîtumā bntm bannîtum(ū) Imperative 2f bnt bannîti bntm bannîtumā bntn bannîtunā 1c bnt bannîtu (?) bnny bannîniyā bnn bannînū

Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation 111 Singular Dual Plural 3m ybn yubannî y/tbny y/tubanniyā tbny tubanniyū 3f tbn tubannî tbny tubanniyā tbnn tubannîna 2m tbn tubannî tbny tubanniyā tbny tubanniyū Participle 2f tbny tubanniyī tbny tubanniyā tbnn tubannîna ms mbny mubanniyu 1c abn ʾabannî 2 nbny nubanniyā nbn nubannî fs mbnyt mubanniyatu mp mbnym mubanniyūma Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 333 fp mbnyt mubanniyātu Singular Dual Plural 3m ybny yubanniyu y/tbnyn y/tubanniyāni tbnyn tubanniyūna 3f tbny tubanniyu tbnyn tubanniyāni tbnn tubannînā 555 2m tbny tubanniyu tbnyn tubanniyāni tbnyn tubanniyūna Infinitive 2f tbnyn tubanniyīna tbnyn tubanniyāni tbnn tubannînā bn bunnû 1c abny ʾabanniyu nbnyn nubanniyāni nbny nubanniyu

Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 444 Singular Dual Plural 3m ybny yubanniya y/tbny y/tubanniyā tbny tubanniyū 3f tbny tubanniya tbny tubanniyā tbnn tubannîna 2m tbny tubanniya tbny tubanniyā tbny tubanniyū 2f tbny tubanniyī tbny tubanniyā tbnn tubannîna 1c abny ʾabanniya nbny nubanniyā nbny nubanniya

1 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 2 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 5 From the syllabic texts, not the 3 Any endingless Short form gets u; in long V gets na (Dual ni ); fp na lengthened. alphabetic: ḫuwuú ḥuwwû < 4 Any endingless Short form gets a. *ḥuwwayu . IIIY: Š Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m šbny šabniya šbny šabniyā šbny šabniyū 3f šbnyt šabniyat šbnyt šabniy (a)tā šbny šabniyā 555 2m šbnt šabnîta šbntm šabnîtumā šbntm šabnîtum(ū) Imperative 2f šbnt šabnîti šbntm šabnîtumā šbntn šabnîtunā ms šbn(y) šabnî (iy ?) 1c šbnt šabnîtu (?) šbnny šabnîniyā šbnn šabnînū fs šbny šabniyī dual šbny šabniyā Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation 111 mp šbny šabniyū Singular Dual Plural 3m yšbn yušabnî y/tšbny y/tušabniyā tšbny tušabniyū 3f tšbn tušabnî tšbny tušabniyā tšbnn tušabnîna 2m tšbn tušabnî tšbny tušabniyā tšbny tušabniyū Participle 2f tšbny tušabniyī tšbny tušabniyā tšbnn tušabnîna 1c ašbn ʾašabnî 2 nšbny nušabniyā nšbn nušabnî

Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 333 Singular Dual Plural 3m yšbny yušabniyu y/tšbnyn y/tušabniyāni tšbnyn tušabniyūna 3f tšbny tušabniyu tšbnyn tušabniyāni tšbnn tušabnînā 2m tšbny tušabniyu tšbnyn tušabniyāni tšbnyn tušabniyūna Infinitive 2f tšbnyn tušabniyīna tšbnyn tušabniyāni tšbnn tušabnînā 1c ašbny ʾašabniyu nšbnyn nušabniyāni nšbny nušabniyu

Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 444 Singular Dual Plural 3m yšbny yušabniya y/tšbny y/tušabniyā tšbny tušabniyū 3f tšbny tušabniya tšbny tušabniyā tšbnn tušabnîna 2m tšbny tušabniya tšbny tušabniyā tšbny tušabniyū 2f tšbny tušabniyī tšbny tušabniyā tšbnn tušabnîna 1c ašbny ʾašabniya nšbny nušabniyā nšbny nušabniya

1 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 2 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 3 Any endingless Short form gets u; in long V gets na (Dual ni ); fp na lengthened. 4 Any endingless Short form gets a. 5 Only the fs is attested. IIIY: At a Glance with Minor Stems

Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Participle Infinitive

G Stem bny banaya ybn yabnî bn banî (act) bny bāniyu bny banāyu bnt banêta 1 ybny yabniyu bny baniya (ps) bny banūyu bn banâ

N Stem nbny nabnaya 2 ynbny yinbaniyu 3

D Stem bny banniya ybn yubannî mbny mubanniyu bn bunnû bnt bannîta ybny yubanniyu

Š Stem šbny šabniya yšbn yušabnî (fs) šbny šabniyī šbnt šabnîta yšbny yušabniyu

Gp Stem bny bunaya ybn yubnê 4

Gt Stem ibtn ʾibtanê5

Dp Stem ybn yabannê 6

Št Stem 777 yštḥw yištaḥwî 8

( בָּנִ יתָ Contracted from *banayta ; the form could be banîta < * baniyta (cf. BH 1 .( נִבְנֵ יתָ The 2ms would presumably be nbnt nabnêta (cf. BH 2 3 In the only occurrence of an N prefixed form (ynphynphyy yinpahiyu ) the n does not assimilate, unexpectedly. 4 < * yubnay. 5 < * ʾibtanay , but perhaps the form should be ʾibtanî < * ʾibtaniy . 6 < * yabannay. 7 As in BH, the Št Stem only occurs with the root ḤWY. 8 < * yitaḥwiy. II=III: RBB 111

G Stem

222 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation Singular Dual Plural 3m rb rabba [ rb rabbā rb rabbū ] 3f [ rbt rabbat rbt rabb(a)tā rb rabbā ] 2m rbt rabbata [ rbtm rabbatumā rbtm rabbatum(ū) ] 2f [ rbt rabbati rbtm rabbatumā rbtn rabbatunā ] Imperative 1c [ rbt rabbatu (?) rbny rabbaniyā rbn rabbanū ] ms rb rub

fs rb rubblī Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation 333 dual rb rubbā Singular Dual Plural mp rb rubbū 3m yrb yarub y/trb y/tarubbā trb tarubbū

3f trb tarub trb tarubbā trbn tarubna

2m trb tarub trb tarubbā trb tarubbū Active Participle 666 2f trb tarubbī trb tarubbā trbn tarubna ms rb rabbu 1c arb ʾarub nrb narubbā nrb narub fs rbt rabbatu Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 444 mp [ rbbm rābibūma ] Singular Dual Plural fp [ rbbt rābibātu ] 3m yrb yarubbu y/trbn y/tarubbāni trbn tarubbūna 3f trb tarubbu trbn tarubbāni trbn tarubnā 777 2m trb tarubbu trbn tarubbāni trbn tarubbūna Passive Participle 2f trbn tarubbīna trbn tarubbāni trbn tarubnā ms rbb rabūbu 1c arb ʾarubbu nrbn narubbāni nrb narubbu fs rbbt rabūbatu mp rbbm rabūbūma 5 Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 55 fp rbbt rabūbātu Singular Dual Plural 3m yrb yarubba y/trb y/tarubbā trb tarubbū 3f trb tarubba trb tarubbā trbn tarubna Infinitive 888 2m trb tarubba trb tarubbā trb tarubbū rbt ribbatu 2f trb tarubbī trb tarubbā trbn tarubna 1c arb ʾarubba nrb narubbā nrb narubba

1 Not infrequently, this class of verbs is treated like the strong verb, with both radicals 6 The plurals aretreated as strong. written in the text; this paradigm will only treat the “irregular” forms. 7 2 Treated as strong throughout. Only 3ms and 2ms are attested in weak forms; 3fs is attested once in a strong form. 8 3 The attested form is ḥḥḥnthḥnth The form is yaC zuC 2C3 if followed by a vowel, otherwise yaC zuC c. 4 Any endingless Short form gets u; in long V gets na (Dual ni ); fp na lengthened. ḥinnatihu (with 3ms suffix). .(Ps 77:10) חַ נּוֹת Any endingless Short form gets a. Cf. BH 5 II=III: D Stem 111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation 222

Imperative ms rbb rabbib Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation 333 fs rbb rabbibī Singular Dual Plural dual rbb rabbibā 3m yrbb yurabbib y/trbb y/turabbibā trbb turabbibū mp rbb rabbibū 3f trbb turabbib trbb turabbibā trbbn turabbibna 2m trbb turabbib trbb turabbibā trbb turabbibū 2f trbb turabbibī trbb turabbibā trbbn turabbibna 1c arbb ʾarabbib 4 nrbb nurabbibā nrbb nurabbib Participle ms mrbb murabbibu Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 555 fs mrbbt murabbibatu Singular Dual Plural mp mrbbm murabbibūma 3m yrbb yurabbibu y/trbbn y/turabbibāni trbbn turabbibūna fp mrbbt murabbibātu 3f trbb turabbibu trbbn turabbibāni trbbn turabbibnā 2m trbb turabbibu trbbn turabbibāni trbbn turabbibūna 2f trbbn turabbibīna trbbn turabbibāni trbbn turabbibnā 1c arbb ʾarabbibu nrbbn nurabbibāni nrbb nurabbibu Infinitive

Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 666 Singular Dual Plural 3m yrbb yurabbiba y/trbb y/turabbibā trbb turabbibū 3f trbb turabbiba trbb turabbibā trbbn turabbibna 2m trbb turabbiba trbb turabbibā trbb turabbibū 2f trbb turabbibī trbb turabbibā trbbn turabbibna 1c arbb ʾarabbiba nrbb nurabbibā nrbb nurabbiba

1 With this class of verbs, it is not clear whether the stem would be D, with a doubling of C 2, or L, with a lengthening of the vowel after C 1. 2 The suffix conjugation is not attested in this stem. 3 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 4 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 5 Any endingless Short form gets u; in long V gets na (Dual ni ); fp na lengthened. 6 Any endingless Short form gets a. II=III: L Stem 111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation 222

Imperative ms rbb rābib Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation 333 fs rbb rābibī Singular Dual Plural dual rbb rābibā 3m yrbb yurābib y/trbb y/turābibā trbb turābibū mp rbb rābibū 3f trbb turābib trbb turābibā trbbn turābibna 2m trbb turābib trbb turābibā trbb turābibū 2f trbb turābibī trbb turābibā trbbn turābibna 1c arbb ʾarābib 4 nrbb nurābibā nrbb nurābib Participle ms mrbb murābibu Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation 555 fs mrbbt murābibatu Singular Dual Plural mp mrbbm murābibūma 3m yrbb yurābibu y/trbbn y/turābibāni trbbn turābibūna fp mrbbt murābibātu 3f trbb turābibu trbbn turābibāni trbbn turābibnā 2m trbb turābibu trbbn turābibāni trbbn turābibūna 2f trbbn turābibīna trbbn turābibāni trbbn turābibnā 1c arbb ʾarābibu nrbbn nurābibāni nrbb nurābibu Infinitive

Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation 666 Singular Dual Plural 3m yrbb yurābiba y/trbb y/turābibā trbb turābibū 3f trbb turābiba trbb turābibā trbbn turābibna 2m trbb turābiba trbb turābibā trbb turābibū 2f trbb turābibī trbb turābibā trbbn turābibna 1c arbb ʾarābiba nrbb nurābibā nrbb nurābiba

Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Participle Infinitive

G Stem rb rabba yrb yarub rb rub (act) rb rabbu rbt ribbatu yrb yarubbu (ps) rbb rabūbu

N Stem nrb narabba

D Stem 222 yrbb yurabbib rbb rabbib mrbb murabbibu OR : L Stem yurābib rābib murābibu

Š Stem šrb šaribba yšrbb yašarbib

Gp Stem yrb yurabb

Dp Stem yrbb yarabbab mrbb murabbabu OR : Lp Stem yarābab murābabu

tD Stem ytrbb yatarabbib OR : tL Stem yatarābib

Quadrilateral Verbs

Prefix Conj

R Stem ykrkr yakarkiru/yukarkiru

1 Not infrequently, this class of verbs is treated like the strong verb, with both radicals written in the text; this paradigm will only treat the “irregular” forms. 2 With this class of verbs, it is not clear whether the stem would be D, with a doubling of C 2, or L, with a lengthening of the vowel after C 1. G Stem: At a Glance

Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Act Participle Ps Participle Infinitive

Strong 111 qṭl qaṭala yqṭl yaqṭul qṭl quṭul qṭl qāṭilu qṭl qaṭūlu qṭl qaṭālu

i-Stative kbd kabida ykbd yikbad kbd kabad kbd kābidu kbd kabūdu kbd kabādu

u-Stative qṭn qaṭuna yqṭn yaqṭan qṭn qaṭan qṭn qāṭinu qṭn qaṭūnu qṭn qaṭānu

IIGutt mḫṣ maḫaṣa ymḫṣ yimḫaṣ mḫṣ maḫaṣ mḫṣ māḫiṣu mḫṣ maḫūṣu mḫṣ maḫāṣu

IIIGutt šlḥ šalaḥa yšlḥ yišlaḥ šlḥ šalaḥ šlḥ māḫiṣu šlḥ maḫūṣu šlḥ maḫāṣu

IN npl napala ypl yappul pl pul npl nāpilu npl napūlu npl napālu

IY yrd yarada yrd yarid rd rid yrd yāridu mrd môrūdu yrd yarādu or rdt ridatu

IIWQWM qm qâma 2 yqm yaqūm3 qm qum qm qâmu4 qm qûmu IIYSYR šr šâra yšr yašīr šr šir šr šâru šr šîru IIWBWT bṯ bâṯa ybṯ yabāṯ- bṯ baṯ bṯ bâṯu bṯ bâṯu

IIIY bny banaya ybn yabnî bn banî bny bāniyu bny banūyu bny banāyu bnt banêta 5 ybny yabniyu bny baniya bn banâ

II=III rb rabba yrb yarub rb rub rb rabbu rbb rabūbu rbt ribbatu

1 This includes IGuttural verbs, which are fully strong in Ugaritic. 2 Contracted from a presumed * qayama/qawama. 3 lengthened to compensate for the loss of w; Sivan argues (154) that those forms without vocalic endings would have u: yaqum instead of yaqm . 4 Perhaps contracted from * qwimu ? ( בָּנִ יתָ Contracted from *banayta ; the form could be banîta < * baniyta (cf. BH 5 N Stem: At a Glance

Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Participle Infinitive

Strong 111 nqṭl naqṭala yqṭl yiqqaṭil nqṭl naqṭalu nqṭl naqṭalu

IN npl nappala ynpl yinnapil

IY nrd nôrada 2

IIY/W

IIIY nbny nabnaya 3 ynbny yinbaniyu 4

II=III nrb narabba

1 This includes IGuttural, IIGuttural, IIIGuttural verbs and statives, which are fully strong in the N Stem. 2 Only one form is attested: ntn nêtana/nôtana . The yyy contracts, based on whether the verb was IY or IW in Proto Semitic: Iy forms are ê < * ay , while IW forms are ô < * aw . .( נִבְנֵ יתָ The 2ms would presumably be nbnt nabnêta (cf. BH 3 4 In the only occurrence of an N prefixed form (ynphynphyy yinpahiyu ) the n does not assimilate, unexpectedly. D/L/R Stems: At a Glance

Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Participle Infinitive

Strong: 111 D qṭl qaṭṭila yqṭl yuqaṭṭil2 qṭl qaṭṭil mqṭl muqaṭṭilu qṭl quṭṭalu

IY: D wrd warrida ywrd yuwarrid214

IIY: L qmm qāmima yqmm yuqāmim214 qmm qāmim

IIIY: D bny banniya ybn yubannî 214 mbny mubanniyu bn bunnû bnt bannîta ybny yubanniyu 214

II=III: D yrbb yurabbib214 rbb rabbib mrbb murabbibu OR : L yurābib214 rābib murābibu

Quad: R ykrkr yakarkir214

1 This includes IGuttural, IIGuttural, IIIGuttural, IN verbs and statives, which are fully strong in the D Stem. 2 The preformative vowel can be either u or a. Š Stem: At a Glance

Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Participle Infinitive

Strong 111 šqṭl šaqṭila yšqṭl yušaqṭil2 šqṭl šaqṭil mšqṭl mušaqṭilu šqṭl šuqṭalu

IN špl šappila

IY šrd šôrida yšrd yušôrid214 šrd šôrid mšrd mušôridu šrd šûradu

IIY/W šqm šaqīma yšqm yušaqīm214 šqm šaqim

IIIY šbny šabniya yšbn yušabnî 214 (fs) šbny šabniyī šbnt šabnîta yšbny yušabniyu 214

II=III šrb šaribba yšrbb yašarbib214

1 This includes IGuttural, IIGuttural, IIIGuttural verbs, statives, and HLQ which are fully strong in the Š Stem. 2 The preformative vowel can be either u or a.