Words to Tap By: the Use of Language in Energy Psychology Protocols David Feinstein, Ashland, Oregon

CLINICAL REPORTS Words to Tap By: The Use of Language in Energy Psychology Protocols David Feinstein, Ashland, Oregon

Abstract Most Energy Psychology protocols include a resulted in the practitioner becoming better component in which the client is guided in the attuned to the client’s intentions for and experi- use of personally tailored wording related to a ence with the therapy, (b) it explored the issues target problem or goal. These phrases are stated relevant to the client’s needs and goals in order simultaneously with the stimulation of selected to deepen both the client’s and the practitioner’s acupuncture points (acupoints) via tapping. understanding of them, and/or (c) it led the cli- Thought Field Therapy (TFT) and its popular de- ent toward more effective ways of addressing rivative, Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT), pertinent issues. These three categories—attune, are the most well-known variations of the acu- explore, lead—were derived from the 62 thera- point tapping approaches. These therapies have peutic functions of language that were identified been validated for their efficacy and unusual as the videotaped wording was being coded. The speed in resolving psychological and physical list is only an initial formulation, based on one conditions in more than 100 clinical trials and clinician’s sessions as analyzed by that clinician. several meta-analyses. Clinicians and life coach- It is intended as a first step toward a more comes wanting to incorporate acupoint tapping into prehensive investigation of the use of language their practices can readily learn the basic proto- in Energy Psychology sessions, its impact on cols but are often unsure about how to formulate client outcomes, and its implications for practi- the most effective wording to accompany the cli- tioner training. ent’s self-tapping. This paper presents a qualitative analysis of videotaped statements that were Keywords: Emotional Freedom Techniques, judged to move the treatment forward in relation- Energy Psychology, language, therapeutic alli- ship to three process outcomes: (a) the statement ance, Thought Field Therapy, wording

David Feinstein, PhD, is a clinical psychologist who has often feel uncertain and ask for help is with the received nine national awards for his books on consciousness words to suggest as the client taps. Aware of this and healing, including the U.S. Book News Best Psychology/ challenge, EFT educator and researcher Dawson Mental Health Book of 2007. Correspondence: David Feinstein, PhD, 777 East Main Street, Ashland, OR 97520; Church and I created a weekend training for prac- email: [email protected]. Disclosure: The author con- titioners, which we presented in February 2017. ducts trainings, provides clinical services, and has written It was well received, and Dr. Church has incorpo- books related to the approach examined in this paper. rated and expanded upon elements from that event Acknowledgments: The author wishes to thank Philip into his EFT Universe Certification Program and Friedman, Shoshana Garfield, Philippe Isler, Phil Mollon, and Craig Weiner for their astute suggestions while the manuscript other intensive trainings. was being developed. At the same time, I have become very interested in the therapeutic functions of the phrasings used within Energy Psychology protocols. The mind is its own opiate. And the ultimate While many tapping practitioners and approaches drug is the word. use only minimal or formulized wording, this is an area where the art of communication can —Thomas Szasz, MD interact with and potentially enhance the already sychotherapists, counselors, and life coaches empirically validated manualized protocols. More can easily learn a basic Energy Psychology/ than 100 peer-reviewed clinical trials demon- Pacupoint tapping protocol. Where they most strating efficacy and unusual speed are listed Language Use in EP Protocols Energy Psychology 11:1 • May 2019 1 on websites such as www.energypsych.org and electroencephalography (EEG) studies at the www.EFTUniverse.com. Meta-analyses have University of Göttingen (2019) have shown that shown unusually large effect sizes with depres- the brain can determine whether a word has posi- sion (Nelms & Castel, 2016), anxiety (Clond, tive or negative connotations within the lightning 2016), and PTSD (Sebastian & Nelms, 2017). speed of 200 to 300 milliseconds. Since the limbic The majority of these studies follow the proto- system responds more quickly to language than col detailed in The EFT Manual (Church, 2018), does the prefrontal cortex (Davidson, 2004), our which, like any manualized form of psychother- emotional reactions to words occur more quickly apy, limits the practitioner’s creative options. Yet than our conscious minds can control. even within this limitation, protocols that utilize Another classic study, Making Contact: Uses acupoint tapping have been shown to be effective of Language in Psychotherapy by Harvard psychi- with a wide range of conditions and to be sig- atrist Leston Havens (1986), was called “a basic nificantly more effective than otherwise identical grammar of empathy” in a Boston Globe review. protocols that substitute acupoint tapping with an The cleverly titled Escape from Babel: Toward a alternative activity such as diaphragmatic breath- Unifying Language for Psychotherapy Practice ing or tapping on “sham” points (Church, Staple- (Miller, Hubble, & Duncan, 1996), without men- ton, Yang, & Gallo, 2018). In brief, tapping itself tioning Havens directly, nonetheless provides a has been shown to be a potent therapeutic compo- thoughtful response to Havens once having char- nent of the approach. acterized psychiatry as a “Tower of Babel.” The Energy Psychology protocols that do not Tower of Babel was of course built, as described combine verbal statements with the acupoint in Genesis, in an attempt to reach heaven. God was tapping—relying instead on having the client not pleased with such hubris and, since the people attune to a pertinent emotion or a “felt sense” all spoke a common language, God confounded about the target problem—actually have certain speech so that different peoples could no longer empirically supported advantages. For instance, collaborate on blasphemous activities. Analogous such protocols have been readily taught to local language barriers are, as portrayed by these care workers in post-disaster situations who authors, the situation among the different schools have then produced strong positive outcomes of psychotherapy. with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Escape from Babel encourages therapists to acute stress disorders (Connolly, Roe-Sepowitz, prioritize language that addresses core require- Sakai, & Edwards, 2013; Stapleton, Sandstrom, & ments for successful psychotherapy, such as Hamne, 2018), and they have also been success- conveying respect and understanding about the fully applied in circumstances where multiple lan- client’s point of view, encouraging hope, and envi- guages were involved (Connolly, 2019). Acupoint sioning a promising plan for the future. By focus- tapping protocols that use minimal verbalization ing on these fundamentals, a unifying language are conveniently portable and may be particularly emerges that transcends the contentious psycho- useful for swiftly countering the effects of trauma babble of competing schools of psychotherapy. and other emotional wounds. The adroit use of Meanwhile, certain legendary therapists—such as language, however, can add power, precision, and Milton Erickson, Virginia Satir, and Fritz Perls— nuance for changing the internal models that fuel used language so creatively and effectively that maladaptive perceptions, feelings, and behavior. their students have written tomes trying to discern While no research has been conducted to date on the secrets of their verbal prowess. the relative contributions of the acupoint tapping While most Energy Psychology instruction and of the words that accompany the tapping, manuals do offer guidance on the use of language bringing increased attention to the way language (e.g., Church, 2018; Freedom, 2013), this is to is used by tapping practitioners will presumably my knowledge the first peer-reviewed attempt be a constructive step toward enhancing the effec- to systematically analyze the wording that was tiveness of tapping protocols. used during actual acupoint tapping sessions. The Nearly all forms of psychotherapy are, in analysis focuses on the functions of the wording fact, conducted in the coin of the spoken word, used. What were the phrases intended to accom- as explored in the classic anthology Spoken Inter- plish? What types of phrases are most beneficial? action in Psychotherapy (Russell, 1982). Recent While simple curiosity set me onto this line of

2 Energy Psychology 11:1 • May 2019 Language Use in EP Protocols inquiry, I soon realized that the answers to these membership) identified the following as targeted questions could hold value for practitioner train- outcomes when using acupoint tapping procedures ing. Even experienced practitioners have not nec- (Feinstein, 2016). A round of tapping is most often essarily had instruction in the flexibility and preci- intended to further one or more of the following sion by which language can be used within Energy objectives: Psychology protocols to achieve desired clinical • Eliminating an unwanted physiological/ ends. Training events could, for instance, start by emotional response to a specified trigger presenting a framework for the wide range of out- • Eliminating an unwanted physiological/ comes that wording can facilitate and the types of emotional response to a traumatic or phrasing that might achieve those outcomes. They otherwise difficult memory could then show videotaped sessions of practition- • Eliminating a maladaptive belief about self ers known for the effective use of language, pause or how the world operates at critical points, and have participants apply the • Eliminating a maladaptive behavior habit framework in formulating what the practitioner • Eliminating emotional obstacles to reach- might say next. The video could then be resumed, ing a desired goal showing what the practitioner actually did say at • Shifting an unwanted baseline affective that juncture, followed by further reflection and state (e.g., depression, generalized anxiety) discussion. These could be highly engaging and • Establishing and reinforcing beliefs and instructive exercises. For the framework to be behaviors that overcome a problem or sup- useful, however, it needs to capture the essence of port a desired goal. what is truly effective. This paper presents an initial formulation for capturing that essence. It is based first on an earlier survey of Energy Psychology practitioners Tapping, Language, and as to what a round of tapping might be intended Neural Change to foster (Feinstein, 2016). From this, I reflected The thread linking these intended outcomes on the types of statements that would be required is the transformation of deep learnings that are no to achieve these outcomes based on my own clini- longer adaptive while developing new strategies cal experience. This led to an initial framework that are. Preliminary brain imaging studies suggest that I tested against videotapes of 10 sessions I that Energy Psychology protocols are unusually had personally conducted with 10 different indi- efficient in altering the neural pathways that main- viduals. Such “qualitative studies” are primar- tain outmoded learnings. For instance, tapping ily exploratory, gathering non-numerical data on acupoints has been shown to send signals that about the characteristics of the phenomena being increase arousal in executive regions of the brain investigated (Berg & Lune, 2012). The next step that mediate limbic responses to stressful stim- would be for others to test the framework pre- uli and that downregulate activity in brain areas sented here against sessions conducted by other involved with fear (Di Rienzo et al., 2019) and practitioners and modify it as appropriate. So this food cravings (Stapleton, 2019; Stapleton et al., in exploration is but a first step toward a more com- press). The neural regions that are activated by the prehensive investigation of the use of language words or images that accompany the tapping are in Energy Psychology sessions, its impact on believed to determine where the signals evoked client outcomes, and its implications for practi- by the acupoint stimulation will be transmitted tioner training. (Feinstein, 2018). Thus the phrases the client is instructed to use plausibly allow the practitioner to “aim” the signals generated by the tapping toward Seven Targeted Outcomes for specific targets, both neurologically and function- ally. Outdated learnings and strategies can, in this Acupoint Tapping Based on the ACEP manner, be modified in precisely targeted ways, Practitioner Survey depending on the words utilized. In the practitioner survey, sent to the mem- Rather than programming the client like a bership of the Association for Comprehensive computer, however, the art of using tapping pro- Energy Psychology, 294 respondents (24% of the tocols involves finding language that is so highly

Language Use in EP Protocols Energy Psychology 11:1 • May 2019 3 attuned to the client’s inner world that the direc- • Build positive meaning or otherwise come tion of the therapy is dictated by the client’s natural to terms with aversive life events propensities for healing and growth. In fact, to the • Particularly as arousal decreases, establish extent possible, the client’s own statements in effective mental strategies for resolving describing the issues of concern are used or built pertinent issues upon in the practitioner’s choice of wording to • Move toward desired outcomes. suggest for the client to repeat while tapping. Attuning, Exploring, Leading Functions of the Wording That The list is not comprehensive. The kinds of Accompanied the Tapping problems clients present and the ways tapping Reflecting on my own use of phrasings during practitioners field them are countless, and this videotaped tapping sessions, I began to refine the formulation was based on only 10 sessions, all list of the functions of the statements I had used. conducted by a single practitioner. Nonetheless, Usually the words would come spontaneously, of the hundreds of statements that were evalu- intuitively, but in retrospect I could often discern ated from the videotaped sessions and judged as their purpose, and I could feel into my intentions facilitating the treatment, most did fit into one in using them. I realized that these ruminations of these categories. The categories represent the were not only an intellectual exercise. They types of statements (based on their apparent pur- were training my intuition by stepping back and pose) that most frequently appeared in my own observing where my intuition had led and what sessions, and they seem similar to the types of had followed. Incorporating a similar process into wording used when I’ve observed other practi- training programs might, in fact, be the ultimate tioners at training events, on video, or in published purpose for pursuing this line of investigation. case studies. As I reflected on the developing list, In a typical 30 to 60-minute session, I would I came to realize that the types of statements on feed the client dozens of phrases. I began to limit the list fell into three major groupings. Each is, the phrases that I would code to those that seemed in fact, well represented in the clinical literature, to move the session forward in at least some small whatever the terminology used to describe it. As way. Still, the list grew as dozens of possible func- a therapist, you attune yourself with the client and tions for wording were identified. I began to group to what the client desires and experiences during the functions of the statements, deriving 10 major your work together. You explore the issues related categories, with up to seven subcategories in each. to the client’s needs and goals to deepen your own I compared each of these functions with the ACEP and your client’s understanding of them. And you list of intended outcomes. I found close corre- lead the client toward more effective ways of spondences in that a logical connection could be addressing the pertinent issues. So now the list established between the wording and the desired looked like the following. outcomes. Functions of Wording in Relation to Ten Primary Functions of Wording “Attune,” “Explore,” and “Lead” ATTUNE yourself to the client’s understand- • Restate the problem from multiple angles ing of the issue and experience of the therapy: • Keep the process safe and attuned to the here and now of the therapeutic relationship • Restate the problem from multiple angles • Identify and examine roots of the problem, • Keep the process safe and attuned to the here its aspects, and related symbolism and now of the therapeutic relationship. • Investigate the problem’s costs or double EXPLORE to deepen this understanding for binds it creates both yourself and the client: • Articulate dilemmas around overcoming the problem • Identify and examine roots of the problem, • Enhance emotional safety and self- its aspects, and related symbolism acceptance • Investigate the problem’s costs or double • Bolster confidence binds it creates

4 Energy Psychology 11:1 • May 2019 Language Use in EP Protocols • Articulate dilemmas around overcoming in a training situation, so the list of subcategories the problem. expanded rapidly. A point was reached, however, where so many categories could be created (tech- LEAD toward more effective ways of nically, every statement, due to its unique place addressing the issues: in time and space, represents a new, single-item • Enhance emotional safety and self- “category”) that I found myself having to moderate acceptance between subcategories that were specific enough • Bolster confidence to be useful and having so many subcategories as • Build positive meaning or otherwise come to be overwhelming. In the final analysis to this to terms with aversive life events point, each of the 10 categories contains three to • Particularly as arousal decreases, establish seven subcategories, with a total of 62 subcatego- effective mental strategies for resolving ries. While the complexity of language and the pertinent issues psychological issues that wording addresses make • Move toward desired outcomes. it hard to create categories without some overlap, the categories and subcategories seem relatively Tapping during the “Attune” and “Explore” discrete. Of course some statements inevitably phases reduces excessive emotion regarding tar- serve more than one function, but the vast major- geted issues, so these statements are far more ity of the statements that were analyzed could be than just therapeutically idle activities waiting reasonably placed into one of these categories. for the direction of the “Lead” phase. In addition In reviewing the videos, I generally made one to the statements deepening the client’s and the of four determinations for each statement: (a) it fit practitioner’s understanding of the issues being into one of the existing subcategories (even if it addressed, the tapping shifts the psychological did not completely accomplish the function of that landscape, reducing arousal, reorganizing infor- subcategory, it had to take a step toward accom- mation within the internal models being explored, plishing it); (b) it necessitated a new subcategory and facilitating the healing of traumatic wounds. or that an existing subcategory be broadened; (c) it The “Lead” phase does, however, further drive was so atypical or required so much context to be psychotherapeutic change by introducing new or understood that, even if it was creative and useful, enhanced strategies for addressing pivotal situa- it was not categorized; or (d) it was judged as not tions in the client’s life. Simultaneous with state- moving the treatment forward and was dismissed. ments that lead the client into more adaptive ways Some dimensions of language could not be coded. of addressing an emotional challenge, the tapping For instance, the practitioner’s tone conveys emo- sends activating signals to related brain areas, neu- tion (or carries an “energy,” if you will) that is rologically buttressing the newly envisioned strat- not reflected in the lists. Sometimes the complex egies (Feinstein, 2018; Stapleton, 2019). meaning of a phrase was based on the discussion A counterintuitive element of acupoint tap- that had preceded it, and these phrases could not ping protocols should be mentioned. Having a be coded. During my coding of the 8th, 9th, and client repeat a self-defeating belief or other cog- 10th videotaped sessions, no new subcategories nitive distortion would seem to be reinforcing it were necessary, and I ended the review process at through repetition or some form of autosugges- that point. tion. The simultaneous tapping, however, leads to One to four examples of wording that fall into the opposite outcome. It promotes more efficient each of the subcategories are presented. These information processing by diminishing the emo- were derived from the videotaped sessions but tional charge that keeps the belief in place. were often altered to provide more context since some statements were meaningful only in relation- Method ship to previous statements or interchanges with In addition to organizing the 10 categories the client. The number of examples in a subcat- of the functions of tapping statements around egory does not correlate with the subcategory’s “Attune,” “Explore,” and “Lead,” the hundreds of importance or the frequency with which that type statements that fell into these 10 categories were of statement appeared in the videos. Subcatego- divided into subcategories. The more specific the ries with only one or two examples were judged subcategory, the more instructive it is likely to be as having been adequately illustrated. Other

Language Use in EP Protocols Energy Psychology 11:1 • May 2019 5 subcategories used three or four examples to show to change, on what is “wrong.” But as the tapping the range of possibilities within that subcategory. proceeds, the emotional charge on the problem In some instances, commentary about a particu- is reduced, the “onion” is peeled away, and new lar set of wording is provided under the repeated layers of the issue become evident. As this occurs, heading of “Guideline.” the practitioner is better able to attune to and artic- Although an actual treatment session will move ulate (a) the higher positive intentions in the cli- freely among statements designed to “attune,” ent’s desire to change; (b) the compelling reasons “explore,” or “lead,” the attune-explore-lead triad the problem was there in the first place and, impor- does represent a logical sequence that emerged in tantly; (c) the client’s strengths for overcoming the various phases of the treatment process. It also problem and reaching desired goals. Articulating offers a guideline for which statements were each of these throughout the session reactivates assessed as moving the treatment forward. Does and strengthens attunement. Words within this the statement deepen attunement, enhance under- listing that attune the practitioner with the client standing through its exploration, or lead toward fall into two categories, divided into seven and six more effective strategies and solutions? subcategories, respectively, as follows.

Words That Attune ATTUNE: Restate the Problem from Empathic attunement to the client’s inner world is a pillar of the therapeutic alliance that Multiple Angles State Reminder Phrase, its variations, or other is an essential ingredient in all forms of psy- prompts that bring the situation to mind: chotherapy (Ardito & Rabellino, 2011). Escape from Babel broadens the usual scope of empathic • “Fear of criticism.” attunement: • “I start to shake when I get onto a balcony.” • “The first [or last] time I experienced this Empathy emerges as a discerning and thought- [completed by client].” (Adds specificity.) ful appreciation of the situation that brings • “That terrible thing that happened.” (Gen- the client into contact with the clinician…. eralizes to minimize retraumatization.) Unfortunately, much of what has been written about and considered empathic has focused Describe the current situation or symptoms through almost exclusively on the practitioner’s a broader lens (place the problem in the context of identifying and connecting with the client’s other information the client has presented): negative feelings and personal experiences • “Other people have no idea how I struggle (e.g., client’s pain or suffering, their despair with this.” or feelings of hopelessness, their present dif- • “My wonderful gift as a singer has become ficulties, and the history of their complaint). a curse because of my stage fright.” However, since client strengths and resources • “The accident from when I was 8 is still contribute greatly to psychotherapy outcome, getting in my way.” we would do well to adopt a broader view of • “I’ll never succeed in this job if I can’t empathy, a view that encompasses the light speak truth to power.” as well as the dark, the hope as well as the despair, the possibility as well as the pain Relive the problem or triggering situation (e.g., (pp. 112–113). describe as a story or movie): In Energy Psychology, teaming with the client • “I’m 11 years old. I’m at school, and…” in formalizing the initial “setup” and “reminder” Recognize the problem’s benefits: phrases for the first rounds of tapping requires deep reflective listening and accurate attune- • “My anxiety keeps me on alert.” ment. (Note: some specialized terms—such as • “I love being so close to someone [despite “setup phrase,” “reminder phrase,” “psychologi- the abuse I receive].” cal reversal,” “SUD,” and “tail-ender”—are used Identify and accept the client’s conflicting desires in accordance with their definitions in The EFT or unstated feelings: Manual [Church, 2018].) The initial reminder phrase generally focuses on what the client wants • “My head and my heart are battling this out.”

6 Energy Psychology 11:1 • May 2019 Language Use in EP Protocols • “I want to keep the security of my job and You are a blank screen for the client’s projections. I want to do more meaningful work.” Articulate a likely possibility: • “I don’t want to get hurt again.” • “You are doing this for the money. You • “How could this happen!” don’t care about me…” Affirm insights: Your own projections may also be activated. Artic- • “Isn’t that interesting!” ulate a likely possibility: • “Now I understand what my psyche was • “Male therapists always get taken by my up to!” physical beauty.” • “Wow, that really sucks!” • “We’ve named the problem; still need to Guideline: This ongoing reattunement may solve it!” mean asking direct questions or, as in the examples here, may involve offering guesses about Update Reminder Phrase as new information the client’s feelings based on earlier statements emerges: or nonverbal cues. Such guesses should gener- • For example, FROM: “I’m anxious when ally be followed with an inquiry, such as “True I don’t know what will happen” TO: “I’m or false?” anxious that I might make a mistake.” Guideline: When you become aware of your (Based on the client’s having realized and own projections or countertransference issues, use reported that this is the specific source of that awareness to the degree possible in reattuning the anxiety.) with the client, even to the extent of formulating statements that explore interpersonal dynamics, Guideline: Stating the problem is always in a such as in the final example above. framework of accepting the problem. Guideline: When the kinds of issues in this Guideline: Be sure the initial reminder phrase set arise, an opportunity (if not a necessity) has is in the client’s words, particularly if you took emerged for creating better alignment within the substantial leadership in formulating the initial therapeutic relationship. They may occur at any wording. point during the treatment. ATTUNE: Keep the Process Safe and Words That Explore Attuned to the Here and Now of the Mutual exploration of the problem or issue Therapeutic Relationship that is the focus of the treatment is critical to the You are asking the client to go into vulnerable or effectiveness of subsequent problem-solving. This painful territory. Articulate a likely possibility: can be a highly creative task for both the client and the practitioner. In Energy Psychology, many • “I don’t feel safe right now.” of the statements that comprise a round of tapping • “This is really hard. The past is past. Can’t are designed to deepen both the client’s and the we just focus on solving the problem?” practitioner’s understanding of the problem, its You are asking the client to do something that costs, its many facets, and the obstacles to its solu- looks silly. Articulate a likely possibility: tion. ACEP’s executive director, Robert Schwarz, emphasizes another function of the language used • “You gotta be kidding! How is this going while exploring the issue: to help with my fear of flying?” The practitioner’s wordings can quickly shift You are exposing the client’s patterns. Articulate the focus so every significant aspect of the a likely possibility: way the problem is encoded is brought into • “I’m so embarrassed for you to see that I…” the client’s awareness, and each can then be tapped down so its emotional charge is neu- Your client will probably touch into highly uncom- tralized. This leads the client to greater self- fortable feelings at various times. Articulate a likely acceptance and understanding about each of possibility: those aspects, and it results in the problem • “It’s unbearable to realize how much I’ve being more thoroughly treated. Failure to hurt her.” clear all or a sufficient number of aspects,

Language Use in EP Protocols Energy Psychology 11:1 • May 2019 7 on the other hand, leaves the client vulner- Explore connections between precipitating events able to the problem reestablishing itself and current difficulties or maladaptive beliefs: (personal communication, Robert Schwarz, • “Her voice sounds just like my mother’s May 10, 2019). when she was angry.” Clues for formulating the areas to explore • “From that moment, the universe no longer often come from the client’s descriptions of the felt safe! If that could happen, who knows feelings, sensations, thoughts, beliefs, or specific what else could also happen!” memories that arise while tapping or when tuning • “That’s when I stopped trusting men.” inwardly to determine the in-the-moment 0-to-10 • “It’s the same feeling as when my father SUD (subjective units of distress) rating, as gen- would go silent.” erally tracked following each round of tapping. Highlight contradictions: Carefully observing the client’s nonverbal reactions as the session progresses is another source of • “Whenever my life starts to get better, my information for formulating statements. Because physical symptoms return.” the practitioner is sometimes taking intuitive leaps • “I had an idyllic childhood, though we did when framing the phrases used during the tapping, move every year because of Dad’s job.” any suggested wording can be followed with the • “My groveling for affection turns people off!” question “True or false?” to keep the attunement Have client find an image for the issue or a part of it: on track. This inquiry can also be more open- ended, such as “In what ways does that land or not • “I see myself in a field running away from land for you?”; “Do any words need changing to a charging bull when someone is about to make it a better fit for you?”; or “Those are my ask me to do something I really don’t want words; how might you put it?” Words identified in to do but can’t say no.” this listing that explore the nature of the issue on • “My back pain looks like a fiery red devil which the therapy is focusing are divided into three sticking pitchforks in me.” major categories, each with six or seven subcat- • Instruction to client: “Invite a symbol to egories, as follows. emerge that represents my fear of failure.” • Instruction to client: “Ride this feeling back in time to a scene of one of the first EXPLORE: Identify and Examine times you had this tightness in your throat.” Roots of the Problem, Its Aspects, (Called the “affect bridge.”) and Related Symbolism Recognize metaphors, coincidences, or synchro- Name physical, emotional, or interpersonal nicities: aspects of the situation or problem: • “Wow, my gambling addiction is just like • “My breath is getting caught in my throat...” the way Dad would invest in those wild (when thinking about the problem). business schemes!” • “I feel so sad…” (when thinking about the • “How interesting that I’m suddenly afraid problem). of bridges as I approach this ‘bridge’ into a • “Seeing the blood.” big change in my life.” • “My wife has just about had it with my in- • “While I didn’t ‘catch’ Mom’s inflexibility, ability to manage time.” my back took the hit.” (After noting a possible relationship between the mother’s ri- Examine precipitating events: gidity and the chronic stiffness in her back.) • “My stepdad would sneak into my room • “Dad only noticed me when I was sick. at night.” Like that, this rash is my body’s way of • “I had my first panic attack in an elevator telling me I’m ignoring it.” right after I learned he’d died.” Pose open-ended questions that deepen the explo- • “My baby sister died in my arms when ration or put the situation into perspective: I was 7.” • “That’s when I appointed myself to rescue • “I wonder where that came from?” my mother from her alcoholism.” • “Maybe there’s an emotional reason for

8 Energy Psychology 11:1 • May 2019 Language Use in EP Protocols this?” • “I don’t deserve her.” • “What is my body telling me with this leg • “I was a failure at 4, and I’m still a failure.” pain?” Detect ironies: • “Where else in my life is this pattern play- ing out?” • “The more I love him, the more he takes advantage of me.” EXPLORE: Investigate the Problem’s • “It was totally unfair that this whole Costs or Double Binds It Creates horror happened because I was helping someone.” Identify pain, uncertainty, or blocked opportuni- • “I wind up letting people down worse ties caused by the situation: than if I’d refused their invitations • “My marriage suffers from my having because I accept the invitation and then closed down after my uncle abused me.” cancel out.” • “The accident leaves me afraid to drive.” • “If I stay in this relationship, I’ll be hurt; if • “My need to please others keeps me from I end it, I’ll hurt.” enjoying my friendships.” Introduce humor or gentle parody: • “This panic I can’t control robs me of any chance of success as an athlete.” • “Of all the ways a parent could screw up a child, I’ll settle for this.” Discern client’s strategies for fielding the situation: • “What a coincidence!” (After realizing • “I had to layer over my vulnerability and that a chronic respiratory condition first get tough!” appeared at the point of her mother’s death • “I worry before anything bad happens so I from emphysema.) won’t be taken by surprise.” • “My fear keeps me from putting my- • “I avoid people because someone might ask self into situations where I have to take me to help with another stupid project or a risk. So that’s one good thing if this listen to gripes I can’t do anything about.” doesn’t work!” • “I can feel the energy of people who are • “I could move to a foreign country where judgmental, and I’ve tried to fight it so no one speaks English so I won’t be in the much that I’ve become judgmental of any- position of having to say no.” one who might possibly judge me.” Guideline: The use of humor can energize a Highlight triggers or cause-effect patterns that session, be a great boon to rapport, bring a breath maintain the problem: of fresh air to intense and painful exploration, and quickly create a shift in perspective. It can • “My need to be beyond criticism keeps me focus on the ironies or intensity of a problem, always feeling anxious.” or it may accompany the client’s own cognitive • “My body reacts, so I can’t think, and then shifts, but it should never risk ridiculing the cli- I repeat the same pattern.” ent or implying disrespect. The effective use of • “I’m suspicious and close down when I get therapeutic humor requires, in fact, strong rap- involved with someone new.” port and a well-established sense of safety or it • “My fear of looking stupid keeps me from can paradoxically do great harm to the healing speaking up.” relationship. Address fears that the problem will return: • “I may feel calmer now, but wait till next EXPLORE: Articulate Dilemmas time I’m…” • “Maybe we’re tapping on the wrong issue.” Around Overcoming the Problem Decisions or beliefs that serve as obstacles to Uncover self-judgments: solutions: • “I’m not good enough to succeed at this.” • “I don’t want to get over my hatred of those • “I hate myself for getting so angry with my who have wronged me.” mother.” • “I can’t change how I feel.”

Language Use in EP Protocols Energy Psychology 11:1 • May 2019 9 Secondary gains: on important initiatives. Negative images of the future also have a magnetism. They pull • “If I get over my depression, I’ll lose my the spirit downward in the path of despair disability benefits.” (James, n.d.). • “If I get over my resentment toward my husband, he’ll just do it again.” Positive images have greater traction, however, when emotional blocks have been resolved. The Catastrophic expectations: statements in the “Attune” and “Explore” lists gen- • “If I tell the truth, I’ll be fired.” erally focus on “What is” or “What was.” Tapping • “If I open myself to this relationship, I’ll on these statements can have the effect of healing only be hurt again.” unresolved trauma, reducing emotional reactivity, • “If I try to fix this, it will only make it and/or reorganizing the client’s internal models. The worse.” statements in the “Lead” category generally focus on “What can be.” They are visions of a different Other Psychological Reversals or “tail-enders”: future than the current trajectory would bring, visions of concrete action steps that can be taken, • “It’s not safe to ignore the dangers of driv- or visions of changes that strengthen the client’s ing. This is a healthy fear!” ability to come to a solution. For instance, rather • “…but if I lose the weight, men will hit than directly addressing the problem, the practi- on me.” tioner may lead the client toward greater confidence Articulate alternative explanations for the problem or self-acceptance. Or the practitioner might guide or the process: the client in assessing the effectiveness of previous ways of approaching the issues at hand, which • “Maybe I did it because I was deeply hurt.” becomes background information when focusing • “My shaking means my body is talking on ways for achieving desired outcomes. Note that to me.” even though the “Lead” statements fall into as many Give voice to people or to hidden or conflicting major categories as the “Attune” and “Explore” cat- “parts” (e.g., Gestalt dialogue while tapping): egories combined (because they are more specific and strategic), the greatest amount of clock time • “My stomach is saying: ‘I won’t let you in the sessions involved statements that fell into get away with this.’ ” the “Explore” category. Wording identified in the • “My guilt is saying: ‘Yes, everyone else “Lead” listing is divided into five major categories, has forgiven you, but I haven’t!’ ” each with three to seven subcategories, as follows. • Client as if speaking to her husband: “I hate you for what you did!” • Client as her husband: “And you’ve been LEAD: Enhance Emotional Safety, punishing me for it ever since!” Peace, and Self-Acceptance Reinforce internal sense of safety: Words That Lead • “Right here, right now, I’m safe!” Most psychotherapeutic frameworks recog- • “When I look these fears in the face, nize that the client will play a pivotal role in finding they’re not as big as they seemed when I solutions for the problems being addressed. The didn’t look them in the face.” practitioner’s job is not seen as imposing solutions • “The worst is over…” but as arriving at them collaboratively, mutually Ground the client in the security of what is estab- envisioning viable strategies and solutions for pre- lished and familiar: viously intractable problems or unresolved issues. • “I know my friends want to support me.” William James (1842–1910), known as the “Father • “I have my garden to bring me comfort of American Psychology,” and certainly one of the when I feel down.” most influential thinkers of his time, stressed: Tap calmness into inner states that interfere with a Positive images of the future are a powerful sense of peace: and magnetic force . . . They draw us on and energize us, give us courage and will to take • “The red hot anger in my heart.”

10 Energy Psychology 11:1 • May 2019 Language Use in EP Protocols • “My grief about losing my marriage.” Address inner critic: Cultivate self-empathy about the problem: • “Mom sure taught me how to be hard on myself.” • “I didn’t bring this on. I did everything I • “I judge myself every time.” could to prevent it.” • “I’m feeling deep compassion for myself Articulate and challenge limiting beliefs: around my difficulty setting boundaries.” • “I will never find a man who will go the • “Of course I feel angry.” distance with me.” (Articulating.) Foster acceptance for who the client is and what • “Yes, men have hurt me, and that’s taught he/she has done, including blunders: me a lot about discernment.” (Challenging.) • “Even though I’m full of jealousy, I deeply Counter fear of failure: love and accept myself.” • “Even if I can’t pull this off, I will be fine.” • “I’m learning to accept myself.” • “No matter what happens, I’ll still learn • “I wish I hadn’t thrown it at him, but there’s a lot.” a limit to how many times you can tolerate someone telling you that you’re stupid.” • “Of course I put up walls—so many people Lead: Build Positive Meaning or have taken advantage of me in the past.” Otherwise Come to Terms with Stay within “Window of Tolerance” (see Corrigan, Aversive Life Events Fisher, & Nutt, 2011): Acknowledge skills arising from challenging circumstances: • “If this starts to be too upsetting, I can breathe deeply and tap to calm myself. • “I’ve gotten very good at recognizing in- Knowing I can do this if needed is com- sincerity. I have a great crap detector.” forting.” (Keeping within comfort zone.) • “I’m a survivor!” • “As I’m getting more comfortable with Articulate wisdom gained: this tapping stuff, I am letting my barriers down a bit.” (Affirming that it is safe to go • “I’ve learned to see the good in people and beyond a narrow comfort zone.) in their intentions.” • “Overcoming this is a clear ‘Yes’ to life!” LEAD: Bolster Confidence Recognize absurdities: Acknowledge personal successes and strengths: • “What happened makes no sense from • “I’m the one who people come to for down here. I wonder how the Universe advice.” sees it?” • “I raised four daughters by myself.” • “My heart is wise.” LEAD: Particularly as Arousal Distinguish between the present situation and the Decreases, Establish Effective Mental precipitating event: Strategies for Resolving Pertinent Issues • “I was just a little girl.” Reframe challenges within an affirming perspec- • “That was a long time ago!” tive: • “That was a great solution for when I was 8, but I don’t live in that family anymore.” • “My self-judgment is like training wheels I • “Yes, she tells me to pick up after my- don’t need anymore.” self, but I’ve got to get it, she’s not my • “I’ll be a stronger person when I get out of mother!” this mess!” • “Even though I don’t know quite what it Assure that established strategies (including will look like, I choose to meet this change defenses) won’t be yanked away: with excitement.” • “I’ve been stubborn all my life, and no one • “That critical voice was my mother’s curse is going to take that away from me.” on me…and her gift to me.”

Language Use in EP Protocols Energy Psychology 11:1 • May 2019 11 Challenge cognitive distortions (e.g., overgener- ◦◦ “I applied that lens to my marriage.” alizations, all-or-nothing thinking, magnification, ◦◦ “Even though I was in a marriage that minimization, discounting the positive, assigning couldn’t be fixed.” unwarranted blame, unrealistic expectations, irra- ◦◦ “Just like my parents’ marriage.” tional conclusions, mind-reading, etc.): ◦◦ “And I’ve never forgiven myself for not fixing either of them.” • “My best isn’t good enough.” • “I always get hurt!” Recognize and affirm progress during the -treat • “The presentation was a disaster. I kept ment: saying ‘um.’” • “I’m more calm now when I think about • “It’s my fault that she died.” heights.” • “I like it when I feel my tenderness.” Guideline: Tapping on such statements can • “I’ve put this very deep into my psyche.” reduce their influence. • “I’m realizing it’s time to break free from my need to push myself so hard.” Highlight experiences that contradict the old internal model: Consider how life would be if the problem were overcome, including gains and losses: • “When I finally asked for a raise, my boss responded with respect.” • “As I get more comfortable facing anger, • “I can feel my chest softening when I think I’ll be able to set better boundaries with of Dad.” my ex-husband.” • “Everyone I invited came to my birthday • “I won’t be seen as such a loving person if party.” I start putting my own needs first.” • “Being recognized as the hardest worker • “If I overcome my fear of flying, I will on the staff was a real puzzler since I’m have to go with my husband on those so lazy.” dreadful business trips.” • “I’m feeling new waves of hope!” (Think- Open to the lessons from unsuccessful attempts to ing of the problem resolving.) resolve the situation: • “I gathered all my courage to make it clear LEAD: Move Toward Desired to my husband how serious I am about Outcomes this, and he changed the subject!” Envision specific outcomes that have become • “Three years of therapy, and I still buckle possible: when I feel judged.” • “I have power and understanding I didn’t • “I’ve left two marriages, yet once more the have as a child. I can no longer be manipu- pattern returns.” lated by bullies.” Address the still-active role of underlying influ- • “As I get over these self-doubts, I will be ences: able to…” • “I’m imagining driving over the bridge be- • “My mother’s fears acted like a post- ing totally comfortable.” hypnotic suggestion I’ve carried ever since.” • “I’m rewiring my brain, right now, as • “Speaking to the deeper part of myself, I I tap!” see what you’re up to…” Explore and articulate strategies for moving • “My uncle, who I tried to please more than forward: anyone else, was always critical of me, and I’m still finding highly critical men to try • “I will tap on these self-judgments when- to please.” ever they arise.” • On six consecutive tapping points: • “I can get a grip on this problem by…” ◦◦ “My job as a child was to try to save my (Have client complete sentence or com- parents’ marriage.” plete with something the two of you have ◦◦ “I saw relationships as something to fix.” already established.)

12 Energy Psychology 11:1 • May 2019 Language Use in EP Protocols • “Every morning I will…” Leading focuses on specific active steps—both • “I will give my Facebook group a progress internal and in the client’s external environment— report ever week and adjust the plan as toward resolving the problem. The first three needed.” subcategories listed under “leading” (enhancing safety/self-acceptance, confidence, and meaning) Anticipate and prepare: build internal capacities for resolving the problems • “I may get mad and want to retreat.” of concern. The other two (establishing effective • “Knowing what I need to do doesn’t make mental strategies for resolving pertinent issues it hurt less.” and moving toward desired outcomes) address the • “I am getting myself ready to live alone.” problem and related issues head-on. • “Although there are things I haven’t thought about yet, I will deal with them when they come.” Reflections on Acupoint Tapping Formulate specific responses to doubts or the pos- and the Practitioner’s Theoretical sibility of old patterns returning: Orientation An obvious question that grows out of this • “If I even begin to feel my resolve weaken- analysis involves the relationship between the ing, I will call Roger for support.” wording used during tapping and the therapist’s • “If I am triggered by my boss, I will find a theoretical orientation. While a cross-section of private place and tap it down.” therapists who use acupoint tapping indicated, State intentions and affirmations: in the survey referenced earlier (Feinstein, 2016), that they found the approach to be compatible with • “I am finding the time to enjoy my grand- a wide range of clinical frameworks, the relation- children.” ship between phrasing and theoretical orientation • “You’re on the chopping block, critical has not been explored in the literature. So I was voice!” interested to see how my own clinical models • “I’m shifting the energies in my body were reflected in the wording I was using. when I think about his hatred.” Some background on my own training and clin- • “I am choosing to open myself to Gerry’s ical orientation is relevant for that question. In addi- love.” tion to my foundational education in psychody- Vividly imagine and tap on scenarios of success: namic and Rogerian approaches to psychotherapy in graduate school, during my more than 45 years • “The entire staff is riveted to my every as a psychotherapist, I have received training at the word as I explain my proposal.” certificate level or equivalent (say, at least 30 hours • “My tennis serve is perfect.” of classroom learning or supervised experience) • “I am telling him exactly how I feel about in cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), Gestalt ther- his having taken credit for my idea.” apy, hypnosis, Ericksonian hypnosis, meditation, Test your results: guided imagery, Jungian-oriented approaches, psychosynthesis (after Assogioli), family therapy • “I see myself petting my neighbor’s dog, (after Satir), bioenergetics (after Lowen), and, of and I feel…” course, Energy Psychology. Each of these has influ- • “As I remember the sound of the skidding enced my practice in that I will gravitate toward a tires, my SUD is…” technique or a perspective that suits a given situ- Summary: Attuning establishes and main- ation. While an “eclectic” approach to psycho- tains the therapeutic alliance. Exploring uncov- therapy can be criticized for lacking theoretical ers the issues and dynamics that maintain the backbone, not being too tied to a particular theoreti- problem without particularly attempting to inter- cal model allows the therapy to be more flexible, vene in them. Since, however, tapping on state- responsive, and adaptive. I like to think of my prac- ments oriented toward attuning and exploring tice as being “integrative.” The terms “eclectic” reduces the emotional intensity of the issues of and “integrative” are sometimes used interchange- concern, this in itself is often highly therapeutic. ably, but they differ. Eclectic psychotherapists

Language Use in EP Protocols Energy Psychology 11:1 • May 2019 13 are relatively atheoretical, drawing ad hoc from a the basic setup statement, “Even though I have variety of approaches with a focus on what will this problem, I deeply love and accept myself”), produce the best outcome in a given situation. Inte- my hypnosis training and a week I spent with three grative approaches add to this an overarching theo- other therapists studying with Milton Erickson in retical basis for combining the various theories and his home office were evident in some of my phras- practices (Woolfe & Palmer, 2000). ings. Guiding clients to find positive meanings, or The 62 therapeutic functions of language at least come to terms with aversive life events, found in my own sessions fell into the catego- exercised both the client’s and my own spiritual ries of “attuning,” “exploring,” and “leading,” perspectives, and often deepened them. and these categories provide a template for sort- The ability of phrasings to quickly move atten- ing through the theoretical frameworks that best tion among the past, present, and future was evident align with these functions. Phrasings that fit in the in each of the categories. Also distributed across the “attune” category are quite Rogerian in the sense attune/explore/lead categories was tapping using that empathic understanding, positive regard, con- phrasings that focus on the aspects of experience gruence, and supporting client self-determination identified in Arnold Lazarus’ (1981) classic multi- have become fundamentals for most psychothera- modal therapy model (including behavior, affect, pists, not just those who use tapping. Statements sensation, imagery, and cognition, known by the that are based on a recognition of transference and acronym BASIC). Meanwhile, some of the activi- countertransference dynamics, as pioneered in ties within Energy Psychology protocols require a psychoanalysis, also fit in the attunement category. mindfulness that regularly brings the focus back Phrases that fell into the “explore” category to the “here and now,” such as when the client often examined the psychodynamic or familial periodically assesses the shifting SUD rating or is roots of the person’s concerns, as first investi- “observing and becoming intimate with the emo- gated by Freud and established empirically by tional reaction while tapping” (Gallo, 2015, p. 29). attachment theory researchers. Also in the explore While these initial ruminations hardly consti- category was the identification of conflicts and tute an overarching theory, such comparisons of polarities within the psyche, as focused upon by the functions of a practitioner’s phrasings during Freud and Jung. Recognizing the intrapersonal, tapping sessions with the theoretical perspectives interpersonal, and societal contingencies that shape reflected in those phrasings could be a step toward feelings, thoughts, and behavior—which behav- a more coherent theory for integrating multiple ioral and cognitive therapies pioneered—were clinical perspectives. My sense is that acupoint also evident in this category. A cognitive focus tapping can be effectively applied in the service also led to phrasings that revealed and addressed of any theoretical perspective—psychodynamic, irrational thoughts and self-defeating beliefs. behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, spiritual, or in The use of Gestalt dialogue, guided imagery, the the more integrative fashion that is increasingly affect bridge, and other non-tapping techniques to being utilized within the field (Stricker, 2010). deepen the exploration of unconscious dynamics Regardless of the clinician’s orientation, how- fit here as well. ever, and in ways that are not yet fully understood, Within the “lead” category, principles from the tapping seems to increase the neurological CBT were especially helpful in formulating strate- impact of words formulated to enhance healing, gies for implementing more adaptive beliefs and growth, and well-being. Indeed, as emphasized behaviors. “Corrective emotional experiences,” earlier, Energy Psychology protocols were sig- which are the purview of all forms of therapy— nificantly more effective than otherwise identical from psychoanalysis to behavioral psychology to protocols (using the same wording and adjunct family systems approaches—often occur inter- procedures) but without the acupoint tapping nally during the tapping process (the integration (Church et al., 2018). of novel experiences into existing mental models, and the reconsolidation of these models during tapping sessions, are discussed in Feinstein, Conclusion 2018). My wording also often contained a sugges- This paper describes an initial exploration tion or an affirmation. While this is by no means of the uses of language during acupoint tapping my contribution to Energy Psychology (consider psychotherapy sessions, focusing on just one

14 Energy Psychology 11:1 • May 2019 Language Use in EP Protocols practitioner’s wording during 10 videotaped ses- Therapy. African Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3(1), 24–32. sions as analyzed by that practitioner. While most doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.14793.44644 research is based on observing external behavior, Corrigan, F., Fisher, J., & Nutt, D. (2011). Autonomic dysregu- lation and the Window of Tolerance model of the effects of an advantage of this approach in the early phases complex emotional trauma. Journal of Psychopharmacol- of formulating the framework has been that it was ogy, 25(1), 17–25. doi:10.1177/0269881109354930 possible for me both to observe the wording used Davidson, R. J. (2004). What does the prefrontal cortex and to recall my intention in using that wording. “do” in affect: Perspectives on frontal EEG asymmetry Thus the process was informed by both an objec- research. Biological Psychology, 67, 219–33. doi:10.3389/ fpsyg.2017.01454 tive lens and a subjective lens. The framework Di Rienzo, F., Saruco, E., Daligault, S., Delpuech, C., can, however, now be tested more objectively by Church, D., Gurret, J.-M., & Guillot, A. (2019). Neuropsy- using the wording of other practitioners as rated chological correlates of an energy psychology intervention by independent observers according to more for- on flight phobia: A MEG single-case study. Manuscript sub- mal coding procedures (e. g., Rodríguez-Morejón mitted for publication. Feinstein, D. (2016). A survey of energy psychology practi- et al., 2018). This would refine and begin to vali- tioners: Who they are, what they do, who they help. Energy date the framework. Using it and its various evolu- Psychology: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8(1), 33–39. tions in training programs would further sharpen doi:10.9769/EPJ.2016.08.1.DF it and also ascertain whether or not such a frame- Feinstein, D. (2018). Energy psychology: Efficacy, speed, work is particularly useful in practitioner training. mechanisms. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing. Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j. One final caveat: The framework is not intended explore.2018.11.003 as a set of formulas to emulate but as a training Freedom, J. (2013). Creative languaging patterns in EFT. In resource that underscores how flexible, nuanced, D. Church & S. Marohn (Eds.), Clinical EFT handbook and creative the wording that accompany acupoint (Vol. 2, pp. 593–609). Fulton, CA: Energy Psychology Press. tapping can be. My hope is that it will generate a Gallo, F. P. (2015). Mindful energy psychology: The recip- rocal synergy of integrating mindfulness and energy psy- broader and deepened appreciation of the practi- chology. MOJ Public Health, 2(1), 27‒30. doi:10.15406/ tioner’s options, ultimately leading to sessions that mojph.2015.02.00013 are more effective and empowering for the client. Havens, L. (1986). Making contact: Uses of language in psychotherapy (rev. ed.). Boston, MA: Harvard University Press. James, W. (n.d.). AZQuotes.com. Retrieved from https://www. azquotes.com/quote/533487 References Lazarus, A. (1981). The practice of multimodal therapy. Ardito, R. B., & Rabellino, D. (2011). Therapeutic alliance and New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. outcome of psychotherapy: Historical excursus, measure- Miller, S. D., Hubble, B. L., & Duncan, M. A. (1996). Escape ments, and prospects for research. Frontiers in Psychology, from Babel: Toward a unifying language for psychotherapy 2, 270. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00270 practice. New York, NY: W.W. Norton. Berg, B. L., & Lune, H. (2012). Qualitative research methods Nelms, J., & Castel, D. (2016). A systematic review and for the social sciences. Boston, MA: Pearson. meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized trials of Church, D. (2018). The EFT manual (4th ed.). Fulton, CA: Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) for the treatment of Energy Psychology Press. depression. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing, Church, D., Stapleton, P., Yang, A., & Gallo, F. (2018). Is 12, 416–426. doi:10.1016/j.explore.2016.08.001 tapping on acupuncture points an active ingredient in Rodríguez-Morejón, A., Zamanillo, A., Iglesias, G., Moreno- Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT)? A systematic review Gámez, A., Navas-Campaña, D., Moreno-Peral, P., & and meta-analysis of comparative studies. Journal of Nerv- Rodríguez-Arias, J. L. (2018) Development of the thera- ous and Mental Disease, 206(10), 783–793. doi:10.1097/ peutic language coding system (SICOLENTE): Reliability NMD.0000000000000878 and construct validity. PLoS ONE 13(12), e0209751. Clond, M. (2016). Emotional Freedom Techniques for anxi- doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209751 ety: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Russell, R. I. (Ed.). (1982). Spoken interaction in psychother- Nervous and Mental Disease, 204, 388–395. doi:10.1097/ apy. New York, NY: Irvington. NMD.0000000000000483 Sebastian, B., & Nelms, J. (2017). The effectiveness of Connolly, S. M. (2019, May). Utilizing community-as-agent- Emotional Freedom Techniques in the treatment of post- of-change: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Explore: The of lay mental health counselor facilitated mental health Journal of Science and Healing, 13, 16–25. doi:10.1016/j. interventions. Paper presented at the 9th Annual Research explore.2016.10.00 Symposium of the Association for Comprehensive Energy Stapleton, P. (2019). The science behind tapping: A proven Psychology, Albuquerque, NM. stress management technique for the mind and body. Carls- Connolly, S. M., Roe-Sepowitz, D., Sakai, C. E., & Edwards, bad, CA: Hay House. J. (2013). Utilizing community resources to treat PTSD: Stapleton, P., Buchan, C., Mitchell, I., McGrath, J., Gorton, P., & A randomized controlled study using Thought Field Carter, B. (in press). Neural changes in overweight adults

Language Use in EP Protocols Energy Psychology 11:1 • May 2019 15 with food cravings after Emotional Freedom Techniques University of Göttingen. (2019, January 9). How words get an treatment: Pilot data from a clinical trial. OBM Integrative emotional meaning. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 12, and Complementary Medicine. 2019, from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/ Stapleton, P., Sandstrom, U., & Hamne, G. (2018). Evaluating 190109110040.htm a 3-week model for reducing symptoms of stress in trauma- Woolfe, S., & Palmer, R. (Eds.) (2000). Integrative and eclec- tised youth using the trauma tapping technique (TTT) for tic counselling and psychotherapy. Thousand Oaks, CA: self-help: A pilot trial. OBM Integrative and Complementary Sage Publications. Medicine, 3(4). doi:10.21926/obm.icm.1804036. Stricker, G. (2010). Psychotherapy integration. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

16 Energy Psychology 11:1 • May 2019 Language Use in EP Protocols