DOCSLIB.ORG

Economic Assessment of Hydrogen Technologies Participating In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Economic Assessment of Hydrogen Technologies Participating In Economic Assessment of Hydrogen Technologies Participating in California Electricity Markets Joshua Eichman, Aaron Townsend, and Marc Melaina National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Technical Report NREL/TP-5400-65856 February 2016 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Economic Assessment of Hydrogen Technologies Participating in California Electricity Markets Joshua Eichman, Aaron Townsend, and Marc Melaina National Renewable Energy Laboratory Prepared under Task No. HT12.2A15 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report 15013 Denver West Parkway NREL/TP-5400-65856 Golden, CO 80401 February 2016 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Available electronically at SciTech Connect http:/www.osti.gov/scitech Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 OSTI http://www.osti.gov Phone: 865.576.8401 Fax: 865.576.5728 Email: [email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5301 Shawnee Road Alexandria, VA 22312 NTIS http://www.ntis.gov Phone: 800.553.6847 or 703.605.6000 Fax: 703.605.6900 Email: [email protected] Cover Photos by Dennis Schroeder: (left to right) NREL 26173, NREL 18302, NREL 19758, NREL 29642, NREL 19795. NREL prints on paper that contains recycled content. Acknowledgements The authors thank Dr. Susan Schoenung (Longitude 122 West, Inc.) and Mike Penev (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) for their reviews and comments during the publication process. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC36- 08GO28308 with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Funding was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Fuel Cell Technologies Office in the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. iii This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. List of Abbreviations and Acronyms CAISO California Independent System Operator FOM fixed operation and maintenance FC fuel cell NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory SMR steam methane reformer VOM variable operation and maintenance iv This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Executive Summary As the electric sector evolves and increasing amounts of variable renewable generation are installed on the system, there are greater needs for system flexibility and sufficient capacity, and greater concern for overgeneration from renewable sources not well matched in time with electric loads. Hydrogen systems have the potential to support the grid in each of these areas. However, limited information is available about the economic competitiveness of hydrogen system configurations. This paper quantifies the value for hydrogen energy storage and demand response systems to participate in select California wholesale electricity markets using 2012 data. For hydrogen systems and conventional storage systems (e.g., pumped hydro, batteries), the yearly revenues from energy, ancillary service, and capacity markets are compared to the yearly cost to establish economic competitiveness. Hydrogen systems can present a positive value proposition for current markets. Three main findings include: 1. For hydrogen systems participating in California electricity markets, producing and selling hydrogen was found to be much more valuable than producing and storing hydrogen to later produce electricity; therefore systems should focus on producing and selling hydrogen and opportunistically providing ancillary services and arbitrage. 2. Tighter integration with electricity markets generates greater revenues (i.e., systems that participate in multiple markets receive the highest revenue). 3. More storage capacity, in excess of what is required to provide diurnal shifting, does not increase competitiveness in current California wholesale energy markets. As more variable renewable generation is installed, the importance of long duration storage may become apparent in the energy price or through additional markets, but currently, there is not a sufficiently large price differential between days to generate enough revenue to offset the cost of additional storage. Future work will involve expanding to consider later year data and multiple regions to establish more generalized results. v This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Table of Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Previous Studies on Grid Revenue Calculation and Hydrogen Flexibility ..................................... 2 3 Hydrogen System Configurations ...................................................................................................... 4 4 Modeling Approach and Data Sources .............................................................................................. 6 4.1 Revenue Optimization ................................................................................................................... 7 4.2 Cost Calculations ......................................................................................................................... 11 4.3 System Configurations ................................................................................................................ 12 5 Results ................................................................................................................................................. 14 6 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................ 18 7 Future Work ......................................................................................................................................... 19 8 References .......................................................................................................................................... 20 vi This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. List of Figures Figure 1. Hydrogen technology configurations ....................................................................................... 5 Figure 2. Example of optimized operation for an electrolyzer and fuel cell storage system for two consecutive days .................................................................................................................................. 9 Figure 3. Comparison of cost versus electricity market revenue for conventional and hydrogen technologies ($3–$10/kg represents a range of potential sale prices for hydrogen) .................. 15 Figure 4. Breakdown of electricity market revenues with a hydrogen sale price of $3/kg ............... 16 Figure 5. Storage capacity sensitivity analysis for “FC-EY All” from 3 to 168 hours of storage ..... 17 List of Tables Table 1. Historical Energy, Ancillary Service, and Natural Gas Prices for CAISO in 2012a ................ 6 Table 2. Technology Assumptions ............................................................................................................ 8 Table 3. List of System Configurations .................................................................................................. 12 vii This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. 1 Introduction Hydrogen is a versatile element that can be used in a variety of applications including chemical and industrial processes (Bourgeois 2007; Ramachandran and Menon 1998), as a transportation fuel (Green et al. 2008), and as a heating fuel for heating, cooking, power generation, etc. (De Vries et al. 2007;
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Role and Status of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Across the Global Energy System
    The role and status of hydrogen and fuel cells across the global energy system Iain Staffell(a), Daniel Scamman(b), Anthony Velazquez Abad(b), Paul Balcombe(c), Paul E. Dodds(b), Paul Ekins(b), Nilay Shah(d) and Kate R. Ward(a). (a) Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London SW7 1NE. (b) UCL Institute for Sustainable Resources, University College London, London WC1H 0NN. (c) Sustainable Gas Institute, Imperial College London, SW7 1NA. (d) Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Dept of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ. Abstract Hydrogen technologies have experienced cycles of excessive expectations followed by disillusion. Nonetheless, a growing body of evidence suggests these technologies form an attractive option for the deep decarbonisation of global energy systems, and that recent improvements in their cost and performance point towards economic viability as well. This paper is a comprehensive review of the potential role that hydrogen could play in the provision of electricity, heat, industry, transport and energy storage in a low-carbon energy system, and an assessment of the status of hydrogen in being able to fulfil that potential. The picture that emerges is one of qualified promise: hydrogen is well established in certain niches such as forklift trucks, while mainstream applications are now forthcoming. Hydrogen vehicles are available commercially in several countries, and 225,000 fuel cell home heating systems have been sold. This represents a step change from the situation of only five years ago. This review shows that challenges around cost and performance remain, and considerable improvements are still required for hydrogen to become truly competitive.
    [Show full text]
  • Fuel Cell Powered Vehicles
    Contents Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Objective ........................................................................................................................................................... 2 Approach ........................................................................................................................................................... 2 Sizing of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles ............................................................................................................ 3 Assumptions.................................................................................................................................................. 5 Sizing Results ............................................................................................................................................... 7 Results: Midsize FC HEV and FC PHEV ..................................................................................................... 8 Contribution of Fuel Cell Technology Progress .............................................................................................. 11 Results: Impact of Fuel Cell Technologies ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Many Pathways to Renewable Hydrogen (Presentation)
    Many Pathways to Renewable Hydrogen presented at Power Gen: Renewable Energy & Fuels 2008 by Dr. Robert J. Remick NREL Center Director Hydrogen Technologies and Systems Center NREL/PR-560-42691 Presented at POWER-GEN Renewable Energy and Fuels 2008 conference held February 19-21, 2008 in Las Vegas, Nevada. Why Renewable Hydrogen? • Virtually any primary energy source can be turned into hydrogen opening up the possibility of hydrogen becoming a universal fuel. • Renewable Hydrogen contributes to our National energy objectives Energy Security Environmental Stewardship Economic Competitiveness • Using hydrogen as an energy vector helps mitigate the intermittency of renewable energy sources by providing opportunities for storage. Electrolysis Pathways Solar PV Wind Electrolyzers - Hydro e Ocean Geothermal Non-PV Solar Pathways heat High Temperature Thermochemical Cycle Photoelectrochemical Photobiological Biomass Pathways Thermochemical Separator syngas or WGS F-T bio-oils Biochemical alcohols Reformer Dark Fermentation Hydrogen Potential from Renewables Barriers to Implementation • General / Marketplace – Viewed as long term – 20 to 30 years out – Hydrogen use viewed with trepidation by public – Current hydrogen production costs higher than conventional fuels • Technological – Numerous technical challenges for each of the renewable pathways – Limited industry interest and investment in R&D NREL Supports DOE’s Hydrogen Program Goals for 2015 Production Onboard Storage $2.00 - 3.00/kg Fuel Cell (pathway independent) 300 mile range $30/kw NREL Hydrogen Technology Thrusts Hydrogen production Hydrogen delivery Hydrogen storage Hydrogen manufacturing Fuel cells Technology validation Safety, codes, & standards Analysis H2 Production: Photoelectrochemical Photoelectrochemical materials are specialized semiconductors that use energy from sunlight to dissociate water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Storage a Brief Overview of Hydrogen Storage Options Rich Dennis Technology Manager – Advanced Turbines and SCO2 Power Cycles
    Hydrogen Storage A brief overview of hydrogen storage options Rich Dennis Technology Manager – Advanced Turbines and SCO2 Power Cycles Ref:(https://www.greencarcongre ss.com/2016/09/20160911- doe.html) 2nd workshop on Thermal, Mechanical and Chemical Energy Storage OmniPresentation William to Penn; Pittsburgh PA; February 4, 2020 Sponsored by Elliot Group; Co-organized with SwRI and NETL 2/6/2020 1 Presentation Outline Small-scale to large-scale hydrogen storage provides attractive options • H2 physical properties Months Hydrogen • Overview H2 production, transportation & utilization Weeks Texas, US • H2 storage technologies • Compressed storage Days • Liquid storage CAES • Materials based storage • Chemical hydrogen storage Hours • Vehicle & portable applications Pumped Hydro • Storage in NG pipelines Minutes 0.1 1 10 100 1000 • Summary GWh Ref: 1. Crotogino F, Donadei S, Bu¨ nger U, Landinger H. Large-scale hydrogen underground storage for securing future energy supplies. Proceedingsof 18thWorld Hydrogen Energy Conference (WH2C2010), Essen, Germany;May 16e21, 2010. p. 37e45. 2/6/2020 2 2. Kepplinger J, Crotogino F, Donadei S, Wohlers M. Present trends in compressed air energy and hydrogen storage in Germany. Solution Mining Research Institute SMRI Fall 2011 Conference, York, United Kingdom; October 3e4, 2011. Physical Properties of H2 vs CH4 H2 has a very low density and energy density, and a high specific volume Hydrogen 0.085 120 11.98 10,050 Density Lower Heating Value Specific Volume Energy Density Property 3 3 3 (kg/m ) (kJ/kg) m /kg kJ/m 0.65 50 1.48 32,560 Methane 1 atm,15°C 1 atm, 25°C 1 atm, 21°C 1 atm, 25°C 3 Laminar Flame Speeds Hydrogen burns ten times as fast as methane H2 CO CH4 0.4 1 2 3 meter/second 0.3 Ref: NACA Report 1300 4 Flammability Limits In Air Hydrogen has broad flammability limits compared to methane H2 4 to 75 CO 12 to 75 CH4 5 to 15 0 25 50 75 100 % in Air 5 Diffusivity in Air In air, hydrogen diffuses over three times as fast compared to methane H2 CO CH4 0.2 0.5 0.7 1 cm2/sec Ref: Vargaftik, N.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Hydrogen Powertrains with the Battery Powered Electric Vehicle and Investigation of Small-Scale Local Hydrogen Production Using Renewable Energy
    Review Comparison of Hydrogen Powertrains with the Battery Powered Electric Vehicle and Investigation of Small-Scale Local Hydrogen Production Using Renewable Energy Michael Handwerker 1,2,*, Jörg Wellnitz 1,2 and Hormoz Marzbani 2 1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Ingolstadt, Esplanade 10, 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany; [email protected] 2 Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Climate change is one of the major problems that people face in this century, with fossil fuel combustion engines being huge contributors. Currently, the battery powered electric vehicle is considered the predecessor, while hydrogen vehicles only have an insignificant market share. To evaluate if this is justified, different hydrogen power train technologies are analyzed and compared to the battery powered electric vehicle. Even though most research focuses on the hydrogen fuel cells, it is shown that, despite the lower efficiency, the often-neglected hydrogen combustion engine could be the right solution for transitioning away from fossil fuels. This is mainly due to the lower costs and possibility of the use of existing manufacturing infrastructure. To achieve a similar level of refueling comfort as with the battery powered electric vehicle, the economic and technological aspects of the local small-scale hydrogen production are being investigated. Due to the low efficiency Citation: Handwerker, M.; Wellnitz, and high prices for the required components, this domestically produced hydrogen cannot compete J.; Marzbani, H. Comparison of with hydrogen produced from fossil fuels on a larger scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy and the Hydrogen Economy
    Energy and the Hydrogen Economy Ulf Bossel Fuel Cell Consultant Morgenacherstrasse 2F CH-5452 Oberrohrdorf / Switzerland +41-56-496-7292 and Baldur Eliasson ABB Switzerland Ltd. Corporate Research CH-5405 Baden-Dättwil / Switzerland Abstract Between production and use any commercial product is subject to the following processes: packaging, transportation, storage and transfer. The same is true for hydrogen in a “Hydrogen Economy”. Hydrogen has to be packaged by compression or liquefaction, it has to be transported by surface vehicles or pipelines, it has to be stored and transferred. Generated by electrolysis or chemistry, the fuel gas has to go through theses market procedures before it can be used by the customer, even if it is produced locally at filling stations. As there are no environmental or energetic advantages in producing hydrogen from natural gas or other hydrocarbons, we do not consider this option, although hydrogen can be chemically synthesized at relative low cost. In the past, hydrogen production and hydrogen use have been addressed by many, assuming that hydrogen gas is just another gaseous energy carrier and that it can be handled much like natural gas in today’s energy economy. With this study we present an analysis of the energy required to operate a pure hydrogen economy. High-grade electricity from renewable or nuclear sources is needed not only to generate hydrogen, but also for all other essential steps of a hydrogen economy. But because of the molecular structure of hydrogen, a hydrogen infrastructure is much more energy-intensive than a natural gas economy. In this study, the energy consumed by each stage is related to the energy content (higher heating value HHV) of the delivered hydrogen itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen from Biomass Gasification
    Hydrogen from biomass gasification Biomass harvesting, Photo: Bioenergy2020+ IEA Bioenergy: Task 33: December 2018 Hydrogen from biomass gasification Matthias Binder, Michael Kraussler, Matthias Kuba, and Markus Luisser Edited by Reinhard Rauch Copyright © 2018 IEA Bioenergy. All rights Reserved ISBN, 978-1-910154-59-5 Published by IEA Bioenergy IEA Bioenergy, also known as the Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) for a Programme of Research, Development and Demonstration on Bioenergy, functions within a Framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and publications of IEA Bioenergy do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of its individual Member countries. Executive Summary Hydrogen will be an important renewable secondary energy carrier for the future. Today, hydrogen is predominantly produced from fossil fuels. Hydrogen production from biomass via gasification can be an auspicious alternative for future decarbonized applications, which are based on renewable and carbon-dioxide-neutral produced hydrogen. This study gives an overview of possible ways to produce hydrogen via biomass gasification. First, an overview of the current market situation is given. Then, hydrogen production based on biomass gasification is explained. Two different hydrogen production routes, based on biomass gasification, were investigated in more detail. Hydrogen production was investigated for steam gasification and sorption enhanced reforming. Both routes assessed, appear suitable for hydrogen production. Biomass to hydrogen efficiencies (LHV based) of up to 69% are achieved and a techno-economic study shows, hydrogen selling prices of down to 2.7 EUR·kg-1 (or 79 EUR·MWh-1). Overall it can be stated, that governmental support and subsidies are necessary for successful implementation of hydrogen production based on biomass gasification technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Memorandum of Cooperation
    MEMORANDUM OF COOPERATION BETWEEN THE MINISTRY OF ECONOMY, TRADE, AND INDUSTRY OF JAPAN AND THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONCERNING COLLABORATION IN THE FIELD OF CARBON CAPTURE, UTILIZATION AND STORAGE, AND CARBON RECYCLING The Department of Energy of the United States of America and the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry of Japan, hereinafter referred to as the "Participants": RECOGNIZING technologies involving carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) and Carbon Recycling as one of the future’s most promising options to achieve carbon neutral or net negative carbon emissions and promote economic growth; NOTING, in particular, the important role of advanced fossil fuel technologies together with CCUS and Carbon Recycling in ensuring affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy supplies as well as contributing to a hydrogen economy; RECOGNIZING the Memorandum of Cooperation between the Department of Energy of the United States of America and the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry of Japan concerning Collaboration in the Field of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage signed on October 17, 2017 (the “2017 MOC”); and DESIRING through this Memorandum of Cooperation (MOC) to enhance collaboration in the area of CCUS and Carbon Recycling as well as enabling a hydrogen value chain, particularly in developing carbon utilization and carbon recycling technologies, such as carbon dioxide plus hydrogen to chemicals, and fossil fuels or waste to hydrogen technologies, Have reached the following mutual understanding: Section 1 SCOPE Collaboration under this MOC may include, but is not limited to, the following fields: 1. Sequestration options for carbon dioxide from fossil-fuel-based systems, including capture and storage; 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Energy Storage: Grid and Transportation Services February 2015
    02 Hydrogen Energy Storage: Grid and Transportation Services February 2015 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy EfficiencyWorkshop Structure and Renewable / 1 Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Hydrogen Energy Storage: Grid and Transportation Services February 2015 Hydrogen Energy Storage: Grid and Transportation Services Proceedings of an Expert Workshop Convened by the U.S. Department of Energy and Industry Canada, Hosted by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the California Air Resources Board Sacramento, California, May 14 –15, 2014 M. Melaina and J. Eichman National Renewable Energy Laboratory Prepared under Task No. HT12.2S10 Technical Report NREL/TP-5400-62518 February 2015 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden, CO 80401 303-275-3000 www.nrel.gov NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • Nrel: a Year in Clean Energy Innovations
    NREL: in Clean Energy A Year Innovations | A Review of NREL’s 2013 A Review Feature of NREL’s Stories NREL: A YEAR IN CLEAN ENERGY INNOVATIONS National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC NREL/BK-6A42-61187 • February 2014 A Review of NREL’s 2013 Feature Stories Printed with a renewable-source ink on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 10% post consumer waste. NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Cover photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL 26174 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 LBAOA OR T RY OF THE FUTURE 59 At NREL, Sustainability Goes Beyond Campus 60 ADVANCED VEHICLES & FUELS 3 NREL Takes Efficiency to the Great Outdoors 62 Biomass Analysis Tool Is Faster, More Precise 4 RSF Influences New High Performance Buildings 65 NREL Drives Toward the Future with Fuel Cell EVs 7 Wood-Boring Gribbles Intrigue Researchers 10 NAN TIO al AND INTERNATIONal IMPACTS 71 B UILDINGS 13 Nation Could Double Energy Productivity 72 Architects and Building Engineers Flock to NREL 14 NREL Teams with Navy to Cut Energy Use 76 NREL Adds Eyes, Brains to Occupancy Detection 17 Saudi Arabia Looks to NREL for Solar 79 Monitoring Expertise NREL Brings Precision, Savings to Energy Audits 19 NREL Engineer Passionate
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of Hydrogen Production and Storage Systems
    Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The view and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. An Overview of Hydrogen Production and Storage Systems with Renewable Hydrogen Case Studies May 2011 Prepared by: Timothy Lipman, PhD 1635 Arrowhead Drive Oakland, California 94611 (510) 339-1449 [email protected] Prepared for: Clean Energy States Alliance 50 State Street, Suite 1 Montpelier, VT 05602 Conducted under US DOE Grant DE-FC3608GO18111 A000, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fuel Cell Technologies Program This page intentionally blank Summary Hydrogen is already widely produced and used, but it is now being considered for use as an energy carrier for stationary power and transportation markets. Approximately 10-11 million metric tonnes of hydrogen are produced in the US each year, enough to power 20-30 million cars or 5-8 million homes.1 Major current uses of the commercially produced hydrogen include oil refining (hydro-treating crude oil as part of the refining process to improve the hydrogen to carbon ratio of the fuel), food production (e.g., hydrogenation), treating metals, and producing ammonia for fertilizer and other industrial uses.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbonomics the Rise of Clean Hydrogen
    EQUITY RESEARCH | July 8, 2020 | 11:34PM BST Carbonomics The Rise of Clean Hydrogen Clean hydrogen has a major role to play in the path towards net zero carbon, providing de-carbonization solutions in the most challenging parts of the Carbonomics cost curve - including long-haul transport, steel, chemicals, heating and long-term power storage. Clean hydrogen cost competitiveness is also closely linked to cost deflation and large scale developments in renewable power and carbon capture (two key technologies to produce it), creating three symbiotic pillars of de-carbonization. Clean hydrogen is gaining strong political and business momentum, emerging as a major component in governments' net zero plans such as the European Green Deal. This is why we believe that the hydrogen value chain deserves serious focus after three false starts in the past 50 years. Hydrogen is very versatile, both in its production and consumption: it is light, storable, has high energy content per unit mass and can be readily produced at an industrial scale. The key challenge comes from the fact that hydrogen (in its ambient form as a gas) is the lightest element and so has a low energy density per unit of volume, making long-distance transportation and storage complex and costly. In this report we analyze the clean hydrogen company ecosystem, the cost competitiveness of green and blue hydrogen in key applications and its key role in Carbonomics: the green engine of economic recovery. Michele Della Vigna, CFA Zoe Stavrinou Alberto Gandolfi +44 20 7552-9383 +44 20 7051-2816 +44 20 7552-2539 [email protected] [email protected] alberto.gandolfi@gs.com Goldman Sachs International Goldman Sachs International Goldman Sachs International Goldman Sachs does and seeks to do business with companies covered in its research reports.
    [Show full text]