Ci the Interlisp Virtual Machine
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Document Number Scco24
Stanford University Libraries Dept. of Special Cr*l!«ctkjns &>W Title Box Series I Fol 5C Fo<. Title " LISP/360 REFERENCE MANUAL FOURTH EDITION # CAMPUS COMPUTER FACILITY STANFORD COMPUTATION CENTER STANFORD UNIVERSITY STANFORD, CALIFORNIA DOCUMENT NUMBER SCCO24 " ■ " PREFACE This manual is intended to provide the LISP 1.5 user with a reference manual for the LISP 1.5 interpreter, assembler, and compiler on the Campus Facility 360/67. It assumes that the reader has a working knowledge by of LISP 1.5 as described in the LISP_I.is_Primer Clark Weissman, and that the reader has a general knowledge of the operating environment of OS 360. Beginning users of LISP will find the sections The , Functions, LI SRZIi O_Syst em , Organiz ation_of_St orage tlSP_Job_Set-]i£» and t.tsp/360 System Messages Host helpful in obtaining a basic understanding of the LISP system. Other sections of the manual are intended for users desiring a more extensive knowledge of LISP. The particular implementation to which this reference manual is directed was started by Mr. J. Kent while he was at the University of Waterloo. It is modeled after his implemention of LISP 1.5 for the CDC 3600. Included in this edition is information on the use of the time-shared LISP system available on the 360/67 which was implemented by Mr. Robert Berns of the " Computer staff. Campus Facility " II TABLE OF CONTENTS Section PREFACE " TABLE OF CONTENTS xxx 1. THE LISP/360 SYSTEM 1 2. ORGANIZATION OF STORAGE 3 2.1 Free Cell Storage (FCS) 3 2.1.1 Atoms 5 2.1.2 Numbers 8 2.1.3 Object List 9 2.2 Push-down Stack (PDS) 9 2.3 System Functions 9 2.4 Binary Program Space (BPS) 9 W 2.5 Input/Output Buffers 9 10 3. -
The Evolution of Lisp
1 The Evolution of Lisp Guy L. Steele Jr. Richard P. Gabriel Thinking Machines Corporation Lucid, Inc. 245 First Street 707 Laurel Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 Menlo Park, California 94025 Phone: (617) 234-2860 Phone: (415) 329-8400 FAX: (617) 243-4444 FAX: (415) 329-8480 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Lisp is the world’s greatest programming language—or so its proponents think. The structure of Lisp makes it easy to extend the language or even to implement entirely new dialects without starting from scratch. Overall, the evolution of Lisp has been guided more by institutional rivalry, one-upsmanship, and the glee born of technical cleverness that is characteristic of the “hacker culture” than by sober assessments of technical requirements. Nevertheless this process has eventually produced both an industrial- strength programming language, messy but powerful, and a technically pure dialect, small but powerful, that is suitable for use by programming-language theoreticians. We pick up where McCarthy’s paper in the first HOPL conference left off. We trace the development chronologically from the era of the PDP-6, through the heyday of Interlisp and MacLisp, past the ascension and decline of special purpose Lisp machines, to the present era of standardization activities. We then examine the technical evolution of a few representative language features, including both some notable successes and some notable failures, that illuminate design issues that distinguish Lisp from other programming languages. We also discuss the use of Lisp as a laboratory for designing other programming languages. We conclude with some reflections on the forces that have driven the evolution of Lisp. -
Implementing a Vau-Based Language with Multiple Evaluation Strategies
Implementing a Vau-based Language With Multiple Evaluation Strategies Logan Kearsley Brigham Young University Introduction Vau expressions can be simply defined as functions which do not evaluate their argument expressions when called, but instead provide access to a reification of the calling environment to explicitly evaluate arguments later, and are a form of statically-scoped fexpr (Shutt, 2010). Control over when and if arguments are evaluated allows vau expressions to be used to simulate any evaluation strategy. Additionally, the ability to choose not to evaluate certain arguments to inspect the syntactic structure of unevaluated arguments allows vau expressions to simulate macros at run-time and to replace many syntactic constructs that otherwise have to be built-in to a language implementation. In principle, this allows for significant simplification of the interpreter for vau expressions; compared to McCarthy's original LISP definition (McCarthy, 1960), vau's eval function removes all references to built-in functions or syntactic forms, and alters function calls to skip argument evaluation and add an implicit env parameter (in real implementations, the name of the environment parameter is customizable in a function definition, rather than being a keyword built-in to the language). McCarthy's Eval Function Vau Eval Function (transformed from the original M-expressions into more familiar s-expressions) (define (eval e a) (define (eval e a) (cond (cond ((atom e) (assoc e a)) ((atom e) (assoc e a)) ((atom (car e)) ((atom (car e)) (cond (eval (cons (assoc (car e) a) ((eq (car e) 'quote) (cadr e)) (cdr e)) ((eq (car e) 'atom) (atom (eval (cadr e) a))) a)) ((eq (car e) 'eq) (eq (eval (cadr e) a) ((eq (caar e) 'vau) (eval (caddr e) a))) (eval (caddar e) ((eq (car e) 'car) (car (eval (cadr e) a))) (cons (cons (cadar e) 'env) ((eq (car e) 'cdr) (cdr (eval (cadr e) a))) (append (pair (cadar e) (cdr e)) ((eq (car e) 'cons) (cons (eval (cadr e) a) a)))))) (eval (caddr e) a))) ((eq (car e) 'cond) (evcon. -
Obstacles to Compilation of Rebol Programs
Obstacles to Compilation of Rebol Programs Viktor Pavlu TU Wien Institute of Computer Aided Automation, Computer Vision Lab A-1040 Vienna, Favoritenstr. 9/183-2, Austria [email protected] Abstract. Rebol’s syntax has no explicit delimiters around function arguments; all values in Rebol are first-class; Rebol uses fexprs as means of dynamic syntactic abstraction; Rebol thus combines the advantages of syntactic abstraction and a common language concept for both meta-program and object-program. All of the above are convenient attributes from a programmer’s point of view, yet at the same time pose severe challenges when striving to compile Rebol into reasonable code. An approach to compiling Rebol code that is still in its infancy is sketched, expected outcomes are presented. Keywords: first-class macros, dynamic syntactic abstraction, $vau calculus, fexpr, Ker- nel, Rebol 1 Introduction A meta-program is a program that can analyze (read), transform (read/write), or generate (write) another program, called the object-program. Static techniques for syntactic abstraction (macro systems, preprocessors) resolve all abstraction during compilation, so the expansion of abstractions incurs no cost at run-time. Static techniques are, however, conceptionally burdensome as they lead to staged systems with phases that are isolated from each other. In systems where different syntax is used for the phases (e. g., C++), it results in a multitude of programming languages following different sets of rules. In systems where the same syntax is shared between phases (e. g., Lisp), the separa- tion is even more unnatural: two syntactically largely identical-looking pieces of code cannot interact with each other as they are assigned to different execution stages. -
Lisp: Program Is Data
LISP: PROGRAM IS DATA A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON MACLISP Jon L White Laboratory for Computer Science, M.I.T.* ABSTRACT For over 10 years, MACLISP has supported a variety of projects at M.I.T.'s Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and the Laboratory for Computer Science (formerly Project MAC). During this time, there has been a continuing development of the MACLISP system, spurred in great measure by the needs of MACSYMAdevelopment. Herein are reported, in amosiac, historical style, the major features of the system. For each feature discussed, an attempt will be made to mention the year of initial development, andthe names of persons or projectsprimarily responsible for requiring, needing, or suggestingsuch features. INTRODUCTION In 1964,Greenblatt and others participated in thecheck-out phase of DigitalEquipment Corporation's new computer, the PDP-6. This machine had a number of innovative features that were thought to be ideal for the development of a list processing system, and thus it was very appropriate that thefirst working program actually run on thePDP-6 was anancestor of thecurrent MACLISP. This earlyLISP was patterned after the existing PDP-1 LISP (see reference l), and was produced by using the text editor and a mini-assembler on the PDP-1. That first PDP-6 finally found its way into M.I.T.'s ProjectMAC for use by theArtificial lntelligence group (the A.1. grouplater became the M.I.T. Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and Project MAC became the Laboratory for Computer Science). By 1968, the PDP-6 wasrunning the Incompatible Time-sharing system, and was soon supplanted by the PDP-IO.Today, the KL-I 0, anadvanced version of thePDP-10, supports a variety of time sharing systems, most of which are capable of running a MACLISP. -
Directly Reflective Meta-Programming
Directly Reflective Meta-Programming ∗ Aaron Stump Computer Science and Engineering Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, Missouri, USA [email protected] Abstract Existing meta-programming languages operate on encodings of pro- grams as data. This paper presents a new meta-programming language, based on an untyped lambda calculus, in which structurally reflective pro- gramming is supported directly, without any encoding. The language fea- tures call-by-value and call-by-name lambda abstractions, as well as novel reflective features enabling the intensional manipulation of arbitrary pro- gram terms. The language is scope safe, in the sense that variables can neither be captured nor escape their scopes. The expressiveness of the language is demonstrated by showing how to implement quotation and evaluation operations, as proposed by Wand. The language's utility for meta-programming is further demonstrated through additional represen- tative examples. A prototype implementation is described and evaluated. Keywords: lambda calculus, reflection, meta-programming, Church en- coding, Mogensen-Scott encoding, Wand-style fexprs, alpha equivalence, language implementation. 1 Introduction This paper presents a new meta-programming language called Archon, in which programs can operate directly on other programs as data. Existing meta- programming languages suffer from defects such as encoding programs at too low a level of abstraction, or in a way that bloats the encoded program terms. Other issues include the possibility for variables either to be captured or escape their static scopes. Archon rectifies these defects by trading the complexity of the reflective encoding for additional programming constructs. We adopt ∗This work is supported by funding from the U.S. -
CONS Y X)))) Which Sets Z to Cdr[X] If Cdr[X] Is Not NIL (Without Recomputing the Value As Woirld Be Necessary in LISP 1.5
NO. 1 This first (long delayed) LISP Bulletin contains samples of most of those types of items which the editor feels are relevant to this publication. These include announcements of new (i.e. not previously announced here) implementations of LISP !or closely re- lated) systems; quick tricks in LISP; abstracts o. LISP related papers; short writeups and listings of useful programs; and longer articles on problems of general interest to the entire LISP com- munity. Printing- of these last articles in the Bulletin does not interfere with later publications in formal journals or books. Short write-ups of new features added to LISP are of interest, preferably upward compatible with LISP 1.5, especially if they are illustrated by programming examples. -A NEW LISP FEATURE Bobrow, Daniel G., Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., 50 oulton Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. An extension of ro 2, called progn is very useful. Tht ralue of progn[el;e ; ,..;e Y- is the value of e . In BBN-LISP on t .e SDS 940 we ha6e extenaed -cond to include $n implicit progn in each clause, putting It In the general form (COND (ell e ) . (e21 . e 2n2) (ekl e )) In1 ... ... kn,_ where nl -> 1. This form is identical to the LISP 1.5 form if n ni = 2. If n > 2 then each expression e in a clause is evaluated (in order) whh e is the first true (nohkN1~)predicate found. The value of the &And Is the value of the last clause evaluated. This is directly Gapolated to the case where n, = 1, bxre the value of the cond is the value of this first non-~ILprewcate. -
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tt ¦ »:¦/ " : ^" : ¦ ¦ ' ¦¦ ¦ ¦ : WATERFORD STEAMSHIP COMPANY ¦ ¦ ¦ ' • : - ;; (LIMITED). "4^ ' ¦ - " C¦ rdrity arid :C ty i -[q f>i-: ^ ' t?^'fe w ¦¦;:|:!.r|: - Wdteiifor<M ^ ^ITA Mpi! , r!l ,: i !i) -|^i:U}, ^p; .!-J;. ' .:{ INTENDED ORDER OF SAILING. VISITORS to DUBLIN j QENERA.L QUABTEn : ; HLts)tTAlilA'f,ond ^i^M.: l &E$SI0FS} ' FEBRUARY, l<110 TRy THE ^TOECANiA"- j isJ'SiiD 0Nos of itHE d6cryirt,i are . the XlaisasS ' and , .Fti£teEA!hnx &els xn tiqOKfrfpRFHEy ¦ 1 Y8JU&f t9J0fL.;-\ ST&AiMIEKS • W«w'; t5t5ni«r i^FRANiOOiNIA;M ' FOUR ; ¦ ¦ ,i Swinr ¦ CLODAGH. DtlNBRODY. REGINALD, Byilqers' ironmo^g'ery. - ' -' : - ' " i::|' -THS ;. , ¦]¦• , ;; ; ; . i , 'i ' : LAKA ; ! ; : . : ': : ;,j v j ; ; ^ . Triple -sc&w, TuiMne | \\. HILAicVS; BB38IONS. -!,-|v • ¦V. , JTKNAPIA, Ett. COURTS 1 ¦ If OAEMANIA¦ ," Iiitnore.dfliB osincOT—Totsday <th January, 1910 • ' [ ' - . ,. : • CrowS ConTentent to- M ' -ifj 20,000. abni' J^T . : BmlDCsS—Tuesday, 4U) piouirj.'9 <? V t^md an4 "VTOTICE.—Tho O Tl PI Household Ironr^on^o ; BANIC Bralllr—Wedoesdiy,5th lanbary, ' '¦ ¦ Water* r^y- CITY :a C9UWTYiiLOAM €i|. blSGQUWT Twuwfecrow- Staapi«j "GARONIA-i'' 20,000 191a , ., .- : 'i : . ¦/ i "V— _3N. ii ford Steamship Cpra» \ : ¦ ¦ ' ' ' DutuRirrisV OTU Daaineov—T»unday,«lh . |ariua»y, Can't bo boaten (or Comfort ' «^€£"^m^ci3 1 ¦ 'a jpuUbei: of yjears) ' : ' : Bg 1910^Crosm BOSISBSS—Friday, 7U1 Jnnnaf^,1910 j Lour) , Pieces^PrbIO T" - (Wli' l ch la estAbHshed for '¦ ¦ ' !lV «iul j ChChi i mhey ' - " - ' ¦ ' ' ; ¦¦ ¦ ' 'i ^6r Stoairdcr i' Bprlty—Friday,^ ¦ ' ; nr) - 7th Jao;ary, ~S-raJ Pibces^^pgl ; - 'VCAlCPAiin-A. ' ^jSf*?l5b?''!! -I' " ima ' • < rt;ey . 1 •! ^WCS, iGowfi li . , ! ' I ' . \i . , - •!• •( ~ ¦ «nd Lite Stock foe Ship. -
On Abstraction and the Expressive Power of Programming Languages
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Science of Computer Programming 21 (1993) 141-163 141 Elsevier On abstraction and the expressive power of programming languages John C. Mitchell* Departmentof Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, UsA Communicated by M. Hagiya Revised October 1992 Abstract Mitchell, J.C., On abstraction and the expressive power of programming languages, Science of Computer Programming 21 (1993) 141-163. This paper presents a tentative theory of programming language expressiveness based on reductions (language translations) that preserve observational equivalence. These are called “abstraction- preserving” reductions because of a connection with a definition of “abstraction” or “information- hiding” mechanisms. If there is an abstraction-preserving reduction from one language to another, then (essentially) every function on natural numbers that is definable in the first is also definable in the second. Moreover, an abstraction-preserving reduction must map every abstraction construct in the source language to a construct that hides analogous distinctions in the target language. Several examples and counterexamples to abstraction-preserving reductions are given. It is not known whether any language is universal with respect to abstraction-preserving reduction. 1. Introduction This paper presents a tentative theory of programming language expressiveness, originally described in unpublished notes that were circulated in 1986. The original motivation was to compare languages according to their ability to make sections of a program “abstract” by hiding some details of the internal workings of the code. This led to the definition of abstraction-preserving reductions, which are syntax-directed (homomorphic) language translations that preserve observational equivalence. -
' MACSYMA Users' Conference
' MACSYMA Users'Conference Held at University of California Berkeley, California July 27-29, 1977 I TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NY NASA CP-2012 Proceedings of the 1977 MACSYMA Users’ Conference Sponsored by Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of California at Berkeley, NASA Langley Research Center and held at Berkeley, California July 27-29, 1977 Scientific and TechnicalInformation Office 1977 NATIONALAERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION NA5A Washington, D.C. FOREWORD The technical programof the 1977 MACSPMA Users' Conference, held at Berkeley,California, from July 27 to July 29, 1977, consisted of the 45 contributedpapers reported in.this publicationand of a workshop.The work- shop was designed to promote an exchange of information between implementers and users of the MACSYMA computersystem and to help guide future developments. I The response to the call for papers has well exceeded the early estimates of the conference organizers; and the high quality and broad ra.ngeof topics of thepapers submitted has been most satisfying. A bibliography of papers concerned with the MACSYMA system is included at the endof this publication. We would like to thank the members of the programcommittee, the many referees, and the secretarial and technical staffs at the University of California at Berkeley and at the Laboratory for Computer Science, Massachusetts Instituteof Technology, for shepherding the many papersthrough the submission- to-publicationprocess. We are especiallyappreciative of theburden. carried by .V. Ellen Lewis of M. I. T. for serving as expert in document preparation from computer-readableto camera-ready copy for several papers. This conference originated as the result of an organizing session called by Joel Moses of M.I.T. -
A Lisp Machine with Very Compact Programs
Session 25 Hardware and Software for Artificial Intelligence A LISP MACHINE WITH VERY COMPACT PROGRAMS L. Peter Deutsch Xerox corporation, Palo Alto Research center (PARC) Palo Alto, California 94304 Abstract Data Types This paper presents a machine designed for LISP has many data types (e.g. list, compact representation and rapid execution symbolic atom, integer) but no declarations. of LISP programs. The machine language is a The usual implementation of languages with factor of 2 to 5 more compact than this property affixes a tag to each datum to S-expressions or conventional compiled code, indicate its type, in LISP, however, the , and the.compiler is extremely simple. The vast majority of data are pointers to lists encoding scheme is potentially applicable to or atoms, and it would be wasteful to leave data as well as program. The machine also room for a full word plus tag (the space provides for user-defined data structures. needed for an integer datum, for example) in every place where a datum can appear such as Introduction the CAR and CDR of list cells. Consequently, in BBN-LISP every datum is a Pew existing computers permit convenient or pointer; integers, strings, etc. are all efficient implementation of dynamic storage referenced indirectly. Storage is allocated in quanta, and each quantum holds data of allocation, recursive procedures, or only one type, so what type of object a operations on data whose type is represented given pointer references is just a function explicitly at run time rather than of the object's address, i.e. the pointer determined at compile time. -
USENIX Winter Conference
February ! 990 The Australian UNIX* systems User Group Newsletter Volume 11 Number 1 February 1990 CONTENTS AUUG General Information ..................... 4 Editorial ........................... 5 Secretary’s Letter ......................... 7 AUUG Inc 1990 Annual Elections -- Nomination Form ............. 8 Western Australian UNIX systems Group Information ............. 9 SESSPOOLE Information ...................... 10 AUUG Book Club Reviews ...................... 11 AUUG Book Club Order Form .................... 18 X Technical Bibliography ...................... 19 Commonly Asked X Questions ..................... 25 AUUG Institutional Members ..................... 42 From the EUUG Newsletter - Volume 9 Number 4 .............. 44 Editorial ......................... 45 How To Protect Your Software .................. 46 The EUUG Conference Mailing System ................ 54 UNIX in Czechoslovakia .................... 57 EUUG Munich Conference, Spring 1990 ................ 60 USING -- UNIX Systems Information Networking Group .......... 64 EUUG Executive Report .................... 67 Report From ICEUUG ..................... 69 News From The Netherlands ................... 71 UKUUG Report ....................... 74 USENIX Association News For EUUG Members ............. 76 USENIX Winter Conference ................... 78 EUnet Growing Up In Spain ................... 81 EUUG Software Distribution ................... 88 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22AVG15 (POSIX) Meeting October, 1989 ......... 92 The OPEN LOOKTM Graphical User Interface .............. 98