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Capture and Reuse of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) for a Plastics Circular Economy: a Review

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Capture and Reuse of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) for a Plastics Circular Economy: a Review processes Review Capture and Reuse of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) for a Plastics Circular Economy: A Review Laura Pires da Mata Costa 1 ,Débora Micheline Vaz de Miranda 1, Ana Carolina Couto de Oliveira 2, Luiz Falcon 3, Marina Stella Silva Pimenta 3, Ivan Guilherme Bessa 3,Sílvio Juarez Wouters 3,Márcio Henrique S. Andrade 3 and José Carlos Pinto 1,* 1 Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CP 68502, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, Brazil; [email protected] (L.P.d.M.C.); [email protected] (D.M.V.d.M.) 2 Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CP 68525, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil; [email protected] 3 Braskem S.A., Rua Marumbi, 1400, Campos Elíseos, Duque de Caxias 25221-000, Brazil; [email protected] (L.F.); [email protected] (M.S.S.P.); [email protected] (I.G.B.); [email protected] (S.J.W.); [email protected] (M.H.S.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-21-3938-8709 Abstract: Plastic production has been increasing at enormous rates. Particularly, the socioenvi- ronmental problems resulting from the linear economy model have been widely discussed, espe- cially regarding plastic pieces intended for single use and disposed improperly in the environment. Nonetheless, greenhouse gas emissions caused by inappropriate disposal or recycling and by the Citation: Pires da Mata Costa, L.; many production stages have not been discussed thoroughly. Regarding the manufacturing pro- Micheline Vaz de Miranda, D.; Couto cesses, carbon dioxide is produced mainly through heating of process streams and intrinsic chemical de Oliveira, A.C.; Falcon, L.; Stella transformations, explaining why first-generation petrochemical industries are among the top five Silva Pimenta, M.; Guilherme Bessa, most greenhouse gas (GHG)-polluting businesses. Consequently, the plastics market must pursue I.; Juarez Wouters, S.; Andrade, full integration with the circular economy approach, promoting the simultaneous recycling of plastic M.H.S.; Pinto, J.C. Capture and Reuse wastes and sequestration and reuse of CO2 through carbon capture and utilization (CCU) strategies, of Carbon Dioxide (CO ) for a Plastics 2 which can be employed for the manufacture of olefins (among other process streams) and reduction Circular Economy: A Review. of fossil-fuel demands and environmental impacts. Considering the previous remarks, the present Processes 2021, 9, 759. https:// doi.org/10.3390/pr9050759 manuscript’s purpose is to provide a review regarding CO2 emissions, capture, and utilization in the plastics industry. A detailed bibliometric review of both the scientific and the patent literature avail- Academic Editor: Blaž Likozar able is presented, including the description of key players and critical discussions and suggestions about the main technologies. As shown throughout the text, the number of documents has grown Received: 14 March 2021 steadily, illustrating the increasing importance of CCU strategies in the field of plastics manufacture. Accepted: 27 March 2021 Published: 26 April 2021 Keywords: carbon dioxide (CO2); plastic; carbon capture and utilization (CCU); circular economy; plastics manufacture Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. 1. Introduction Plastics are here to stay. These versatile materials are used in broad ranges of ap- plications in very distinct fields, including packaging for goods and food, fibers and films, clothes, pharmaceutical and biomedical materials, healthcare products, components Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. for vehicles, and pieces for the construction industry, among many others [1]. For this Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. reason, plastic consumption has been increasing since World War II (see Figure1). In This article is an open access article 2019, over 368 Mt of polymers were produced worldwide, including thermoplastics, ther- distributed under the terms and mosets, polyurethanes, elastomers, adhesives, coatings and sealants, and polypropylene conditions of the Creative Commons (PP) fibers [2]. Most commercial plastics are fossil-based [3], which, according to the World Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// Economic Forum (WEF), accounts for 4–8% of the annual global oil consumption, used creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ for heat generation (50%) and for the production process (50%) [4]. As the annual plastic 4.0/). Processes 2021, 9, 759. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9050759 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/processes Processes 2021, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 79 Processes 2021, 9, 759 2 of 79 Forum (WEF), accounts for 4–8% of the annual global oil consumption, used for heat gen- eration (50%) and for the production process (50%) [4]. As the annual plastic production productionis expected isto expectedgrow to 1323 to grow Mt in to 2050, 1323 the Mt pl inastics 2050, business the plastics is expected business to is account expected for to at accountleast 20% for of at the least annual 20% global of the annualoil consumption global oil in consumption 2050 [5–7]. Even in 2050 more [5– 7impressive,]. Even more the impressive,International the Energy International Agency Energy (IEA) estimates Agency (IEA) that half estimates of the that annual half global of the annualoil production global oilwill production be destined will for bethe destined manufact forure the of manufactureplastics in 2060 of [8]. plastics In addition, in 2060 projections [8]. In addition, show projectionsthat, even showwith the that, decrease even with of thethe decrease worldwid ofe the consumption worldwide consumptionof plastics in of 2020 plastics due into 2020Covid-19, due to the Covid-19, petrochemical the petrochemical business will business continue will to continue grow due to grow to demand-side due to demand-side depend- dependenciesencies on global on globalsupply supply chains chains[9–11]. [ 9Moreover–11]. Moreover,, it is expected it is expected that, that,in spite in spiteof the of bans the bansimposed imposed on single-use on single-use plastics, plastics, the related the related decrease decrease in oil inconsumption oil consumption will be will very be mod- very modestest [12]. [ 12The]. The pervasive pervasive consumption consumption of ofplastics plastics comes comes with with a a price, price, which which is nownow beingbeing detecteddetected inin thethe formform ofof plasticplastic wastewaste generationgeneration and and emission emission of of polluting polluting gases. gases. BeforeBefore discussiondiscussion ofof thethe technicaltechnical issues,issues, ititis is importantimportantto topresent presentsome someassumptions assumptions andand terminologiesterminologies thatthat areare adoptedadopted inin thethe presentpresent manuscript. manuscript. First,First, itit isis necessarynecessary toto acknowledgeacknowledge thatthat severalseveral studiesstudies revealedrevealed thethe existenceexistence ofof aa directdirect relationship relationship between between climateclimate changechange andand carboncarbon dioxide (CO 22)) emissions emissions [13]. [13]. Second, Second, CO CO2 emissions2 emissions can can be beevaluated evaluated with with help help of the of carbon the carbon footprint footprint (CF), (CF),which which is as a istool as that a tool is used that to is calculate used to calculatethe total amount the total of amount greenhouse of greenhouse gas (GHG) gas rele (GHG)ased by released an organization, by an organization, event, or product event, or[14] product and can [14 be] and interpreted can be interpreted as an indicator as an of indicator sustainable of sustainable development development [15]. Third, [ 15it ].is Third,also assumed it is also that assumed the global that warming the global impact warming (GWI) impact of organizations, (GWI) of organizations, events, or products events, orcan products be expressed can be in terms expressed of carbon in terms dioxide of carbon equivalent dioxide (or CO equivalent2e), which (or represents CO2e), whicha com- representsmon unit for a common description unit of for different description GHG of[16]. different For example, GHG [ 16carbon]. For dioxide example, (CO carbon2), me- dioxidethane (CH (CO4),2), and methane nitrous (CH oxide4), and (N2 nitrousO) present oxide relative (N2O) GWIs present of relative1, 25, and GWIs 298 ofCO 1,2-equiva- 25, and 298lents, CO respectively2-equivalents, [17,18]. respectively [17,18]. FigureFigure 1.1. WorldWorld plasticplastic productionproduction throughoutthroughout thethe yearsyears (1950–2019)(1950–2019) [[5,19–23]5,19–23] andand thethe mostmost pro-pro- ducedduced resinsresins in 2019, with with the the respective respective global global warming warming impacts impacts (GWIs) (GWIs) [7]. [7 Mt:]. Mt: megaton; megaton; PS: pol- PS: polystyrene;ystyrene; EPS: EPS: expandable expandable poly polystyrene;styrene; PP: PP: polypropylene; polypropylene; MD MD,, HDPE: HDPE: medium-density/high-den- medium-density/high- densitysity polyethylene; polyethylene; LLDPE: LLDPE: linear linear low-density low-density poly polyethylene;ethylene; LDPE: LDPE: low-density low-density polyethylene; polyethylene; PUR: PUR:polyurethane; polyurethane; PET: poly(ethylene PET: poly(ethylene terephthalate); terephthalate); PVC: poly(vinyl PVC: poly(vinyl chloride); chloride); other plastics other plastics include acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin (ABS), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polycarbonate (PC), include acrylonitrile
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