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Subjunctivehood Criteria. a Theoretical-Comparative Study Based on Polish and English

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University of Wrocław Faculty of Letters Institute of English Studies mgr Marcin Orszulak SUBJUNCTIVEHOOD CRITERIA. A THEORETICAL-COMPARATIVE STUDY BASED ON POLISH AND ENGLISH PhD thesis written under the supervision of dr hab. Joanna Błaszczak, prof. UWr. Wrocław 2020 2 Uniwersytet Wrocławski Wydział Filologiczny Instytut Filologii Angielskiej mgr Marcin Orszulak KRYTERIA DEFINICYJNE SUBJUNKTIWU. STUDIUM TEORETYCZNO-PORÓWNAWCZE NA PRZYKŁADZIE JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO I ANGIELSKIEGO Rozprawa doktorska napisana pod kierunkiem dr hab. Joanny Błaszczak, prof. UWr. Wrocław 2020 3 4 CONTENTS List of figures ix List of tables x List of abbreviations xi Introduction 1 Chapter 1. A holistic look at the subjunctive: From predicates to utterances 5 1.1 Mood as a grammatical category 5 1.1.1 Mood and modality 5 1.1.2 The indicative/subjunctive distinction and other mood values 7 1.1.3 The issue of markedness 11 1.1.4 Interim summary 13 1.2 The subjunctive on the predicate and sentence level 13 1.2.1 The subjunctive across languages 14 1.2.1.1 Form 14 1.2.1.2 Type 15 1.2.1.3 Distribution 17 1.2.1.4 Use 21 1.2.1.5 Interim summary 24 1.2.2 Properties of the subjunctive 24 1.2.2.1 Veridicality and mood choice 24 1.2.2.2 Defective tense 27 1.2.2.3 Syntactic transparency 29 1.2.2.4 Interim summary 33 1.3 Subjunctive on the utterance level 34 1.3.1 Pragmatic approaches to the subjunctive 34 1.3.1.1 Assertion, presupposition and the indicative/subjunctive distinction (Terrell and Hooper, 1974) 35 1.3.1.2 Assertion and discourse (Lavandera, 1983) 39 1.3.1.3 Presupposition and old information (Majías-Bikandi, 1998) 41 1.3.1.4 The value of information (Gregory and Lunn, 2012) 42 1.3.1.5 Subjunctive in relevance theory (Wilson and Sperber, 1998; Jary, 2002) 44 v 1.3.1.6 Interim summary 47 1.3.2 Cognitive approaches to the subjunctive 48 1.3.2.1 Prototype of assertability (Lunn, 1989) and the indicative/subjunctive distinction 48 1.3.2.2 Mental space theory and the indicative/subjunctive distinction (Majías- Bikandi, 1994; Dam-Jensen, 2011) 51 1.3.2.3 Interim conclusions 56 1.4 Conclusions: Form, meaning and use 57 Chapter 2. Subjunctive in the mood system of Polish 61 2.1 Mood system in Polish 61 2.1.1 Traditional grammar mood values 61 2.1.2 Problem of żeby-clauses 66 2.1.3 Distribution of żeby-clauses 67 2.1.4 Functions of żeby-clauses 70 2.1.5 Composition of żeby-clauses 72 2.1.6 Development of żeby-clauses in Polish 74 2.1.7 Żeby-clauses as the subjunctive: Preliminary observations 76 2.2 Żeby-clauses as the subjunctive on the semantic level 76 2.2.1 Żeby-clauses and the notion of veridicality 76 2.2.2 Temporal interpretation 85 2.2.3 Subjects coreference 90 2.2.4 Interim conclusions 93 2.3 Żeby-clauses as the subjunctive on the pragmatic level 94 2.3.1 Subjunctive selectors in Polish: A corpus data overview 94 2.3.1.1 Methods and materials 95 2.3.1.2 Results and discussion 97 2.3.2 Discourse status of żeby-clauses 106 2.3.3 Cognitive perspective on żeby-clauses 108 2.3.4 Interim conclusions 111 2.4 Żeby-clauses as the subjunctive on the morphosyntactic level 112 2.4.1 Picture of long-distance phenomena in Polish 112 2.4.2 Long-distance phenomena in Polish: A grammaticality judgement study 117 2.4.2.1 Methods 117 2.4.2.2 Materials and design 118 2.4.2.3 Participants 123 2.4.2.4 Results and discussion 123 vi 2.4.3 The origins of żeby in the syntactic structure 129 2.4.4 Interim conclusions 135 2.5 Chapter conclusions 136 Chapter 3. Subjunctive in the mood system of English 139 3.1 The mood system in English 139 3.1.1 Traditional-grammar perspective 140 3.1.2 Subjunctive as a mood of English 142 3.1.2.1 The present subjunctive 142 3.1.2.1.1 The mandative subjunctive 143 3.1.2.1.2 The formulaic subjunctive 145 3.1.2.2 The past subjunctive 145 3.1.3 A terminological comment on the subjunctive/conditional distinction 147 3.1.4 Alternatives to the subjunctive 149 3.1.4.1 The present subjunctive 149 3.1.4.2 The past subjunctive 150 3.1.5 Development and variation of the subjunctive mood 151 3.1.5.1 The subjunctive mood in Old English (450–1100), Middle English (1100–1500) and Modern English (1500–1800) 151 3.1.5.2 Present-Day English: Contexts, registers and varieties of English 153 3.1.6 Subjunctive in English: Preliminary observations 157 3.2 Selected mandatory subjunctive on the semantic level 158 3.2.1 Selected mandatory subjunctive and the notion of veridicality 158 3.2.2 Temporal interpretation 163 3.2.3 Subjects coreference 165 3.2.4 Interim conclusions 167 3.3 Selected mandatory subjunctive on the pragmatic level 168 3.3.1 Mandative-subjunctive selectors in English: A corpus data overview 168 3.3.1.1 Methods and materials 168 3.3.1.2 Results and discussion 170 3.3.2 Interpretational load of the mandative subjunctive in English 174 3.3.3 Interim conclusions 177 3.4 Selected mandatory subjunctive on the morphosyntactic level 177 3.4.1 Picture of long-distance phenomena in English 178 vii 3.4.2 Long-distance phenomena in English: A grammaticality judgement study 180 3.4.2.1 Methods 180 3.4.2.2 Materials and design 181 3.4.2.3 Participants 185 3.4.2.4 Results and discussion 185 3.4.3 Interim conclusions 192 3.5 Chapter conclusions 192 Conclusions 195 References 202 Appendix 1 217 Appendix 2 224 Appendix 3 227 Appendix 4 234 Summary in English 235 Summary in Polish (Streszczenie) 236 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Flowchart for mood selection 43 Figure 2. Assertability as a prototype category 50 Figure 3. Relations between mental spaces for the sentence Peter believes that Susan is sick 53 Figure 4. The dyadic-predicate account 86 Figure 5. Design of grammaticality judgement study on Polish 121 Figure 6. Derivation of the complex complementizer żebym 131 Figure 7. Should-periphrasis vs. mandative subjunctive in written AmE and BrE 154 Figure 8. Subjunctive were vs. indicative was in hypothetical/unreal conditional constructions 156 Figure 9. Design of grammaticality judgement study on English 184 Figure 10. Sentential Subject Constraint 190 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Portner’s (2018) classification of mood and modality 7 Table 2. Mood in Japanese, Korean, German and English 12 Table 3. Partial verb paradigm for the French verb lire ‘to read’ 14 Table 4. Mood choice in Modern Greek 25 Table 5. Mood choice in Spanish 37 Table 6. Typological characteristic of the indicative/subjunctive distinction 58 Table 7. Featural characteristics of the indicative and the subjunctive 59 Table 8. The Polish verb paradigm 64 Table 9. Paradigms for Proto-Slavic byti and Old Polish być 75 Table 10. Supposed mood choice in Polish based on the veridicality criterion 77 Table 11. Polish verbs in Terrell and Hooper’s (1974) classification 95 Table 12. Frequency of Polish predicates based on Terrell and Hooper’s (1974) classification 98 Table 13. Long-distance wh-extraction possibilities in Polish 114 Table 14. Results of the grammatical judgement study 123 Table 15. Results of control sentences 128 Table 16. Indicative/subjunctive distinction in Polish 137 Table 17. Traditional paradigm for the verb take 141 Table 18. That-clause complementation in English 143 Table 19. Contexts that require a subjunctive that-clause complement in English 144 Table 20. Alternatives to the English subjunctive 151 Table 21. Old English paradigm for the verb stelan ‘steal’ 152 Table 22. The paradigms for the verb to be in Old English 152 Table 23. Supposed mood choice in English based on the veridicality criterion 158 Table 24. English verbs in Terrell and Hooper’s (1974) classification 169 Table 25. Frequency of English predicates based on Terrell and Hooper’s (1974) classification 171 Table 26. Results of the grammaticality judgement study for American English 185 Table 27. Results of control sentences 191 Table 28. Indicative/subjunctive distinction in English 193 x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACC accusative AUX auxiliary COMP complementizer COND conditional DAT dative F feminine FUT future GEN genitive IMP imperative IND indicative INF infinitive INS instrumental IPFV imperfective IRR irrealis M masculine N neutral NEG negation NOM nominative NONVIR non-virile NO/TO -no/-to construction PART particle PL plural PLPRF pluperfect PNP perfective non-past POSS possessive PRS present PST past PTCP participle PFV perfective PRF perfect REAL realis REFL reflexive SBJV subjunctive SG singular VIR virile xi INTRODUCTION The problem of the subjunctive as an irrealis mood contrasting with the indicative has been a subject of extensive research in numerous subfields of contemporary linguistics, such as: generative grammar (Quer, 1998; Mezhevich, 2006; Wiltschko, 2016), formal semantics (Iatridou, 2000; Giannakidou, 2009), pragmatics (Lavandera, 1983; Clark, 1991; Majías- Bikandi, 1994, 1998), cognitive linguistics (Lunn 1989; Dam-Jensen, 2011) and linguistic typology (Palmer, 2001; Quer, 2006; Tóth, 2008). Studies on the subjunctive have also covered a variety of languages, from languages in which the subjunctive is inflectionally realized as a separate verbal paradigm traditionally included in descriptive grammars, e.g., in Romance languages (see Terrell and Hooper, 1974; Quer, 1998; Gregory and Lunn; 2012), through languages characterized with a periphrastic realization of the subjunctive based on complementizers and particles, e.g., Greek (see Giannakidou, 2009) and Russian (see Mezhevich, 2006), to languages where the subjunctive as a grammatical category is in a state of flux, e.g., English (see Övergaard, 1995; Aarts, 2012).
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