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La Inmensida D De Lo Mínimo D E LOS GENOMAS A L O S Á T O M O S LA INMENSIDA D DE LO MêNIMO Tecnología atómica: Tecnologías que convergen en la nano escala D E LOS GENOMAS A L O S Á T O M O S LA INMENSID A D DE LO MêNIMO Tecnología atómica: Tecnologías que convergen en la nano escala Enero de 2003 5 Resumen: La tecnología atómica en una página 6 C o n t e x t o: La convergencia de tecnologías 9 claves históricas i: La tecnología: ¿mejoras que empobrecen? 10 Evaluación etc 12 Sección uno ¥ ¿Qué es la tecnología atómica? 22 Sección dos ¥ Cuatro [riesgosos] saltos a la inmensidad de lo mínimo 24 paso uno: lo nano a granel: la producción de nano partículas 27 ¿Cuáles son los riesgos? 28 Evaluación etc 29 paso dos: nano fabricación: construir con viruta atómica C o n t e n i d o Evaluación etc 30 paso tres: manufactura molecular —Goliats invisibles 33 ¿Cuáles son los riesgos? 35 paso cuatro: Átomo y Eva —nano tecnología biónica 39 ¿Cuáles son los riesgos? Evaluación etc 40 claves históricas ii: El despliegue de la vida: logros del barro 44 Sección tres ¥ ¿Funcionarán las tecnologías atómicas? 45 mira quién habla: los nano aplicaditos —las cifras científicas 47 mira quién patenta: nano pescadores y nano promotores —las corporaciones multinacionales y las compañías de innovación nanométrica mira quién paga: nano nadies y nano compadres —los contribuyentes y el padrinazgo público a la investigación 48 mira lo que (ya) ocurre: nano expendios —de la investigación a los ingresos 49 Evaluación etc 52 Sección cuatro ¥ ¿A quién y dónde impactará? 54 nanopolios la tecnología atómica no se detendrá en la nano escala 55 manufactura y materiales 56 electrónica, energía e informática 57 fármacos y cuidados de la salud aplicaciones militares 58 agricultura 59 procesado de alimentos 60 no si se podrá, sino cuándo seis mitos reciclables Evaluación etc 64 Sección cinco ¥ ¿A quién le importa? 65 nano aplicaditos: las instituciones científicas nano promotores: las compañías de innovación nanométrica 68 los gigantes de la tecnología atómica: Mogules multinacionales de la materia nanócratas: los respaldos gubernamentales 72 nanos del sur 75 nano guardas: los grupos de la sociedad civil que supervisan las nuevas tecnologías 78 Sección seis ¥ Conclusiones y recomendaciones de políticas públicas 79 nuestro futuro convergente 81 Evaluación etc 82 Fuentes y recursos: A p é n d i c e s 83 a . La red de lo “nano” 85 b . Nano gramática 88 El Grupo E TC Grupo de Acción sobre Erosión, Tecnología y Concentración R E S U M E N tunidades y horrendos riesgos sociales y ambientales. La tec- La tecnología atómica en una página nología atómica permitirá que la industria monopolice las plataformas de manufactura a nivel atómico que apuntalan toda la materia animada e inanimada. Una pre o c u p a c i ó n A S U N TO: Las tecnologías del anterior medio siglo —los tr a n - i mportante se refiere a la actual producción a granel de ma- si s t o r es, los semi conductores y la ingeniería genética— han teriales y nuevas formas del carbono con características des- buscado todas reducir el tamaño, los materiales y los costos conocidas que no se han sometido a prueba. En el futuro, la conforme incrementan el poder. Estamos a punto de dar un producción masiva de nano materiales únicos y de maquina- salto mucho mayor hacia la inmensidad de los mínimo. ria auto replicable, implica riesgos incalculables. La tecnolo- Nuestra capacidad de manipular la materia transita ahora de gía atómica podría significar también la creación y la combi- los genes a los átomos. Mientras la sociedad civil y los go- nación de nuevos elementos y la ampliación de las armas de bi e r nos se preocupan por la modificación genética, un impre- destrucción masiva. La Sección Cuatro (¿A quién y dónde sionante conjunto de iniciativas industriales fija sus miras en impactará?) continúa las notas previas en torno a los riesgos una revolución científica que podría modificar la materia y y añade ejemplos sectoriales. transformar todos los aspectos del trabajo y la vida. Este in- forme presenta una serie de herramientas y técnicas a las que AC TO R E S : El financiamiento público en Estados Unidos, Ja- llamamos tecnologías atómicas, y que incluyen las nano par- pón y Europa es del orden de los 2 mil millones de dólares tículas, la nano biotecnología, la nano fabricación y la manu- por año y aumenta vertiginosamente. Están comprometidos factura molecular. También se describe aquí la convergencia, en ello las principales corporaciones de todos los sectores in- en ciernes, de la biotecnología, la nano fabricación, las tecno- dustriales, desde Bayer a Boeing, de Motorola a Mitsubishi, logías de la información y las ciencias cognitivas, siendo la de IBM a Exxon. Es probable que sus inversiones internas fuerza unificadora la manipulación de la materia en escala igualen al de empresas que apenas comienzan a operar. El nanométrica, o nano escala. La Sección Uno (¿Qué es la tec- gasto a nivel mundial en investigación y desarrollo en 2001 nología atómica?) presenta tales tecnologías y la Sección Tres fue de unos 4 mil millones de dólares. La Sección Cinco (¿A (¿Funcionarán las tecnologías atómicas?) ofrece cuatro crite- quién le importa?) examina el espectro de las compañías, rios para medir sus perspectivas comerciales. universidades y gobiernos que trabajan en las nuevas tecno- logías, en pequeño y en grande. I M PAC TO : Toda forma de trabajo y empresa saldrá afectada. La Sección Dos (C u a t r o [riesgosos] saltos a la inmensidad de P O L ê T I C A S : La mayor parte de la investigación actual en tec- lo mínimo) describe el panorama presente y futuro de dicha nología atómica no manipula directamente materia viva —pe- tecnología. Se estima que el mercado actual global de las tec- ro sí los elementos químicos cruciales a la vida— y en gran nologías nanoescalares es del orden de los 45 mil millones de medida ha logrado evadir cualquier escrutinio regulatorio. dó l a re s . 1 En la actualidad ya juegan un papel habilitador en la Incluso la producción y uso de los materiales nanoescalares biotecnología, en la farmacéutica, en el almacenamiento de de hoy podrían conllevar implicaciones para la sociedad, que en e r gía e información y en la próspera industria de materiales. nos quitarían el aliento, y se desconocen aún los impactos Se predice que los circuitos nano fabricados acapararán el ambientales debido a que los datos y los estudios son todavía me r cado de semi conductores basados en el silicio en un lapso insuficientes. En el futuro, la manufactura molecular entraña de diez años (los dividendos globales de este sector reb a s a r á n enormes riesgos ambientales y sociales y no debe proseguir los 300 mil millones de dólares para 2006). Las tecnologías —ni siquiera en el laboratorio— en ausencia de un amplio entrarán al ámbito de la manufactura convencional incluyén- entendimiento y evaluación por parte de la sociedad. La Sec- dolo todo: desde aparatos domésticos hasta vestuario y comi- ción Seis ofrece algunas recomendaciones en política pública. da. Para 2015, el mercado mundial de todos los pasos de la tecnología atómica excederá el billón de dólares y el mundo F O RO S : Ninguno. En los foros inter gubernamentales se des- tendrá que lidiar con organismos biónicos: ver la Sección Dos conoce o se subestima aún el impacto de la convergencia de (Átomo y Eva).2 Aunque este impacto se sentirá primero en los tecnologías en la nano escala. Dado que las tecnologías nano- países del Norte, la tecnología atómica —como en su momen- métricas se aplicarán en todos los sectores, ninguna agencia to la biotecnología— acarreará prontas consecuencias econó- quiere dar el primer paso. Los gobiernos y las organizaciones micas y ambientales también para los países del Sur. de la sociedad civil (O S C) deberían establecer una Conven- ción Internacional para la Evaluación de Nuevas Tecnologías R I E S G O S : Algunos cuantos científicos (y menos gobiernos) re- (CIENT), que incluyan mecanismos para supervisar cualquier conocen que la tecnología atómica entraña tremendas opor- desarrollo tecnológico. C O N T E X T O La convergencia de tecnologías Este informe describe y analiza la convergencia de tecnologías nanoescalares y sus po- tenciales impactos sociales. Nuestro propósito es traducir la compleja información cien- tífica y ayudar a catalizar un amplio debate público. (Los términos nuevos o especiali- zados relacionados con las tecnologías nanoescalares aparecen en negritas a lo largo del documento y se definen en el glosario. Ver “Nano gramática” en el Apéndice B). La industria y los gobiernos prometen que la manipulación de la materia en la esca- la del nanómetro (la millonésima parte de un milímetro) nos traerá maravillosos bene- ficios. Toda la materia, viva o inerte, se origina en la nano escala. No puede subestimar- se los impactos de las tecnologías que controlen este ámbito: el control de la materia a nano escala es el control de los elementos de la naturaleza (los átomos y las moléculas son los ladrillos de todo). La biotecnología (o manipulación de los genes), la informáti- ca (el manejo electrónico de la información), las ciencias cognitivas (la exploración y manipulación de la mente) y la nanotecnología (la manipulación de los elementos) ha- brán de convergir para transformar la materia viva e inerte. Cuando los OGMs (organis- mos genéticamente modificados) coincidan con la materia atómicamente modificada (MAM), la vida y lo vivo nunca volverán a ser lo mismo.
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