BRIC: Un’Analisi Del Mercato Dell'arte Contemporanea Dei Paesi Emergenti

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BRIC: Un’Analisi Del Mercato Dell'arte Contemporanea Dei Paesi Emergenti Corso di Laurea Magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in Economia e Gestione delle Arti e delle Attività culturali Tesi di Laurea BRIC: un’analisi del mercato dell'arte contemporanea dei paesi emergenti. Relatore Ch.ma Prof.ssa Stefania Funari Correlatore Prof. Giovanni Bianchi Laureando Manuela Porcu Matricola 825372 Anno Accademico 2011 / 2012 Desidero ringraziare sinceramente la prof.ssa Stefania Funari per aver accettato di accompagnarmi in questo percorso, per la serietà e la precisione con cui mi ha seguita, rendendo possibile la realizzazione di questo lavoro. Ringrazio anche chi non mi ha mai fatto mancare sostegno e affetto negli ultimi anni, chi mi ha incoraggiata e consolata, ma soprattutto desidero ringraziare i miei instancabili e sempre presenti genitori, Ivana e Maurizio. 2 Indice Introduzione ...................................................................................................................... 5 Capitolo 1. I Paesi BRIC: uno sguardo alla situazione economica e sociale di Brasile, Russia, India, Cina ............................................................................................................ 8 1.1 L’importanza di un acronimo.................................................................................. 9 1.2 L’interesse internazionale attorno ai BRIC........................................................... 10 1.3 BRIC: una direzione comune e collettori di differenze ........................................ 13 1.4 Gross Domestic Product ....................................................................................... 15 1.5 Classi medie, HNWI e billionaires ....................................................................... 23 1.6 Indicatori sociali ................................................................................................... 26 1.7 Obiettivi e sfide per i BRIC .................................................................................. 27 Capitolo 2. Il mercato dell’arte contemporanea nei paesi BRIC ................................... 30 2.1 Database e metodo ................................................................................................ 31 2.2 Case d’asta ............................................................................................................ 35 2.2.1 Aste BRIC e Phillips de Pury ......................................................................... 37 2.2.2 Sotheby’s ........................................................................................................ 42 2.2.3 Christie’s ........................................................................................................ 44 2.2.4 Bonham’s ....................................................................................................... 51 2.3 Analisi dei risultati d’asta ..................................................................................... 52 2.4 Case d’asta locali .................................................................................................. 70 2.5 Fiere d’arte contemporanea................................................................................... 72 2.6 Gallerie d’arte contemporanea .............................................................................. 77 2.7 Acquirenti ............................................................................................................. 83 2.8 Circolazione e mercato ......................................................................................... 87 Capitolo 3. Investimenti in arte contemporanea dei paesi del BRIC.............................. 90 3.1 “Investment of passion” ........................................................................................ 90 3 3.2 Alcuni indici per il mercato dell’arte .................................................................. 103 3.3 Un indice per il mercato dell’arte dei paesi del BRIC ........................................ 107 3.3.1 Studi sulla costruzione di un indice dei prezzi per il mercato dell’arte russa ............................................................................................................................... 110 3.3.2 Studi sulla costruzione di un indice dei prezzi per il mercato dell’arte cinese ............................................................................................................................... 113 3.3.3 Studi sulla costruzione di un indice dei prezzi per il mercato dell’arte indiana ............................................................................................................................... 113 3.3.4 Comparazione con altri asset........................................................................ 116 3.3.5 Studi sulla costruzione di un indice dei prezzi per il mercato dell’arte del Brasile.................................................................................................................... 118 3.4 Fondi comuni d’investimento in arte .................................................................. 122 Conclusioni ................................................................................................................... 130 Appendice delle tabelle ................................................................................................ 135 Sitografia ...................................................................................................................... 150 Bibliografia ................................................................................................................... 151 4 Introduzione Brasile Russia India e Cina sono i quattro paesi uniti nell’acronimo BRIC e definiti emergenti, che hanno catalizzato le attenzioni mondiali per le caratteristiche di dinamicità e crescita, espresse da indicatori monetari, che proprio la parola “emergente” sottintende. I paesi BRIC, ancora lontani dal raggiungimento degli standard di benessere dei paesi industrializzati, si trovano in una condizione che sottolinea le inevitabili contraddizioni interne tra sviluppo economico e problematiche sociali. Mentre si parla di BRIC ormai dal 2001, è solo da pochi anni che si è iniziato a parlare di BRIC anche nel contesto del mercato dell’arte. La curiosità nei confronti dei BRIC e verso il ruolo che questi paesi hanno nel mercato dell’arte contemporanea, che ha portato alla scelta dell’argomento quale oggetto di questo studio, è nata negli ultimi anni grazie ad alcune esperienze lavorative personali presso organizzazioni che operano a livello internazionale nel mercato dell’arte, durante le quali è stato impossibile non notare l’interesse strategico delle aziende proprio verso questi paesi emergenti. Non solo ho continuato a notare i diversi sforzi delle aziende volti, da una parte, a voler conquistare nuovi potenziali acquirenti di opere d’arte e, dall’altra, a testare la possibilità di aprire nuove sedi in paesi emergenti, ma mi si è presentata anche l’opportunità di assistere alle varie fasi della vendita di una serie di dipinti di un artista contemporaneo indiano consegnate da un proprietario italiano e vendute a prezzi record durante un’asta di arte contemporanea indiana a Londra. Il periodo in cui sono iniziate le mie esperienze è stato proprio quello in cui il mercato globale dell’arte accusava i primi segni della crisi finanziaria, con fatturati delle vendite all’asta in decrescita, alti tassi di invenduto e, in un simile contesto, le performance del mercato dell’arte – in particolare contemporanea – dei paesi emergenti assumevano naturalmente un significato importante, conquistando un maggiore risalto. 5 Mentre sotto alcuni punti di vista sembra essere semplice considerare sullo stesso piano questi quattro paesi, ed è in quest’ottica che sono stati riuniti sotto l’acronimo BRIC, dal punto di vista culturale questo confronto appare tanto complesso quanto affascinante. Il confronto di questi paesi ha consentito di portare avanti uno studio che prescinde una tradizionale suddivisione geografica del mercato, unendo fenomeni relativi a quattro tra le più grandi regioni per estensione territoriale di tre continenti differenti, America, Europa, Asia. Il concetto ricorrente quando si parla di BRIC è quello della crescita, una crescita rapida e quasi inaspettata, fiorita in un periodo di recessione economica mondiale, accompagnato da quello della diversità, che emerge invece soprattutto in ambito culturale, sociale quanto artistico. E’ nel primo capitolo che si offre una panoramica della situazione sociale ed economica dei paesi BRIC, con lo scopo di suggerire le motivazioni che hanno contribuito alla concentrazione dell’interesse internazionale verso questi paesi. Il contesto socio- economico consente, inoltre, di inquadrare lo scenario in cui si sviluppa il mercato dell’arte contemporanea, in cui crescono e operano sia gli artisti che i soggetti coinvolti nel mercato e in cui si collocano i nuovi high net worth individuals (HNWI), nuovi acquirenti, che alimentano e ravvivano la domanda d’arte nel mondo. Il secondo capitolo costituisce il nucleo centrale e la ragion d’essere dello studio; qui sono concentrati gli approfondimenti sulla struttura del mercato dell’arte contemporanea dei paesi BRIC e i risultati della lunga attività di ricerca relativa alle vendite all’asta di questi paesi. Il capitolo offre quindi una panoramica sui principali attori del mercato e sulla loro evoluzione strategica e operativa negli ultimi anni, includendo l’operato di case d’asta internazionali che dedicano aste tematiche all’arte dei paesi BRIC, case d’asta locali,
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