DOCSLIB.ORG

Palu, Boutelle + Matheson Military + Government Communications Latest MILSATCOM News 2 Milsatmagazine — January 2010 >5 >25

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Palu, Boutelle + Matheson Military + Government Communications Latest MILSATCOM News 2 Milsatmagazine — January 2010 >5 >25 AEHF INTELLIGENCE, RECONNAISSANCE, SURVEILLANCE The Russians have come, the Russians have come Command centers: palu, boutelle + matheson Military + government communications Latest MILSATCOM news 2 MilsatMagazine — January 2010 >5 >25 >31 >17 Milsatmagazine Vol. 3, No. 1—January 2010 >41 Silvano Payne, Publisher + Writer Hartley G. Lesser, Editorial Director Pattie Lesser, Editor P.J. Waldt, Associate Editor Incoming — ISR + News Chris Forrester, Associate Editor The editors >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 5 Michael Fleck, Contributing Editor Jill Durfee, Sales Director + Ass’t Editor Intel — Government + Mililtary Communications Simon Payne, Development Manager Northern Sky Research (NSR) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 17 Authors Command center — Lloyd palum, Harris RF Atrexx Jos Heyman The editors >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 25 Hartley Lesser Command center — Steven boutelle, Cisco IRIS Pattie Lesser NSR The editors >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 31 Published 6x per year by On TArget — atrexx Satnews Publishers 800 Siesta Way Shorten Those Long-Term Leases >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 41 Sonoma, CA 95476 USA Intel — USSR/Russian surveillance satellites Phone: (707) 939-9306 Fax: (707) 838-9235 Jos Heyman >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 45 © 2010 Satnews Publishers Command center — Dennis matheson, Terrestar We reserve the right to edit all submitted The editors >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 57 materials to meet our content guidelines as well as for grammar and spelling consistency. Articles may be moved to >45 an alternative issue to accommodate publication space requirements or removed due to space restrictions. Submission of content does not constitute acceptance of said material by SatNews Publishers. Edited materials may, or may not, be >57 returned to author and/or company for review prior to publication. The views expressed in our various publications do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of SatNews Publishers. All included imagery is courtesy of, and copyright to, the respective companies. Cover image courtesy of Space & Missile Center, Los Angeles CONTENTS Air Force Base. D D ISR Incoming With comsats (communication satellites) and weather satellites in geosynchronous orbits 23,000 miles above the Earth, and photo recon satellites ranging in altitude from hundreds to thousands of miles (depending upon the resolution required for viewing the target area), the purposes of the various military satellites operated by various countries are as varied as they are secret. Additionally, the latest flock of military satellites also carry civil bandwidths for government, non-military use — multi-tasking of the MILSATCOM kind. AEHF to control their tactical and strategic forces Set for launch this year is the U.S. Air Force’s at all levels of conflict through general Advanced Extremely High Frequency (AEHF) nuclear war, and supports the attainment of System. Courtesy of SMC Public Affairs at information superiority. Los Angeles Air Force Base, we learn that AEHF is a joint service satellite communications The AEHF System is the follow-on to the system that will provide survivable, global, Milstar system, augmenting and improving secure, protected, and jam-resistant on the capabilities of Milstar, and expanding communications for high-priority military ground, the MILSATCOM architecture. AEHF will sea and air assets. provide connectivity across the spectrum of mission areas, including land, air and Advanced EHF will allow the National Security naval warfare; special operations; strategic Council and Unified Combatant Commanders nuclear operations; strategic defense; theater MilsatMagazine —January 2010 5 missile defense; and space operations and (Canada, Netherlands and U.K.). MCSW is Incoming intelligence. Part of the MCSW’s Protected responsible for acquisition of the space and SATCOM Group, the system consists of four ground segments as well as the Air Force satellites in geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) terminal segments. The Army and Navy will that provides 10 times the throughput of the acquire their own terminals. The general 1990s-era Milstar satellites with a substantial characteristics of AEHF are: increase in coverage for users. The first launch of AEHF is scheduled for late 2010. • Primary Function: Near-worldwide, secure, survivable satellite The AEHF system is composed of three communications segments: space (the • Primary Contractor: Lockheed Martin satellites), ground Space Systems Company (mission control • Payload: Onboard signal and associated processing, crossbanded EHF/SHF communications communications links) and • Antennas: 2 SHF Downlink Phased terminals (the Arrays, 2 Crosslinks, 2 Uplink/ users). The Downlink Nulling Antennas, 1 Uplink segments EHF Phased Array, 6 Uplink/Downlink Gimbaled Dish Antenna, 1 Each will provide Uplink/Downlink Earth coverage horns communications in a specified set of • Capability: Data rates from 75 bps to data rates from 75 bps to approximately 8 Mbps approximately 8 Mbps. The space segment consists of a cross-linked constellation of three satellites. The mission control segment controls satellites on orbit, monitors satellite health and provides communications system planning and monitoring. This segment is highly survivable, with both fixed and mobile control stations. System uplinks and crosslinks will operate in the extremely high frequency (EHF) range and downlinks in the super high frequency (SHF) range. The terminal segment includes fixed and ground mobile terminals, ship and submarine terminals, and airborne terminals used by GPS SATELLITE all of the Services and international partners 6 MilsatMagazine — January 2010 GPS With the pending mid-2010 launch of the first Incoming The U.S. Air Force will also be improving Global GPS IIF space vehicle, the ground system is Positioning System (GPS) capabilities via a new prepared to command the new on-orbit GPS ground system software release. The new capabilities include telemetry, tracking, and commanding for the new GPS IIF space vehicle as well as security improvements. The planned transition is the result of extensive testing to ensure this upgrade is transparent and has no impact to military and civil users. GPS is a space- based, worldwide navigation system that provides users with highly accurate, three- dimensional position, velocity, and timing information — 24 hours a day — in all weather conditions. Boeing has been the prime contractor for most GPS satellites and is under contract to build 12 next- generation GPS Block IIF satellites. MilsatMagazine —January 2010 7 IIF capabilities that include a new navigation President and CEO Dennis Muilenburg stated Incoming signal for civil users, encrypted military the realignment is part of a continuing effort code, crosslink enhancements, improved to successfully compete in a rapidly evolving navigation signal accuracy and signal power global defense and security marketplace. increases. The new software also provides Muilenburg said that reshaping the unit robust security improvements to include positions Boeing for further growth in new and “over-the-air” distribution of encryption keys to adjacent markets, while continuing to serve properly equipped military users. existing defense and space customers. While Boeing Defense, Space & Security will retain Preparation for activation of the new its current operating units — Boeing Military software included rigorous developmental Aircraft (BMA), Network and Space Systems and operational testing events including five (N&SS), and Global Services & Support transition exercises. (GS&S) — the realignment consolidates some divisions and makes a number of The new ground system software commanded leadership changes. Chief among the moves current individual GPS satellites during is consolidation of two divisions in N&SS: The numerous testing events and rehearsals. Combat Systems division and the Command, In November and December of 2009, Control & Communications (C3) Networks the new software successfully uploaded division will be unified as the new Network operational GPS IIA and IIR space vehicles and Tactical Systems division. with navigation data and completed normal operational functions. EADS Astrium This improvement initiative continues the Air Force’s commitment to the global community of GPS users. The Air Force will continue to pursue an achievable path Astrium Services has been awarded a maintaining GPS as the premier provider of contract by the European Defence Agency positioning, navigation and timing for military (EDA) for a new preparatory study aimed at and civilian users around the world. coordinating the future military communication needs of the European Union (EU). The Boeing single year pilot project aims at creating a centralized system for the procurement of satellite communications (SATCOM) on commercial space capacity, such as The Boeing Company has instituted a Ku-, Ka- and C-bands. Over the next year, number of changes within the Company’s Astrium Services will map out the SATCOM Integrated Defense Systems’ unit, with the requirements of the European Member States’ realignment effective immediately. The unit respective armed forces, while developing will now operate under a new name: Boeing an operational framework for the European Defense, Space & Security. In announcing the Satellite Communication Procurement Cell changes, Boeing Defense, Space & Security (ESCPC). The aim of the ESCPC will be to 8 MilsatMagazine — January 2010 coordinate and aggregate EU Member States’ NOAA. GOES-P will be placed in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Capture and Reuse of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) for a Plastics Circular Economy: a Review
    processes Review Capture and Reuse of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) for a Plastics Circular Economy: A Review Laura Pires da Mata Costa 1 ,Débora Micheline Vaz de Miranda 1, Ana Carolina Couto de Oliveira 2, Luiz Falcon 3, Marina Stella Silva Pimenta 3, Ivan Guilherme Bessa 3,Sílvio Juarez Wouters 3,Márcio Henrique S. Andrade 3 and José Carlos Pinto 1,* 1 Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CP 68502, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, Brazil; [email protected] (L.P.d.M.C.); [email protected] (D.M.V.d.M.) 2 Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CP 68525, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil; [email protected] 3 Braskem S.A., Rua Marumbi, 1400, Campos Elíseos, Duque de Caxias 25221-000, Brazil; [email protected] (L.F.); [email protected] (M.S.S.P.); [email protected] (I.G.B.); [email protected] (S.J.W.); [email protected] (M.H.S.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-21-3938-8709 Abstract: Plastic production has been increasing at enormous rates. Particularly, the socioenvi- ronmental problems resulting from the linear economy model have been widely discussed, espe- cially regarding plastic pieces intended for single use and disposed improperly in the environment. Nonetheless, greenhouse gas emissions caused by inappropriate disposal or recycling and by the Citation: Pires da Mata Costa, L.; many production stages have not been discussed thoroughly. Regarding the manufacturing pro- Micheline Vaz de Miranda, D.; Couto cesses, carbon dioxide is produced mainly through heating of process streams and intrinsic chemical de Oliveira, A.C.; Falcon, L.; Stella transformations, explaining why first-generation petrochemical industries are among the top five Silva Pimenta, M.; Guilherme Bessa, most greenhouse gas (GHG)-polluting businesses.
    [Show full text]
  • Detecting, Tracking and Imaging Space Debris
    r bulletin 109 — february 2002 Detecting, Tracking and Imaging Space Debris D. Mehrholz, L. Leushacke FGAN Research Institute for High-Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques, Wachtberg, Germany W. Flury, R. Jehn, H. Klinkrad, M. Landgraf European Space Operations Centre (ESOC), Darmstadt, Germany Earth’s space-debris environment tracked, with estimates for the number of Today’s man-made space-debris environment objects larger than 1 cm ranging from 100 000 has been created by the space activities to 200 000. that have taken place since Sputnik’s launch in 1957. There have been more than 4000 The sources of this debris are normal launch rocket launches since then, as well as many operations (Fig. 2), certain operations in space, other related debris-generating occurrences fragmentations as a result of explosions and such as more than 150 in-orbit fragmentation collisions in space, firings of satellite solid- events. rocket motors, material ageing effects, and leaking thermal-control systems. Solid-rocket Among the more than 8700 objects larger than 10 cm in Earth orbits, motors use aluminium as a catalyst (about 15% only about 6% are operational satellites and the remainder is space by mass) and when burning they emit debris. Europe currently has no operational space surveillance aluminium-oxide particles typically 1 to 10 system, but a powerful radar facility for the detection and tracking of microns in size. In addition, centimetre-sized space debris and the imaging of space objects is available in the form objects are formed by metallic aluminium melts, of the 34 m dish radar at the Research Establishment for Applied called ‘slag’.
    [Show full text]
  • Extragalactic Sources of Rapidly Variable High Energy Gamma Radiation
    Dario Hrupec Extragalactic sources of rapidly variable high energy gamma radiation Doctoral Thesis submitted to the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, for the academic degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences (Physics) Zagreb 2008. This thesis was done at Ruder Boˇskovi´c Institute under the supervision of Professor Daniel Ferenc from the University of California at Davis. ii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my mentor Dr. Daniel Ferenc from the University of California at Davis for his great professional and personal support during my work on this thesis. I have received precious inspiration from him. Finally, he encouraged me to read a lot. It was an invaluable advice. I am thankful to my co-mentor Dr. Silvio Pallua from the Faculty of Science at Zagreb for his support and for the thesis review. I am also thankful to Dr. Kreˇsimir Pavlovski from the Faculty of Science at Zagreb for the thesis review. I am particularly thankful to him for his valuable support. In addition, his terminological arguments impressed me a lot. Many thanks to Dr. Matko Milin from Faculty of Science at Zagreb for the time he spent on reading and commenting my thesis. I really appreciate his being my committee member. I owe many thanks to Dr. Eckart Lorenz from the University of California at Davis and ETH-Zurich who made possible my observations with the Cerenkovˇ telescope 1 (CT1) at La Palma in 2003. His donation of two Cerenkovˇ telescopes to Ruder Boˇskovi´c Institute established a base for the Cosmic Ray Observatory At The Eastern Adriatic (CROATEA) and also for my work in astroparticle physics in Croatia.
    [Show full text]
  • Orbiting Debris: a Space Environmental Problem (Part 4 Of
    Orbiting Debris: A Since Environmential Problem ● 3 Table 2--of Hazardous Interference by environment. Yet, orbital debris is part of a Orbital Debris larger problem of pollution in space that in- cludes radio-frequency interference and inter- 1. Loss or damage to space assets through collision; ference to scientific observations in all parts of 2. Accidental re-entry of space hardware; the spectrum. For example, emissions at ra- 3. Contamination by nuclear material of manned or unmanned spacecraft, both in space and on Earth; dio frequencies often interfere with radio as- 4. Interference with astronomical observations, both from the tronomy observations. For several years, ground and in space; gamma-ray astronomy data have been cor- 5. Interference with scientific and military experiments in space; rupted by Soviet intelligence satellites that 14 6. Potential military use. are powered by unshielded nuclear reactors. The indirect emissions from these satellites SOURCE: Space Debris, European Space Agency, and Office of Technology As- sessment. spread along the Earth’s magnetic field and are virtually impossible for other satellites to Earth. The largest have attracted worldwide escape. The Japanese Ginga satellite, attention. 10 Although the risk to individuals is launched in 1987 to study gamma-ray extremely small, the probability of striking bursters, has been triggered so often by the populated areas still finite.11 For example: 1) Soviet reactors that over 40 percent of its available observing time has been spent trans- the U.S.S.R. Kosmos 954, which contained a 15 nuclear power source,12 reentered the atmos- mitting unintelligible “data.” All of these phere over northwest Canada in 1978, scatter- problem areas will require attention and posi- ing debris over an area the size of Austria; 2) a tive steps to guarantee access to space by all Japanese ship was hit in 1969 by pieces of countries in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning from Fukushima: Nuclear Power in East Asia
    LEARNING FROM FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR POWER IN EAST ASIA LEARNING FROM FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR POWER IN EAST ASIA EDITED BY PETER VAN NESS AND MEL GURTOV WITH CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ANDREW BLAKERS, MELY CABALLERO-ANTHONY, GLORIA KUANG-JUNG HSU, AMY KING, DOUG KOPLOW, ANDERS P. MØLLER, TIMOTHY A. MOUSSEAU, M. V. RAMANA, LAUREN RICHARDSON, KALMAN A. ROBERTSON, TILMAN A. RUFF, CHRISTINA STUART, TATSUJIRO SUZUKI, AND JULIUS CESAR I. TRAJANO Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Learning from Fukushima : nuclear power in East Asia / Peter Van Ness, Mel Gurtov, editors. ISBN: 9781760461393 (paperback) 9781760461409 (ebook) Subjects: Nuclear power plants--East Asia. Nuclear power plants--Risk assessment--East Asia. Nuclear power plants--Health aspects--East Asia. Nuclear power plants--East Asia--Evaluation. Other Creators/Contributors: Van Ness, Peter, editor. Gurtov, Melvin, editor. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover image: ‘Fukushima apple tree’ by Kristian Laemmle-Ruff. Near Fukushima City, 60 km from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, February 2014. The number in the artwork is the radioactivity level measured in the orchard—2.166 microsieverts per hour, around 20 times normal background radiation. This edition © 2017 ANU Press Contents Figures . vii Tables . ix Acronyms and abbreviations .
    [Show full text]
  • Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space
    Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space Pavel Podvig and Hui Zhang © 2008 by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences All rights reserved. ISBN: 0-87724-068-X The views expressed in this volume are those held by each contributor and are not necessarily those of the Officers and Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Please direct inquiries to: American Academy of Arts and Sciences 136 Irving Street Cambridge, MA 02138-1996 Telephone: (617) 576-5000 Fax: (617) 576-5050 Email: [email protected] Visit our website at www.amacad.org Contents v PREFACE vii ACRONYMS 1 CHAPTER 1 Russia and Military Uses of Space Pavel Podvig 31 CHAPTER 2 Chinese Perspectives on Space Weapons Hui Zhang 79 CONTRIBUTORS Preface In recent years, Russia and China have urged the negotiation of an interna - tional treaty to prevent an arms race in outer space. The United States has responded by insisting that existing treaties and rules governing the use of space are sufficient. The standoff has produced a six-year deadlock in Geneva at the United Nations Conference on Disarmament, but the parties have not been inactive. Russia and China have much to lose if the United States were to pursue the programs laid out in its planning documents. This makes prob - able the eventual formulation of responses that are adverse to a broad range of U.S. interests in space. The Chinese anti-satellite test in January 2007 was prelude to an unfolding drama in which the main act is still subject to revi - sion.
    [Show full text]
  • Cleaning up Cosmos: Satellite Debris, Radioactive Risk, and the Politics of Knowledge in Operation Morning Light
    hƩ ps://doi.org/10.22584/nr48.2018.004 Cleaning up Cosmos: Satellite Debris, Radioactive Risk, and the Politics of Knowledge in Operation Morning Light Ellen Power University of Toronto Arn Keeling Memorial University Abstract In the early morning of January 24, 1978, the nuclear-powered Soviet satellite Cosmos 954 crashed on the barrens of the Northwest Territories, Canada. The crash dispersed radioactive debris across the region, including over multiple communities. A close reading of the archival record of the military-led clean up operation that followed, known as Operation Morning Light, shows how the debris recovery effort was shaped by government understandings of the northern environment as mediated through authoritative science and technology. This authority was to be challenged from the very beginning of Operation Morning Light. Constant technological failures under northern environmental conditions only increased the uncertainty already inherent in determining radioactive risk. Communication of this risk to concerned northerners was further complicated by language barriers in the predominantly Indigenous communities affected. For many northern residents, the uncertainties surrounding radiation detection and mistrust of government communication efforts fueled concerns about contamination and the effectiveness of debris recovery. Though an obscure episode for many Canadians today, the Cosmos crash and recovery intersects with important themes in northern history, including the politics of knowledge and authority in the Cold War North. The Northern Review 48 (2018): 81–109 Published by Yukon College, Whitehorse, Canada 81 On January 28, 1978, amateur explorer John Mordhurst was overwintering in a cabin near Warden’s Grove, a small copse of trees on the Th elon River in the Northwest Territories.
    [Show full text]
  • Íítefuid*/;Or. Ríe %Urna,Mrn'
    No. 28605-A Gaceta Oficial Digital, miércoles 05 de septiembre de 2018 1 ÍÍtefuid*/;or. rÍe %urna,mrn'. Ministerio de Economia y Finanzas Dirección General de lngresos Despacho del Director RESOLUC¡Ótrl trlo. 201 -5734 De 29 de agosto de 2018 "Por la cual se publica la lista de personas jurídicas con una morosidad de tres (3) años consecutivos del tributo de Tasa Unica, en cumplimiento de los parágrafos 2, 3 y 4 del ar1ículo 318-A del Código Fiscal, reformado por Ia Ley No.6 de 2 de febrero de 2005, Ley 49 de 17 de septiembre de 2009 y Ley 52 de 27 de octubre de 2016" EL D¡RECTOR GENERAL DE INGRESOS, ENCARGADO CONSIDERANDO: Que el Decreto de Gabinete No. 109 de 7 de mayo de 1970 y sus modificaciones establece en sus aftículos 5 y 6, que el Director Generalde lngresos es responsable por la permanente adecuación y perfeccionamiento de los procedimientos administrativos y lo facultan para regular las relaciones formales de los contribuyentes con el Fisco, en aras de mejorar el servicio y facilitar a los contribuyentes el cumplimiento de las obligaciones tributarias. Que el artículo 318-A del Código Fiscal, modificado por la Ley No. 6 de 2 de febrero de 2005, Ley No. 49 de 17 de septiembre de 2009 y Ley No. 52 de 27 de octubre de 2016, establece el pago del tributo denominado tasa única por las sociedades anónimas, sociedades de responsabilidad limitada y cualesquiera otras personas jurídicas al momento de su insóripción y en los años subsiguientes para mantener plena vigencia.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article (PDF)
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 184 2nd International Conference on Education Science and Economic Management (ICESEM 2018) The Paradigm of Global Governance in the Sphere of Peaceful Use of Outer Space Denis Gugunskiy Department of International Law RUDN University Moscow, Russia [email protected] Abstract—Undoubtedly, formation of the international space law branch became possible thanks to the United Nations, an II. THEORETICAL GROUNDS OF THE RESEARCH intergovernmental organization for development of cooperation The first recognition of the fact that international relations between states. International intergovernmental organizations could arise in the process of space activities was made in such as the United Nations now play an important role in the UNGA Resolution 1348 (XIII) of December 13, 1958, which international legal system. Of course, it is necessary to develop noted “the common interest of mankind in outer space” and international law as the globalization processes in the world the need for discussion within the UN of the nature of “legal become more intense and accessible due to the rapid progress of technology. Development and application of legally non-binding problems that may arise in the carrying out of programmes to explore outer space”. This resolution also established the Ad instruments on exploration of outer space should be based on the 1 existing United Nations treaties, principles and declarations on Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space . outer space, they should take full account of the needs and Since that moment, the UN General Assembly has always interests of developing countries, should not go beyond the paid attention to issues related to space activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear-Conventional-Firebreaks
    NUCLEAR-CONVENTIONAL FIREBREAKS AND THE NUCLEAR TABOO BARRY D. WATTS NUCLEAR-COnVEnTIOnAL FIREBREAKS AnD THE NUCLEAR TABOO BY BARRy D. WATTS 2013 Acknowledgments The idea of exploring systematically why the leaders of various nations have chosen to maintain, or aspire to acquire, nuclear weapons was first suggested to me by Andrew W. Marshall. In several cases, the motivations attributed to national leaders in this report are undoubtedly speculative and open to debate. Nevertheless, it is a fact that the rulers of at least some nations entertain strong reasons for maintaining or acquiring nuclear weapons that have nothing to do with the nuclear competition between the United States and the former Soviet Union, either before or after 1991. Eric Edelman provided valuable suggestions on both substance and sources. At the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, Abby Stewart and Nick Setterberg did the majority of the editing. I am especially grateful to Nick for vetting the footnotes. Last but not least, Andrew Krepinevich’s suggestions on the narrative flow and the structure of the paper’s arguments greatly clarified the original draft. © 2013 Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. All rights reserved. COnTEnTS 1 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 5 THE AMERICAN SEARCH FOR ALTERNATIVES TO GENERAL NUCLEAR WAR 5 Context 7 Atomic Blackmail and Massive Nuclear Retaliation 11 Flexible Response and Assured Destruction 15 The Long Range Research and Development Planning Program 19 Selective Nuclear Options and Presidential Directive/NSC-59 23 The Strategic Defense Initiative 26 The Soviet General Staff, LNOs and Launch on Warning 29 POST-COLD WAR DEVELOPMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES AND RUSSIA 29 Evolving U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 15B. Tables of Operational Military Satellites TED MOLCZAN and JOHN PIKE*
    Appendix 15B. Tables of operational military satellites TED MOLCZAN and JOHN PIKE* Table 15B.1. US operational military satellites, as of 31 December 2002a Common Official Intl NORAD Launched Launch Perigee Apogee Incl. Period name name name design. (date) Launcher site (km) (km) (deg.) (min.) Comments Navigation satellites in medium earth orbit GPS 2-02 SVN 13/USA 38 1989-044A 20061 10 June 89 Delta 6925 CCAFS 19 594 20 787 53.4 718.0 GPS 2-04b SVN 19/USA 47 1989-085A 20302 21 Oct 89 Delta 6925 CCAFS 21 204 21 238 53.4 760.2 (Retired, not in SEM Almanac) GPS 2-05 SVN 17/USA 49 1989-097A 20361 11 Dec 89 Delta 6925 CCAFS 19 795 20 583 55.9 718.0 GPS 2-08b SVN 21/USA 63 1990-068A 20724 2 Aug 90 Delta 6925 CCAFS 19 716 20 705 56.2 718.8 (Decommissioned Jan. 2003) GPS 2-09 SVN 15/USA 64 1990-088A 20830 1 Oct 90 Delta 6925 CCAFS 19 978 20 404 55.8 718.0 GPS 2A-01 SVN 23/USA 66 1990-103A 20959 26 Nov 90 Delta 6925 CCAFS 19 764 20 637 56.4 718.4 GPS 2A-02 SVN 24/USA 71 1991-047A 21552 4 July 91 Delta 7925 CCAFS 19 927 20 450 56.0 717.9 GPS 2A-03 SVN 25/USA 79 1992-009A 21890 23 Feb 92 Delta 7925 CCAFS 19 913 20 464 53.9 717.9 GPS 2A-04b SVN 28/USA 80 1992-019A 21930 10 Apr 92 Delta 7925 CCAFS 20 088 20 284 54.5 717.8 (Decommissioned May 1997) GPS 2A-05 SVN 26/USA 83 1992-039A 22014 7 July 92 Delta 7925 CCAFS 19 822 20 558 55.9 718.0 GPS 2A-06 SVN 27/USA 84 1992-058A 22108 9 Sep 92 Delta 7925 CCAFS 19 742 20 638 54.1 718.0 GPS 2A-07 SVN 32/USA 85 1992-079A 22231 22 Nov 92 Delta 7925 CCAFS 20 042 20 339 55.7 718.0 GPS 2A-08 SVN 29/USA 87 1992-089A
    [Show full text]
  • Space Activities 2019
    Space Activities in 2019 Jonathan McDowell [email protected] 2020 Jan 12 Rev 1.3 Contents Preface 3 1 Orbital Launch Attempts 3 1.1 Launch statistics by country . 3 1.2 Launch failures . 4 1.3 Commercial Launches . 4 2 Satellite Launch Statistics 6 2.1 Satellites of the major space powers, past 8 years . 6 2.2 Satellite ownership by country . 7 2.3 Satellite manufacture by country . 11 3 Scientific Space Programs 11 4 Military Space Activities 12 4.1 Military R&D . 12 4.2 Space surveillance . 12 4.3 Reconnaissance and Signals Intelligence . 13 4.4 Space Weapons . 13 5 Special Topics 13 5.1 The Indian antisatellite test and its implications . 13 5.2 Starlink . 19 5.3 Lightsail-2 . 24 5.4 Kosmos-2535/2536 . 25 5.5 Kosmos-2542/2543 . 29 5.6 Starliner . 29 5.7 OTV-5 and its illegal secret deployments . 32 5.8 TJS-3 . 33 6 Orbital Debris and Orbital Decay 35 6.1 Disposal of launch vehicle upper stages . 36 6.2 Orbituaries . 39 6.3 Retirements in the GEO belt . 42 6.4 Debris events . 43 7 Acknowledgements 43 Appendix 1: 2019 Orbital Launch Attempts 44 1 Appendix 2a: Satellite payloads launched in 2018 (Status end 2019) 46 Appendix 2b: Satellite payloads deployed in 2018 (Revised; Status end 2019) 55 Appendix 2c: Satellite payloads launched in 2019 63 Appendix 2d: Satellite payloads deployed in 2019 72 Rev 1.0 - Jan 02 Initial version Rev 1.1 - Jan 02 Fixed two incorrect values in tables 4a/4b Rev 1.2 - Jan 02 Minor typos fixed Rev 1.3 - Jan 12 Corrected RL10 variant, added K2491 debris event, more typos 2 Preface In this paper I present some statistics characterizing astronautical activity in calendar year 2019.
    [Show full text]