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A Collection of Historic Flags at the Wawel Royal Castle, Cracow

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A Collection of Historic Flags at the Wawel Royal Castle, Cracow A collection of historic flags at the Wawel Royal Castle, Cracow Magdalena Piwocka Abstract Unfortunately, the present collection of flags at the Wawel Royal Castle does not reflect the size of the original vexillary resources of the Castle and the Cathedral, but in some measure gives a picture of their past content. The assemblage does not exceed 50 items. However, by Polish stan­ dards it is the most important set, as it includes the oldest, 16th century, state ensigns and trophies of top rank. The preserved objects fall into categories: state and royal standards, tomb banners, trophies, flags of private magnate troops and of confederacies of the gentry, as well as town and even guild banners. The first group is represented above all by the queen 's great court standard from the time of Sigismund Augustus Jagiellon (1520-1572), in all likelihood made for his mar­ riage to Catherine of Habsburg on 30th July 1553. The oldest Polish tomb banner, originating from the Wawel cathedral, is connected with Stanislaw Barzi (1530-1571), courtier to King Sig­ ismund Augustus, who died in 1571. Among the trophies particularly remarkable are the banner of the Silesian troops of Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg, dating from 1587, the dragoon en­ sign captured from Charles X Gustavus in 1656, and a group of Turkish flags (five items) cap­ tured by John Ill Sobieski 's army at Vienna and Parkany in 1683. Furthermore, the collection contains a set of copies (21) of the Teutonic standards taken at Grunwald ( 141 0). This is a third or fourth generation of copies of the lost originals, executed on the basis of the famous manu­ script of Jan Dlugosz, Banderia Prutenorum, of 1448. Some banners of private magnate troops once belonged to the armouries of the Rzewuskis and Zamoyskis (first half and the fifties of the 18th century) and to the collection of the Zbaraski family (first quarter of the 17th century). Two 19th century guild banners and a banner of the city of Gdansk from the late 17th century form a separate group. Unfortunately, the present collection of banners at the Wawel Royal Castle does not reflect the size of the original vexillary resources of the Castle and the Cathedral, but in some measure gives a picture of their past content. From the 11th century the Wawel hill in Cracow, the former capital of Poland, was the seat of the secular and the ecclesiastical authority. The royal castle and the Episcopal cathedral, standing side by side, were two great repositories of historic valu­ ables, regalia, and objects symbolizing the national identity of the Poles, and at the same time storage places for banners. From the 14th century onwards, votive offerings and banners captured in battles were placed in the Wawel cathedral, a national pan­ theon, at the foot of the Altar of the Fatherland, near the relics of the patron of the country, Saint Stanislaus. 1 The flags included those taken at Grunwald (Tannenberg) in Jan Oskar Engene (ed.): Proceedings of the XX International Congress of Vexillology, Stockholm, 27th July to I st August 2003, Bergen: Nordic Flag Society, 2004. ISBN 82-996983-1-6 © 2004 Nordic Flag Society and the author 481 Proceedings of the XX International Congress ofVexillology, Stockholm, 2003 1410 at the battle with the Teutonic Order, tokens of the most famous triumph of the Polish army, as well as Turkish war ensigns captured during the victorious battle fought by John III Sobieski at Vienna in 1683. In addition, tomb banners were sus­ pended in the cathedral above the epitaph plaques of eminent representatives of the knighthood. The secular- state, regional, and magnate -ensigns assembled in the Cas­ tle suffered the first serious depletion during the Swedish "flood" between 1655 and 1657, when the royal standards, captured and taken not from Cracow but from War­ saw, fell into the hands of Karl Gustav Wrangel, Magnus Steinbock, and Charles X Gustavus himself? This is why today they can be admired at the Armemuseum and Livrustkammaren in Stockholm. The last decade of the 18th century witnessed annihilation of part of the remain­ der of these fragile objects, caused by the political situation in the country. As a result of the third partition of Poland, Cracow became a scene of stormy political and admin­ istrative changes; at first under Prussian rule, in the years 1795-1796 it found itself within the boundaries of the Habsburg monarchy. These happenings brought about pil­ lage from Wawel and then destruction by the Prussians of the Crown Treasury, among other items the most precious insignia and regalia.3 There was a parallel impoverish­ ment of the Wawel cathedral, whose Chapter was unable to provide adequate care for all the mementoes accumulated in it. It gradually lost single objects which were ac­ quired for private collections and were later confiscated by the Prussian or Russian partitwner.. 4 The dispersal of both the Crown and Cathedral treasuries caused an irretriev­ able loss or at best a many years' odyssey of precious objects- through Russian impe­ rial residences and national museums, through the process of revindication, transoce­ anic evacuation during the Second World War, down to their present museum status. As early as after the First World War and the rebirth of independent Poland, and espe­ cially after the last war, the banners from the Cathedral and the Castle, and from some prominent aristocratic collections, met at the Wawel Royal Castle.5 The assemblage does not exceed 50 items. When compared with their number at the Polish Army Museum in Warsaw or at the Armemuseum in Stockholm this is a surprisingly small set. Nevertheless, by Polish standards it is the most important as it includes the oldest, 16th century, state ensigns and trophies of top rank. The surviving objects fall into categories: state and royal standards, tomb banners, trophies, flags of private magnate troops or of confederacies of the gentry, as well as town and even guild banners.6 The first group is represented above all by the great standard from the time of Sigismund Augustus Jagiellon (1520-1572), in all likelihood made for his marriage to Catherine ofHabsburg on 30th July 1553 (Fig. 1). That this is the queen's court banner is evidenced by the presence of the Bar of the Habsburgs on a surtout in the centre of the cloth.7 The four divisions of the shield contain the coats of arms of the Polish Kingdom (an Eagle with the letters SA on the breast) and Lithuania (the Pursuit- a mounted knight with a raised sword and a shield with a double cross). The cartouche is encircled by 22 regional armorial bearings inscribed in laurel wreaths (Fig. 2). The ar­ rangement of these ensigns, visualizing "the body of the Kingdom", expresses the ter­ ritorial unity of the Polish Commonwealth from Cracow to Vilna and Wallachia. An identical programme appears on the banner executed for the funeral of John III and coronation of Sigismund III Vasa in 1594, now at the Livrustkammaren in Stockholm. 8 The fluent and confident line of the heraldic figures points to an excellent studio back- 482 A collection of historic flags at the Wawel Royal Castle, Cracow Figure 1 Court standard from the time ofSigismund Augustus Jagiellon, 1553. ground of the designer and painter. The banner, functioning as an insignia in a state ceremonial, survived in Cracow until the liquidation of the Crown Treasury in 1796. It returned to Wawel after its restitution from Russia, from the Hermitage, in 1926. It has no equal in its category in Poland. Furthermore, the Wawel set contains a large banner of Augustus III of Saxony (1696-1763), from the time of the reign of the Wettin dy­ nasty (Fig. 3); made after 1734, two-sided, decorated with an applique design and painted, it bears an Eagle with the arms of the Electorate of Saxony on the breast.9 Be­ sides, the collection includes a banner of the army of King Stanis las Leszczynski, dat­ ing from the first half of the 1 gth century, 10 and an item of exceptional emotional ap­ peal -the president's standard of the 1930s - a modest batik on wool. This standard covered the coffin of J6zef Pilsudski (1867-1935), first marshal of renascent Poland and its liberator in 1918, at his funeral in the Wawel cathedral on l81h May 193 5. 11 The oldest of the very few tomb banners preserved in our country, originating from the Wawel cathedral, is connected with Stanislaw Barzi (1530-1571), courtier to Sigismund Augustus, as well as starosta (governor) and palatine of Cracow, who died in 1571. 12 Its triangular field is divided into the inscriptional zone (Latin commemora­ tive inscription) and a painted portrait of the knight (Miles christianus) in adoration of the crucifix (Fig. 4). The depiction belongs to the body of 16th century Polish portraits and is at the same time an example of a "banner monument", that is, an "epitaph of silk", which was carried in a funeral procession and which had an established place in the funeral ceremonial of the Polish knighthood in the 16th and 17'h centuries. The greatest diversity is to be found in the set of trophies. Chronologically the first is the banner of the troops of the Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg, which was lost at the battle ofByczyna on 24th January 1588 to the Poles fighting under the com- 483 Proceedings of the XX International Congress ofVexillology, Stockholm, 2003 Figure 2 Detail ofCourt standard from the time ofSigismund Augustus Jagiellon, 1553 (Fig. 1). 484 A collection of historic flags at the Wawel Royal Castle, Cracow Figure 3 State flag from the time ofAugustus III Wettin, 1734-1763.
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