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9781643361857.Pdf In the Service of God and Humanity Conscience, Reason, and the Mind of Martin R. Delany • Tunde Adeleke © 2021 University of South Carolina Published by the University of South Carolina Press Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 www.uscpress.com 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data can be found at http://catalog.loc.gov/. ISBN: 978-1-64336-184-0 (hardcover) ISBN: 978-1-64336-185-7 (ebook) is book is published as part of the Sustainable History Monograph Pilot. With the generous support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the Pilot uses cutting-edge publishing technology to produce open access digital editions of high-quality, peer-reviewed monographs from leading university presses. Free digital editions can be downloaded from: Books at JSTOR, EBSCO, Hathi Trust, Internet Archive, OAPEN, Project MUSE, and many other open repositories. While the digital edition is free to download, read, and share, the book is under copyright and covered by the following Creative Commons License: BY-NC-ND. Please consult www.creativecommons.org if you have questions about your rights to reuse the material in this book. When you cite the book, please include the following URL for its Digital Object Identier (DOI): https://doi.org/ . / We are eager to learn more about how you discovered this title and how you are using it. We hope you will spend a few minutes answering a couple of questions at this url: https://www.longleafservices.org/shmp-survey/ More information about the Sustainable History Monograph Pilot can be found at https://www.longleafservices.org. In Memory of Ralph Archibald Legall ( – ) and Gerald A. Burks ( – ) Both Martin Delany Enthusiasts! • Contents Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Religion: Integration and Black Nationalism 14 Chapter 2 Violence: Martyrdom vs. Survival 45 Chapter 3 Education: Why, Which, and How? 76 Chapter 4 Politics: Citizenship, Accommodation, and Reconciliation 105 Conclusion Ahead of His Time 141 Notes 151 Bibliography 181 ­ Few nineteenth-century Black leaders traveled as extensively as Martin Robison Delany ( – ). From the time he le Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, at the invita- tion of Frederick Douglass to serve as coeditor and roving lecturer for the North Star in , Delany’s life was one of constant motion. ese travels initially took him to all corners of the Black communities in the North and Midwest. By the s, with his turn to emigration and Black nationalism, his travels expanded globally (Canada, Africa, and Britain). Delany’s experiences and adventures while traveling nationally and internationally exposed him to the exigencies and complexities of the Black experience, which he meticulously documented, thereby creating a rich legacy for posterity. Needless to say, his travels were not for personal gain or pleasure but were undertaken primarily in furtherance of the Black struggle. is was a preoccupation Delany gladly and enthusiastically embraced with love but with little to no expectation of personal compensation. Most oen, especially in the early phase, he relied on the kindness and charity of strangers and abolitionists—men and women alike who raised donations. Some oered him shelter and cared for his horse; others gave him rides in stagecoaches. rough it all, Delany was never on anyone’s permanent payroll. His work in- volved many sacrices, as he underscored, in the service of God and humanity. As a Martin Delany student and scholar, I can venture the contention that we are yet to fully explore and appreciate the wealth of Delany’s legacy. e more we probe his writings, the more we are exposed to new insights, with rich and varied perspectives and viewpoints. Personally, studying and researching Martin Delany has been the most intellectually enriching and rewarding of endeavors. rough it all, I have been fortunate to benet from the knowledge and expertise of other colleagues, friends and scholars many of whom I have acknowledged in several of my previous publications. For this study however, I will acknowledge two key individuals, both now deceased and in whose memories the work is ded- icated: Ralph Archibald Legall ( – ) and Gerald A. Burks ( – ). I rst met Ralph by chance encounter at a bus stop on the corner of Rich- mond and Dundas in downtown London, Ontario, in the fall of , shortly aer my arrival in Canada. We struck up a friendship, and I quickly discovered xi xii Acknowledgments his depth of knowledge of Black history. Ralph was very generous. He invited me to his apartment on countless occasions, and over sumptuous meals (Ralph was a chef), we would engage in spirited but friendly discourses on the state of the Black struggles in America and across the globe. He was particularly passionate about developments in the Caribbean. Ralph was born and raised in St. Michael, Barbados, and had partaken of the experiences and struggles that the late re- nowned West Indian writer Austin Clarke described in his memoir Growing Up Stupid Under the Union Jack. Austin Clarke also hailed from Barbados and was a schoolmate of Ralph’s at Harrison College. I soon discovered that Ralph had also written a master’s thesis on aspects of the Black struggles in the Caribbean for the University of Winsor. Ralph was instrumental in helping to shape and frame my early thoughts about Martin Delany. Ralph was not just a personal friend, he was a family friend. He was very kind and generous to my wife and our son, Tosin. I lost contact with Ralph aer completion of my studies and returned to Nigeria in . We reconnected briey by phone when I moved to New Orleans in . He was then working as a Tennis instructor for the Kine- siology Department of the University of Windsor in Ontario, Canada. I did not hear from Ralph again until I read his obituary in . In all our meetings and socializing, Ralph never once mentioned his stellar athletic accomplishments prior to immigrating to Canada. Ralph had won the Trinidad and Tobago Table Tennis singles title in ; he played basketball and soccer for both Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados, West Indian Cricket for Trinidad in the s and s, Davis Cup tennis for the Caribbean team against the US and Canada in and , First Division soccer for the British Army and police in , and cricket for the Lancashire League (England) in before emigrating to Canada. I found out about all of these aer his death. What an amazing feat, and what a humble and unassuming human being! It was also by chance that I met Gerald Burks. Our paths rst crossed in at the Annual Conference of the Association for African American His- torical Research and Preservation in Seattle, Washington. I had the privilege of being recognized as “Honorary Conference Chair” and thus became the focus of attention. During a preconference reception, I shared a table with a group of attendees that included Gerald Burks. It was at this table that Burks shared a volume he had edited containing primary and genealogical sources he had col- lected in an eort to, in his words, “identify my maternal ancestry and to prove that Martin Robinson (Martin Robison Delany) is part of it.” e next day, to my surprise, he presented me with a copy of the book. is was an unex- pected gesture of generosity for which I remain eternally grateful. Burks’s book Acknowledgments xiii is among the truly treasured classics on Martin Delany. I place it alongside the pioneering works of Dorothy Sterling and Victor Ullman. As Burks claimed, “In familial vernacular without the ‘greats’, I am his [i.e., Delany’s] nephew.” He referred to Delany as “Uncle Martin.” Burks was a consummate Delany bu who spent considerable time and resources in pursuit of validating his ancestry. He traced his “great, great grandfather, James Robinson and great grandfather Harrison Robinson to Shepherdstown, Jeerson County, West Virginia, a few miles north of Charlestown,” Martin Delany’s birthplace. Based on his nding, and their uncanny resemblance, Burks considered Martin Delany his great-great uncle. is rich volume contains documents from United States census and ge- nealogical data and plantation records dating back to before Delany was born. Burks traveled extensively and spent considerable time in the counties of West Virginia; in the process, he amassed a truly impressive and meticulous record that strongly supported his case. I have no doubt that had Burks not died, the trajectory of his research would have resulted in some form of publication that would have benetted generations of Delany students and scholars. I would be remiss not to acknowledge the singular positive inuence that has nurtured a most welcoming and endearing environment for me and my family in Ames, Iowa: the Owusu family (Francis, “my little brother,” as I fondly refer to him; his lovely wife, Teresa; and their beautiful children). We have been in- separable ever since I met them during my campus visit to Iowa State University. eir home is my second home, and as madam Teresa always reassured me when- ever I arrived at their doorstep uninvited and unexpected, “welcome home.” is welcome is not empty cliché or rhetoric. It is always accompanied by sumptuous meals rendered with love and aection. In over four decades in academia, during which I have taught in several institutions in the United States and abroad, my stay at Iowa State University is the longest. I attribute this, without equivoca- tion, to the familial welcome and endearing inuence of Francis and his family. I want to acknowledge my immense gratitude to, and appreciation for, the two anonymous reviewers of the manuscript for the University of South Car- olina Press.
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