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503 Index a – history 244 f. absorption pigments 77 – moieties 251 acenaphthene 263 – perbrominated isoindolinones 250 5-acetoacetylaminobenzamidazolone 139 – physicochemical properties 254 ff. acid pasting 267 – synthesis 246 ff. acid swelling 267 – tetrachloro isoindolinones 245 ff. Alkali Blue 423 alumina flake pigments 94 ff. b – application 95 f. barbituric acid 227 – synthesis 94 f. barium nickel titanium yellow 47 aluminate pigments 47 f. barium pigments 440 ff. – cobalt aluminates 47 base pigment 270 aluminum bronzes 96 BASF 8, 271, 339 aluminum phthalocyanine 278 f. basic lead carbonate 82 American Society for Testing and Materials Bayer 8, 271, 326 (ASTM) 471 Bayplast® Yellow R 238 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating Beer-Lambert law 361 and Air-Conditioning Engineers benzimidazolone pigments 110, 139 ff., (ASHRAE) 486 158 ff. 5-aminobenzimidazolone 145 – applications 149 aminoiminoisoindoline 224 – Color Index data 140 ff. anatase TiO2 60 – coupling components 139, 145 b-anilino-acrylates 298 – economics 158 ff. 2-anilinoacridone (AA) 322 – finishing 146 ASTM methods 471 ff. – history 143 f. – ASTM C1549 471 f. – hydrogen bonds 149 ff. – ASTM D281–84 69 – light fastness 149 – ASTM D4803 472 f. – manufacture 145 ff. – ASTM E1918 472 – manufacturers 144 – ASTM E903 471 – physical properties 146 ff. atomic absorption (AA) 358 – Pigment Brown 25 149 f. atomic force microscopy (AFM) 359 – pigment grades 154 ff. azo carbonic acid 214 – Pigment Orange 64 144 azo pigments 143, 149 – Pigment Red 2 149 f. – disazocondensation pigments 205 ff. – spectrometric data 156 azomethine-type isoindolinones 244 ff. – tinting strength 146 – applications 257 ff. – toxicity 164 – bisazomethine pigments 251 – crystal modifications 251 High Performance Pigments. Edited by Edwin B. Faulkner and Russell J. Schwartz Copyright © 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 978-3-527-31405-8 504 Index benzimidazolone-dioxazine pigments, see calcination 21, 59 imidazolone-annellated triphenedioxazine camouflage tetrakisazo pigments 212 pigments Canadian Environmental Protection Act bioaccumulative substances 416 (CEPA) 411 ff. biomineralization 122 – inventory 411 bisazomethine pigments 251 – toxicology 412 bismethine compounds 221 ff., 226 ff. Canadian safety regulations 411 ff. bismuth oxychloride 82 f. Carbazole Violet 132, 134, 195 ff., see also bismuth vanadate pigments 7 ff. Pigment Violet 23 – applications 10 ff. – safety regulations 425 f. – chemical properties 8 carbon black 4 – coatings 10 f. carcinogenic aromatic amines 446 f. – coloristic properties 9 catalase-like process 288 – dispersibility 10 ceramic applications – ecology 12 – cadmium pigments 25 – history 7 f. cerium pigments 27 ff. – light fastness 10 – applications 34 ff. – manufacture 8 – characteristics 33 – physical properties 9 – coating 32 f., 38 – plastics 11 – color change 37 – resistance 10 – doping 30 – toxicity 12 – heat stability 35 “black ash” 20 – light fastness 35 black-listing 461 – manufacture 31 ff. boc-DPP 114 – paint 38 f. bond vibrations 368 ff. – plastics 34 ff. borosilicate-based pigments 96 – reflectance curves 31 Bragg’s law 381 – sesquisulfides 28 ff. BTI pigment 117 – tinting strength 34 t-butoxy carbonate (t-BOC) 214 – toxicity 39 f. cerium sesquisulfide 28 ff., see also cerium c pigments cadmium 15 f. – a-Ce2S3 29 – chemistry 16 – b-Ce2S3 29 – metal dissolution 19 – c-Ce2S3 29 f. – oxide formation 19 – doping 30 cadmium pigments 13 ff. cerium sulfide pigments, see cerium – cadmium reds 13 f. pigments – cadmium yellows 13 f. chrome iron black pigments 476 ff. – calcination 21 chromite pigments 49 ff. – color index 23 chromium antimony titanate yellows 45 – history 13 f. chromium titanium buff 53 – lattice substitution 17 chromophores 360 – manufacture 17 ff. Ciba 8, 271, 326 – particle size 23 f. “CIELAB” system 92, 364 – physical properties 22 ff. Clariant 271, 326 – precipitation 20 clinobisvanite 7 – resistance 23 close packing 106 ff. – restrictions 24 f. – packing energies 108 f. – safety regulations 427 f. coatings – strike standards 18 – bismuth vanadate pigments 10 f. – uses 25 f. – cerium pigments 38 cadmium sulphide 17, 20 – doctor-blade coating 101 cadmoliths 13 – industry 133 Index 505 – liquid crystal-based pigments 98 ff. corundum structure 43 – quinacridone pigments 313, 325 Council of the European Union 434 cobalt aluminate blue spinels 47 – Council Directive 1999/45/EC 444 cobalt blacks 49 f. – Council Directive 76/769/EEC 445 f. cobalt chromite green 51 – Council Directive 94/62/EC 448 cobalt chromium aluminate blue-green – Council Regulation EEC 793/93 444 f. spinel 48 – resolutions 451 f. cobalt titanate greens 46 Cromophtal™ Orange GP 141, 144 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 415 Cromophtal® Yellow RF 238 color formulators 470 f. crudes 267 color pigments 422 crystal design 105 ff. Color Pigments Manufacturers’ Association – crystal engineering 106 ff. (CPMA) 54 – crystal structure calculation 115 ff. – DCMA Handbook 54 – crystal structure determination 113 ff. color travel 92 f., 96 crystal engineering 106 ff. Commission Directive 67/548/EEC 436 f. – close packing 106 ff. – adaptations to technical progress (ATPs) – crystal energy 108 f. 436 – force field methods 108 f. – amendments 437 – imidazolone-annellated triphenedioxazine – hazard categories 440 pigments 347 f. complex inorganic color pigments (CICPs) – neural network techniques 109 41 ff., 48, 54, 426 f. – Pigment Violet 57 351 ff. – aluminates 44, 47 f. – specific interactions 109 ff. – black CICPs 49 f. – synthon approach 109 f. – brown CICPs 50 f. crystal morphology 120 – chromites 44, 49 ff. crystal structure calculation 115 f. – elements 41 f. – crystallochromy 118 f. – ferrites 44, 49 ff. – empirical scoring functions 116 – IR reflecting CICPs 467 ff. – global minimization 115 f. – oxygen/metal (O/M) ratio 42 – morphology calculations 119 ff. – production 44 crystal structure determination 113 ff., – rutile CICPs 45 348 f. – safety regulations 426 f. – CRYSCA 348 – structures 42 f. – electron diffraction 113 – titanates 44 ff. – imidazolone-annellated triphenedioxazine CONEG regulations 407 pigments 348 f. Conrad-Limpach reaction 298 – packing energy minimizations 114 cool roofs 486 f. – real-space crystallographic methods 113 f. – rebate programs 487 crystallochromy 118 f., 269, 362 cooling mechanisms 470 ff. CVD fluidized bed process 87 copper blacks 49 – copper chromite blacks 49 d Copper Phthalocyanine Green 490 Dainippon Ink and Chemicals 279, 326 copper phthalocyanines 275 Dangerous Preparations Directive (Directive – crystallochromy 362 88/379/EEC) 440 – a-form 117 f. de minimis levels 414 f. – b-form 276 DEORASE 288 – e-form 276 6,8-diamino-2,4-dioxotetrahydroquinazoline – p-form 277 212 – HPLC measurements 378 f. o-dianisidine 249 – LCD color filters 276 diazabicyclononene (DBN) 264 – mass spectrometry 377 2,9-dichloroquinacridone 212 – visible spectroscopy 362 ff. 4,11-dichloroquinacridone 211 ff. – X-ray diffraction 382 ff. – photostability 314 f. 506 Index 6,13-dichloroquinacridone 317 – new pigments 204 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) – parent structure 195 404 ff. – properties 202 f. diffraction gratings 101 – recycling 203 diffractive pigments 101 f. – synthesis 196 ff. – application 102 N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylene diamine 322 – production 101 disazocondensation pigments 205 ff. dihydrotriphenodioxazine 201 – applications 217 f. diiminoisoindoline 224 – bridging diamines 212 diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) pigments 110, – camouflage tetrakisazo pigments 212 132, 165 ff. – chemical structures 207 ff. – applications 185 ff., 190 f. – chemistry 206 ff. – bathochromic shift 172 – finishing 216 – chemical properties 176 ff. – HALS stabilizers 213 – crystal packing 174 – history 205 f. – electrophilic aromatic substitution 177 – improvements 212 f. – fluorescence 172 ff. – mixed systems 213 – history 165 f. – particle size 216 – hypsochromic shift 172 – physical characterization 216 – LCD color filters 190 – properties 217 f. – miscellaneous routes 169 – synthesis 214 ff. – N-alkylation 178 f. – viscosity reducing additives 213 – nucleophilic aromatic substitution 177 f. – Yellow type I 206, 214 – nucleophilic transformation 179 f. – Yellow type II 206, 214 – particle sizes 180 f. dispersion quality evalution 397 ff. – polymorphism 181 Domestic Substances List (DSL) 411 ff. – Reformatsky route 166 f. – assessment 412 – single X-ray structure analysis 174 f. doped-cassiterite(SnO2) pigments 53 – solid solution formation 182 ff. Doped-Rutile (DR) pigments 53 ff., 59 ff. – solid-state properties 180 ff. – applications 62 f. – spectral properties 170 ff. – chemical properties 71 f. – succinic amide route 169 – CrSbTi buff DR 57, 60 – succinic ester route 168 – CrWTi DR pigments 61 – surface modifications 184 f. – dusting 70 – syntheses 166 ff. – history 57 dimethyl 2-hydroxyterephthalate 297 – IR reflecting pigments 473 f. dimethyl succinate (DMS) 295 – mixed-phase DR pigments 60 dimethyl succinoylsuccinate (DMSS) 295 ff. – MnSbTi DR pigments 62 – by-products 295 ff. – NiSbTi DRs 57 ff., 60 – iso-DMSS 296 – oil absorptions 69 – synthesis 295, 297 f. – particle size 64 ff. 2,9-dimethylquinacridone 211 ff. – pH values 70 f. 6,13-dimethylquinacridone 317 – physical properties 66 ff. dioxazine pigments 117, 195 ff. – reflectance spectra 64 ff. – applications 202 f. – specific gravities 67 f. – “aza quinoid” chromophore unit 243 – spectral properties 63 ff. – by-products 199 f. – SSA measurements 69 f. – chemistry 195 f. – synthesis 59 ff.
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  • Chromic Phenomena the Technological Applications of Colour Chemistry

    Chromic Phenomena the Technological Applications of Colour Chemistry

    Chromic Phenomena The Technological Applications of Colour Chemistry Peter Bamfield Consultant ISBN 0-8404-474-4 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2001 All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of research or private study, or criticism or review as permitted under the terms of the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publi- cation may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of The Royal Society of Chemistry, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning repro- duction outside the terms stated here should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry at the address printed on this page. Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WF, UK Registered Charity Number 207890 For further information see our web site at www.rsc.org Typeset in Great Britain by Wyvern 21 Ltd, Bristol Printed by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall, UK Preface The aim of this book is to provide an overview of the many applications that colour chemistry, in its widest sense, has found in the last couple of decades. Not only have there been developments in the traditional areas of colorants for textiles, paints and inks but also in an exciting variety of newer technologies.