STATIONS in ANTARCTICA Coastline from ADD, 9 December 2016 Published February 2017 Map Catalogue No 14560

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

STATIONS in ANTARCTICA Coastline from ADD, 9 December 2016 Published February 2017 Map Catalogue No 14560 " " "Bird Island " 0° Produced by the Australian Antarctic Data Centre Hillshading from RAMP DEM Version 2 STATIONS IN ANTARCTICA Coastline from ADD, 9 December 2016 Published February 2017 Map Catalogue No 14560 6 0 " ° Signy (UK) " Orcadas (Argentina) S Troll 6 0 Neumayer III (Germany)" ° (Norway) " S " Maitri (India), Novolazarevskaya (Russia) SANAE IV (South Africa) " Asuka (Japan) "" Syowa (Japan) See inset Aboa (Finland) " " Wasa (Sweden) Princess "" Molodezhnaya (Russia) " " "" " Kohnen Elisabeth Mountain Evening (Belarus) " "" " " " " """ (Germany) (Belgium) Mizuho " " Brown (Argentina) " Halley VI (UK) (Japan) " Gabriel González Videla (Chile) Melchior "" "" Yelcho (Chile) (Argentina) Belgrano II " " Mawson Palmer Vernadsky (Ukraine) (Argentina) " Dome Fuji (Japan) (Australia) (USA) " " " San Martín (Argentina) Rothera (UK) Soyuz (Russia) " RONNE Luis Carvajal ICE SHELF " Druzhnaya 4 (Russia) Bharati (India) "" Villarroel (Chile) " Davis " Taishan (China) (Australia) Progress (Russia) Kunlun (China) " Zhongshan (China) 90° W Amundsen-Scott (USA) " Australian Antarctic 90° E Territory (AAT) Mirny " (Russia) " Vostok (Russia) Dobrowolski " (Poland) " Concordia Wilkins Aerodrome " " Casey Legend ROSS (France/Italy) ICE SHELF (Australia) (Australia) " Year-round station Russkaya " " McMurdo (USA) " Seasonal station (Russia) Scott Base (NZ) " Proposed station " Gondwana (Germany) " Proposed (China) " 0 500 1000 Kilometres Mario Zucchelli (Italy) Jang Bogo (Korea) AAT Projection: Polar Stereographic " Dumont d'Urville True scale at 71°S Leningradskaya " (France) (Russia) 0 50 100 Kilometres Year-round stations Seasonal stations 1 Comandante Ferraz (Brazil) 15 Machu Picchu (Peru) " Petrel 2 Arctowski (Poland) 16 Pedro Vicente Maldonado (Ecuador) " (Argentina) 1,15 "" 3 Carlini (Argentina) 17 Cámara (Argentina) " 2 "" "" 3,4 13, 23 4 King Sejong (Korea) 18 Dr Guillermo Mann (Chile) 5,6,7, "" 5 Artigas (Uruguay) 19 Juan Carlos I (Spain) 8,9 11,12 " " 14 6 Bellingshausen (Russia) 20 St. Kliment Ohridski (Bulgaria) " 16 "" 10 24 7 Eduardo Frei Montalva (Chile) 21 Decepción (Argentina) " 17 8 Julio Escudero (Chile) 22 Gabriel de Castilla (Spain) " 9 Great Wall (China) 23 Ruperto Elichiribehety (Uruguay) 18 " 19, 20 " 10 Arturo Prat (Chile) 24M Jaochqaunan rGier eIsgloarn Mdendel " 21, 22 11 Bernado O'Higgins Riquelme (Chile) (Czech Republic) 12 Antarctic Receiving Station (Germany) 13 Esperanza (Argentina) Matienzo 14 Marambio (Argentina) Primavera " (Argentina) (Argentina) " " "".
Recommended publications
  • Antarctic Peninsula
    Hucke-Gaete, R, Torres, D. & Vallejos, V. 1997c. Entanglement of Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella, by marine debris at Cape Shirreff and San Telmo Islets, Livingston Island, Antarctica: 1998-1997. Serie Científica Instituto Antártico Chileno 47: 123-135. Hucke-Gaete, R., Osman, L.P., Moreno, C.A. & Torres, D. 2004. Examining natural population growth from near extinction: the case of the Antarctic fur seal at the South Shetlands, Antarctica. Polar Biology 27 (5): 304–311 Huckstadt, L., Costa, D. P., McDonald, B. I., Tremblay, Y., Crocker, D. E., Goebel, M. E. & Fedak, M. E. 2006. Habitat Selection and Foraging Behavior of Southern Elephant Seals in the Western Antarctic Peninsula. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2006, abstract #OS33A-1684. INACH (Instituto Antártico Chileno) 2010. Chilean Antarctic Program of Scientific Research 2009-2010. Chilean Antarctic Institute Research Projects Department. Santiago, Chile. Kawaguchi, S., Nicol, S., Taki, K. & Naganobu, M. 2006. Fishing ground selection in the Antarctic krill fishery: Trends in patterns across years, seasons and nations. CCAMLR Science, 13: 117–141. Krause, D. J., Goebel, M. E., Marshall, G. J., & Abernathy, K. (2015). Novel foraging strategies observed in a growing leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) population at Livingston Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Animal Biotelemetry, 3:24. Krause, D.J., Goebel, M.E., Marshall. G.J. & Abernathy, K. In Press. Summer diving and haul-out behavior of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) near mesopredator breeding colonies at Livingston Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Marine Mammal Science.Leppe, M., Fernandoy, F., Palma-Heldt, S. & Moisan, P 2004. Flora mesozoica en los depósitos morrénicos de cabo Shirreff, isla Livingston, Shetland del Sur, Península Antártica, in Actas del 10º Congreso Geológico Chileno.
    [Show full text]
  • Station Sharing in Antarctica
    IP 94 Agenda Item: ATCM 7, ATCM 10, ATCM 11, ATCM 14, CEP 5, CEP 6b, CEP 9 Presented by: ASOC Original: English Station Sharing in Antarctica 1 IP 94 Station Sharing in Antarctica Information Paper Submitted by ASOC to the XXIX ATCM (CEP Agenda Items 5, 6 and 9, ATCM Agenda Items 7, 10, 11 and 14) I. Introduction and overview As of 2005 there were at least 45 permanent stations in the Antarctic being operated by 18 countries, of which 37 were used as year-round stations.i Although there are a few examples of states sharing scientific facilities (see Appendix 1), for the most part the practice of individual states building and operating their own facilities, under their own flags, persists. This seems to be rooted in the idea that in order to become a full Antarctic Treaty Consultative Party (ATCP), one has to build a station to show seriousness of scientific purpose, although formally the ATCPs have clarified that this is not the case. The scientific mission and international scientific cooperation is nominally at the heart of the ATS,ii and through SCAR the region has a long-established scientific coordination body. It therefore seems surprising that half a century after the adoption of this remarkable Antarctic regime, we still see no truly international stations. The ‘national sovereign approach’ continues to be the principal driver of new stations. Because new stations are likely to involve relatively large impacts in areas that most likely to be near pristine, ASOC submits that this approach should be changed. In considering environmental impact analyses of proposed new station construction, the Committee on Environmental Protection (CEP) presently does not have a mandate to take into account opportunities for sharing facilities (as an alternative that would reduce impacts).
    [Show full text]
  • Development Pressures on the Antarctic Wilderness
    XXVIII ATCM – IP May 2004 Original: English Agenda Items 3 (Operation of the CEP) and 4a (General Matters) DEVELOPMENT PRESSURES ON THE ANTARCTIC WILDERNESS Submitted to the XXVIII ATCM by the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition DEVELOPMENT PRESSURES ON THE ANTARCTIC WILDERNESS 1. Introduction In 2004 the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC) tabled information paper ATCM XXVII IP 094 “Are new stations justified?”. The paper highlighted proposals for the construction of no less than five new Antarctic stations in the context of at least 73 established stations (whether full year or summer only), maintained by 26 States already operating in the Antarctic Treaty Area. The paper considered what was driving the new station activity in Antarctica, whether or not it was necessary or desirable, and what alternatives there might be to building yet more stations. Whilst IP 094 focused on new station proposals, it noted that there were other significant infrastructure projects underway in Antarctica, which included substantial upgrades of existing national stations, the development of air links to various locations in Antarctica and related runways, and an ice road to the South Pole. Since then, ASOC has become aware of additional proposals for infrastructure projects. This paper updates ASOC’s ATCM XXVII IP 094 to include most infrastructure projects planned or currently underway in Antarctica as of April 2005, and discusses their contribution to cumulative impacts. The criteria used to select these projects are: 1. The project’s environmental impact is potentially “more than minor or transitory”; 2. The project results in a development of infrastructure that is significant in the Antarctic context; 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Antarctic Primer
    Antarctic Primer By Nigel Sitwell, Tom Ritchie & Gary Miller By Nigel Sitwell, Tom Ritchie & Gary Miller Designed by: Olivia Young, Aurora Expeditions October 2018 Cover image © I.Tortosa Morgan Suite 12, Level 2 35 Buckingham Street Surry Hills, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia To anyone who goes to the Antarctic, there is a tremendous appeal, an unparalleled combination of grandeur, beauty, vastness, loneliness, and malevolence —all of which sound terribly melodramatic — but which truly convey the actual feeling of Antarctica. Where else in the world are all of these descriptions really true? —Captain T.L.M. Sunter, ‘The Antarctic Century Newsletter ANTARCTIC PRIMER 2018 | 3 CONTENTS I. CONSERVING ANTARCTICA Guidance for Visitors to the Antarctic Antarctica’s Historic Heritage South Georgia Biosecurity II. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Antarctica The Southern Ocean The Continent Climate Atmospheric Phenomena The Ozone Hole Climate Change Sea Ice The Antarctic Ice Cap Icebergs A Short Glossary of Ice Terms III. THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Life in Antarctica Adapting to the Cold The Kingdom of Krill IV. THE WILDLIFE Antarctic Squids Antarctic Fishes Antarctic Birds Antarctic Seals Antarctic Whales 4 AURORA EXPEDITIONS | Pioneering expedition travel to the heart of nature. CONTENTS V. EXPLORERS AND SCIENTISTS The Exploration of Antarctica The Antarctic Treaty VI. PLACES YOU MAY VISIT South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula Weddell Sea South Orkney Islands South Georgia The Falkland Islands South Sandwich Islands The Historic Ross Sea Sector Commonwealth Bay VII. FURTHER READING VIII. WILDLIFE CHECKLISTS ANTARCTIC PRIMER 2018 | 5 Adélie penguins in the Antarctic Peninsula I. CONSERVING ANTARCTICA Antarctica is the largest wilderness area on earth, a place that must be preserved in its present, virtually pristine state.
    [Show full text]
  • Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty Of
    Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Brad T. Eidahl December 2017 © 2017 Brad T. Eidahl. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile by BRAD T. EIDAHL has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Patrick M. Barr-Melej Professor of History Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT EIDAHL, BRAD T., Ph.D., December 2017, History Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile Director of Dissertation: Patrick M. Barr-Melej This dissertation examines the struggle between Chile’s opposition press and the dictatorial regime of Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1973-1990). It argues that due to Chile’s tradition of a pluralistic press and other factors, and in bids to strengthen the regime’s legitimacy, Pinochet and his top officials periodically demonstrated considerable flexibility in terms of the opposition media’s ability to publish and distribute its products. However, the regime, when sensing that its grip on power was slipping, reverted to repressive measures in its dealings with opposition-media outlets. Meanwhile, opposition journalists challenged the very legitimacy Pinochet sought and further widened the scope of acceptable opposition under difficult circumstances. Ultimately, such resistance contributed to Pinochet’s defeat in the 1988 plebiscite, initiating the return of democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • The United States, Eduardo Frei's Revolution in Liberty and The
    The Gathering Storm: The United States, Eduardo Frei's Revolution in Liberty and the Polarization of Chilean Politics, 1964-1970 A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Sebastian Hurtado-Torres December 2016 © 2016 Sebastian Hurtado-Torres. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled The Gathering Storm: The United States, Eduardo Frei's Revolution in Liberty, and the Polarization of Chilean Politics, 1964-1970 by SEBASTIAN HURTADO-TORRES has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Patrick Barr-Melej Associate Professor of History Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT HURTADO-TORRES, SEBASTIAN, Ph.D., December 2016, History The Gathering Storm: The United States, Eduardo Frei’s Revolution in Liberty, and the Polarization of Chilean Politics, 1964-1970 Director of Dissertation: Patrick Barr-Melej This dissertation explores the involvement of the United States in Chilean politics between the presidential campaign of 1964 and Salvador Allende’s accession to the presidency in 1970. The main argument of this work is that the partnership between the Christian Democratic Party of Chile (PDC) and the United States in this period played a significant role in shaping Chilean politics and thus contributed to its growing polarization. The alliance between the PDC and the United States was based as much on their common views on communism as on their shared ideas about modernization and economic development. Furthermore, the U.S. Embassy in Santiago, headed by men strongly committed to the success of the Christian Democratic project, involved itself heavily in the inner workings of Chilean politics as an informal actor, unable to dictate terms but capable of exerting influence on local actors whose interests converged with those of the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (Pdf, 236
    Science in the Snow Appendix 1 SCAR Members Full members (31) (Associate Membership) Full Membership Argentina 3 February 1958 Australia 3 February 1958 Belgium 3 February 1958 Chile 3 February 1958 France 3 February 1958 Japan 3 February 1958 New Zealand 3 February 1958 Norway 3 February 1958 Russia (assumed representation of USSR) 3 February 1958 South Africa 3 February 1958 United Kingdom 3 February 1958 United States of America 3 February 1958 Germany (formerly DDR and BRD individually) 22 May 1978 Poland 22 May 1978 India 1 October 1984 Brazil 1 October 1984 China 23 June 1986 Sweden (24 March 1987) 12 September 1988 Italy (19 May 1987) 12 September 1988 Uruguay (29 July 1987) 12 September 1988 Spain (15 January 1987) 23 July 1990 The Netherlands (20 May 1987) 23 July 1990 Korea, Republic of (18 December 1987) 23 July 1990 Finland (1 July 1988) 23 July 1990 Ecuador (12 September 1988) 15 June 1992 Canada (5 September 1994) 27 July 1998 Peru (14 April 1987) 22 July 2002 Switzerland (16 June 1987) 4 October 2004 Bulgaria (5 March 1995) 17 July 2006 Ukraine (5 September 1994) 17 July 2006 Malaysia (4 October 2004) 14 July 2008 Associate Members (12) Pakistan 15 June 1992 Denmark 17 July 2006 Portugal 17 July 2006 Romania 14 July 2008 261 Appendices Monaco 9 August 2010 Venezuela 23 July 2012 Czech Republic 1 September 2014 Iran 1 September 2014 Austria 29 August 2016 Colombia (rejoined) 29 August 2016 Thailand 29 August 2016 Turkey 29 August 2016 Former Associate Members (2) Colombia 23 July 1990 withdrew 3 July 1995 Estonia 15 June
    [Show full text]
  • Chile Under Frei: the Alliance for Progress
    Chile Under Frei: The Alliance for Progress DAVID R. SANDS* Richard Nixon's image of the United States as a "pitiful, helpless giant" illustrates the paradox of a great power frustrated by its limited ability to control events abroad. In this article, David R. Sands looks at one case in which, despite extensive American aid to a liberal, progressive regime in a traditionalally, US interests suffered a major setback. Eduardo Frei Montalva and his progressive Christian Democratic Party received great material and moral aid from US administrators during the years of the Alliance for Progress. But American policymakers misunderstood both the complexities of Chilean politics and the enormous stake of private US commercial interests in Latin America. The end result was the decisive defeat of Frei's party in 1970 and the election of Salvador Allende. The author discusses the difficulties a superpowerfaces in using its resources to influence political developments overseas. Like so many other American initiatives in Latin America, John F. Kennedy's Alliance for Progress was proclaimed loudly and died young. The 1960s was the last time that the United States had the temerity to suggest that its relations with various Latin American states were consistent enough to be subsumed under a single label. America was going to break its ties with repressive interests which had kept Central and South America pacified and poor for so long, and there was going to be, US politicians and policymakers insisted, a new enlightened diplomatic attitude toward their southern neighbors. This new policy, announced by President Ken- nedy and the New Frontiersmen, lapsed into obscurity sometime early in the Nixon administration.
    [Show full text]
  • Projeção Geopolítica Do Brasil E Da América Do Sul Ao Continente Antártico
    FERNANDO PORTILLO ROMERO PROJEÇÃO GEOPOLÍTICA DO BRASIL E DA AMÉRICA DO SUL AO CONTINENTE ANTÁRTICO: situação atual e perspectivas Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso - Monografia apresentada ao Departamento de Estudos da Escola Superior de Guerra como requisito à obtenção do diploma do Curso de Altos Estudos de Política e Estratégia. Orientador: CMG (RM1) Francisco José de Matos Rio de Janeiro 2014 C2014 ESG Este trabalho, nos termos de legislação que resguarda os direitos autorais, é considerado propriedade da ESCOLA SUPERIOR DE GUERRA (ESG). É permitido a transcrição parcial de textos do trabalho, ou mencioná-los, para comentários e citações, desde que sem propósitos comerciais e que seja feita a referência bibliográfica completa. Os conceitos expressos neste trabalho são de responsabilidade do autor e não expressam qualquer orientação institucional da ESG _________________________________ Assinatura do autor Biblioteca General Cordeiro de Farias Portillo Romero, Fernando. Projeção Geopolítica do Brasil e da América do Sul ao Continente antártico:Situação atual e perspectivas / Fernando Portillo Romero. - Rio de Janeiro: ESG, 2014. 66 f.:il. Orientador: CMG (RM1) Francisco José de Matos. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso – Monografia apresentadaao Departamento de Estudos da Escola Superior de Guerra como requisito à obtenção do diploma do Curso de Altos Estudos de Política e Estratégia (CAEPE), 2014. 1. Antártica. 2. PROANTAR. 3. RAPAL. I. Título. A ESG que durante o meu período de formação contribuiu com ensinamentos e incentivos. A minha esposa e em especial a minha filha, pela compreensão, como resposta aos momentos de minhas ausências e omissões, em dedicação às atividades da ESG. AGRADECIMENTOS Aos meus professores da Escola Superior de Guerra por terem sido responsáveis por parte considerável da minha formação e do meu aprendizado.
    [Show full text]
  • Frozen Politics on a Thawing Continent
    FROZEN POLITICS ON A THAWING CONTINENT A Political Ecology Approach to Understanding Science and its Relationship to Neocolonial and Capitalist Processes in Antarctica MANON KATRINA BURBIDGE LUND UNIVERSITY MSc Human Ecology: Culture, Power and Sustainability (2 years) Supervisor: Alf Hornborg Department of Human Geography 30 ECTS Spring 2019 Abstract Despite possessing a unique relationship between humankind and the environment, and its occupation of a large proportion of the planet’s surface area, Antarctica is markedly absent from literature produced within the disciplines of human and political ecology. With no states or indigenous peoples, Antarctica is instead governed by a conglomeration of states as part of the Antarctic Treaty System, which places high values upon scientific research, peace and conservation. By connecting political ecology with neocolonial, world-systems and politically-situated science perspectives, this research addressed the question of how neocolonialism and the prospects of capital accumulation are legitimised by scientific research in Antarctica, as a result of science’s privileged position in the Treaty. Three methods were applied, namely GIS, critical-political content analysis and semi-structured interviews, which were then triangulated to create an overall case study. These methods explored the intersections between Antarctic power structures, the spatial patterns of the built environment and the discourses of six national scientific programmes, complemented by insights from eight expert interviews. This thesis constitutes an important contribution to the fields of human and political ecology, firstly by intersecting it with critical Antarctic studies, something which has not previously been attempted, but also by expanding the application of a world-systems perspective to a continent very rarely included in this field’s academia.
    [Show full text]
  • Important Events in Chile
    No. 87 – March 1997 Important Events in Chile R. GIACCONI, Director General of ESO The political events foreseen in the December 1996 issue of The Messenger did take place in Chile in the early part of December 1996. On December 2, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Chile, Mr. Miguel Insulza, and the Director General of ESO, Professor Riccardo Giacconi, exchanged in Santiago Instruments of Ratification of the new “Interpretative, Supplementary and Amending Agreement” to the 1963 Convention between the Government of Chile and the European Southern Observatory. This agreement opens a new era of co-operation between Chilean and European Astronomers. On December 4, 1996, the “Foundation Ceremony” for the Paranal Observatory took place on Cerro Paranal, in the presence of the President of Chile, Mr. Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, the Royal couple of Sweden, King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia, the Foreign Minister of the Republic of Chile, Mr. José Miguel Insulza, the Ambassadors of the Member States, members of the of the ESO Executive, ESO staff and the Paranal contractors’ workers. The approximately 250 guests heard addresses by Dr. Peter Creo- la, President of the ESO Council, Professor Riccardo Giacconi, Direc- tor General of ESO, Foreign Minis- ter José Miguel Insulza and Presi- dent Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle. The original language version of the four addresses follows this introduction. (A translation in English of the Span- ish text is given on pages 58 and 59 in this issue of The Messenger.) A time capsule whose contents are described in Dr. Richard West's article was then deposited by Presi- dent Frei with the works being bless- ed by the Archbishop of Antofagas- ta, Monsignor Patricio Infante.
    [Show full text]
  • Atmospheric Ozone Above Troll Station, Antarctica Observed by a Ground Based Microwave Radiometer
    Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 105–115, 2014 Earth System www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/6/105/2014/ Science doi:10.5194/essd-6-105-2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Open Access Open Data Atmospheric ozone above Troll station, Antarctica observed by a ground based microwave radiometer M. Daae1,2, C. Straub1,3, P. J. Espy1,2, and D. A. Newnham4 1Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Trondheim, Norway 2Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Bergen, Norway 3Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 4British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK Correspondence to: M. Daae ([email protected]) Received: 6 August 2013 – Published in Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss.: 5 September 2013 Revised: 11 February 2014 – Accepted: 16 February 2014 – Published: 21 March 2014 Abstract. This paper describes the stratospheric and mesospheric ozone profiles retrieved from spectral mea- surements of the 249.96 GHz O3 line, using the British Antarctic Survey’s ground-based Microwave Radiome- ter at Troll (BAS-MRT), Antarctica (72◦010 S, 02◦320 E, 62◦ Mlat). The instrument operated at Troll from February 2008 through January 2010, and hourly averaged spectra were used to retrieve approximately 20 ozone profiles per day. The ozone profiles cover the pressure range from 3 hPa to 0.02 hPa (approximately 38 to 72 km) which includes the topside of the stratospheric ozone layer and the peak of the tertiary maximum. Comparing the retrieved ozone volume mixing ratio (vmr) values to Aura/MLS and SD-WACCM shows no significant bias to within the instrumental uncertainties.
    [Show full text]