Evaluation De L'état Des Populations De Raie Bouclée

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Evaluation De L'état Des Populations De Raie Bouclée THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’AGROCAMPUS OUEST COMUE UNIVERSITE BRETAGNE LOIRE ECOLE DOCTORALE N° 598 Sciences de la Mer et du littoral Spécialité : Halieutique Par Florianne MARANDEL Evaluation de l’état des populations de raie bouclée Thèse présentée et soutenue à Nantes, le 19 septembre 2018 Unité de recherche : Unité Ecologie et Modèle pour l’Halieutique, IFREMER Thèse N° : 2018-16 H-105 Rapporteurs avant soutenance : Composition du Jury : Jennifer Ovenden - Professeur, Université de Brisbane Nigel, Gilles, Yoccoz - Professeur, Université Arctique de Nigel, Gilles Yoccoz - Professeur, Université Arctique de Norvège Norvège Nicolas Bez - Directeur de recherche, IRD Olivier Lepais - Chercheur, INRA Marie Savina-Rolland - Chercheuse, IFREMER Président Yannick Outreman - Professeur, Agrocampus-Ouest Directeur de thèse Verena M. Trenkel - Chercheuse, IFREMER Invité Pascal Lorance - Chercheur, IFREMER THÈSE DE DOCTORAT ÉVALUATION DE L'ÉTAT DES POPULATIONS DE RAIE BOUCLÉE 2 0 1 5 / 2 0 1 8 PRÉPARÉE PAR FLORIANNE MARANDEL SOUS LA DIRECTION DE VERENA M. TRENKEL & PASCAL LORANCE Remerciements En tout premier lieu, je remercie chaleureusement mes deux directeurs de thèse de m’avoir fait confiance pendant ces 3,5 ans. Tout d’abord merci Verena pour ton implication, ton intérêt constant pour mon travail et ta droiture ! J’ai beaucoup appris avec toi tant sur le plan humain et que sur le travail. Travailler avec toi a été très exigeant mais ce fut un plaisir que je réitérerai bien ! Je pense pouvoir m’enorgueillir d’avoir amener un peu de violet, de rose et de paillettes dans tes figures et présentations ! Pascal, merci avant tout pour ta curiosité, ta rigueur et ta disponibilité. Tu es un peu la force tranquille du trio "raie bouclée" d’EMH ! Merci d’avoir su souligner les résultats intéressants mais aussi ceux qui l’étaient un peu moins... ! Merci à vous deux de m’avoir inclue dans bien d’autres choses que juste "la thèse" et de m’avoir permis de collaborer avec et sans vous sur bien d’autres projets. Merci aux membres de mon jury de thèse (Jennifer Ovenden, Nigel Yoccoz, Olivier Lepais, Yanick Outreman, Marie Savina-Rolland et Nicolas Bez) d’avoir accepté d’évaluer mon travail ! En amont de ce travail, merci à mon comité de thèse (David Causeur, Gregory Charrier, Jean- Baptiste Lamy, Marie Laure Pilet Nayel et Frédérique Viard) pour leur aide précieuse et toujours très constructive ! Un remerciement spécial à Jean-Baptiste Lamy qui m’a vraiment beaucoup soutenue (sans peut être s’en rendre compte ?) dans la découverte de la génétique et tous les aléas humains et métho- dologiques que ça a entrainé. Merci de ta patience, de tes nombreux retours et de ton enthousiasme ! Aussi, merci beaucoup Gregory Charrier de ton aide et de tes précisions au début de ma thèse. For all the effective population size part, I am particularly indebted to Robin Waples. Thank you so much for welcoming me in Seattle ! This PhD thesis could not have been accomplished without your help. Moreover, thank you for your kindness, your patience but also for my first Thanksgiving diner ! Thank you Mindy Rowse for sharing your office with me. Thanks to you, I discover the Orcas Island and it was really a great trip ! The members of the WGEF have greatly contributed to my understanding of elasmobranchs ecology but also of fisheries. Thank you very much for all the nice time together. A special thanks for Sophie McCully-Phillips, Graham Johnston and the last but not the least, Jim Ellis. Thank you Jim for all the beers, the nice discussions but also all the nice memories in the "train" (and the flying popcorn !). Merci à toute l’équipe du projet GenoPoptaille pour son aide, son implication mais aussi (sur- tout) pour tout le travail accompli ! Merci Sabrina Le Cam, Adeline Bidault, Florence Cornette, Eric Stephen, Gérard Biais, Manuella Rabillier et Jean Laroche. Merci à l’IFREMER, à l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche et à la Fondation Total d’avoir financé ce travail ! Merci à IFREMER de m’avoir permis de partir deux mois aux Etats-Unis. Un gros merci à tous ces collaborateurs d’un jour, d’une semaine, d’un mois qui m’ont permis de sortir un peu de ma thèse tout en faisant de la science marine ! Merci à Stéphanie Mahévas de m’avoir invitée à prendre part aux journées prospectives de l’IUML. Merci aussi pour tes encouragements cette dernière année. Un gros merci aux atlantes : Sophie Pardo, Aurélien Babarit, Benoit Schoefs, Sandrine Jamet, Pierre Alexandre Mahieu, Justine Dumay, Hélène Callewaert, Jonas L’Haridon et Régis Baron. On n’aura qu’à se retrouver tous ensemble dans 10 ans à l’Atlantide autour d’une bonne bière ? Merci de vos encouragements et d’avoir autant cru en moi ! Votre confiance a été grandement appréciée en cette fin de doctorat ! ! ! Merci à Sophie Pilven de m’avoir inclue dans de nombreux projets de vulgarisation scientifique, j’ai vraiment adoré tous ces moments ! EMH, EMH,... Merci à toute l’équipe d’EMH de m’avoir acceuillie pendant ces années ! J’ai beaucoup apprécié les pauses cafés, les gâteaux, les activités sportives, etc... Bien sûr, à mes yeux, il y a quelques VIP.... Alors merci Olivier pour tout le travail de programmation accompli ! Grâce à toi, j’ai pu optimiser le travail de simulation et gagner beaucoup de temps ! ! Enfin merci pour ta bonne humeur constante ! Vincent, merci beaucoup pour ton humanité, tes conseils avisés et ta capacité à relativiser ! J’ai beaucoup appris humainement grâce à toi. Je remercie aussi Anne-Sophie pour sa bonne humeur et sa compréhension. C’était toujours très agréable de parler et travailler avec toi. Merci aux autres thésards, post-doc et stagiaires pour leur aide, conseils, soutien, blagounettes (Louise, Nans, Erwan, Fabien, etc) ! Un franc merci à Bérengère et Polo pour leur accueil toujours très chaleureux à Brest ! J’ai adoré mes missions à Brest grâce à vous et je suis au taquet pour un Mysterium ou un Dice Forge quand vous voulez ! Un merci spécial à ces deux lascards qui étaient de mes très bons amis avant cette thèse, qui sont devenus mes collègues pendant et qui sont toujours de très bons amis après ! Merci Arthur et Audric pour votre amitié, votre humour, vos goûts décalés, les soirées jeux de rôles, jeux de société, jeux videos, etc ! Je remercie aussi mes copains qui n’ont rien à voir avec l’aspect scientifique de cette thèse ni dans mon quotidien ifremérien.... Mandine, avec toi, soyons sobre, soyons clair, soyons précis : merci pour ces 14 ans d’amitié, d’honneteté, merci de me prouver chaque jour qu’on peut être loin des yeux mais proche du coeur. Merci Claire pour ton amitié fidèle, nos coups de téléphone réguliers et ta bonne humeur ! Merci à cette jolie rencontre qu’est Camille, c’est top de pouvoir discuter et rigoler comme on le fait. Merci pour les 1001 messages quotidiens ! Merci à mon Dadoo, la Picardo Team, Potchou, etc... (Au passage, je souhaite aussi remercier une actrice essentielle de cette thèse : la bande son ! Merci donc à Wicked, Rammstein, Aurora, Brigitte, Yoko Kanno, Therion, etc.... Sans vous, j’aurais mangé mon chapeau !) Merci à Vivie et toute sa "petite" famille pour les franches rigolades, les soirées arrosées et la bonne humeur. J’aurais carrément pu tomber pire comme belle-famille ! alors merci beaucoup de m’accepter comme je suis. Merci à toute ma famille mais surtout merci Papa et Maman pour m’avoir permis d’écrire ceci aujoud’hui. Merci de m’avoir soutenue moralement et financièrement toutes ces années, c’est grâce à vous que j’en suis là et je ne vous en serais jamais assez reconnaissante. Cette thèse, c’est la fin de ma vie d’étudiante, c’est la fin de 9 années parfois difficiles alors merci pour tout ! Merci Papa pour tous les conseils avisés et merci Maman pour tes bras réconfortants (et tes bons petits plats !). Enfin, Merci à Ambroise, pour ta présence et tout ce que tu m’apportes au quotidien. Merci d’avoir essayer de comprendre mon sujet et de t’être intéressé aux raies. Sans toi cette thèse n’aurait clairement pas été possible. Plus que tout. Plus qu’hier. Moins que demain. Table des matières 1 Introduction générale 1. Contexte scientifique et conceptuel . 1 1.1 Les différentes unités de population : concepts et utilisation . 2 1.2 Etudier l’abondance des populations marines . 3 2. Cas d’étude : la raie bouclée (Raja clavata)..................... 3 2.1 Biologie et écologie de la raie bouclée . 3 2.2 Intérêt économique de l’espèce . 4 2.3 Génétique des populations de raie bouclée . 6 3. Le projet GenoPopTaille . 9 4. Problématiques et objectifs de la thèse . 10 2 Délimiter des unités de population : étude de la connectivité des populations de raie bouclée 11 1. Etude de la différenciation génétique des Rajidae . 15 1.1 Métapopulation idéale vs. métapopulation Rajidae . 15 1.2 Les générations chevauchantes : un effet tampon . 17 2. Article : Apports de la connectivité génétique et démographique pour la gestion des raies . 19 3 Evaluer l’état des populations de raie bouclée : une méthode démographique 33 1. La modélisation au service de l’évaluation démographique de l’état des populations 37 2. Article : Un modèle Bayésien à état latent pour estimer la biomasse d’une po- pulation à l’aide de captures et de données de campagne limitées : application à la raie bouclée (Raja clavata) du golfe de Gascogne . 38 4 Contourner l’absence de données démographiques : évaluation simultanée de plusieurs stocks de raies 55 1. Quelles espèces de raies en Atlantique Nord-Est ? .
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